Evolution of biological control of stored-product pests - SPIRU Index ...

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Proceedmqs of the 7th Iniernatumal Worhng Conference on Stored-product Protection - Voz'nme 2 and Improve efficiency Aggregation pheromone was hence developed from Crytolestes [erruqineus and C pusillus . Pheromone from C ch.mensis , S. zeanuus and Steqoaucm ixuuceum was Isolated, collected and purified Biologtcal actrvation analysis was undertakent Wu Guixm, 1983; Huang Yuanda, 1985;Gu Zhonghuang, 1993) As for the studies and application of pheromone m storedproduct Lepidoptera insects, most reports were concerned about S cerealella and P. inierpunctella.. One apphcauon m storehouse can ehmrnate msects for a whole year. "Gossyplure ' of Pectmophora gossypieUa was used in storehouse to attract S. cerealella and Homalopsycha aggluttnata and many other pests (Gao Jmtang , 1985; LI Zhengfan, 1986; Huang Yuanda, 1986; Zhao ZhlWU, 1989; Zhang ZhIXlU, 1994). Shanghai Gram Research Institute (1979) used sex attractant of P. interpunciella m melon seeds, mushrooms and aganc storehouses, the msect population density reduced 80.4% m 4 months; Sheng Zhaopeng, et al (1994) used IMM of P mterpuncteila in IC to trap msects m herb storehouses, 290 insects were captured in 16 days; field tests in storehouses were conducted on lasiotrap of Losuxlerma serricorne , DL 1/ DL. 2 of R domuuca , E- Trogo and Z-Trogo of Troqoderma and the results showed that these 4 pheromones can trap correspondmg stored-product insects. L. eerncorne's pheromone has the most satIsfactory effect. In expenment, 'SItoplulater' showed strong aggregatIon reactIon to S granaris The attractIon IS enhanced whIle plant 011 IS blended wIth pheromone to trap R domullca and Trogoderma spp. F88, an analogue of trail pheromone SIfted from 31 fungI, has strong attractIOn to Coptotertmes fonnosanus, Odonototermes formosanus, Macrotermes barneyl (He XiameI, et al 1997; Luo J unze, et al ,1998) Insect growth regulator Yao Kang, et al (1981) used 500ppm Precoceme and Juvemle hormone 738 to treat R domimca eggs. The populatIon reductIon rates are 100% and 85.1 % respectIvely Zhang Guohang, et al. (1987) conducted expenments on 34 SIde products of msect Juvemle hormone The result showed that the restramt rate to the second generatIon of S zeanwu; adults reached above 90% whIle 50ppm 6520, ZR512 and 6515 were used Small tests m storehouses showed that ZR512 , 6515 and 6520 under 50ppm have better restramt effects on S. zeamalS, T castaneum and book louse WeI Chaosheng (1990) used bai t 400 tImes pure hydroJuvemle pheromone to breed Blattella germamca young and old nymphae for one tIme 100% of the treated numphae were deformed and lost reproduction abilIty for the whole life cycle. 1000 - 2500 tImes baIt made the deformatIOn rate 61- 80%. 5ppm DimIllU TH6040 can completely restram the 1228 reproduction of Tribolium confusum lOppm can restram the reproduction of S zeanuus thoroughly and the treated wheat was kept intact 10ppm solution of Dmuhu blended with Chinese green beans at the proportion of 5,10, 15 and 30ppm can efficiently control the reproduction of C chineneis and 30ppm can completely restram the reproduction JIWU, 1980) 5ppm has an efficiency rate of 98.7% (Zhang Studies on the resistance and mechanism of stored grain to insects The studies were focused on nee, then wheat, corn and beans. Zhang Hongyu (1993) studied resistance of 22 vane ties of nce against S zeanw,'LS The research revealed that there were several significant charactensnc effects, namely, the cracked glume rate, thousand kernel weight, breadth and pubescence density of gram, contents of amylose, crude protem and fat, on maize weevil The more of cracked glume rate and thousand kernel weight, the more favorable for damage of maize weevil; the more maize weevil eggs were laid on nee gram With higher cracked glume rate, the broader WIdth and less pubescence. HIgher amylose content and cracked glune rate were beneficial to development of tlus insect pest. Contranly, high crude protem and fat were unfavorable for ItS development Other characters(mcludmg gram length, ratIO of length to WIdth, husk thIckness and sugar concn) were not related to reSIstance Wu HOngjI, et al (1993) tested the reSIstance mechamsm of 53 nce speCIes to S. zeamms 39 speCIes has the hIgh reSIstance ablhty, medlUm 3 and senSItIve 11 The senSItIve coeffICIent IS pOSItIvely relatIve to the gapped glume rate of gram and Irrelevant to rough protem Fuzzy clustenng analYSIS was carned out to determme the reSIstance of nce speCIes to S. zea mms accordmg to sex ratIO, egg no laId/1 00 grams, populatIOn/lOO eggs, net weIght loss rate (%), senSItIve coeffICIent and surVIval rate FIve categones were fIgured out 7 speCIes mcludmg 87156 and Huageng 2 # are prommently reSIstant speCIes, whIch occupy 31.82%; 4 speCIes mcludmg II46 and XlUshUl48 are senSItIve speCIes (Zhang Hongyu, 1993). The sequence IS gram> milled nce (brown nce accordmg to reSIstance to maize weeVil Sequence of senSItIve speCIes IS mIlled nce> gram> brown nce (Zhang Hongyu, 1993) Deng Zhengjlan (1993) reported the reSIstance of 42 speCIes of nce to R. donwuC(1, mcludmg 15 reSIstant speCIes and 16 medIa . The gapped glume rate IS pOSItIvely relevant to senSItIve coeffICIents and weIght loss rate Wu Rongzong (1994) reported that the gapped glume rate IS the major factor to affect the reSIstance of stored nce to S cerealella. It shows very apparent poSItIve relatIOn to adult emergence rate, senSItIve coeffICIents and weIght loss rate and very apparent negatIve relatIOn to the development cycle of S ceJ'ealella (p < 0.01) Therefore, the
Proceedmqe of the 7th International Workmg Conference on Stored-proiuct Proiecium - Volume 2 resistance to S. cerealella can be estimated according to the gapped glume rate. Sensitive species have higher gapped glume rate than the resistant species, which attract more early hatched larvae to habitat and IS favorable to larvae to get into the nee. Besides, resistance IS positively relevant to rough protem. The fineness of nee IS obviously relevant to adult emergence rate, sensitiveness and the gapped glume rate. Crossbreed rice has higher sensitiveness to insects than normal nee The gapped glume rate of crossbreed nee IS high and IS vulnerable to early hatched larvae. The gapped glume rate IShighly relevant to the adult emergence, weight loss rate 1994) and sensitive coefficients. (L1 Manpmg, el The method of testing the resistance of stored nee to S cerealeila.. culutre100 nee Implanted WIth 50 eggs under the expenmental conditions of 27°C and RH75% (Wang Heying, 1995). Wu Hongji, et al (1994) reported the resistance to a vanety of insects of stored nee He indicated that 12 species showed resistance to S. cerealella, R. dommica and S zeamais VIetnam fragrant nce , C112273, Mudgo have medium resistance, among which 7 species have resistance to Nuarpariaui luqens Deng Wangxi, et al. (1988) reported that S zeanuus IS reluctant to breed and lay eggs on hard corn and pro-hardcorn. It has much less progeny on these types of corns On the contrary, It shows strong fondness of MachI corn and sweet corn and mtend to breed and lay eggs on these types of corn Deng WangxI, et al ( 1989) tested the reSIstance of 24 stored wheat vanety to S. zeamms. 1425 and other reSIstant vanetIes were cutm type. SenSItive vane ties mcludmg B128-179 were powder type E Wheat9:# and E Wheatl:# were medIum type. The vanety WIth hard and cutm shells and small SIze have hIgher reSIstance Starch and fat were analyzed (QIan Zuxiang, 1990 and 1991). Chen QIen(l991) reported that C mac'ldatus develops fast, has more progeny and larger population densIty m green beans whIch contam less starch and fat beans are on the contrary Yellow beans and black Genetic control Application of 60Coy-ray IrradIation to control msects conSIsts of two aspects of work. One IS to use certam amount of Irradiation to dIrectly elImmate the msects ThIS method IS Wide applied m food, herb and archIve departments The ammal and plant quarantme departments use thIS method to treat dangerous and harmful blOlogical stored matenal. There were lots of such reports. The emphasIs of the application IS the vanety of msects, fatal dosage for dIfferent stage of the same speCiesand the Impact on the storehouses. The application of 60Coy-raym studIes of stenlIzatIon of msects IS focused on P mterpunctella, C. chmensis, S grananus and Trogoderma gTanarzum 1229 As for P. uuerpunctella., Chen Lizheng (1981) reported that 5.7 krad 60Coy-ray irradiation can cause partial late stage larvae to pupate to adults WIthoutreproduction ability Under 1.7 - 1.9 Krad , stenle female and male adults could be cultured They could mate WIth normal adults and lay eggs. But therr hatched larvae could not pupate fmally. Yang Changju (1993, 1995) used 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 Krad 60Coy-ray to irradiate 4 - 5-day old male pupae of P. rnterpunctella . Under 1,3 and 5 Krad, the hatch rates of the test group's FI generation are 56.6%, 80.8% and 74 0%, lower than that of the corresponding group. 15 mutated species were resulted such as transparent Wing adult and red eye type While using 6°Coy_rayto irradiate S. grana nus , the stenhzation dosage IS determmed at 1l0Gy for male and 140 Gy for the female The recommended ratio between released stenle S. gTanarius and target S qranarius IS 50 - 100 1 Average times of matmg of the irradiated male adults are apparently lower than that of the normal ones, the female's keep the same. (Zhou Yongshu, et al, 1994) While 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 Krad 60Coy-ray irradiatmg C chinensis , the stenhzation rates of the Irradiated female adults are 89.1 %, 89.1 % , 92.1%,92.2%,93.5% and 95.2% (Yang Changju, 1993). While 2.0 Krad 6OCoy-raywas applied to irradiate Trogoderma oryzae adults, the eggs laid didn't hatch; under 1. 5 - 2.5 Krad, the adults dIdn't lay eggs; whIle 0.5 Krad on larvae, partial larvae could pupate to adults but dIdn't lay eggs Under 0.6 - 12 Krad, the msects could develop to mature larvae but couldn't pupate. Under 0.8 - 1.0 Krad, the larvae pupated to adults and laid eggs. Small number of larvae could be hatched out but they could not pupate(Zhang Xmyue, 1993) The genetic studIes about the genetic mechamsm of crossbreedmg of Sl,tophl,lus zeamaLS and S oryzae was mitIated m early 1980's(Luo LUYI,1983; Yang ZhIyuan, 1986; HuangpeI, et al 1986; Wu GuoxlOng 1986) References Deng wangxI, and Zhang Hongyu, 1990 The bIOlogIC control of urban msects m Chma In proceedmg of entomology SOCIetyof chma 2nd symposmm on urban Entomology at Huangsha, Chma, Sept. 1990, 6. Deng WangxI, Yang ZhihUl, Wen Biran, Huang Xuebm, 1988 ReSIstance of some corn vanetIes to the maize weeVIl dunng storage. Journal of cereals and 011 assocIation, 3, 172 Deng Zhengyan, Wu JungTsung, Du Depmg Peng ZhuangfeI, 1993 Journal of Sourth Chma Agncultural UmversIty, 14(2), 68 -73. Hua HongxIa Yang ZhihUl, Yang Mmg, and Zhang Hongyu, 1998 StudIes on control effectiveness of two strams of BaCillus thurzngLenS1S to stored product pests. In
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