Evolution of biological control of stored-product pests - SPIRU Index ...

Proceedtngs of the 7th Internatwnal Worhng Conference on Stored-prodiu.ct Protectum. - Volurrw 2
Evolution of biological control of stored-product pests in
China
Deng Wangxi , Zhang Hongyu, Lr Yong, Huang Hongxia
Abstract
ThIS article summanzes the progress of studies on biological
control of stored-product insects m the past two decades in
Chma
Studies and application of natural enemies
As for mtroduction of natural enemies, in 1980,
Huazhong Agncultural Umversity introduced Xylocm"tS
flavipes from South Pacific Stored-product Insects
Laboratory, Research Center of United States Department of
Agnculture. The ensumg breedmg was successful.
Researches were undertakmg to study on the biological
mechamsm and predatory ability of the insect. It was
subsequently mtroduced mto Hunan Province, SIchuan
Provmce and Guizhou Provmce In Hengyang , Hunan
Province, Tianmen, Hubei Province, X. fuunpes were
released m gram storehouses and satisfactory control result
was obtained. Especially, the elimination rate reached
80 - 95% on R. Dominica (Deng Wangxi, et al 1983) .
As for the predatory natural enerrues, extensive studies have
been earned out on the biological mechamsm, ecology and
predatory ability of X. sp., pereqruuitor bummulvpes as
well as predatory mites when they were apphed to control
harmful mites hvmg m fodder (Yao Kang, et al 1984; Wen
Biran, et al. 1988; Deng Wangxi, et al. 1988; Weng
ZhiJIan, et al. 1995) As for parasItIc natural enemIes, most
reports were concentrated at Bracon lwbetor whIch has a
higher parasItIc rate It can ongma te more than 10
generatIOns m Xlamen, Wenzhou and other regIOns Most
Bracon lwbetor parasItIzes on P interpunctella and
Eplwstia elutella. StudIes have been conducted on its
bIOlogicalmechamsm and control effects (LI LI, et al 1988;
Huang Xmfel 1986; Wan Xlangxue; 1991). There were
many reports about parasItIc wasps on cockroaches' eggs
There IS a vanety of parasItic wasp speCIes, but the most
Ideal predator IS Tetrashchus hagenov/,l, (Gong Xmwen, et
al. 1995; LI lIe, 1990) Furthermore, natIon-WIde local
1 Department of Stored-product Insects, Department of Plant
Protection, Huazhong Agncultural Urnversity, Wuhan 430070
1227
investigations were undertaken on the baSISof national fauna
survey of stored-product insects. The results reveal that the
resource of natural enemies of stored-product msects is
affluent in Chma and the distnbution of the predatory and
parasitic natural enemies mentioned above ISvery wide.
Studies on pathogen micro organisms
As for the studies on Bacillus tnuruunensi«, Zhang
Hongyu (1998) conducted isolation analysis on B
tnuruunensu: in warehouse Most H-serotype were H4 and
Hs, which occupy 36. 1% and 23.8 % of the total amount
respectively. Studies were also conducted on the genetic
vanety of crystal protem of B. thurinqiensis as well as
RAPD analysis on the species poisonous to insects. Wang
Yazhou (1990) used B thumsunensis to mfect P
mierpunciellc: larvae and drew conclusion that the major
cause of pathological changes IS attnbuted to Bt's crystal
polson and external polson 243 non-spore bacilli, spore
bacilh and cocci were Isolated from the mfected nymphae of
Periplameta fuLLgmose. In storehouse experiments, Zhang
Hongwen (1987) applied 1% Bt7216 and 82-6(1)-2
emulsion to blend Chmese green beans to decrease the
population density of Callosobruchus chvneneu at the rate
of 98%. The effect penod could last for one year. Huang
Yuanda (1988) Isolated P fuligtnosa Densooirus
(PFDNV) from nymphae of P. [ul unnose .
Expenments were undertaken to test the pathogerucity of
12 fungi from entomogenous fungi on Coptotermes
formosamus. It was found that m 6.0 x 10 7 spores/ml
stenlIzed suspenSIon, 4 fungI have stronger pathogemcity
The pathogemcal rate of Metarrhl,ztum anLSopltae SOl"
37# is 100% (Cal Ylqm, 1995) WhIle Stetnerrwrna
carpocapsae BW and S. feltme Otio were apphed to treat
Blattella gernwnwa L ,the death rates were 70.0% and
70 0% respectively after 4 days (YI Xlanqun; 1993)
Insect pheromone
Smce the 1970's, Nankat Umverslty, Sichuan UniversIty,
Chengdu InstItute of Orgamc ChemIcals Research of
Academy of SCIences of Chma and liangsu Pheromone
Research InstItute have started researches on pheromone
synthesIs of Sttotroga cerealella, P. interpunctella and
Trogodenw spp. Meng Yue, et al. (1993) reported a
syntheSISmethod, which could abridge reactIon approaches

Proceedmqs of the 7th Iniernatumal Worhng Conference on Stored-product Protection - Voz'nme 2
and Improve efficiency Aggregation pheromone was hence
developed from Crytolestes [erruqineus and C pusillus .
Pheromone from C ch.mensis , S. zeanuus and Steqoaucm
ixuuceum was Isolated, collected and purified Biologtcal
actrvation analysis was undertakent Wu Guixm, 1983; Huang
Yuanda, 1985;Gu Zhonghuang, 1993)
As for the studies and application of pheromone m storedproduct
Lepidoptera insects, most reports were concerned
about S cerealella and P. inierpunctella.. One
apphcauon m storehouse can ehmrnate msects for a whole
year. "Gossyplure ' of Pectmophora gossypieUa was used in
storehouse to attract S. cerealella and Homalopsycha
aggluttnata and many other pests (Gao Jmtang , 1985; LI
Zhengfan, 1986; Huang Yuanda, 1986; Zhao ZhlWU, 1989;
Zhang ZhIXlU, 1994). Shanghai Gram Research Institute
(1979) used sex attractant of P. interpunciella m melon
seeds, mushrooms and aganc storehouses, the msect
population density reduced 80.4% m 4 months; Sheng
Zhaopeng, et al (1994) used IMM of P mterpuncteila in
IC to trap msects m herb storehouses, 290 insects were
captured in 16 days; field tests in storehouses were
conducted on lasiotrap of Losuxlerma serricorne , DL 1/
DL. 2 of R domuuca , E- Trogo and Z-Trogo of
Troqoderma and the results showed that these 4
pheromones can trap correspondmg stored-product insects.
L. eerncorne's pheromone has the most satIsfactory effect.
In expenment, 'SItoplulater' showed strong aggregatIon
reactIon to S granaris The attractIon IS enhanced whIle
plant 011 IS blended wIth pheromone to trap R domullca
and Trogoderma spp.
F88, an analogue of trail pheromone SIfted from 31 fungI,
has strong attractIOn to Coptotertmes fonnosanus,
Odonototermes formosanus, Macrotermes barneyl (He
XiameI, et al 1997; Luo J unze, et al ,1998)
Insect growth regulator
Yao Kang, et al (1981) used 500ppm Precoceme and
Juvemle hormone 738 to treat R domimca eggs. The
populatIon reductIon rates are 100% and 85.1 %
respectIvely Zhang Guohang, et al. (1987) conducted
expenments on 34 SIde products of msect Juvemle hormone
The result showed that the restramt rate to the second
generatIon of S zeanwu; adults reached above 90% whIle
50ppm 6520, ZR512 and 6515 were used Small tests m
storehouses showed that ZR512 , 6515 and 6520 under
50ppm have better restramt effects on S. zeamalS, T
castaneum and book louse WeI Chaosheng (1990) used
bai t 400 tImes pure hydroJuvemle pheromone to breed
Blattella germamca young and old nymphae for one tIme
100% of the treated numphae were deformed and lost
reproduction abilIty for the whole life cycle. 1000 - 2500
tImes baIt made the deformatIOn rate 61- 80%.
5ppm DimIllU TH6040 can completely restram the
1228
reproduction of Tribolium confusum lOppm can restram
the reproduction of S zeanuus thoroughly and the treated
wheat was kept intact 10ppm solution of Dmuhu blended
with Chinese green beans at the proportion of 5,10, 15 and
30ppm can efficiently control the reproduction of C
chineneis and 30ppm can completely restram the
reproduction
JIWU, 1980)
5ppm has an efficiency rate of 98.7% (Zhang
Studies on the resistance and mechanism of stored
grain to insects
The studies were focused on nee, then wheat, corn and
beans. Zhang Hongyu (1993) studied resistance of 22
vane ties of nce against S zeanw,'LS The research revealed
that there were several significant charactensnc effects,
namely, the cracked glume rate, thousand kernel weight,
breadth and pubescence density of gram, contents of
amylose, crude protem and fat, on maize weevil The more
of cracked glume rate and thousand kernel weight, the more
favorable for damage of maize weevil; the more maize
weevil eggs were laid on nee gram With higher cracked
glume rate, the broader WIdth and less pubescence. HIgher
amylose content and cracked glune rate were beneficial to
development of tlus insect pest. Contranly, high crude
protem and fat were unfavorable for ItS development Other
characters(mcludmg gram length, ratIO of length to WIdth,
husk thIckness and sugar concn) were not related to
reSIstance Wu HOngjI, et al (1993) tested the reSIstance
mechamsm of 53 nce speCIes to S. zeamms 39 speCIes has
the hIgh reSIstance ablhty, medlUm 3 and senSItIve 11 The
senSItIve coeffICIent IS pOSItIvely relatIve to the gapped
glume rate of gram and Irrelevant to rough protem
Fuzzy clustenng analYSIS was carned out to determme the
reSIstance of nce speCIes to S. zea mms accordmg to sex
ratIO, egg no laId/1 00 grams, populatIOn/lOO eggs, net
weIght loss rate (%), senSItIve coeffICIent and surVIval
rate FIve categones were fIgured out 7 speCIes mcludmg
87156 and Huageng 2 # are prommently reSIstant speCIes,
whIch occupy 31.82%; 4 speCIes mcludmg II46 and
XlUshUl48 are senSItIve speCIes (Zhang Hongyu, 1993). The
sequence IS gram> milled nce (brown nce accordmg to
reSIstance to maize weeVil Sequence of senSItIve speCIes IS
mIlled nce> gram> brown nce (Zhang Hongyu, 1993)
Deng Zhengjlan (1993) reported the reSIstance of 42 speCIes
of nce to R. donwuC(1, mcludmg 15 reSIstant speCIes and 16
medIa . The gapped glume rate IS pOSItIvely relevant to
senSItIve coeffICIents and weIght loss rate
Wu Rongzong (1994) reported that the gapped glume rate
IS the major factor to affect the reSIstance of stored nce to
S cerealella. It shows very apparent poSItIve relatIOn to
adult emergence rate, senSItIve coeffICIents and weIght loss
rate and very apparent negatIve relatIOn to the development
cycle of S ceJ'ealella (p < 0.01) Therefore, the

Proceedmqe of the 7th International Workmg Conference on Stored-proiuct Proiecium - Volume 2
resistance to S. cerealella can be estimated according to the
gapped glume rate. Sensitive species have higher gapped
glume rate than the resistant species, which attract more
early hatched larvae to habitat and IS favorable to larvae to
get into the nee. Besides, resistance IS positively relevant
to rough protem. The fineness of nee IS obviously relevant
to adult emergence rate, sensitiveness and the gapped glume
rate.
Crossbreed rice has higher sensitiveness to insects than
normal nee The gapped glume rate of crossbreed nee IS
high and IS vulnerable to early hatched larvae. The gapped
glume rate IShighly relevant to the adult emergence, weight
loss rate
1994)
and sensitive coefficients. (L1 Manpmg, el
The method of testing the resistance of stored nee to S
cerealeila.. culutre100 nee Implanted WIth 50 eggs under
the expenmental conditions of 27°C and RH75% (Wang
Heying, 1995). Wu Hongji, et al (1994) reported the
resistance to a vanety of insects of stored nee He indicated
that 12 species showed resistance to S. cerealella, R.
dommica and S zeamais VIetnam fragrant nce ,
C112273, Mudgo have medium resistance, among which 7
species have resistance to Nuarpariaui luqens Deng
Wangxi, et al. (1988) reported that S zeanuus IS
reluctant to breed and lay eggs on hard corn and pro-hardcorn.
It has much less progeny on these types of corns On
the contrary, It shows strong fondness of MachI corn and
sweet corn and mtend to breed and lay eggs on these types
of corn Deng WangxI, et al ( 1989) tested the reSIstance
of 24 stored wheat vanety to S. zeamms. 1425 and other
reSIstant vanetIes were cutm type. SenSItive vane ties
mcludmg B128-179 were powder type E Wheat9:# and E
Wheatl:# were medIum type. The vanety WIth hard and
cutm shells and small SIze have hIgher reSIstance Starch
and fat were analyzed (QIan Zuxiang, 1990 and 1991). Chen
QIen(l991) reported that C mac'ldatus develops fast, has
more progeny and larger population densIty m green beans
whIch contam less starch and fat
beans are on the contrary
Yellow beans and black
Genetic control
Application of 60Coy-ray IrradIation to control msects
conSIsts of two aspects of work. One IS to use certam
amount of Irradiation to dIrectly elImmate the msects ThIS
method IS Wide applied m food, herb and archIve
departments The ammal and plant quarantme departments
use thIS method to treat dangerous and harmful blOlogical
stored matenal. There were lots of such reports. The
emphasIs of the application IS the vanety of msects, fatal
dosage for dIfferent stage of the same speCiesand the Impact
on the storehouses. The application of 60Coy-raym studIes
of stenlIzatIon of msects IS focused on P mterpunctella,
C. chmensis, S grananus and Trogoderma gTanarzum
1229
As for P. uuerpunctella., Chen Lizheng (1981) reported
that 5.7 krad 60Coy-ray irradiation can cause partial late
stage larvae to pupate to adults WIthoutreproduction ability
Under 1.7 - 1.9 Krad , stenle female and male adults
could be cultured They could mate WIth normal adults and
lay eggs. But therr hatched larvae could not pupate fmally.
Yang Changju (1993, 1995) used 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 Krad
60Coy-ray to irradiate 4 - 5-day old male pupae of P.
rnterpunctella . Under 1,3 and 5 Krad, the hatch rates of
the test group's FI generation are 56.6%, 80.8% and
74 0%, lower than that of the corresponding group. 15
mutated species were resulted such as transparent Wing
adult and red eye type While using 6°Coy_rayto irradiate
S. grana nus , the stenhzation dosage IS determmed at
1l0Gy for male and 140 Gy for the female The
recommended ratio between released stenle S. gTanarius
and target S qranarius IS 50 - 100 1 Average times of
matmg of the irradiated male adults are apparently lower
than that of the normal ones, the female's keep the same.
(Zhou Yongshu, et al, 1994) While 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
Krad 60Coy-ray irradiatmg C chinensis , the stenhzation
rates of the Irradiated female adults are 89.1 %, 89.1 % ,
92.1%,92.2%,93.5% and 95.2% (Yang Changju,
1993). While 2.0 Krad 6OCoy-raywas applied to irradiate
Trogoderma oryzae adults, the eggs laid didn't hatch;
under 1. 5 - 2.5 Krad, the adults dIdn't lay eggs; whIle 0.5
Krad on larvae, partial larvae could pupate to adults but
dIdn't lay eggs Under 0.6 - 12 Krad, the msects could
develop to mature larvae but couldn't pupate. Under 0.8 -
1.0 Krad, the larvae pupated to adults and laid eggs. Small
number of larvae could be hatched out but they could not
pupate(Zhang Xmyue, 1993) The genetic studIes about the
genetic mechamsm of crossbreedmg of Sl,tophl,lus zeamaLS
and S oryzae was mitIated m early 1980's(Luo LUYI,1983;
Yang ZhIyuan, 1986; HuangpeI, et al 1986; Wu GuoxlOng
1986)
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