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Copyrighted, 1911, by T ¥-¥ II s M A Y,: * K
l in COAL TKAMC Co. i fi 1 ¥L* I .is A COPT
foal Tr^ e B ulle
• \J^"^ SEMI-MONTHLY "^J
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH [UNE 1. 1911. No. 1.
NORTON Mi
GRINDING WHEELS
ALUNDUM-CRYSTOLON
EXCLUSIVE AGENTS
LARGE STOCK ALWAYS ON HAND
f • •
S 7 TR W E A E T T" SOMERS, FITLER & TODD CO. P,T -^
327 WATER f AKII IT |-» C riTI tT Q O T A H H /"* f\ PITTSBURGH.'
SI
MACHINERY AND SUPPLIES
PEALE. PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
((
VICTOR"
BITUMINOUS COAL
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL AND COKE
NO 1 BROADWAY NEW YORK
NORTH AMERICAN BUILDING, - - - - PHILADELPHIA

\I>K BULLETIN
3 WATT
m
^r+\ MINE
*®m CARS
Yqu\">oon forget what you paid for your cars when they give good service.
"But when they cause trouhle you can not forget what they are costing you.
;*/.. Cheap cars are poor economy because you are not done
'."•'"• paying for them as long as you own them.
•THE WATT MINING CAR WHEEL COMPANY.
Barnesville, Ohio.
*J
DQUBLEDAY-HILL ELECTRIC CO.
V -. 919 Liberty Ave., Pittsburgh. Pa.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES AND MACHINERY
FOR MINES
Highest Cirade Lamps Made For The Price.
Trolley Material We Manufacture High
I'arac" Rubber Wire & Cables *•*• ^
! W W . P. Wire and Cable. 1 Grade Armature and
"OK" Tap* I Field Coils, Commuta-
IVerless Incandescent Lamps *m tors, Trolley Wheels
Adama Electric Rock DrilU . .
, , .. , . . Also Repair Promptly
Insulating Materials W^miJU
| Triumph Dynamos and Motors | C ^ All Kinds Electrical Ap-
1 "-« • ' •'•' paratus
\ r
I.OWKST PRICES QUALITY CONSIDERED.

GOALJRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, JUNE 1, 1911 No. 1
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
POBL1SHED SBMI-MONTHLT.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STBAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matteri
relating to coal or coal production are Invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PAKE BUILDING, PITTSBUBQH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
FORECASTS FOR BETTER THINGS and the establish­
ing of an equilibrium in the coke branch seem
to be the only bright spots in the coal trade at
the present time. Mining does not show an ap­
preciable increase, neither does it seem to be
falling off to a great extent; in this respect main­
taining a position of marking time. What with
large mining capacity, slow absorption of pro­
duct and embargoes of more or less length, con­
ditions are not all the trade would desire, but
expressions of an upward turn are heard on
every hand, with some well informed source.-;
contending that this turn for the better is due
at once. But it is questionable if the upturn
will be sudden and swift or slow and measured.
But it is certain this recovery must come soon
if the larger interests are to be in a position to
fill demands that are sure to be made on them
later in the. year.
Especially is this true of the lake trade, which
up to this time has been anything but lively.
Embargoes, lack of bottoms and other things have
tended to keep the trade back and now come
whispers that the stocks of coal on hand at upper
lake docks are not as large as the owners would
like to see them and because of this and the
fact that ore must begin to arrive shortly in large
quantities to keep pace with furnace demands
the forecasts for better conditions are made.
Embargoes that have been placed on lower lake
docks largely are at points where the larger pro­
ducers do not have their own loading facilities
and in consequence it seems to be the producer
who least can stand the embargo that it hits the
hardest. Some dissatisfaction is expressed over
the 30 cent rate to Michigan ports, but nothing
serious is in view. Already reports are at hand
of boats getting in readiness to go into "ordi­
nary," but these are mostly the boats belonging
to others than the leading interests. It is ex­
pected that, from now on. there will be more
activity in shipping product.
In the Pittsburgh district it is putting it rather
strongly to say that production is on a more
generous scale than 40 per cent, of mining ca­
pacity. The mines of the companies with specific
contracts to fill each month may be exceeding
this mark, but others are falling below it, with
an average at about that figure. This district
has felt embargoes as heavily if not more heavily
than any other shipping lakeward. The result
is manifest in the less than half time average.
Some coal is going forward on the basis of hope,
with strong incentive to dispose of it at a re­
duction rather than to allow mines to remain
idle. But with all the drawbacks, prices are
held at $1.25 to $1.35 for run-of-mlne coal; $1.35
to $1.45 for three-quarter inch coal; $1.45 to $1.55
for inch and one-quarter coal and 85 to 90 cents
for slack.
305782
Coke producers seem to have reached a nicely
balanced equilibrium in the way of supply and
demand. Ovens in blast have suffered heavy
curtailment, until, for the last week in which
figures aie available, the tonnage produced was
less than the demand by a couple of thousand
tons, and in consequence, just that much stock
coke was taken away from yards and plants. It
is said further curtailment of production is not
contemplated, but that increases will mark the

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
passing weeks. The ruling of the Interstate
Commerce Commission that coke is coke and
that one freight rate is to apply was received
with interest. Manufacturers, with supply and
demand swinging the balance up and down, are
having little if any difficulty in maintaining
prices at $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace coke and $2.00
to $2.25 lor foundry coke.
The principal feature of the anthracite trade
is the increase of 10 cents per ton effective this
date. This is the second of the monthly spring
increases and brings the price almost up to the
mean average of the year. The warm weather
really has hurt this branch of the trade more
than any other in that domestic consumption now
passed. If. as Chief of the Department of Mines
James E. Roderick says, it will increase the cost
of mining, and if, as the miners of the Pittsburgh
district say, it gives no more protection to the
men, then it were well for the governor to write
the word "vetoed" after it. However, it is pos­
sible the chief executive will give it careful study
before deciding either way. It is the first com­
prehensive change in the bituminous laws en­
acted b.v the legislature for many years. The
lpgislature passed several other bills relative to
the mines, but none so important as the code.
• * •
PITTSBURGH COAL PRODUCERS GAVE IIIE INTERSTATE
COMMERCE COMMISSION something to think about
during tlie hearings on tlie lake freight rates,
when they testified that coal was produced in the
district and sold at an actual loss. This fact
was clearly brought out by the testimony of at
least one witness, and shows the world at large
what the coal men of the district have known for
a long time. Another bit of testimony that was
interesting, to say the least, was that of Mr. San-
ford, who said that fear of retaliation on the
part of railroads was felt by the producers at one
time if they would make any move to secure bet­
ter rates on shipments from this district. When
the commission gets to the bottom of all the testi­
mony it is not unlikely they will find much more
that will startle them as well as put the Pitts­
burgh operators in a much better position in the
way of establishing their claims for a reduction.
* * #
SETTLEMENT OF THE STRIKE ON THE TUSCARAWAS
FIELD now is in sight after a long battle, and the
agreement reached, even if it were to run for a
long term of years, would fail to give to the
miners an adequate return for the money they
have lost while the strike was in progress. It is
is very near the minimum, and will not figure just another instance of where the strike, called
largely in the trade for some months to come. into use to enforce a demand that the employers
Steam sizes of anthracite are the most active
felt was unjustified, has failed to adjust matters
permanently, and where, even with an increase,
of all the different grades, but even they are not
it has left the strikers worse off than they were
doing surprising things.
in the first place. With almost half a million
* # *
spent in strike benefits by the miners' organiza­
GOVERNOR JOHN K. TE.NEI: NOW HAS A NEW BITU­ tion, and an idleness of the men for eleven months
MINOUS CODE IN HIS HANDS, the Pennsylvania legislature
having enacted the Pitchford bill almost
at the last moment. This measure, after being
defeated in the House, was reconsidered and
with the consequent loss of wages, it easily can
be seen that it has been one of the labor disputes
that has cost both employer and employe a huge
sum.
Coke is coke, says the Interstate Commerce Com­
mission, and proceeds to suspend some freight
rates. Wise old Interstate Commerce Commission!
"What so rare as a day in June," said the
poet, and the coal man answers: "A cold wave
from Medicine Hat in January."
* * *
"Tom" Lewis is back in the mines. Just another
instance of a big man who is ready to
make good anywhere.
* * *
The mine code is in the Governor's hands. Let
us hope he digs out tic true "inwardness" of the
pesky tiling.
* * *
That Tuscarawas strike is settled at last. It
sure was long drawn out and costly.
* * *
Cheer up, cherries will soon lie ripe; likewise
last half contracts.
* * *
The courts hand a bump to the "ex's." It was
due.

NEW MINING CODE FINALLY PASSED
BY PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATURE.
After having been defeated in the House of
Representatives', the new mining code before the
Pennsylvania legislature finally was passed by
both Senate and House after the latter reconsidered
its vote killing the measure.
The bill as passed differed somewhat from the
code as presented by Chief of the Department of
Mines James E. Roderick, operators and miners
having secured the adoption of some amendments.
Miners of the Pittsburgh district were opiiosed
to the code and Representative Keener of Washington
county led the fight against the measure.
Other representatives charged him with being tbe
stumbling block in the way of the very amendments
he desired. The measure is now in Governor
John K. Tener's hands.
Among other legislation enacted that is of interest
to the coal trade was a bill providing that
in the future all buildings inside the anthracite
mines shall be of incombustible material; another
the stationary engineers' eight-hour day
which prohibits coal mining companies from making
an engineer engaged in hoisting and lowering
men into the mines, work more than eight
hours out of every 24; the resolution of Senator
Walter McNichols, of Scranton. creating a mine
cave commission that is to study surface disturbances
in the anthracite region where in recent
years surface has sunk as the result of the robbing
of pillars in the underground workings.
This commission is to make its recommendations
to the session of 1913; the Jones bill making the
counties of Susquehanna, Wayne and Sullivan, a
separate mine inspection district. The counties
named were formerly a part of the Lackawanna
district; a state investigation of the mine fire
that has been raging at Carbondale, Lackawanna
county, for eight years, together with an appropriation
of $100,000 as the state's share of confining
or extinguishing the fire.
The Catlin bill, authorizing and empowering
cities and boroughs in their corporate capacity
to enact ordinances prescribing such reasonable
regulation for the mining of coal beneath the
cities and boroughs as may tend to prevent tbe
settling or caving in of the surface.
The bill that bituminous miners be required to
have a certificate, similar to the anthracite certicate,
which was introduced by Representative
Feeney, was recommitted to the Senate Mines
and Mining Committee on May 23, and died there
by the adjournment of the legislature May 25.
The Director of Schools, Cleveland. Ohio, will
open bids on June 12 for 8.500 tons of semi-bituminous
lump, 3,000 tons of bituminous lump, 1.500
tons of nut and 14,000 tons of slack.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
SENATOR WATSON INTRODUCES
AMENDMENT FOR FREE COAL.
Senator C. W. Watson, of West Virginia, has
introduced in the Senate an amendment to the
Canadian Reciprocity bill the effect of which
will be to place Canadian soft coal on the free
list whenever the President shall have sufficient
evidence that the Canadian duty against American
coal is removed. The amendment will not in
any way affect the duties agreed upon by Canada
and the United States and embodied in the reciprocity
pact, but will simply place coal on the
free list at such a time as Canada does likewise.
The amendment affects bituminous coal round
or run-of-mine of certain sizes. Statistics show
thai American coal is imported into Canada largely
in excess of Canadian coal imported into this
country, the proportion being about 17 to 3.
EXPLANATIONS TO THE NATIONAL
CAR DEMURRAGE RULES.
The American Railway Association has adopted
a set of explanations to the "National Demurrage
Rules," that being the designation used for the
uniform demurrage code which was adopted by
the National Association of Railway Commissioners
and afterwards on December 18. 1909, recommended
by the Interstate Commerce Commission
for use throughout the country.
The Interstate Commerce Commission, recognizing
the great benefits to be derived from uniformity
in explanations to car service rules, is
desirous of lending its influence to the movement.
The commission therefore tentatively indorses the
explanations adopted by the American Railway
Association and recommends that they be made
effective wherever the National Car Demurrage
Rules have been adopted. This action is, of
course, subject to the right and duty of the commission
to inquire into the legality or reasonableness
of any explanation or explanations which
may be made the subject of complaint.
The explanation to Demurrage Rules are as follows:
RULE 1—OAKS SUBJECT TO RULES.
Cars loaded with company material for use of
and consigned to the railroad in whose possession
the cars are held are not subject to demurrage.
Empty cars placed for loading with company
material are subject to demurrage, unless the
loading is done by the railroad company for which
the material is intended and on its track.
(a) Empty cars placed for loading live stock
by shippers are not exempt and should be reported.
(b) Live poultry is not considered as live
stock, and cars so loaded are subject to demurrage.

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
(c) Empty private cars stored on tracks
switched by carriers, taken for loading without
order or requisition from shipper, and without
formal assignment by carrier's agent, shall be
recorded as placed for loading when actual loading
is begun.
Note.—Private cars belonging to an industry
which does its own switching, placed upon an
interchange track for forwarding and refused by
the carrier's inspector shall be released from
demurrage if withdrawn by the industry from the
interchange track within 24 hours after rejection.
Private cars are not in railroad service—
la) When loaded and unloaded on the tracks
of the owner and not moved over the tracks of a
carrier.
(b) When placed by the carrier for loading
on the tracks of the owner and refused b.v the inspector.
RULE 2—FREE TIME ALLOWED.
(a) When the same car is both unloaded and
reloaded, each transaction will be treated as independent
of the other.
(b) 1. Applies to cars held on carrier line
for disposition. A change of consignee after arrival
of car at destination is not a reconsignment
under these rules, unless a switching movement
covered by a tariff is involved. It also includes
cars held in transit for reconsignment. See also
rule 3 (bi.
It also applies to cars held on the carrier line
within a switching district consigned to a point
on a switching line within such district which
cannot be received on account of disability of the
consignee. The carrier line must in all cases
give notice in writing to the consignee of all cars
so held. Time will be computed in accordance
with rule 3 (b).
RITLE 3 COMPUTING TIME.
Note.—The exemption of holidays does not include
half holidays.
(b) When orders for cars held for disposition
or reconsignment are mailed, such orders will re­
lease cars at 7 a. m. of the date orders are received
at the station where the freight is held.
provided the orders are mailed prior to the date
received, but orders mailed and received on the
same date release cars the following 7 a. m.
RULE 4—NOTIFICATION.
When cars are tor delivery to public team (racks,
and placement is delayed For more I ban 24 hours
after notice ol' arrival is given, a notice of placement
must also be given to the consignee, and the
free time for unloading computed according to the
notice of placement.
RULE 7—DEMURRAGE CHARGE.
Charges accruing under these rules must be col­
lected in the same manner and with the same
regularity and promptness as other transporta­
tion charges.
RULE 8—CLAIMS.
The exemption on account of high water or
snowdrifts applies only when the point at which
car is placed for loading or unloading is inaccessible
to the general public by reason of these
conditions.
PITTSBURGH COMPANY TO OPEN
MINES IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA.
Newspaper dispatches from Edmonton, Al
berta. Can., say that the Great Northwestern Coal
Co. of Pittsburgh, plans to spend millions in Alberta
during the next year or two and has al­
ready purchased three large properties in the
vicinity of that city and has opened headquarters
for its operations. One of these mines will be
near St. Albert, another 30 miles up the river
from Edmonton, and the third 100 miles north of
Edmonton.
Each mine will employ 500 men and each is
expected to produce 6,000 or more tons of coal
daily. The majority of these miners will come
from Pittsburgh, from which city the necessary
machinery will be shipped. Offices will also be
opened at Calgary and Lethbridge. O. A. Kraft
will be superintendent of mines in the northern
portion of the province, while another superin­
tendent will be appointed for those mines in the
southern portion of the province, which the company
proposes to operate before the end of the
present year.
Small colonies for the miners will be estab­
lished by the company in the vicinity of each mine
and representatives of the company, including
H. S. Dormis, promise that conditions will be
such as to attract the miners, for the terms under
which they worl; will be very different to
those prevailing in the other Alberta mines.
Actual construction will start within a week
or two for the company is determined to secure a
strong control of coal output of Alberta, where
the largest coal fields of the Dominion exist.
The Lathrop Coal Co., recently organized by
Mr. W. A. Lathrop, of Philadelphia, and associates,
will shortly commence the development of an 800-
acre tract of coal land at Panther, W. Va. Operations
will be carried on in the No. 2 gas seam
and it is planned to have the product on the mar­
ket by next September. William Leckie, of
Welch, general manager of the new concern, will
supervise the development work and the output
will be handled by the West Virginia Pocahontas
Coal Sales Co., of Bluefield.

I THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 2ft
PLAN ANNOUNCED FOR REORGANIZATION
OF PENNSYLVANIA COAL AND COKE
COMPANY.
Following a petition by the Scranton Trust Co.,
to the courts of Lackawanna county, Pa., for the
appointment of a master to sell property of the
Pennsylvania Coal & Coke Co. to satisfy a mortgage
and to raise money for the payment of accrued
interest on bonds, announcement was made
in New York May 23 of a plan for the reorganization
of the company. The Scranton Trust Co. is
trustee of the mortgage given by the coal company
to secure a big bond issue. Thomas H. Watkins
is receiver for the coal and coke company.
The reorganization plan has been made by a
committee composed of Alexander .1. Hemphill,
of New York, chairman. Clarence D. Simpson, William
A. Lathrop, Stacey C. Richmond and John
Carstensen, and it includes that action taken by
the Scranton Trust Co. in petitioning for a master,
as well as proceedings for the foreclosure of
the consolidated mortgage and the sale of other
properties sold b.v the receiver not subject to the
mortgage. The plan in brief is:
"Bondholders who deposited their securities
with the Guaranty Trust Co. of New York under
the deposit agreement of August 17, 190S. have
been notified that dissent to the plan must be
made before June 10, when the plan will become
effective, unless one-third of the certificates of
deposit dissent.
"The committee has entered into an agreement
with the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation
that, when the properties are acquired by the
committee at foreclosure, all the coal lands and
mines of the Pennsylvania company, with cars,
equipment, tracks, surface lands owned in fee,
buildings, etc., shall be sold and transferred to
the Clearfield company, subject to the lien of
underlying mortgages aggregating $6,823,000 and
car purchase indebtedness amounting to $122,841.
The committee is to receive in payment $2,500,009
face value of the bonds of the Clearfield company,
less an amount equal to the indebtedness of the
receiver to the New York Central & Hudson River
railroad, estimated at $660,137. These bonds are
to be a part of a total of $5,000,000 4'j per cent.
mortgage bonds, maturing January 1, 1932.
"The Clearfield company is lo lease to the new
company to be organized 47,ooo acres of coal
lands owned in fee al a rental of 10 cents a ton
of coal, and 12,000 acres of leasehold coal lands
at a rental of 2 cents a ton on coal mined in excess
of 1,500.000 tons annually, in addition to the
assumption by the new company of rentals, royalties',
and other payments. The new company is
to have a capital stock of $7,500,000."
COURT REFUSES TO SUSTAIN
DEMURRER ENTERED BY FEEHAN.
Robert Gibbons, president of the United Mine
Workers of the Pittsburgh district, won an important
point in his equity suit against Francis
Feehan on May 27. Judge L. L. Davis, in common
pleas court No. 4. overruled the demurrer
filed by the former president of the union. The
case will now be tried on its merits.
Gibbons and the other officers of District No. 5
now feel confident of victory in tlie pending litigation.
They feel confident that, the court will
sustain the allegations on which they base their
suit, in the same manner in which il refused to
entertain ibe demurrer of the defendants.
President Gibbons, together with Abe Kephart,
Thomas Sheehan, Otto Slater, James Sabin, James
Brown, Fred Sample and William P. Friday
brought the suit as a result of alleged irregularities
on the part of the defendants following a
spirited (lection.
When the new officers went into power Feehan
refused to turn ovei to them the books of the
organization, and during the convention and election
Feehan counted the votes of District No. 3,
the Irwin field, for himself, and then claimed
himself elected. The Irwin never was part of
the Pittsburgh district.
On February 2S the miners, outraged by the
alleged irregularities, called a regular convention.
Feehan and his satellites were not present. He
was expelled from his own local, and the convention
expelled him from the organization for a
period of five years for refusing to answer certain
charges against him. Feehan then refused
to recognize President Gibbons.
SIX DAYS WORK FOR EMPLOYES
OF H. C. FRICK COKE COMPANY.
In line with the recent order issued by the
United States Steel Corporation, that no man
shall work more than six days per week, the H.
C. Frick Coke Co. has issued a similar order to
the superintendent at each plant, to take effect
immediately.
The order does nol affect monthly men. applying
only to day men who heretofore have been employed
seven days during the week, including firemen,
pumpers, compressor, fan and dynamo men
and others performing work requiring constant attention.
It will affect, on an average, probably seven
men at each plant, which means that, at the 70
planls of the Frick Co. in the neighborhood of
500 men will come under the rule requiring just

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
that many more men to perform their duties on
the seventh day.
Some of these men have been working seven
days a week for years, not because they were compelled
to in all cases; but as a matter of choice,
and these men are not pleased with the change.
The order, however, will be strictly enforced, as it
is conceded that better results will be obtained
by giving all employes one day's rest in seven.
GEORGIA'S COAL DEPOSITS
COVER SMALL TERRITORY.
According to S. W. McCallie. state geologist, the
coal deposits of Georgia are confined to Lookout,
Sand and Pigeon mountains, which are located
in the extreme northwestern part of the state in
Walker, Chattooga and Dade counties. The
deposits of Walker county occur in Pigeon mountain
and along the eastern side of Lookout mountain.
The most valuable coal seams of this
county are those in the vicinity of the Durham
mines, located on what is known as Round mountain,
a small elevation near the central axis of
Lookout mountain.
The deposits of Chattooga county are limited to
a small area in its extreme northwestern corner
along the Georgia-Alabama line. The exposures
of coal here, as in Walker county, are near or on
the eastern brow of Lookout mountain at an elevation
from 500 to 600 feet above the valley.
This county, so far, has produced no coal, but.
nevertheless, there are a number of places where
promising exposures' occur.
The coal area of Dade county exceeds that of
any other county in the state. The deposits are
confined to the western side of Lookout, and the
northern portion of Sand mountain. The main
coal mines of this county are on Sand mountain,
in the vicinity of Cole City. In addition to these
workings, there has also been a limited amount of
coal mined near Rising Fawn, in the southwestern
part of the county, only a short distance from
the Georgia-Alabama line. The total coal area
of Georgia is approximately 170 square miles.
The coal deposits of Georgia occur in both the
lower and upper coal measures. The lower coal
measures consist of what is known as the Lookout
sandstone, which is made up of sandstone,
conglomerate, shales and coal. The formation
varies in thickness in northwest Georgia from 300
to 400 feet. The upper beds of the Lookout formation
are made up chiefly of sandstone, with
thin beds of argillaceous shale, and from two to
five coal seams. The lower portion of the lowei
coal measure consists of red and gray shales, with
a few thin beds of sandstone and limestone. Associated
with the shales are a few thin beds of
number as the Bangor limestone, the lower member,
is approached. At some points along the
western slope of Lookout mountain the sandy
shales above referred to contain numerous fossils,
the most abundant being bryozoa and fragments
of crinoid stems.
The upper coal measures include a silicious
series of rocks known as the Walden sandstone.
It forms the upper member of the sandstone and
conglomerates of Lookout, Sand and Pigeon mountains.
The formation, which is made up of
sandstone, conglomerates and shale, with from
two to seven seams of coal, attains its greatest
thickness at Round mountain in the vicinity of
the Durham coal mines. Its approximate thickness
at this point has been placed by Hayes at
930 feet.
Prior to 1891 all of the coal mined in Georgia
was obtained from Dade county, in the vicinity
of Cole City. The first mines operated in this
district were opened by Gordon & Russell more
than half a century ago, and the coal was hauled
by wagon to Shellmound, a distance of about 6
miles. Active mining operations might be said
to have begun at Round mountain, in 1891, a few
months previous to the completion of the Chickamauga
and Durham railroad to that point. The
first shipments were made in 1892, since which
date the mines have been in continuous operation.
At the present time the mines in the vicinity of
Round mountain are producing daily about 700
tons, which is used.chiefly for steam and coking
purposes.
The coal production of Georgia for 1909 was
211.196 short tons, valued at $298,792. which was
a decided decrease in output as compared with
1907 and 1908. This fall off in production is reported
to be due largely to the withdrawal of the
convicts from the mines and the inability of the
companies to obtain free labor. The decrease in
tonnage for 1909 was partially offset by a larger
relative return to the operators as shown by the
average price per ton.
Recently the Coal Team Owners' Association of
Chicago signed up a new contract with the Coal
Teamsters' Union. The teamsters agreed to work
for the remainder of this year at the old scale
of wages, with the understanding that at the end
of the year they were to enter upon a three-year
contract, which allows them 25 cents a day increase
over what they are now getting. This
arrangement seems satisfactory to all concerned.
The Davis Coal Co.. just organized by Harry
Davis, John H. Cooney. Attorney Dan L. Parsons,
the Kimball estate. Ira Bloom, and others, of
Johnstown. Pa., will develop 250 acres of coal
limestone. These calcareous beds increase in_, >u,near Conemaugh, Pa.

CHIEF OF DEPARTMENT OF MINES JOHN
LAING, OF W. VA., PROMULGATES NEW
RULE RELATIVE TO SHOOTING IN MINES.
Chief of the Department of Mines of West Virginia
has promulgated a rule that in all dry and
dusty mines expert shot firers must be employed
and has instructed his inspectors to enforce the
new rule.
The new rule was announced following the explosion
at Elk Garden April 24, when 23 men
lost their lives. In discussing the explosion and
his ruling, Mr. Laing said:
This mine is owned by the Davis Coal & Coke
Co. and is operated in the Lower Kittanning
seam. It is located on the Western Maryland
railroad. The coal is about 4'2 feet high; the
seam is very irregular and is full of rolls, clay
veins, etc.
The mine is very dry and dusty and explosive
gas was known to be liberated in some sections.
This was local, however, and at no time was the
mine known to liberate gas in dangerous quantities.
Immediately after the explosion a rescue party
was organized by Superintendent Robert Grant
and work was at once begun to repair the mine
and reach the entombed men. Five miners—
whose names I do not now remember—escaped
from the mine after the explosion. These men
were working in a section near the crop and
almost one mile distant from where the explosion
occurred, and by reason of the mine's being very
wet between where they were working and where
the explosion occurred, it had the effect of stopping
the explosion before it reached them, and
they were enabled to reach the surface in safety.
The fan being a force fan, was not damaged,
and the rescue work proceeded without hindrance.
It was some time before the rescue party could
enter the mine, as it was not deemed advisable to
reverse the air current for fear that some of the
men might be on the airway.
Deputy Mine Inspector Plaster reached the
mine on Monday night and assisted with the rescue
work. Inspectors Connor and Martin reached
the mine on Tuesday morning and also assisted
in recovering the bodies. On the morning of
the 27th, sixteen mine experts accompanied me
and made a detailed examination of the mine for
the purpose of investigating and determining, if
possible, the origin and cause of the explosion.
On arriving at the working face of what is
known as the "dean air course," we discovered
a shot had been fired in the left side of the said
air course, and that a hole had been drilled directly
in the solid. This air course had just
struck what is known as a "fault" or clay vein,
and the intention in drilling the hole was to
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
make a mining in the rock so that the top slate
could be blasted down afterwards.
Where the hole was drilled, there was a streak
of coal about two inches thick, and thcy had
bored the hole in this coal and when the shot
went off it blew this coal straight back in the
airway, which was heavily charged with fine coal
dust, as shots had been fired a few minutes previous
to this one in this entry, causing this dust
to be already in suspension.
As evidence that this shot had just been fired
and was the cause of the explosion, one of the
men who worked in this entry was found lying
with his hands still gripped to a battery, which
was used to explode the shots and the wires
from the battery were traced directly to where
the shot had been fired. This man was quite
badly burned and showed signs that he had been
killed almost instantly when the shot went off.
The force of the explosion was easily traced from
this point through the entire mine, as all the
brattices, mine cars, etc., were thrown towards
the outside from this point and in no other pari
of the mine was there any signs of flame or of
an explosion having occurred.
After a thorough examination of the mine b.v
these experts, it was very easily determined that
had the mine been damp the disaster would nol
have been as widespread as it was. aud there
is no doubt in the minds of any of the gentlemen
who investigated the explosion that dust was
the main factor in the explosion. While the
mine was known to liberate a small amount of
gas, it was quite evident that gas was not the
cause of the explosion as the men had been at
work with naked lights at the face of their working
places.
The rules' of the mine were that no black
powder should be used in the mine, and that a
permissible explosive known as "Monobelle" was
the only explosive permitted by the district mine
inspector and the company, and while it would
be unfair, perhaps, to say that black powder was
used in the shot that caused the explosion, we
have every reason to believe that il had been,
as we found black powder in the mine, which
was proof to us that the miners were using it
even against the advice of the district mine inspector
and the rules of the company. My own
convictions are, that if the hole referred to had
been properly charged and a permissible explosive
used exclusively, the accident would not
have happened. Because of the violation of
instructions, this man took his own life and the
lives of 22 others.
The only possible way that the department can
avoid accidents of this kind is to prohibit absolutely
any shooting of any kind or character in
mines that are dry and dusty during the day or

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
while men are at work, and require that expert
shot firers be employed for the purpose oi doing
all the blasting after all men have left the mine.
A ruling of this kind will for a short time
work more or less hardship on the miners, and
perhaps curtail the output of the mine, but it is
the only way that i see to prevent a repetition
of the accident, and I have issued a circular letter
to each of the inspectors of the different dis­
tricts to put such ruling into torce at once, as
we cannot permit dangers of this kind lo exist
where every man's life is depending on the most
reckless miner.
We expect to meet with some complaints against
and opposition to this order, but we propose to
execute it regardless of how it may be approved
of by either miners or operators.'
FRANK FEEHAN IS SAID TO HAVE PUT
BLACK LIST INTO USE AGAINST E. S.
McCULLOUGH.
In concluding a signed article on "The Black­
list," contributed to the May 15 issue of the In­
dustrial Index, of Columbus, 0., ex-President
Thomas L. Lewis, of the United Mine Workers
of America, says:
"With all the denunciation of the 'Blacklist' by
organized labor, and with all the protests against
such a system of punishment, it is being revived
in the Pittsburgh district of Pennsylvania by
Frank Feehan, an individual who claims to be a
union man.
"Recently E. S. McCullough, former interna­
tional vice president of the United Mine Workei s
of America, decided to locate in Western Penn-
vania and he secured employment at a mine near
Monongahela City and then rented a house in
which to live. When he went to the mine to
start to work, he was told that he could not start.
McCullough asked for the reason and was told
that Frank Feehan bad given orders to the com­
pany that if E. S. McCullough was permitted to
start to work in that mine, the men would be
ordered on strike. The miners in that mine
would not strike against McCullough and the company
was threatened with an order to call out
the men at their other mines. Under the cir­
cumstances McCullough was not permitted to start
to work. He secured employment at another
mine with the same result.
"What do the mine workers of the country and
especially the United Mine Workers of America,
think of the sincerity or honesty of Frank Fee-
han's unionism? What do the mine workers of
the country and organized labor think of Frank
Feehan's action in coercing a coal company to
use the "Blacklist" against E. S. McCullough
under a threat of calling a strike and closing the
mine?
"Is there any wonder that the mine workers of
Western Pennsylvania are disgusted with Frank
Feehan and his methods? Is there any wonder
that the organized mine workers of the Pitts­
burgh district are convinced that Frank Feehan
cannot longer serve the interests of the mine
workers?
"To those who know Frank Feehan and his
methods, his conduct is no surprise. Will the
mine workers of the country stand for such labor
union crushing tactics to be used to drive a union
miner out of Western Pennsylvania? What is
to become of the United Mine Workers of America
under the control of such individuals as Frank
Feehan? There is a storm gathering and when
the miners of the country know the facts in re­
gard to a certain coterie of individuals who are
regarded as officers of the organization, there will
be a lightning change in the policies, laws and
methods of conducting the business of the organi­
zation."
APRIL LAKE LEVELS.
The United States lake survey reports the
stages of the great lakes for the month of April,
1911, as follows:
Feet above tide-
Lakes, water. New York.
Superior 600.61
Michigan-Huron 579.44
Erie 571.45
Ontario 245.44
Lake Superior is O.os foot lower than last
month, l.ol feet lower than a year ago, 1.33 feet
below the average stage of April of the last 10
years, 1.64 feet below the high stage of April,
1905. and 0.17 foot below the low stage of April,
1880. It will probably rise 0.3 foot during May.
Lakes Michigan-Huron are 0.14 foot higher than
last month, 0.80 foot lower than a year ago, 1.11
feet below the average stage of April of the last
10 years, 3.79 feet below the high stage of April,
1886, and 0.22 feet above the low stage of April.
1896. They will probably rise 0.3 foot during
May.
Lake Erie is 0.4S foot higher than last month,
0.63 foot lower than a year ago, 0.86 foot below
the average stage of April of the last 10 years,
2.34 feet below the high stage of April, 1884, and
0.19 foot above the low stage of April, 1895. It
will probably rise 0.3 foot during May.
Lake Ontario is 0.48 foot higher than last
month, 0.53 foot lower than a year ago, 0.94 foot
lower than the average stage of April of the last
10 years, 2.99 feet below the high stage of April.
1886, and 0.57 foot above the low stage of April,
1895. It will probably rise 0.3 foot during May.

Fires in mines are a far greater menace to life
and property than is generally appreciated. Two
of the most serious disasters in coal mines within
the last two years—one at Cherry, 111., and the
other at Pancoast mine, near Scranton, Pa., originated
from trivial causes. Two of the most destructive
disasters in metal mines in the last
year—Tonopah, Nev., and Copper Hill, Tenn., resulted
from similar causes. At Deadwood, S. D.,
$1,000,000 has been spent in fighting a metal mine
fire.
Moreover, there are fires raging in coal and
metal mines in various parts of the country,
which, having gotten beyond control, have burned
for many years, devouring hundreds of thousands
of tons of coal and miles of mine galleries. Of
these fires, one near Carbondale, Pa., has burned
out such a vast area of anthracite coal in the
past 10 years as to result in subsidence of the
surface and destruction of surface property. Near
Summit Hill, Pa., a fire is estimated to have destroyed
$26,000,000 worth of coal after burning
51 years'. Near Jobs, Ohio, a tract of coal valued
at several million dollars has been burning
since 1884.
In some of the deeper metal mines at Butte,
Mont., fires have been burning in the old mine
timbers since 1889. In the Comstock vein in
Nervada, thousands of feet of tunnels which had
been opened and timbered at great expense are
being burned out. causing falling of the roof
and dislocation of the metal-bearing vein, thus
rendering future recovery of the ore difficult if
not impossible.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
MINE FIRES : ' :
By Herbert M. Wilson. Chief Engineer U. S. Bureau of Mines.
On the afternoon of November 13, 1909, the
Cherry mine near Chicago, 111., was fired with
the result that 262 lives were lost and the property
seriously damaged, in addition to the damage
assessed upon the owners for the benefit of
the families of those who perished. The evidence
indicates that the fire was caused by a
pit car loaded with several bales of hay intended
for the mule stable in the third vein. It is believed
that this car was placed under or in contact
with a blazing torch or open miner's lamp
placed to give light to the cagers. Possibly, the
oil, which was kerosene, dropped from the torch
to the hay. However, the hay was fired and
there being an air current having a velocity of
700 feet per minute, the overhead timbers, manway
and air shaft were quickly fired. This
effectually shut off ingress and egress to the
mine and imprisoned within it 484 men who
*A lecture delivered by Herbert M. Wilson. Chief Engineer
of the Bureau of Mines, before the National Fire Protection
Association, at its Annual Meeting, in New York. May 25.
were at work in the mine at the time. The cost
of this fire was about $1,000,000, of which $50,000
a day was spent in direct fire fighting for many
days.
An April 7, 1911, a fire was started in the Pancoast
mine near Scranton, Pa., which resulted in
the loss of 74 lives, leaving 45 widows and 137
dependent orphans; as well as causing the destruction
of much valuable property. This fire
is known to have started in an underground room.
presumably from some oil-soaked waste which
fired some boxes and other inflammable material
carelessly left near.
The fire was not thought serious until it had
been burning two hours. This delay was, in
large measure, responsible for the great loss of
life. A fire started February 22. 1911, in the
1166-foot level of Belmont mine at Tonopah, Nev.,
which resulted in the loss of 17 lives and partial
destruction of the property.
The London mine of the Tennessee Copper Co.
was fired on November 29. 1909, by sparks from
a shifting engine lighting the top house. Embers
fell down the shaft and the smoke and flames
imprisoned 54 men who were later rescued.
Much damage resulted to the property.
It is evident from the above that most mine fires
have their origin in trivial causes, which, were
proper means at hand and proper fire rules in
force, might be quickly extinguished.
The nature of the combustible material found
in metal mines offers varying but usually good
opportunities for the spreading of a fire. While
the progress of a fire might, at first, be slow, in
some cases it may spread quickly and involve a
large area and result in tremendous damage if not
promptly extinguished.
A careful study of the origin, history and methods
of combating nearly all of the mine fires
which have occurred since the creation of the
mine accidents division of the Geological Survey
in 1907. and its present successor, the Bureau of
Mines, has been made b.v the mining engineers
of the latter organization.
It is believed from this study that the introduction
of comparatively inexpensive fire-fighting
appliances, the adoption of proper regulations,
and the institution of a reasonable system of
fire drills may minimize fires and confine others
to a brief period of time with little damage to
life and property.
Among the most fruitful causes of mine fires
studied in the above period are, in approximate
order of importance, the ignition of timbers,
wooden stoppings, and brattice cloths; hay or

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
oil-soaked materials by open torches; the igni­
tion of coal by blown-out shots or explosions of
fire damp or coal dust, or the improper use of
explosives. Surface fires communicated to the
mine through the shaft or tunnel; underground
furnaces and boiler plants; ignition by friction
on oily, wooden rollers or rope haulage-ways, fires
occasioned by spontaneous combustion of coal,
timber or greasy waste.
The engineers of the Bureau of Mines have
adopted as the most effective means of exploring
and in the earlier stage ol combatting mine fires,
the use of the oxygen helmet. This is an ap­
paratus which entirely protects the head, and
through which air is furnished artificially—thus
enabling the wearer to explore the vicinity of a
tiie under conditions of smoke and gas which
would render his approach otherwise impossible.
By the use of such apparatus a number of fires
have, within the last few years been promptly
extinguished which would doubtless otherwise
have spread and perhaps extended beyond control.
The Bureau of Mines encourages the treatment of
wood and brattice cloths and other inflammable
materials with fire-proofing substances. Chem­
istry, through the quick analysis of gases sampled
at frequent intervals in the neighborhood of the
fire has proven a most useful adjunct in fighting
fires. B.v this means it is found possible to
stop off the fire and by pumping in carbonic acid
or smothering it with water, to determine by the
progress of the analysis, the condition of com­
bustion; thus ascertaining with assurance the
time when the fire may have been extinguished
or may call for further combatting.
To a body of men familiar with the subject as
you are it seems unnecessary to call attention to
the necessity of providing at each mine ample
storage supplies of water under proper head and
properly conveyed in protected pipes to possible
danger points. To the desirability of employing
larger amounts of non-inflammable material in
place of wooden mine timbering or wooden doors;
the proper regulation of the disposal of waste;
cleanliness, whereby grease or oil-soaked material
shall not be permitted; proper inspection of steain
pipes and boiler plants to insure their insulation;
fire-proof man-ways and air shafts: proper
fire protection and the use of non-inflammable ma­
terial so far as iiossible in all top works and
other surface structures within 50 to 100 feet
of the main opening.
Aside from these well known measures there
are others which the engineers of tlie Bureau of
Mines would suggest, such as careful examination
of the working face after filing each shol ; keep­
ing barrels of water or boxes ol' sand convenient
to points at which explosives are being used;
keeping open lights away from the working face
for some time after firing the shot; disconnection
of electric wires before shot firing; proper atten­
tion to all electric wires and their insulation at
danger points; examination of the manner of
liberation of explosive gases; use of safety lamps
or lanterns instead of open lamps in the neigh­
borhood of all inflammable materials when en­
gaged on repairing wooden stoppings or examing
for air leakage, etc. A proper system of
fire alarm signals should be installed in every
mine and should be tested at suitable intervals
and underground employes should be familiar
with the signals through frequent drills. Tbe
water supply for mines is usually such as to render
desirable the use of nozzles of as small
diameter as one-half to three-quarters of an inch.
As high pressure as is reasonably attainable, say
not under 50 pounds per square inch should be
furnished, for the reason that the trajectory of
the jet of water must be very low, since the hose
must be used in tunnels often under 5 feet and
rarely over 6 or 7 feet in height. In consequence,
the nozzle can be elevated only at a very low
angle and the jet can be thrown a comparatively
short distance. By test under 20 pounds pressure
only 23 feet; under 30 pounds pressure, 30
feet; 40 pounds, 34 feet.
From the foregoing it is evident that the ques­
tion of mine fires, their causes, possible means of
prevention, and combatting is one well within
the province of the Bureau of Mines and one
which demands the serious attention of all persons
concerned in the operation of mining property
or in the protection or insurance of property
against fire.
LORAIN COAL AND DOCK COMPANY
BUYS BELMONT COAL MINING COMPANY.
The Lorain Coal & Dock Co.. of Columbus, O.,
has purchased the three operating mines and
6,800 acres of coal of the Belmont Coal Mining
Co.. of Pittsburgh. The price paid is reported
to be $1,200,000.
The properties are in the heart of the No. 8
vein coal field of Ohio, with the mines located
at Glencoe and Neff, on the Baltimore & Ohio
and the Wheeling & Lake Erie railroads in Belmont
county. Each mine is thoroughly modern,
operated with electrical equipment and haulage
and the three have a total daily capacity of 2,500
tons of coal, much of which is shipped to the
lakes.
The Belmont Coal Mining Co. has been under
ihe direction of Thomas K. Maher. vice president
and. general manager, of Pittsburgh. Mr. Maher
is president of the Eastern Ohio Coal Operators'
Association.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION GIVES
FURTHER HEARING ON LAKE COAL RATE
COMPLAINT.
The hearing on the complaint of the Pittsburgh
coal operators was resumed before the Interstate
Commerce Commission at Washington, D. C, May
21. Included in the coal men present were Alexander
Dempster, J. H. Sanfoid. W. R. Woodford,
John G. Patterson, James Geegan, Cyrus C. Woods,
Charles Johnson, of Pittsburgh; Isaac W. Semans,
W. A. Stone, T. Plackey and E. H. Reppert, of
Uniontown.
Witnesses testified that the rate for hauling coal
isalmost 6 mills per ton per mile from the Pittsburgh
district, and 2.3 mills per ton per mile from
the West Virginia fields to the lakes, notwithstanding
the longer haul from the latter fields.
Attorney Wade Ellis developed from witnesses
that the railroads carry more ore from Ashtabula
Harbor to Pittsburgh than they carry coal
from Pittsburgh to Ashtabula Harbor, thus getting
revenue on both hauls, while in the case or
West Virginia coal, there was only a haul of
coal to the lakes with no back haul of ore or anything
else.
George M. Glazier, auditor for the Lake Shore
& Michigan Southern; H. Brownley, general coal
and ore agent for the New York Central lines
west, and F. P. Davis, secretary of the Ohio Coal
Traffic Association, testified as to tonnage of coal
to the lakes, rates per mile, etc.
John G Patterson, of the Youghiogheny & Ohio
Coal Co., the principal witness of the third day's
hearing, declared that at two of the mines of
his company during the past year, they mined
coal at a cost of $1.10 per ton. and sold it at
$1.06 per ton. Mr. Patterson agreed to exhibit
the books of his company to bear out this statement
if the carriers would also show their books
on the subject of the transportation of lake coal.
Mr. Patterson when called to the stand stated
that the complaint filed represented the views of
the Pittsburgh operators generally. He said that
with the present rates from Pittsburgh to Ashta
bula, the West Virginia operators would drive the
Pittsburgh operators out of that particular lake
trade.
"I hate to admit it," said Mr. Patterson, "but
last year at two of our mines it cost us $1.10 to
mine coal which we sold at $1.06 per ton."
Mr. Butterfield. for the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie
railroad, in cross-examining Mr. Patterson, drew
attention to the fact that as the result of the informal
complaints of the Pittsburgh operators in
the early part of 1909 the differential on West
Virginia coal was increased 9 V. cents in addition
to the 24 cents then and now existing; that this
increase was enjoined by the courts, and ultimately
suspended by the Interstate Commerce
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
Commission and is now under consideration. Mr.
Butterfield then drew attention to a statement in
the letter which Mr. Patterson had read, sent by
the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association to the
railroads, that the carriers were not fighting this
injunction as vigorously as they might; in other
words, were not acting in good faith, and thai.
therefore, the operators would appeal to the Interstate
Commerce Commission. This indicated,
Mr. Butterfield said, that the Pittsburgh operators
themselves were satisfied with the adjustment of
9% cents per ton additional on West Virginia
coal, and it was no fault of the carriers that the
adjustment had not been made effective because
it had been enjoined by a court and subsequently
suspended by the Interstate Commerce Commission.
"So far as the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association
is concerned," said Mr. Butterfield to Mr.
Patterson. "I would be willing for the commission
to allow that increase of 9'_. cents a ton as
a test to see if that was a sufficient spread of the
differential?"
"I do not believe it would be." replied Mr. Patterson.
"As an association you have not brought pro
ceedings to bring about the lowering of the rate?"
"Not as a body, but this complaint represents
the views of every operator in the district."
Mr. Patterson said that the going into effect
of the 9V. cents additional per ton on West Virginia
coal would be "an imposition on the consumer,"
but might possibly help the Pittsburgh
operators a little, but not appreciably.
Mr. Patterson declared that the proposition to
make the increase of 9% cents on West Virginia
coal did not come from the Pittsburgh operators,
but that it satisfied some who agreed to make a
trial of this additional widening of the differential.
Mr. J. H. Sanford, vice president and general
manager of the Carnegie Coal Co., and president
of the J. H. Sanford Co.. said that the companies
he represented operated in the Panhandle district
of the Pittsburgh field. He said that the complaint
filed by Mr. Boileau represented his views.
He protested against the 88-cent rate. He had
talked with a majority of the operators and they
also agreed with the complaint, but were reluctant
to make formal protest, fearing to arouse Ihe displeasure
of the railroads. In some instances, he
said, the railroads were good customers and in
others the operators thought the railroads would
retaliate. They could retaliate by shutting off
a railroad order, and if an operator who complained
wanted to open up a new mine the railroad
could make it difficult for the operator to
obtain a new siding. Mr. Sanford stated, however,
the operators did not fear retaliation, as in

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
times gone by. "There was a time." he said,
"when the railroads were vindictive to anyone
who demanded his rights."
Mr. Sanford. in answer to a question by Mr.
Ellis, declared that W. A. Terry, assistant freight
traffic manager of the New York Central lines
west, told him that his road would reduce their
rate, but if it did the West Virginia roads might
come down 40 cents a ton.
"Is he the gentleman who stated on tbe stand
at the beginning of this hearing that he had made
no such statement?"
"Yes," replied Mr. Sanford, "he is.
Among other things, Mr. Sanford said the cost
of production in West Virginia was lower than in
the Pittsourgh district largely necause non-union
labor was employed, stating that the West Vir­
ginia operators could produce coal 35 cents a tor,
less than the Pittsburgh operators.
Frank B. Davis of Columbus, secretary of the
Ohio Coal Traffic Association, an agent of the
Ohio railroads, produced figures showing that the
tonnage of lake coal from the Pittsburgh district
to Ashtabula Harbor over the Pennsylvania lines
in 1910 was 2.593,214 tons, and over the Pittsburgh
& Lake Erie. 2,221.312 tons, on which 88
cents a ton was charged.
The hearing was adjourned May 26 to be resumed
June 21, at Washington.
CHANGES IN CONSOLIDATION
COAL COMPANY OFFICIALS.
Mr. Harry H. Watson has been promoted to the
position of manager of the West Virginia divi­
sion of the Consolidation Coal Co., and Mr. A. B.
Fleming, Jr.. has been advanced to the position
of assistant to Mr. Watson. Both gentlemen
were superintendents of districts in the West
Virginia division and are practical mining men.
Following the promotions above, other changes
announced are: Mr. J. J. Brennen, inspector, is
transferred to mine No. 38, as superintendent, vice
Mr. C. E. Gaskell. Mr. Gaskell is transferred
to mines 50 and 62, as superintendent, vice Mr.
A. D. Morgan. Mr. Morgan is transferred to No.
21 as superintendent, vice Mr. K. D. Bailey. Mr.
Bailey is transferred to No. 67 and 84, vice Mr.
A. Brooks Fleming, Jr., named as assistant man­
ager of the West Virginia division.
Mr. Homer Ice, assistant superintendent at Nos.
32, 40 and 49, has been made superintendent of 49.
vice Mr. H. H. Watson, made manager of the
division. Mr. .Tosiah Keeley. pay clerk at No. 21,
made superintendent of No. 32. Mr. L. E. Dorsey
of No. 35 made superintendent of that mine,
vice Mr. J. R. Elfess. Mr. C. H. Higgenbottom,
foreman No. 66, made superintendent of same
mine.
MICHIGAN-OHIO-INDIANA COAL ASSOCIA­
TION WILL HAVE GOOD PROGRAM AT
MEETING.
Secretary H. D. Mannington, of the Michigan-
Ohio-Indiana Coal Association has issued the fol­
lowing tentative program for the annual meeting
at Detroit, Mich.. June 20, 21 and 22:
Tuesday, June 20.—No association meeting will
be held this lay. which will be devoted to the
reception and registration of members and visit­
ing coal men, the renewal of old and new ac­
quaintances, visiting and sight-seeing.
Members and their friends are requested to
register with the secretary immediately upon arrival
when they will be provided with badges
entitling them to the entertainment provided.
The complete program, so far as the formal
part of it is concerned, is not yet ready for an­
nouncement, but so far as the announcements can
be made it is as follows:
Wednesday, June 21. 9 a. m.—Association meet­
ing; address of welcome b.v Mayor Johnson; response
by Robert Lake, president of the associa­
tion; President's annual address; report of board
of directors; report of the secretary and the treasurer.
This session will continue until such hour as
adjournment is desired.
At 7 p. m. the visiting coal men will leave the
wharf on special boat provided for moonlight
ride to St. Clair Flats returning about midnight.
On this occasion the association members will be
the guests of the people of Detroit under the
auspices of the local committee of arrangements,
and will be regaled with music and refreshments
en route.
Thursday, June 22. 9 a. m.—Association meet­
ing. This session will conclude not later than
1 p. m. when adjournment for the day will be
taken. One hour for luncheon and one-half hour
to assemble at the wharf for a boat trip to the
Solvay Collieries plant, hoat leaving al 2.30 sharp.
On this occasion association members' will be
guests of the Solvay Collieries during a 15-mile
ride down the Detroit river to the plan 1 ,. This
will be a delightful trip during which visitors
will be entertained with music and luncheon and
an opportunity afforded to visit the great Solvay
plant and its product-recovery ovens. The trip
will consume about four hours.
At 10 o'clock on Wednesday. June 21, the visiting
ladies of the association will be given an
automobile ride, which vill consume about two
and one-half hours, during which visits will be
made to Belle Isle. Grosse Point and the manufacturing
and residential districts of Detroit.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
SOME SPECIAL USES OF CONCRETE IN MINING"'
By George S. Rice.
Mining Engineer in Charge of Mine Investigations. U. S Bureau of Mines. Pittsburgh. Pa.
Concrete is not unknown to miners; apart from
its uses in foundations for machinery, it has been
employed for many years to plaster mine stoppings
and dams built of brick or stone, to render
them comparatively water or gas tight.
within the last few years, contemporaneously with
the advance of the science of reinforcing concrete,
the general use of concrete in mining
operations has been enormously extended. Today,
practically all foundations for mine buildings
and machinery are built of concrete, and
many buildings, coal bins, lofty chimneys, and
even a large anthracite breaker have been built
of reinforced concrete. In many of the large
new mining plants, concrete has entered extensively
into construction underground, replacing
wood, iron, brick and stone. Its use for various
purposes in and about the mines is rapidly extending,
as its merits are better understood. The
possibilities of underground application appear to
widen iconstantly, suggesting more than mere
economies and even affecting fundamentals of
mining.
In the short compass of this paper, the present
numerous applications and future probabilities
of mine uses can only be enumerated and briefly
touched upon in a suggestive way.
In Europe, mining operations' have been regarded
as of more or less permanent character,
particularly in coal mining, owing to the great
number of seams in the coal measures. Hence
for many years shafts have been sunk using brick
or stone for lining, such stafts being circular or
elliptical in cross-section. Where it has been
necessary to employ iron or steel casings to pass
through water-bearing strata, permanent inner
linings of stone or brick have been used. In
some recent shafts concrete has been substituted.
In this country until the past few years, it
has been without exception the practice to employ
wood linings, the
SHAFTS BEING RECTANGULAR
in cross-section. Water-bearing silt or quicksand
locations were generally avoided, and where
water was encountered in shaft sinking, no attempt
was made to keep it out as in the European
shafts.
In some instances where the surface quicksand
proved shallow, concrete dams were constructed
inside of timber lining or coffer dams.
Generally these inner linings or dams were cir-
*Address delivered by permission of the Director U. S.
Bureau of Mines, before the National Association of Cement
Users.
cular or elliptical in section and massive so that
reinforcement was incidental.
Example of a Reinforced Concrete Lining.—In
sinking the air shaft of a mine in Illinois, in
1906, the writer used a reinforced concrete lining
of rectangular section through the surface silt
of sufficient strength to resist the water pressure,
so as to keep the air-shaft dry. This is an important
matter if the shaft is to be used for
"intaking" air, since in a wet shaft, masses of
ice accumulate in cold weather, thus restricting
the ventilating current or stopping it with serious
results. The inner lining was put in after
the shaft had been forced through the soft silt,
and the outer wood curbing rested on this rock.
The latter was a fissured limestone so the shaft
was sunk about 8 feet further into the shales
below—here a good foundation was prepared for
the concrete lining.
As the water rained down the shaft in streams,
while putting in the massive concrete foundation,
the sinking pump was temporarily checked in
laying the successive courses, and the water allowed
to rise above the level of the course to be
laid, so that the concreting materials could be
placed behind the form in water without currents.
The concrete was then carefully rammed against
the shale and rock to make tight joints.
When this foundation had been brought up to
the level of the wood curbing, preparations were
made for building up the thinner reinforced concrete
walls, which were but 15 inches thick at
the bottom, and 9 inches thick at the top, 40
feet above. Diagonal wood
STRIPS WERE NAILED
on the inner face of the wood curbing and to
these a tight lining of tongued and grooved floor
ing was nailed. This deflected the water streams
to the bottom of the lining and short pipes were
placed through the concrete forms at a number
of points around the shaft so as to discharge
the water from behind the wood lining into the
open shaft. By this method, the reinforced walls
were erected with freedom from running water.
The reinforcement consisted of deformed bars
placed horizontally and vertically near the inner
face (i. e.. toward the center of shaft). The
vertical bars (V- inch square) served only to
bond the courses—the horizontal bars ( 7/ s inch
square) were spaced close together at the bottom,
and further apart at the top. according to
calculated water and earth pressure, assuming
no help from the outer wood curbing. The horizontal
reinforcement bars were bent around at

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
the corners of the shaft, whicli were beveled. The
shaft had two compartments about 9x10 feet and
9x5 feet in the clear, with a 6-inch concrete partition
between.
When the concrete had sufficiently hardened,
the drainage pipes were plugged, and the walls
then served their object as a dam. There was
a slight seepage at several points but this gradually
stopped.
Where the glacial drift or water-bearing silt
is very dee]), special methods of shaft sinking
have to be employed. The freezing system and
the drop shaft system have been highly developed
in Germanv and France, and to a point
where both are very successful. Reinforced concrete
is adaptable for linings in connection with
either system, but it has not as yet been employed
to any considerable extent.
In this country, little has been done with either
of these systems, chiefly because there has been
no general need as shaft sinking conditions are
ordinarily easy. More recently there has been
occasion for penetration of water-bearing silts
in the Lake Superior iron mines, and one reinforced
concrete
CASING HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY SUNK.
The plan of the casing was similar to the ordinary
drop shaft casing of brick so extensively
employed in England, namely, to build on top
of a steel shoe which drops as the excavation proceeds.
Skin resistance to descent of the "drop
shaft" is the chief obstacle usually encountered
so far as the casing is concerned, and this has
to be overcome by weighting.
The concrete bridge pier caissons sunk in western
river silts, and the caissons used in the
vicinity of New York for shafts preliminary to
tunneling, are of the same nature as drop shaft
casings, except their vasSly greater size and
weight, relative to depth, makes the problem of
sinking them simpler. The small caissons sunk
for foundations of high buildings are more akin
to mine shaft sinking, except the depth is usually
less, so air pressure can be used to hold
back the water.
Drop shaft casings can be sunk by dredging with
clam shell or orange peel buckets under water
when the material is silty or sandy. If complicated
by glacial boulders bedded in hard clay
or natural cemented material, it is necessary,
when the work is too deep for air pressure, to
pump out the water and excavate by hand with
the assistance of explosives.
The method of using reinforced concrete casings
seems applicable to many situations where it is
necessarv to sink through bad ground, modifications
being made to suit the condition of the
sand or glacial drift that may be encountered.
A most interesting method used in connection
with shaft sinking or tunneling through waterbearing
ground has been developed in the Pasde-Calais
coal district of France, which is termed
"cementation." The coal measures of the district
are overlain with bedded
MARLS AXD CHALKS,
more or less fissured, and the fissures in some
places' are so filled with water that ordinary
methods of shaft sinking would fail. Heretofore,
the freezing system has been successfully
used, but the new cementation method, the writer
was informed by French officials who had used
both methods, could be employed at less cost.
In one instance, the cost of cementation through
343 feet of water-bearing ground was $13,200.
Interesting particulars of this work are given in
a paper published in Bulletin de la Societe de
[.'Industrie Minerale, Vol. IX, 1908, by J. Lombois.
principal engineer of Mines de Bethune.
Briefly, the process used by this company is to
drill a set of holes in the water-bearing ground,
six in number, arranged in a circle, surrounding
the site of the proposed shaft, and then to pump
a cement grouting through the holes until the
fissures and interstices are filled. Shaft sinking
is then proceeded with as it would be through
ordinary rock strata. The system seems appli
cable to many situations where water is encountered
in either shaft sinking or tunnel driving
in broken rock.
In Europe it has long been the custom in collieries
to secure the "landings" or "bottoms" adjacent
to shafts with masonry side walls and
arched roofs, both for fire protection and for permanence.
Such arched passages or tunnels contain
from two to four tracks, and where doubledecked
cages are employed, are sometimes arranged
with corresponding upper and lower stages
requiring considerable height of tunnel.
In this country, until recently, with rare exceptions,
the shaft bottoms have been lined with
timber only. Such mine timbers, if of white
oak. last from 5 to 8 years, depending on whether
the natural conditions foster dry rot, and if of
black oak or white pine, shorter periods. As the
cost of replacing such timbers is greater than
their first cost, when a
MINE LASTS OVER 20 YEARS
it is manifest that wood timbering is in the long
run more expensive, and there is always the great
danger of its taking fire.
Where the bottom is to be arched, brick is an
excellent material to use, and the substitution of
concrete is wholly a question of relative cost.
There are, however, many situations where there
is a strong cap-rock over the coal that is difficult
and expensive to brush in making room for the
arching; moreover, such cap-rock may have considerable
strength as a roof if protected from

weathering. Under these conditions, the practice
has arisen in recent years to use large (15
to 18 inches) I-beams for collars which cross
the passage, and the ends resting on side walls,
and to lag with wood over the beams. Such a
construction makes a good appearance and should
be fairly durable, but it is open to some objections.
The wood lagging will rot and be difficult to replace
without disturbing the roof and, in case
of an explosion, the beams offering considerable
surface, may be b.own down or, if struck by
flying timber, be broken. This has happened in
several recent mine explosions. Moreover, the
side walls not being held apart, are likely to be
blown into the tunnel by the exploding gases
getting behind the walls or by the suction that
follows the cooling of the gases. Further, in
case of an extensive mine fire which may be sustained
thiough the "bottom" by the burning of
cars of coal, the I-beams would be seriously
affected unless protected by fire-proofing.
There appears to be an excellent field for the
application of reinforced concrete under the conditions
cited; namely, where a flat roof and
smooth sides are desired of durable and fire-proof
construction. Investigations will have to be
made to determine what should be the strength
of the flat concrete arch acting as a beam, under
different conditions of natural roof, and in the
development of methods of erection under horizontal
roof stratum. Such testing and experimenting
might be an excellent field of investigation
by the newly created United States Bureau of
Mines at their experimental mine near Bruceton,
Pa., and elsewhere.
The roof stratum over most coal seams is shale,
which when hard, is called slate by the miners.
Shale generally weathers badly and in a majority
of coal mines, the
ENTRIES MUST 1!E TIMBERED
more or less continuously. If the shale were
protected from the weathering action caused by
the ventilating currents, it would require little
support.
This principle has been recognized by the Bethune
company which operated collieries in the
Pas-de-Calais district of France, so that in developing
a new mine a few years ago, they decided
to line all the passageways with reinforced
concrete. At the time of the visit of the writer
in September, 1908, about two miles of such lining
had been constructed, and while of light construction,
it had yielded slightly at only one
point.
The side walls and arch are uniform in thickness
except for irregularities of excavation. The
minimum thickness is 6 inches (15 cm.). Two
cross-sections of passage are employed, the main
galleries 9.5 feet wide in the clear, and 8.5 feet
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
in height (290x260 cm.). The secondary passageways
are 7.25 feet wide in the clear and 7.25
feet high (220x220 cm.).
The reinforcement consists of arched rods 0.4
inch (1 cm.) square, placed 32 inches (80 cm.)
apart. Longitudinal reinforcement is furnished
by round rods 0.2 inch (0.5 cm.) diameter, placed
9 inches (12 cm.) apart. The arched reinforcement
is placed 3 inches (75 mm.) from the form.
The forms are ingeniously constructed so as to
be readily transported and set up quickly. The
same gang of men is steadily employed on the
work and become very proficient.
The concrete material is a mixture of boiler
ashes and burned shale with cement, prepared
with a little excess water and mixed in the mine
by hand, or latterly by a mechanical mixer. While
the time of setting of the concrete is variable it
usually does not exceed 15 days.
When the rock passed through is faulty it is
sometimes advisable to inject a cement grouting
to fill the voids behind the lining. This can be
cheaply and expeditiously done b.v using compressed
air operating on a cylinder filled with
grout.
The average cost for the small passage is about
$6.00 per linear yard. The
SERIAL PASSAGEWAY
is narrower than could be used in American collieries,
which employ large cars. For American
practice a minimum size of 7% to 8 feet would
be necessary for single track roads; in addition
to which refuge holes would be required by various
state laws respectively at 40 to 100 feet intervals.
For the mines of this country, it is
probable that in using wider sections and requisite
refuge holes, with the higher labor cost prevailing,
the cost of such concrete lining would
approach $8.00 or $10.00 per linear yard of
entry. While at first sight this cost seems prohibitive,
and is so for temporary entries, undoubtedly
it would be an economy for such passageways
as may be in use over 9 or 10 years, and
which due to natural conditions would require
the expense of retimbering every 4 or 5 years,
in addition to the cost of the loading out of large
falls from time to time.
In the case of the Bethune company, their management
informed the writer that the "cost of
maintenance" of the mine in which the lining
was applied was only one-fifth of the average
cost of maintenance of the other mines of the
company operating with the same concession (government
lease). "Cost of maintenance" in this
case means the replacement of timbering and
handling rock from falls along the main roads.
Other advantages of such lined passageways
are manifest to a mining man. There is no
blockage of traffic by falls; watering the roads

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
can be done freely and little is required to keep
the passage free from dry coal dust, that great
menace to miners and the cause of propagation
of so many great explosions. Moreover, with
refuge holes, there is less danger of employes'
being injured by passing trips of cars. In timbered
entries, if cars jump the track, they are
liable to knock out the timbers and bring down
the -roof on either the trip rider or a man standing
at one side. Good lighting tends to reduce
haulageway accidents and a concrete lined passage
is easily lighted since the surface is smooth
and light-colored—and if desired it can be cheaply
whitewashed.
The apparatus for applying cement mortar by
means of compressed air, commonly known as the
"Cement Gun," offers great possibilities for the
lining of passageways, etc., with concrete. By
protecting from weathering the
ROOF AMI WALLS
of a passageway with a thin coating of cement.
it is possible that the heavy expense of timbering
in many cases may be avoided. The machine
also offers possibilities of use in the fireproofing
of timbering board stoppings and in the erection
of firewalls in places difficult of access, since the
material can be pumped for a considerable distance.
Concrete has already been adopted by many
mine operators in the building of overcasts (air
current crossings). These have usually been of
massive construction. If reinforcement were
employed, the cost of overcasts, also of stoppings
and dams, might be considerably reduced. Some
operators use small coal for stoppings in place
of crushed stone. If the coal is of a tough
nature and properly screened, in massive stoppings
this is economical, but often too much coal
dust is used so that an excess of cement is required
and the concrete is very weak. Such
concrete is not suited for stoppings or water
dams where there is likely to be much pressure
thrown upon them. It is also not suitable for
fire stoppings for obvious reasons.
There is undoubtedly a large field for the development
of a system of concrete props, molded
and hardened on the outside of the mine. Props
are a large item of expense in most collieries.
In the average colliery in this country, one room
prop is required for every 8 to 12 tons of coal
produced, say 1 to 10. Timber props cost from
10 to 20 cents each, so the cost per ton of coal
produced is from 1 to 2 cents. The cost will
undoubtedly rise rapidly in the future as the
timber reserves of the country become exhausted.
In this country, timber props are rarely recovered,
as they are abroad where the longwall
method of mining is general. In the room and
pillar system which is the one usually employed
in this country, the props often stand so long
as to dry rot and not make it worth while to try
to withdraw them in pulling pillars. In collieries
in which the conditions are such that the
props' could be withdrawn by "prop-drawers," such
as are used extensively in England, the use of
concrete props might be a great economy, besides
conserving timber resources.
There appears to be an even better opportunity
for the development of a system of outside constructed
reinforced timbers for passageways than
there is for room props', since timber sets are
intended for permanent use and
GREATER STRENGTH
is required. In collieries, each timber set consists
of a collar and two posts or legs. The
collar is preferably square in cross-section; the
legs may be either round or square. It would
be necessary to have legs of different lengths, but
this entails no particular difficulty; small differences
are easily taken care of by picking the
footing deeper, or wedging over tbe top of the
collar. That there is a field for the use of concrete
timbers is shown by the increasing use of
I-beams for collars, and for legs. Concrete timbers
for equal strength would be more durable
and should be cheaper.
The opportunity for use of concrete posts and
timber sets in certain kinds of metalliferous mining
appears to be as great as in collieries. Often
great strength is needed, and in some parts of
the country as in the southwest mining districts,
big timbers are difficult to obtain and very expensive.
Crushed rock for the concrete is nearly
always at hand in metal mining operations, and
Portland cement can now be obtained at moderate
price in any part of the United States. Reinforcing
material is often found in the scrap
iron pile. In some cases, the large concrete timbers
could be built in place, but in many instances,
owing to the condition of the roof, it would be
necessary to have the full strength of a concrete
timber at the time of erection; hence the necessity
of having concrete timbers constructed and
seasoned in advance of setting in place.
Among other mine supplies subject to rapid
deterioration there is the considerable item of
track ties. Frequently there are miles of tracks
in a mine, especially in a large colliery, for which
an immense number of ties are required, running
into the tens of thousands in a single mine.
Ties have a shorter life than props or timbers.
inasmuch as they are subject to both wear and
rot. In most mines the floor of the roadway
is generally damp, and in the case of bituminous
mines it is purposely wetted in order to lay the
dust. This damp condition favors the rotting
of ties. Ties as a rule are made of oak. preferably
white oak, and are either split or hewn like

ailway ties. They have to be renewed at intervals
of 2 to 4 years. Here then is an opportunity
for Ihe concrete tie if it can be adapted
to the conditions in the
MAIN OR PERMANENT ROADS.
Possibly if made light and durable enough, they
could be used for temporary room ties and be
taken up and relaid like the rails in another
part of the mine when the room was finished.
In the development and testing of concrete
props, ties, timbers, as well as the concrete linings
previously mentioned, there would appear
to be need of work on the part of the United
States Bureau of Mines to undertake tests under
practical conditions for the benefit of the mining
industry.
The use of concrete for outside mine buildings
has been merely mentioned in this paper, as such
work is either identical or very similar lo what
concrete builders are thoroughly familiar with.
But it is not intended to give the impression
that the amount of this work is small or that it
is unimportant. Every year there are heavy
money losses from fires in tenant houses and mine
structures, which, in the case of shaft houses,
have sometimes caused the loss or temporary loss
of the mine, involving indirect losses of thousands
of dollars.
The aggregate of new construction for mining
plants' annually reaches large sums. In the case
of large modern collieries, a single plant may
involve, exclusive of machinery, for outside buildings
and miners' houses from $10(1.000 to $200,000.
Generally the construction of the mining plant is
under the direction of a mining man and the
buildings are treated as incidental to the installment
of machinery and mine development.
which is usually pushed with the utmost vigor.
Under such circumstances, the construction of
the general buildings is not given the thought
and attention that they warrant, and buildings
are often makeshifts. If concrete builders would
give the subject the same study that they give
to bridges and buildings for manufacturing, and
be prepared to take up Ibe construction of mine
buildings of various kinds with promptness.
there appears to be a large field of usefulness,
productive of improved construction and adequate
fire protection.
The American office of H. Koppers. Joliet, 111.,
announces that a contract has been closed with
the Coal Products Manufacturing Co.. of Chicago.
for the erection of 35 Koppers improved combination
coke and gas ovens, on which active
construction work will commence in the near
future. These ovens are a new design and have
a number of improved features.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
* RETAIL TRADE NOTES *
At the recent meeting of the Kentucky-Tennessee
Retail Coal Merchants' Association, held ai Chattanooga,
Tenn., it was decided lo enlarge tlle scope
of the organization and take in the states of
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The
name also was changed to tbe Southern Retail
Coal Dealers' Association. The membership is
159, which will be considerably enlarged by the
increased territory. The officers elected were:
President, W. C. T. Berlin, Memphis, Tenn.; vicepresident.
J. W. Ramsey, Macon. Ga.; secretary.
C. F. Roth. Knoxville, Tenn.; treasurer, J. Fritz
Fox, Knoxville, Tenn.
The Vare measure, known as the Philadelphia
coal weighing bill, has been passed b.v the Pennsylvania
legislature. The bill authorizes the
designation of weighing scales and for inspection
of coal delivered to purchasers who receive the
same from cart or wagon. The measure had the
indorsement of the Philadelphia Coal Exchange
and is intended to establish a system of weighing
tbat will protect the public against unscrupulous
dealers who sell short weight.
The coal teamsters of Boston have agreed
to waive all the demands recently submitted to
the dealers excepting the one asking for an increase
of a dollar a week in wages. They announce
that they will hold out for this concession.
T. J. Gadbois of Clinton. Okla., has been named
as field secretary for Oklahoma of the Interstate
Retail Coal Dealers' Association.
APRIL ORE SHIPMENTS.
Ore shipments during April were 331,645 tons,
as against 1,520,3115 tons shipped during April.
19ln, a decrease of 1.188,66(1 tons. It will be
recalled that the season of 1910 opened with a
rush to the great regret of vessel owners who were
forced to retire a fair portion of their vessels
within two months thereafter. Shipments by
ports were:
April, 1910. April, 1911.
Escanaba 223,025 93,532
Marquette 135,559 14.838
Ashland 218,703 41,337
Superior 355,307 76,739
Duluth 309,427 51,042
Two Harbors 278,284 54,157
1,520,305 331,645
1911 decrease 1.1SS.660

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Six hundred miners who refused to deposit
(heir state certificates with the company official
were refused admission to the mines of the Con­
solidated Indiana Coal Co. at Hymera, Ind., May
25. The law which was passed by the Indiana
legislature recently provides a penalty for the
operation of a mine by other than licensed miners
and the members of the operators determined to
ask the miners to deposit their certificates with
the mine officials in order to protect them. The
miners objected to this method and at the Hymera
mines refused to deposit the certificates. The
coinpany then refused to permit them to enter
the mines. The question will be taken up between
the executive board of the United Mine
Workers and the Operators' Association, and may
lead to complications affecting all the miners in
the state. The contracts between the miners and
the operators provide penalties for the closing of
a mine because of trouble between the operators
and the miners, and these clauses are involved
in the trouble at Hymera.
Acting on the reports of committees' appointed
by President W. D. Van Horn and after debating
for three hours, the 104 delegates to the special
convention of District No. 11, United Mine Work­
ers of America (the bituminous district of Indiana),
decided by almost unanimous vote that the
two acts passed at the last convention be repealed.
This action means that the offices of district
board member-at-large, to which office Henry
Pigg of Jasonville was recently elected, will be
abolished and the creation of a general strike
fund to be taken from one-half of one per cent.
of the gross earnings of each miner will be annulled.
The convention, in the same spirit of
economy which called it into existence, was opposed
to remaining in session two days and adjourned
after endorsing George Hargrove, former
president and many years with the national organization,
for state mine inspector.
The successful candidates for fire boss' and
mine foreman's certificates in the examination
held at Greensburg, Pa., were: Fire boss—Edward
Hall. Clark Riddle, Michael Stepannick, Greensburg;
George R. Ralston, New Berry; James Mc­
Cartney, New Alexandria; Alex J. McKay. Crab­
tree; John R. Fritz. Blairsville; J. W. Campbell,
Mount Pleasant; Patrick Britt, Baggaley; John
Kreitzer, Robert Hall, Forbes Road; Robert H.
Patton, M. A. Sessi, Latrobe; H. G. Luzier, Coral.
Mine foreman—First grade, Lehman C. Hanger,
Greensburg; John M. O'Connell, Hostetter; A.
McClane, Irwin; James H. McCutcheon and James
Grace, Hannastown. Second grade, W. W. Flem­
ing and Thomas Coates, Greensburg.
A meeting of the Anthracite Conciliation Board
was held in New York recently with Charles P.
Neill, the umpire. The case before the board is
that of employes' of the Glendower colliery of the
Reading Co., in Schuylkill county. The men
demand a change in explosives on the ground that
their use has resulted in blowing the coal in such
a manner as to make it impossible for the men
to mine as much, and consequently earn as much,
as before its introduction. The contention of the
company is that the averment of the employes is
no so. and that it alone has the right to dictate
the kind of powder. The Conciliation Board could
not agree and it went to Mr. Neill.
The expected strike of miners employed in the
W. S. Little mines, of Pike county, and the Wa­
bash Coal Co.'s mines, in Vigo county, Ind., was
called May 23. 1.247 men are idle. Argument
over places in a mine operated by the Little company
brought about a fight between a miner and
a mine boss several months ago. The miner was
discharged, and his union demanded that he be
reinstated. The company refused and the strike
resulted.
The long fight between the officials of the West­
ern Federation of Miners and the American Federation
of Labor has been settled finally through
the issuance of a charter to the Western Federa
tion by President Gompers. President Moyer,
of the miners, had notified the American Federa­
tion that members of the Western Federation
overwhelmingly indorsed the affiliation of the
two organizations.
Benjamin McEnany, president of District No.
1, United Mine Workers of America, Wilkes-Barre,
Pa., will step down and out as the price of peace
in the dissension which has been rending the
ranks' of the organization in that section. Presi­
dent McEnany announced that he will throw his
support to John T. Dempsey. secretary-treasurer
of the district, at the June elections.
Mine Inspectors L. R. Holliday and R. Y. Muir
of the Ninth and Eighth West Virginia districts
announce that examinations for those aspiring
to the position of mine foreman and fire boss and
assistant mine foreman, will be held at Glen
Jean. W. Va., opera house on June 7-8, 1911. beginning
promptly at 9 o'clock a. m.
A meeting of the South Wales Coal Conciliation
Board was held at Cardiff, Wales, recently to consider
the masters' application for a reduction of
1% per cent, on wages. Eventually, the proposed
reduction was agreed to. This brings wages down
to 50 per cent, above the 1S79 standard.
D. H. Sullivan, of Coshocton, 0.. president of
the United Mine Workers of America of District

No. 6, has been appointed a member of the Ohio
State Board of Arbitration, vice Joseph Bishop,
leim expired. While nothing official has been
announced it is reported Sullivan will resign the
presidency of the Mine Workers.
Vice President John Moore, of the Ohio Mine
Workers, will succeed to the presidency on the
resignation of President D. H. Sullivan, who has
been appointed on the arbitration board by Governor
Judson Harmon.
IHE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
George W. Hartlein. formerly secretary-treasurer Ohio Valley Coal Co., Cleveland, O.; capital, $60,of
one of the anthracite districts of the United 000; incorporators. H. L. Hoplinges, Ralph Blue,
Mine Workers (No. 9, Shamokin. Pa.) has been Frank E. McKee. C. C. Perkins and A. J. Pearson,
appointed a national organizer for tbe organiza­
all of Cleveland.
tion.
Consolidated Coal & Timber Co., Philadelphia,
Pa.; capital, $1,000,000; incorporators, A. J. Norton.
C. A. Harris and S. C. Chamberlain, all of
New York.
A Are of supposed incendiary origin totally destroyed
the office of the Meadowlands Coal Co. at
Avella, Pa. The records and books were not
recoverable by the time the fire was discovered.
The loss is computed at about $2,Ooo.
The tipple of the Charleroi Coal Works, Charleroi,
Pa., was partially destroyed by fire May 20,
involving a loss of $30,000.
A party of Johnstown, Pa., men have purchased
250 acres of coal near Conemaugh, Pa., for $50,-
000, the land being known as the Rosenbaum.
Leedy, Crest and Vrckroy tracts.
NEW ENTERPRISES
The Standard Kanawha Coal Mining Co., Quick,
W. Va.; capital, $200,00(1; incorporators, Maurice
T. Miller. Carl Lorenz, Ronald P. Gleason and
Notice was received at the headquarters of the Arthur A. Weinschenk of Scranton, Pa.; Dr. John
United Mine Workers in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., that J. Kelly, of Archbald, Pa.; William J. Evans, of
the men of the anthracite coal field will not re­ Oliphant. Pa.; William Templeton, of Plymouth,
ceive a bonus this month on their wages under Pa., and T. A. Leyshon, of Quick, W. Va.
the operation of the sliding scale because the
Lathrop Coal Co., Welch, W. Va.; capita], $150,selling
price at tidewater is at the minimum
000; incorporators, William Leckie, Welch;
figure, $4.50 a ton.
Thompson S. Crockett. William R. Graham of
Bluefield, and G. A. Huges of Welch.
Dixie Coal Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; capital, $100,-
000; incorporators, Frank E. Mohr, of Columbus,
O.; Franklin G. Hoge, of Mortonville, Ky., and
T. F. Callard, of Hopkinsville, Ky.
The Chicago Breaker of the Order Ko-Koal has
issued an invitation to members of the organization
to go to the annual powwow at Minneapolis,
Minn., July 10-12, on the "Chicago Breaker Special
Train de Luxe," leaving Chicago at 10.15 p. m.,
July 9, and arriving at Minneapolis 11 a. m.,
July 10.
Secretary J. W. Paul of the Mine Inspectors'
Institute of the United States is sending to the
members and others interested a neatly bound
volume containing the minutes of the proceedings
of the Chicago meeting, held in June, 1910.
It is complete in every way.
STATEMENT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINED IN OHIO AND SHIPPED OVER RAILROADS
SPECIFIED, DURING MARCH AND THREE MONTHS, 1910-1911.
RAILROADS
Hocking Valley
Toledo and Ohio Central
Baltimore and Ohio
"Wheeling and Lake Erie
Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling
Zanesville and Western
Toledo Division Pennsylvania Company •
Lake Erie. Alliance and "Wheeling
Marietta. Columbus and Cleveland Railway •
Wabash Pittsburg Terminal Railway . . . •
Kanawha & Michigan Ry
Total
Net tons
441.018
210.388
238,387
352.772
309.995
134.873
237.211
119 378
IS 391
3.328
2.062.741
MARCH—
218,206
133.263
139.251
250.494
161,384
82 112
178.462
103,852
4.250
5.691
4.041
THREE MONTHS—
Net tons
1.212.432
486.478
611,825
940.146
797.538
385,120
672.888
323.338
41,216
12.167
5,483.148
737.516
338.930
444.841
711.343
498.740
280.442
522.545
324.166
9.151
18.782
_14.107
3.900.763

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
"TOM" LEWIS MAKES GOOD HIS PROMISE
TO GO BACK TO WORK IN THE MINES.
Just a little sore and stiff from the unusual
exertion "Tom" L. Lewis, former president of
the United Mine Workers of America, rested on
the evening of May 18, after his first day in the
mines since he was elevated to head of the big
organization. When Lewis was defeated for reelection
as head of the miners' organizations at
Columbus', he declared he would once more go
back to his place in the mines, there to do his
mite in keeping the organization intact and to
earn his livelihood b.v the sweat of his brow. On
the morning of May 18. he made good his statement
that he would go back to the mines and
began his labors as a mine worker in the Wheeling
Creek mine of the Lorain Coal & Dock Co.
Strong pressure was brought to bear to have
the former head of the miners' organization accept
one of many lucrative positions entailing at
least "clean" work, but he refused all these overtures,
and dressed in the oldest suit of clothes
he owned and carrying tbe picks and shovels
presented to him at the Columbus convention, he
entered the mine at 7 o'clock that morning.
He went to work beside "Syl" Price, his "buddy"
of years ago, before Lewis was elevated to the
highest position of honor in the gift of the miners'.
At noon Lewis said there were a few kinks
in his back, but as he sat down on a pile of slack
and ate his lunch from a tin bucket, he was
optimistic and declared that the soreness would
soon work itself out of his muscles.
BY-PRODUCT COKE OVENS IN THE
UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR 1909.
The production of by-product coke in the
United States for the year 1909 was 6.254,644 net
tons. This is an increase of 2,053,418 tons compared
with 1908, for which year output was given
as 4,201,226 net tons by the U. S. Geological Survey.
This represents a gain of nearly 50 per
cent. The total coke production of the country.
by-product and bee-hive ovens, was 39.315,065 net
tons, for the year 1909, as given by the same
authority.
The following list of by-product coking plants
is believed to embrace practically all of the United-Otto,
Semet-Solvay and other makes of ovens
that have been installed to date in the United
States and Canada: No. of
United-Otto Plants. Ovens.
Lackawanna Steel Co.. Buffalo. N. Y *564
Camden Coke Co., Camden, N. J 50
Carnegie Steel Co., South Sharon 212
Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown 312
Maryland Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md 200
Hamilton Otto Coke Co., Hamilton. Ohio.... 50
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis, Ind 50
Michigan Alkali Co., Wyandotte. Mich 30
Zenith Furnace Co., Duluth, Minn 50
Otto-Hoffman Plants:
Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Sydney. N. S 500
New England Gas & Coke Co.. Everett, Mass. 400
Camden CoKe Co., Camden, N. J 100
United Coke & Gas Co., Glassport. Pa 120
Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa 60
Lackawanna Iron & Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. 232
Hamilton Otto Coke Co., Hamilton, Ohio 50
Semet-Solvay Plants:
Solvay Process Co.. Syracuse. N. Y 40
Empire Coke Co.. Geneva. N. Y 46
Dunbar Furnace Co., Dunbar, Pa 110
Suburban Gas & Electric Co.. Chester. Pa... 40
F. H. Buhl Coke Works, Sharon, Pa 25
Pennsylvania Steel Co., Lebanon. Pa 90
Pennsylvania Steel Co., Steelton. Pa 120
National Tube Co., Benwood. W. Va 120
Tennessee C. I. & R. R. Co., Ensley. Ala. ... 240
Central Iron & Coal Co., Tuscaloosa, Ala.... 40
By-Products Coke Corp., South Chicago, 111. 200
Milwaukee Coke & Gas Co., Milwaukee. Wis. 160
Solvay Process Co.. Delray, Mich 132
People's Heat & Light Co., Halifax, N. S... 10
Rothberg Plants:
Lackawanna Steel Co., Buffalo, N. Y 2S2
Lackawanna Iron & Steel Co.. Lebanon, Pa. 5
Retort Coke Oven Co.. Cleveland. Ohio 105
Didier Plants:
Lehigh Coke Co., South Bethlehem, Pa x300
Koppers Plants:
Illinois Steel Co.. Gary, Ind 560
Illinois Steel Co.. Joliet. Ill 280
Von Bauer Plants:
Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co.. Sydney Mines,
N. S 30
Bernard Plant:
Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Sydney Mines,
N. S 120
Total 6,035
xUnder construction.
*Contracted for; 188 completed.
The regular quarterly meeting of the St. Louis
breaker of the Order of Ko-Koals was held May
16. The executive committee in charge was
composed of E. C. Searles, Frank Ellis, J. G. Skidmore,
J. D. Barth, F. F. Tirre. A. H. Beddo and
E. J. Wallace.
The Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., of Columbus,
O., has received the contract for constructing a
reinforced tipple and power house for the Pocahontas
Consolidated Coal Co.. at Switchback, W.
Va.. at a cost of $100,000.

Mr. Peter Diehn, structural engineer at Potts­
ville for the Reading Coal & Iron Co.. has tend­
ered his resignation to take effect this date, and
will leave soon for Europe, where he will become
contracting engineer for the American Steel Ex­
port Co. He will be stationed in Brussels, Bel­
gium. Mr. Diehn is an expert designer of breaker
buildings and their machinery.
Mr. J. E. Challenger, recently appointed secre­
tary of the Association of Bituminous Coal Opera­
tors' in Central Pennsylvania, has been seriously
ill for several weeks with an attack of Brights
disease and the outlook is not favorable for his
early recovery.
Mr. Sumner S. Smith, of Oakland. Cai., who
has been appointed mine inspector in Alaska by
President Taft, is a graduate of the Lniversity
of California. He is 31 years old and is well
known in California and Utah.
Mr. A. G. Hahn. mine foreman for the H. C.
Frick Coke Co. for a number of years, has been
appointed superintendent of the mines of the
Crystal Block Coal & Coke Co.. at Rawl. W. Va.
COAL MINING IN MONTANA IN 1909-1910.*
The total production of coal in Montana in
1909 was 2,553,940 short tons, having a spot value
of $5,029,225. In this production the state sur­
passed all previous records. The average price
per ton was $1.97 in 1909, against $1.96 in 1908.
The increase in production was general through­
out the state, but the most important factor was
the effect of developments in the Bull Moun­
tain field, near Billings, in Yellowstone county.
Prior to 1909 no commercial production had been
reported from that county. The development of
the Bull Mountain field began in 1908, following
the advent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget
Sound railroad, and in 1909 the field produced
nearly 200,000 tons. The older coal-producing
districts show large increases in production for
1909. Carbon county in which the Red Lodge
field is worked, increased its output 121,552 short
tons. The Cottonwood Belt district, in Cascade
county, gained 143,412 tons, but did not produce
the amount mined in either 1906 or 1907. Fergus
county where the Judith Basin field is worked,
showed the largest percentage of gain of the
older counties, having increased its production
from 90,318 short tons in 1908 to 221.663 tons in
1909—a gain of 131,345 tons, or nearly 150 per
•Abstract trom Report of William Walsh. State Mine Inspector
inthe Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture.
Labor and Industry.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
cent. Park county increased its production more
than 30 per cent.—from 106,942 tons to 139,464
tons.
In 1909 there were SI mining machines used in
the coal mines of Montana, and the machine-
mined product amounted to 740,686 short tons,
or 29 per cent, of the total output. These were
increases, as compared with 1908, of 23 in num­
ber of machines and of 27,469 short tons in the
quantity of coal undercut with them. In 1907,
984,368 tons, or 50 per cent, of the total, were
machine mined. Of the 81 machines in use in
1909. 71 were pick machine, eight were of the
chain-breast type, one was a "continuous cutter,"
or shortwall machine, and one was a pick shear­
ing machine. Two of the machines were used
in development work and did not add materially
to the machine-mined tonnage.
The figures of output for 1910 exceeded those
of th° record year 1909 as is indicated in the
subjoined table showing the coal production b.v
counties, in short tons:
Counties. 1909. 1910.
Carbon 1.098,496 1.197,43o
Cascade 996.571 929.595
Chouteau 22,816 22,986
Custer 7,355 3.350
Fergus 245,229 303.649
Gallatin 7.441 29,862
Park 117,483 101.269
Rosebud 551
Valley 1.743 4.018
Yellowstone 43.994 378,087
Total 2.541.679 2.970,246
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN is favored with a
copy of "The Natural History of Coal" compiled
by Mr. E. A. Newell Arber, demonstrator in pal­
eobotany. Trinity college, Cambridge, published
by the Cambridge University Press of England.
G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, are the Ameri­
can agents. In less than 15(1 pages the author
gives a very concise treatise on the subject, describing
the physical and chemical properties of
coal, the origin and mode of accumulation of the
mother substance and the principal theories re­
lating to its conversion into coal. The style,
naturally technical, is not lacking in coherence,
the data being well classified and arranged in
logical sequence. The work can be recommended
as of interest to the layman who is desirous of
acquiring broader knowledge of the origin and
formation of coal deposits, as well as to the
more advanced student of geology.
A special meeting of the stockholders of the
Pittsburgh Westmoreland Coal Co. has been called
for the purpose of acting on a proposition to in­
crease the indebtedness of the company.

42 THE C( )AL TRADE BULLETIN.
PRODUCTION OF COAL AND
LIGNITE IN TEXAS IN 1910.
Statistics of the production of coal and lignite
in Texas lor the year 1910 have been collected
by the Bureau of Economic Geology and Tech­
nology, of tne University of Texas. While the
final figures may be somewhat different from
these, yet it is not thought that they will materially
alter those now given.
The production of coal was 1,128,947 short tons,
valued at $2,S29,3S9, or an average value, at the
mines', of $2.51 per ton, an increase of 14 cents
a ton over the average value in 1909. In 1908
these figures were 1,047,407 tons, valued at $2,-
580,991. and in 1909 1,144.108 tons, valued at
$2,714,630. During the last lo years the total
production of coal has been 8.844,207 short tons,
valued at $19,576,335.
The coal-producing counties are: Erath, Jack,
Maverick, Palo Pinto, Parker, Webb, Wise and
Young.
The Rio Grande coal field, comprising the counties
of Maverick and Webb, produced, in 1910.
215,328 tons, valued at $503.S67. or $2.34 a ton.
The North Central coal field, comprising the
counties of Erath, Jack, Palo Pinto, Parker, Wise
and Young, produced 913.619 tons, valued at $2,-
325.522, or $2.55 a ton.
In 1910 the iiroduction of lignite was 979,232
short tons, valued at $941,70(1. or an average
value per ton, at the mines, of 96 cenls. The
average value per ton increased over that for
1909 13.2 cents.
The production of lignite in 1910 was by far
the largest in the history of the industry, exceed­
ing that for 1908, wdiich has been the banner year,
by 131.262 tons in weight and $103,210 in value.
In 1908 the production of lignite was 847,970
Ions, valued at $S38.490. In 1909 it was 715.151
tons, valued at $502,421.
The lignite producing counties are: Bastrop.
Fayette, Hopkins, Houston, Leon, Medina. Milam.
Rains. Robertson. Van Zanrlt and Wood.
The total production of lignite (luring the last
10 years has been 5,311.902 tons, valued at $4,-
718,841.
The total iiroduction of coal and lignite during
the last 10 years has been 14,156.109 tons, valued
at $24,295,176.
The use of lignite in gas-producers, with subsequent
employment of the gas in gas engines,
continues. Satisfactory progress in this direction
has been made at several large establish­
ments. It is likely that the use of a tar-less
gas-producer, such as has been in successful
operation on Colorado lignite, would be advan­
tageous in Texas. It is also suggested that an
effort be made to save the ammoniacal liquor
from the gas-producers and use it in the manu­
facture of ammonia compounds, such as anhy­
drous ammonia, sulphate of ammonia, etc.
The briquetting of lignite does not seem to
appeal to the trade, and there is no plant in
operation in the state.
ORE ON DOCK MAY lst.
Statistics gathered by the Marine Review from
the various dock managers at Lake Erie ports
show that the amount of ore on Lake Erie docks
May 1 of the present year was 7,654,620 tons as
against 5.444,080 tons in 1910, an increase of
"2,210,540 tons. These figures include April re­
ceipts at Lake Erie ports.
The total rail shipments from Lake Erie ports
to furnaces during the winter season (Dec. 1 to
May 2), aggregated 1,772,261 tons, viz:
On dock Lake Erie ports. Dec. 1, 1910.. 9,426,881
On dock May 1, 1911 7,654,620
By rail to furnaces, winter of 1910-11.. 1,772,261
Adding these winter shipments to 30.060,096
tons, the amount shipped to furnaces dining the
navigation season of 1910, gives 31,832.357 tons
as the entire consumption of ore from Lake Erie
ports during the year ended May 1, 1911. as
against 33,599,013 tons for the year ended May 1,
1910; as against 20,524,523 tons for the year
ended May 1. 1909; as against 31.692,446 tons for
the year ended May 1, 190S; as against 3o.099.769
tons for the year ended May 1, 1907; as against
28.984,358 tons for the year ended May 1, 1906;
20,057,070 tons for the year ended May 1, 1905;
IS,739,995 tons for the year ended May 1. 1904;
21,905,251 tons for the year ended May 1, 1903;
17,216,065 tons for the year ended May 1, 1902;
14,4 65.260 tons for the year ended May 1, 1901;
15,882,S81 tons for the year ended May 1. 1900;
12,122,982 tons for the year ended May 1. 1899,
and 10.209,488 tons for the year ended May 1,
1S98.
The following table gives the amount of ore
on dock at the close of navigation last year and
the opening this year:
Ports. May 1, 1911. Dec. 1, 1910.
Toledo 3S3.761 433.215
Sandusky 11.45S 17.728
Huron 273,042 375.118
Lorain 1.151,184 259,448
Cleveland 1,502,858 1,638,795
Fairport 633,485 S39.970
Ashtabula 2,277,931 3,287.816
Conneaut 419,421 1,329,997
Erie 653.778 792,011
Buffalo 347,702 452,783
7,654,620 9,426.881

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 4:;
MINE FOREMAN'S POSITION NOT A HAPPY ONE"
As to the duties of a mine foreman there is
an equal amount of misapprehension and a growing
tendency, on the part of the misinformed, to
think that he and the fire-boss occupy the same
position to the miner as a child's nurse does to a
toddling baby; that is. he must first point out
the danger, and then keep in constant attendance
upon the workers to see that they are safe.
Some interpret the sole function of the mine
foreman to be to look after the safety of the miners.
While this is an important duty, and one
that has increased in importance of late years
with the increase in unskilled labor in the mines,
it must not be forgotten that mining is a business,
and the foreman is the "Johnny on the spot"
upon whose shoulders usually rest, to a great
degree, the success or failure of the mine as a
business enterprise.
A mine that is producing no coal is perfectly
safe to the miners who are at home; but it furnishes
neither bread for the miner's family nor
dividends for the owners. There are undoubtedly
cases where the matter of output is allowed to
be pre-eminent to the exclusion of safety measures,
and where the foreman and his assistants, in
order to hold their positions, give undue attention
to this portion of the work. The point I
want to make, however, is that the foreman has
other duties than that of simply looking after the
safety of the men, and he cannot be expected to
devote all of his time to this duty.
If a mine is kept in safe condition and the men
are properly warned of dangers, they, and they
alone, are to blame for personal injury or death
due to recklessness.
The foreman must not only be the caretaker of
the men, but must look after the interest of the
company as well. His position is in many cases
an unenviable one, and too often he is ground
between the lower millstone, the men, and tlie
upper millstone, the mine owners.
It is not too much to say that tbe conditions
under which the miner pursues his arduous toil
have been almost completely revolutionized in recent
years relative to mine laws and improved
equipment of collieries, which have, no doubt,
revolutionized mining and naturally improved the
miner's lot in trying to minimize the risk incidental
to his calling; and yet, despite all that
human foresight and ingenuity can do to prevent
accidents, accidents involving peril to life and
limb are of daily occurrence.
There is a disposition on the part of the coal
•Paper read before the Mining Institute Meeting, at Vivian.
West Virginia. January. 1911.
By Edward Nicholson. Inspector Eleventh District of W. Va.
digger to think that when he has complied wilh
the letter of the rules he has done all that is
necessary. This is not sufficient. The rules,
however stringent, cannot cover every case of roof
timbering. It is necessary that the men make
doubly sure that adequate safeguards are provided.
If they all did this there would be fewer accidents;
for with the best methods in the world, and the
exercise of the utmost care, falls of roof will
continue to happen. The future safety of mining
must largely depend upon the miners themselves.
While laws and carefully devised rules
may do a great deal towards the preservation of
life and limb, they are only aids to, and not substitutes
for, safe working.
Mine managers seem oblivious to the well
known fact that men are unable to accomplish good
work in bad air. Mines generally contain explosive
gases; therefore death from gas explosions
and mine fires arouse public opinion to such
an extent as to demand legislation on mine ventilation.
At some coal mines, under certain conditions,
the management has to furnish a bountiful
supply of air; otherwise the mine could not be
worked. I would like to here say that the mines
in this field are gaseous, and in using black powder,
which we all know will ignite the gases in
some cases where men happen to be in a tight
place, or allow the canvas to get back, which
sometimes happens, a fire is liable to occur in
such a place after the shot-firer has visited the
place after quitting time. There could be a small
jet of gas burning behind a shot of coal that the
shot firer did not see, so I would advise having
some chemical mine fire engine; for it is almost
impossible to have a water pipe system in all parts
of a large mine.
The renewing of pipe lines would be very costly,
while the first cost of a chemical engine would
be the only cost, and they are so constructed on
mine car trucks that they can be taken to any
part of a mine in a few minutes, which might be
the saving of both life and limb and property.
The chemical engine of to-day is so constructed
that any ordinary workman can be instructed to
operate it in a few minutes.
Iu respiration, healthy working men inhale 32
cubic inches per breath, or 20 cubic feet per hour.
As pure air does not contain more than .04 per
cent, of carbon dioxide, and inhaled air contains
4.38 per cent., it will require 100 cubic feet of
pure air to dilute one cubic foot of bad air per
hour per man. In some mines the miners are
given as little air as possible, with the result that

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
little worK is accomplished, and, worse, the min­
er's constitution is ruined. Men can work in
atmosphere containing 4 per cent, of carbon dioxide,
and frequently it is necessary to even sur­
pass that. However, ii cannot be continued in­
definitely.
In mining, two parties are concerned in an un­
derstanding where a contract is implicated, if nol
signed, sealed, acknowledged and recorded. By
this contract both the miner and the oiierator are
to refrain from doing or leaving undone those acts
which would work injury to the other. Under
this contract, there is both a moral and a legal
obligation to furnish miners good, pure air. irre­
spective of statutory law. How many mine foremen
can hold their heads up with pride and say
that they can show that 75 to SO per cent, of the
total quantity of air is reaching the face workings?
How many mine foremen must hang their
heads with shame, and say that only 45 to 50
per cent, reaches the face of the working places?
It may not seem to be of any value to save this.
as it is only air; but we must not lose sight of
the fact that any air that is set in motion b.v
mechanical energy is at considerable expense to
the company, and if this air be allowed to escape
and get away, through bad doors and bad stoppings,
it is robbing the men of part of the air
they should be getting to support life. It is also
a financial loss to the company. I should advise
that at the mine that does not show 75 to SO per
cent, of the total air at the working faces the superintendent
and the foreman get their heads to­
gether and see if they cannot devise ways and
means whereby not less than this amount can be
obtained. As much of the mine as possible should
be used as the intake, and as much as possible
on return, only confining the air at the working
face; have as few stoppings as possible. By
having plenty of room for air in the air ways
you take off the pressure on what stoppings you
do have, consequently your loss would not be so
great. For the same reason, you would force
more water through a small pipe with a high pressure
than you could with a low pressure. The
same reasoning holds good in regard lo air and
stoppings. The smaller your air ways the higher
the pressure- the larger your air ways the lower
your pressure, and a smaller amount leaks through
your stoppings.
A mine foreman must understand the princi­
ples of ventilation; the properties of mine gases;
the effect of atmospheric changes in pressure:
the construction and use of safety lamps; the
principles of timbering, pumping, drainage, air
compression, electricity and mine machinery, in­
cluding coal cutting, hoisting and haulage. Under
these heads are many questions a mine foreman
should be able to answer promptly, without re­
ferring to text-books. A practical man should
be able to learn himself how to use text-books.
Again, a mine foreman should be rated accord­
ing to his fitness to handle men. A fire boss
sliould be subjected to a sight test, to ascertain
correctly the percentage of gas indicated by its
height, or the action of the flame; but mine rules
are lightly regarded by workmen and bosses alike,
and are enforced only when places can be quickly
filled by other employes.
The scarcity of miners is one of the drawbacks
in this field. With enforcement of mine regula­
tion without an enforced penalty for violation of
mine rules, they soon come to be lightly regarded.
There is a good deal of talk relative to insurance
of miners in regard to accidents. I do not see
why operators should be liable for recklessness
and carelessness on the part of some miners;
besides, the operator has no right to be held
responsible for any carelessness of the mine foreman.
The foreman is in part an employe of the
state, and is examined by the state, and then certified
by the state, to be a capable and practical
man. whom the operator hires upon these recom­
mendations. Then why should the operator
suffer? The only way that I can see is for the
government to collect a royalty from all the
mines—that is, the land owner—and then the
government pay to an accident fund; that is,
when it is proved to be an accident; but when
due to carelessness on part of the foreman or
miners themselves, it ought to be a state case,
and not the operator's case, as it is at the pres­
ent time. In case the operator interferes with
the foreman in regard to his duties, the operator
should then become liable.
I have noticed since I have been in this state
that West Virginia is very short of labor, and
that our requirements must be furnished from
abroad. 1 would urge upon all the operators of
this state to perfect some plan for the importation
of mine labor to supply pressing needs. After
this is done the real work will begin, and success
will depend upon the skill and patience of the
mine foreman, under whose direction these men
should be placed.
This state must become a training school for
unskilled labor, and we must assume a moral
responsibility for their protection. I find by the
reports that we are short 15,000 miners, so something
should be done to supply these men, and
it is up to the operators to get together and get
these men into the state, which would not only be
helping themselves, but would help their mine
foremen in the performance of the duties which
are expected of him in making the mine a paying
proposition.
There is one thing more I would like to men-

tion—the number of mules' that are killed and
injured in this field.
Let the mine foreman do his utmost, and it
seems that he cannot make any headway in regard
to stopping these accidents. I think that
it is high time that we do away with mules, and
concentrate the work in such a shape that the
mines can use gathering motors. The gathering
motor is successfully used in a good many mines;
why not here? There is no question that there
are several motors that are constructed in such
shape that they are giving very little trouble in
regard to repairs, and it would cheapen coal considerably.
While West Virginia, in my mind, is ahead of
all the states in mining methods, and has a larger
per cent, of modern mines than any other state
in the Union, we, as mine foremen, ought to try
and keep ahead by showing our operators the
benefit of using up-to-date methods and up-to-date
machinery in all of our mines.
f IN THE WAY OF CONDIMENT ;f
"Nope," said Farmer Corntossel; "there's no use
o'tryin' to coax me to run for the legislature."
"But you are so prosperous now that you can
afford the time."
"That's jest it. The farm is payin' so well
that I kin afford a few things. I want to be
able to build a new barn and buy an automobile
without people Iiintin' at graft."—Washington Star.
Pat—"An' phwat the devil is a chafin-dish?"
Mike—"Whist! Ut's a fryin'-pan that's got
into society."
The stranger—Are you quite sure that was a
marriage license you gave me last month?
The official—Of course! What's the matter?
The stranger—Well, I've led a dog's life ever
since.
A mouse can make dress goods and laces go
tip higher and quicker than the tariff any old
time.
Smile and the world smiles with you.
Knock and you go alone.
For the cheerful grin will let you in
Where the kicker is never known.
At a recent stockholders' meeting of the Jeffrey
Manufacturing Co.. of Columbus. Ohio, the
former directors were re-elected, as follows: J.
A. Jeffrey, R. H. Jeffrey, J. W. Jeffrey, R. Grosvenor
Hutchins, Frederick Shedd and C. W. Miller.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS
111
a
The Pocahontas Coal Operators' Association met
at the Hotel Matz, Bluefield, W. Va., recently. A
number of subjects were discussed, among them au
effort to arrive at agreement on a basic price for
coal, this object being one of great disturbance to
members of the association and to the western
trade. There was a large attendance and an
earnest endeavor is to be made lo establish prices
on a sound basis, equitable alike to producers and
consumers'.
Practically all the big contracts at Buffalo from
the railroads for soft coal have now been awarded.
The Lackawanna has placed its order for 500,000
tons of mine-run with the Rochester & Pittsburgh
Coal & Iron Co., the Shawmut Coal & Coke
Co. and the Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal Co. The
Standard Oil Co. has contracted with the Rochester
& Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co. for 40.Ooo
tons of slack coal.
The Pocahontas Consolidated Collieries Co. has
closed a contract with the New River Power Co.
for electric power to operate its mines in southern
West Virginia. The New River Power Co. will
commence work on a 60,000 horsepower plant in
the course of the next month or two and it is
expected to have it completed and ready for operation
in about a year's time.
The Corporation Commission of Oklahoma has
drawn up a tentative schedule of coal and coke
freight rates on the mileage basis, and will probably
issue an order directing the railroads to
adopt the new tariff on coal shipments within the
state. A former order of the commission relative
to coal freight rates was set aside by the
courts.
The Board of Commission of Public Buildings
and Grounds at Harrisburg, Pa., will receive bids
for fuel supplies for the capitol buildings until
June 6. Blanks and full information may be
had on request by addressing Samuel B. Rambo.
or N. E. Hause, secretary, Harrisburg.
The large new power plant of the Rochester &
Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co. at Lucerne. Pa., was
put into service recently. The new plant will
furnish power for all the operations of the company
in the Indiana, Pa., field, it is reported.
The Bureau of Mines rescue station officials at
Birmingham. Ala., have offered to teach the city
firemen how to enter smoke-filled rooms and by
use of the smoke-proof helmets make better progress
in fire fighting.

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT IN COAL MINES.
The telephone is of use in a coal mine not only
as a means of protection for the workers but as
an invaluable aid to the business activities carried
on underground. A large number of installations
of telephone equipment have been made
in mines during the past year. The disasters of
a couple of years ago called attention to the need
of this means of safeguarding the lives of the
miners.
The Scientific American a short time ago made
the statement that in the past 20 years the coal
mines of this country have made 11,000 widows
and 30,000 orphans and have exacted a toll of
30,000 lives. In five years more than a regiment
has been killed outright in the Pennsylvania
coal mines alone. There is food for thought
in these figures. Losses such as these amount
to a national disaster, and as such the government
has recently taken upon itself the work of
pushing the campaign for more effective protection
in mines. The new Bureau of Mines is engaged
in a work of education. Experiments are
being carried on and instruction is given widely
by means of extension work and mine rescue cars.
In this service as well as in any discussion of
the subject of accidents in mines the telephone
has played a prominent part. It is universally
recognized that this means of instantaneous verbal
communication from the remotest shafts to the
outside air is essential. When an accident occurs
and the entombed workers are able to tell
the rescuers' where they are, the chances of fatalities
are greatly reduced.
Many mines have taken advantage of the special
mine telephone equipment developed to meet the
demand that followed legislation in Illinois and
elsewhere. One of these installations is in the
shafts of the Springfield Coal Co., Springfield.
111. This mine has a daily capacity of 2.000 tons.
Three hundred men are employed in the shaft,
which runs to a depth of 220 feet. A system
of eight telephones' of the Western Electric Co.'s
No. 1336 ironclad type is used. One instrument
is installed in the engineering room and is
used to assist in the operation of the cage used
in the mine. Another has been placed at the
bottom of the main shaft. In the different runs
of the mines, about 1,000 feet apart, the other
six telephones have been placed.
The chief use of this system is in the operation
of cars and the direction of men in the mine.
The superintendent is at all times in touch with
all parts of the mine. He is able to call any
of his foremen for a consultation and to give
verbal orders direct and without confusion to any
remote point. The runs in the mine can communicate
with each other and take up any ques­
tions which may arise and which without the use
of the telephone would mean a trip from one
end of the mine to the other. Rapid communication
between distant points in a mine and between
the bottom of a shaft and the surface is a
thing that has not always been possible. It
used to be the rule for a man to run, stumble,
jump and blunder through darkened corridors to
deliver an urgent message. In the Springfield
mine a short trip to the nearest telephone accomplishes
this task in a prompt businesslike fashion,
whether it be an order to start a car or an emergency
warning.
It is well known that the ordinary telephone
sets are not satisfactory for use in mines. The
instruments used by the Springfield Coal Co. have
been developed especially to withstand the rigorous
conditions of underground use, and are
proof against fire, moisture and rust. The iron
case is curved at the top to protect it again
water or any other foreign matter which might
fall upon it. The apparatus inside is doubly
protected by two iron doors. When the inner
door is closed only the transmitter mouthpiece,
the receiver and the handle of the magneto generator
are exposed. When the outer door is
closed even these parts are protected. In using
the set it is necessary to open only the outer
door. Turning the generator crank rings the
bell at the other stations in the mine, and the
removal of the receiver from the switch-hook
automatically closes the talking circuit.
TUSCARAWAS STRIKE FINALLY SETTLED.
An agreement has been reached that will end
the strike of 2,500 miners in the Tuscarawas-
Sherrodsville field, that has lasted within a few
weeks of a year, by a joint conference of miners
and operators' in session at Canton, O., May 26.
The miners received an average advance of 1
cent a ton, while the operators sought to reduce
the price 6Vis cents a ton. The price for machine
mining has been the chief subject under
discussion. The agreement provides this scale:
Chain machine mining, cutting wide, 18.25 cents
a ton; loading, 56 cents a ton: cutting narrow,
22.50 cents; loading. 66 cents. Punching machine
mining, cutting wide, 25% cents a ton; loading,
54 cents; cutting narrow, 29% cents; loading, 64
cents.
The joint committee formulating the new scale
was composed of E. E. Fox of Massillon, William
Haskins of Coshocton, and Richard Jones of Massillon.
for the operators, and Charles Wenger of
New Philadelphia, James Carlisle of New Philadelphia,
and Charles Raymond of Midvale, for the
miners.

FUEL AGENTS HOLD
CONVENTION AT CHATTANOOGA.
The third annual convention of the International
Railway Fuel Association was held at Chattanooga,
Tenn., during the fortnight and elected
the following officers for the ensuing year: President,
T. Duff Smith, fuel agent Grand Trunk Pacific
railway. Winnipeg, Can.; first vice president,
D. Meadows, master mechanic Michigan Central
railroad, St. Thomas. Ont.; second vice president,
J. H. Hibben, fuel agent M., K. & T. Ry., Parsons,
Kan.; secretary-treasurer, D. B. Sebastian, fuel
agent Rock Island lines, Chicago. Executive
committee, W. C. Hayes, superintendent locomotive
operation, Erie railroad. New York; Robert
Collett. road foreman of engines, Frisco lines;
J. McManamy, road foreman of engines, Pere
Marquette railroad, Grand Rapids, Mich.: R.
Emerson, engineer track economies. A., T. & S. F.
Ry.. Topeka, Kan.
The convention adopted resolutions, and sent
messages to Vice President James S. Sherman of
the United States and to Champ Clark, speaker
of the House of Representatives, urging the passage
of the Foss bill (H. B. 5139) now before
Congress and providing for arbitration in labor
disputes.
The papers presented and discussed at the convention
were all of direct interest to the coal
trade and the operators in attendance were well
repaid. The discussion was mainly along new
and advanced lines and may be said to represent
that which is the most modern, most vital and
most momentous in the great coal industry.
A NEW VENTILATING DEVICE.
The necessity for pure air is being more fully
and more widely recognized every day.
There is, therefore, no need
for the manufacturers of ventilating
devices to "create a
demand"—it already exists—
and their problem is simply
to convince their clientele
that they are prepared to
meet this demand in a manner
calculated to give best
results with minimum expense.
The new and unique ventil-
(" \~\7Z0dPffift ating outfit illustrated in Fig.
•• - yi 1 is designed for placing simply
and inexpensively into
topsashes of windows, transoms
or ends of skylights.
Outfit includes' 12!o-inch motor
driven "Ventura" fan.
FIG. 1. cast-iron housing, cut worm
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
geared reversing mechanism, rod, bearing and
handle, and is furnished complete as illustrated
Fig. 1, ready lor connection to plug or ordinary
lamp socket.
Fig. 2 illustrates
outfit adjusted for
supplying fresh outdoor
air.
The ingenious reversing
mechanism
makes it possible to
discharge the air
straight ahead, upward
toward the ceiling,
downward toward
the floor, or at
any intermediate location.
Pure, in- , .,
vigorating air introduced
under slight pressure, can be supplied without
direct draft or directly onto occupants at will.
A simple turn of the hand wheel ( Fig. 1 ) reverses
the outfit so that it exhausts from the room
thus providing for absolute ventilation by complete
air change.
Figs. 2 and 3 illustrate
the simplicity
of installation. To
conserve the lighting
effect, and add to the
appearance, the filler
which accommodates
the ventilating set
can be glazed as
shown in Fig. 3.
The electrical connection
can be made
from nearby plug or
ordinary lamp
socket.
Any carpenter or millwright can install the outfit
at small cost.
This device, known as the "Ventura" Electric
Ventilating Set, is being marketed by the American
Blower Co., Detroit. Mich., from whom further
information can be obtained.
The stockholders of the Orient Coke Co. have
elected the following directors: Julian Kennedy,
Pittsburgh; Robert Bentley, T. F. Woodman and
David Daytfs, Youngstown, 0.; Reid Kennedy,
Homestead; Joseph W. Kennedy. Pittsburgh, and
0. W. Kennedy. Uniontown. At a later meeting
of the board, the following officers were re-elected:
Julian Kennedy, president: Robert Bentley, vice
president; Reid Kennedy, secretary and treasurer;
R. M. Fry. assistant secretary and treasurer,
and O. W. Kennedy, general superintendent.

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
OPENING OF THE ARCHITECTURE
AND BUILDING SHOW.
The Architecture and Building Show, which
opened in New York, May 19, and continued to
and including May 27, had the distinction of being
the first to be held in the New Grand Central
Palace.
Among the exhibits that are of especial interest
is the combined one of Henry R. Worthington,
the Blake & Knowles Steam Pump Works,
the Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., and the Deane
Steam Pump Co. Occupying the center of the
space is one of the few operating exhibits to be
seen at the show. It is a type A open pattern
liquid weigher, a recent product of Henry R.
Worthington, particularly developed for accurately
measuring and recording by either weight
or volume, the flow of hot water, chemicals, oils
and other liquids that cannot be satisfactorily
measured by meters. Briefly and simply described
it consists of two tanks placed side by side
and supported on knife edges so that they may
be readily tilted a limited extent. When empty
the tanks' stand level but after a certain quantity
of water is admitted alternately to each tank it
becomes top heavy and tips over allowing the
water to escape through a bent pipe establishing
a siphoning action that continues after the tank
settles back to its normal or horizontal position
until the tank is completely drained. Meantime
the other tank is filling, for the instant that one
tank tips the flow of water into it is automatically
switched to the other tank. With this continued
alternate filling and emptying of the tanks
and always involving the same definite quantities
of the liquid it but remains to count the movements
of the tanks which is done by an automatic
counter, made to read directly in either pounds
or gallons.
In this exhibit, to use the same water over
repeatedly and at the same time demonstrate the
working of another Worthington product, the
water from the receiving tank into which the
weigher discharges is returned by a small motordriven
centrifugal pump to an elevated reservoir
from which the water flows' into the weigher. Tn
this instance the reservoir is a Blake & Knowles
open feed water heater for steam boilers, and
while it is not used as in practice, there being
no steam available to pass through it to heat
the water, it does show the automatic valve control
of the feed water flow.
A striking thing about the little centrifugal
pump, which is only 12 inches in diameter, but
has a capacity of 30 gallons a minute is that it
is so quiet and smooth running that it takes pretty
close inspection to discover that it is really in
operation. Tn fact, when it is running a dime
may be stood on any level part of the pump with­
out falling, showing the complete absence of vibration.
Examples of the different types of Worthington
meters are also exhibited and a motordriven
Knowles triplex power pump.
CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY
MAKES GOOD REPORT FOR THE YEAR.
The Consolidation Coal Co. reports to the New
York Stock Exchange for the 12 months ended
March 31, 1911, as follows:
Gross earnings from operation of mines. $12,033,278
Operating expenses 9,012.033
Depreciation on mining plant 238,974
Depreciation on miscellaneous equipment 61,898
Net earnings from operation $2,720,371
Interest and dividends on securities owned 321,051
Total income $3,041,423
Charges to income 1,664,858
Net income for the year $1,376,565
Cash dividends declared for the year... 1,155,044
Surplus $221,520
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following recently granted patents of interest
to the coal trade, are reported expressly for
THE COAL TKAHE BULLETIN, b.v J. M. Nesbit, patent
attorney. Park building, Pittsburgh. Pa., from
whom printed copies may be obtained for 15 cents
each:
Coke ovens, Gustav Schwab, Chicago, ill.; 989,-
302.
Fire damp indicator. F. H. Schroder, and Heinrich
Becker, Recklinghausen. Germany; 989,929.
Coal mining drill, R. C. Britton. Buxton, la.;
990,205.
Portable railway track, O. W. Meissner, Westmount.
Quebec, Can., assignor to Gravity Coal
Bin Co., Chicago. 111.; 990,282.
Cutter head for mining machines, J. C. Hirst.
Reynoldsville, Pa.; 990.554.
Apparatus for igniting miners' safety lamps.
E A. Hail wood, Morley, Eng.; 990,859.
Hydraulic coal breaker, William Pill, Cowanporth,
Eng.; 991.017.
Coke discharging apparatus for vertical retorts',
Samuel Glover and John West. Southport, Eng.;
991,499.
Coal mining machine, Elmer Hough, Wellsburg.
W. Va.; 991,508.
Coking oven (2), L. L. Summers. Chicago, 111.,
assignor to Continuous Process Coke Co., same
place; 992,078 and 992,079.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
VENTILATION OF MINERS SAFETY LAMPS ¥
By Mr. E. A. Hailwood, Manager of Messrs Achroyd & Best. Ltd., Morley. England.
Of all miners' safety lamps the one having the
greatest ventilation area is, of course, the Davy
lamp. For modern pit requirements it has become
necessary, for various reasons, to more
effectually protect the flame from possible communication
with gas mixtures in the atmosphere
of the pit, and also to construct the lamp in such
a manner as to give more light, and also to provide
means for quickly re-lighting the lamp in
the event of the light becoming extinguished in
the mine, and to automatically lock the lamp in
such a way that it can only be opened by machines
kept on the surface.
It was early demonstrated, beyond a shadow of
doubt, that in gaseous mixtures traveling at comparatively
low velocities, the Davy lamp is totally
unsafe. The addition of a glass cylinder underneath
the gauze and surrounding the flame increased
the safety considerably, but not sufficiently;
the steel bonnet or shield was then provided,
this added an enormous factor of safety
to the lamp. In course of time the number of
gauzes was increased from one to two. Each of
these additions has affected the ventilating problem.
The course of ventilation generally adopted
was to provide a middle ring towards the foot ot
the steel bonnet and about the upper part of the
glass and provide same with aii inlet openings.
the air passing through such openings and forward
through the lower portion of the gauzes,
down the inside of the glass gradually approaching
the burner, the consumed gases passing up
the center of the lamp and through the upper
portion of the gauze and thence through openings
in the top portion of the steel bonnet or shield.
By varying the comparative dimensions of the
intake and outlet openings it is possible to maintain
a very steady clear light in the lamp wdien
burning oil in such a manner as to suit pits where
the velocities are high or where they are comparatively
low. In the former class of pits it
is sometimes advisable to shield the outlet openings
with a downwardly
PROJECTING FLANGE RING,
and to place a deflector ring near the intake, the
deflector being very useful in splitting up the
intake from the outlet.
To produce a more complete combustion of the
fuel, an inner glass provided with a chimney
has been tried, the incoming air passing down between
the walls of the two glasses—getting warmed
up in the process—and thence through a perforated
gallery on which the inner glass is supported,
and forward to the flame, the products of
•Paper read before the Mine Inspectors Institute of America,
Chicago, June, 1910.
combustion passing through the chimney and
upper portion of the gauze. These, whilst giving
a good light, proved too complicated and expensive
for ordinary use in the mines.
The ordinarily bonneted single glass lamp burning
oil, whilst satisfactory in many respects, was
deficient in that when the light was lost in the
mine a miner who was anxious to get ahead with
his work and earn a good week's money was
tempted to tamper with his lamp and carry concealed
matches with him for the purpose of relighting
the lamp and thus save the loss of time
and money entailed by having to send his lamp
to the surface or to the relighting cabin sometimes
constructed on the intake, airway. These
cabins were necessarily some distance from the
coal face, and as the latter was constantly getting
farther away and the management was often slowin
constructing fresh relighting cabins the distance
from the face of the cabins was generally
deemed unsatisfactory by reason of the lamps
very often getting smoked up whilst hanging on
the nails waiting to be exchanged for extinguished
lamps, and in any case a lot of oil would
be burned to no useful purpose. The carrying
of the lamps to and fro to the relighting station
or to the spare lamp station often entailed hardship
on the lads by reason of the dangers on the
engine planes or roadways which they frequently
had to pass along. During this journey the
lamps were often damaged by violent contact with
the trucks, etc.
The underground relighting cabins were often
dark places and the man who examined, unlocked,
relighted and refastened the lamp, often a cripple
or an old man quite unacquainted with the essentials
of safety lamps; it was therefore an easy
matter for him to omit some portion of the lamp
or assemble the parts together with dirt lodging
in crevices and leaving
GAPS ix THE LAMP PARTS.
Where the lead lock was employed it was usual
to keep on hand in the cabin a box of spare rivets,
and the lads or men who visited the cabin have
been known to help themselves to such rivets and
to afterwards open the lamps in the mine and
insert one of the rivets, marking it with wedge
in such a manner that on cursory examination it
would appear to be sealed, or as is frequently the
case there would be no examination on the surface
when the lamps came in after the shift, so
that the opening and relocking of the lamp went
undetected until possibly a disaster happened and
the lamp was found unlocked.
Owing to the incessant demand for a different

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
system of relighting safety lamps there sprung into
existence two systems; one being that employed in
the Wolff, Seipell and similar lamps, and the other
system being that in which electricity is employed
for relighting the wick of the lamp.
In the former system rolls of linen, paper or
the like, are provided at regular distances apart
with spots of fulminating material, which on
being scratched or struck with a striker would
ignite and relight the wick. Judging by the fact
that the bulk of this type of lamp on the market
are arranged to consume naphtha, gasoline, or
other very high volatile fuel is deemed by the
makers to be the only kind which will satisfactorily
relight with the fulminating caps. Attempts
to relight oil prove that it is a most difficult thing
to do with friction relighters.
Now in the application of this relighting device
and the naphtha fuel to safety lamps, it has
become necessary to alter the system of ventilation
of the lamp and to add an air intake at the
bottom of the glass because when the lamp is
extinguished it continues, for some time, giving
off a great quantity of inflammable gas from the
naphtha, and the interior of the
GLASS AND GAUZE
speedily becomes charged with a rich supply of
such gas, in fact so much so that frequently the
match or cap on being struck will not light, rick
gas choking the flame. This even takes place
when the lamp is provided with the lower air
intake, but b.v violently swinging tbe lamp to
and fro incidentally running the risk of smashing
it, the naphtha gas is diluted with a supply
of fresh air from the mine air and the relighting
process carried out.
The placing of an air intake underneath the
glass has introduced a most serious possible
source of creating an explosion in a mine. It
can be shown that when gas mixture, moving at
even a very low velocity, enters the lamp, the
flame will leave the wick and continue to burn
on the inside of the bottom air intake ring, and
as this flame is just at the foot of the glass, the
latter will quickly crack, especially if a cold
blast of air strikes it whilst in the heated condition
or a drop of water falls on it.
It will be clear that if a lamp be hung up in
a working place in a mine and gas enter and burn
just above the naphtha vessel for any length of
time, that the box of matches in the lamp will
get on fire and ihe naphtha vapor be released to
such an extent that the entire lamp will be aflame.
In course of time the gauze web which protects
the bottom air inlet becomes foul with coal dust,
etc., or the wires eat away under moist atmosphere
in the mine, or the rivets or other fastenings
used for securing the web may drop out and
an open flame passage formed; or if solder be
utilized for securing the gauze same may melt
when the aforesaid gas flame plays ou same, all of
whicli defects' are very likely to be overlooked in
the usual hurry and bustle in the lamphouse—
and just wdien the lamp is required to withstand
a strain the defects may allow the flame to pass
and cause an explosion. This oversight is not so
likely to happen with the large gauzes in the
upper part of the lamp as they are much more
tangible articles to handle, whilst on the other
hand the liottom air intake ring is an awkward
article and therefore does not receive proper attention.
The accumulation of coal dust on this latter
ring may very conceivably be a means of conveying
flame from the inside of the lamp through
the bottom gauze to the gas outside the lamp.
With the object, no doubt, of reducing the
chance of excuse for the lamp man not attending
to the cleaning of the bottom gauze ring, the practice
has arisen of constructing this ring in such
a manner that it may be slipped into position and
it is not provided with screw threads for fear the
lamp man would neglect to
UNSCKEW AMI EXAMINE
the ring, but even in this form it is a cumbersome
article and has introduced more dangers;
for instance, the accumulation of a little coal
dust, dirt or a piece of the match ribbon unobservably
left lying on the top of the naphtha vessel
or between the air ring and the jointing
washer (which I understand you term "gasket"),
or between the latter and the glass or expansion
ring fitted in some lamps, or if the gasket got
kinked or the expansion ring damaged by a fall
to the cement floor, or the naphtha filling plug
in the naphtha vessel is not screwed home, any
one of these things may cause the part immediately
above it to cant over and leave the clear
flame path from the outside of the lamp to the
flame. These are defects not generally known
and not readily discovered in the ordinary working
of a lamp cabin as they are in somewhat in
accessible positions and not very visible to the
eye. and although in some cases it may be possible
to test if the washer is in position immediately
underneath the glass, it is impossible by
a blowing test to demonstrate that the other parts
in connection with the bottom air intake are in
safe order as the light would, under such test,
invariably become extinguished. To overcome
this, attempts have been made to rest the air
inlet ring on the bush by means of outstanding
pegs, the theory being that if the washer between
the air inlet ring and the vessel is missing the
glass will be demonstratedly slack. This is unsatisfactory
because in course of time the washers
become squeezed flat and the lamp man may use
two on the upper side of the bottom ring or, as

often happens, a variation in the length of the
glass makes it impossible to have the glass tight
or slack altogether irrespective of whether or not
the washer is in position between the naphtha
vessel and the bottom air intake, and if the
washer is absent it is possible to get a cleai
explosion from the flame to the surrounding gas
mixture; then again the glasses are often irregular
and no doubt as the colliery buyers get more
accustomed to lamps they will
CUT PRICES OF GLASSES
more and more until some makers will take less
care in the selection of glasses and you will have
some of the irregular glasses, such as are sometimes
shipped into Great Britain and purchased
by colliery buyers in their efforts to show a saving
on purchases, and if you get here some of
the glasses such as the writer has seen, you will
be running great risks of an explosion in your
mines, because with the type of lamp mentioned
above, (having bottom air inlet) it is impossible
to ensure that a joint is made between the glass
and the gaskets, as sufficient pressure cannot be
brought to bear on the glass to sink same into the
gaskets, as the screwing up is generally done
whilst the magnet holds back the lock and there
is, therefore, little or no leverage possible. To
my mind there is far more danger from a slack
joint at this part of the lamp than there is from
the expansion and subsequent cracking of the
glass, because if soft asbestos gaskets be employed—even
after the glass has been bedded into
same—there is sufficient elasticity left to allow
the small expansion which afterwards may take
place, seeing that the bulk of the expansion may
be expected to take place in the lamphouse between
the igniting of the lamp and the handing
of same to the collier.
To employ a spring ring above the glass to depress
same on to the gaskets is unsatisfactory because
the spring loses its elasticity in course of
time, particularly when the lamp is hot and the
spring under compression, and in any case when
gas enters the lamp and burns in the gauze the
heat therefrom may draw the temper of the spring
and cause the glass to shift just at a critical
moment in the mine.
With the ventilation arranged in the manner
described hereinbefore it is possible for an explosion
to pass through a defective gauze and which
might not so occur in a lamp having an upper
air feed only, because in the latter the incoming
gas would choke down the flame, and the products
of combustion first liberated may form a flameproof
barrier around the defect in the gauze; this
can be proved by passing a lamp (having a hole
the diameter of a penholder driven through the
top of the gauze) into a body of gas when it will
be observed that more often than not the light
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
will be extinguished and this without the flame
ot the lamp having
IGNITED TIIE SURROUNDING GAS,
wdiereas with a lamp having a bottom air feed
and through draft it would be more likely that
the flame-proof barrier of the products of combustion
would clear away more rapidly and the
flame therefore be more free to make contact
with the outside gas; this, of course, would happen
more frequently in a moving body of gas mixture.
ln addition to the dangers introduced in the
lamp by the introduction of the bottom air feed,
there is in a lamp provided with a self-contained
friction cap igniter always present the danger
of the mine being blown up by the careless use
of such igniter in a damaged lamp in the midst
of gas by either a careless person or a man who
is in a great hurry to get on with his piecework.
If the lamp is not damaged by a fall it may
have had the glass cracked by allowing the lamp
to tilt to one side. The writer has observed in
this country, men working alongside the coal
punchers with lamps the glasses of which were
badly flame marked, showing that the lamp had
been tilted to one side. The party in question
was a foreigner and probably knew no better and
most likely would have known no better than to
have relit his lamp immediately it was extinguished
and that possibly without moving away
from the "face." The mine was one in which
a large quantity of gas was given off in the working
places.
It is conceivable for a lamp to burn in a body
of gas, the glass of the lamp being broken and no
flame to pass, yet when such lamp is suddenly
ignited in such gas mixture for the flame to pass
out and ignite the gas mixture, the flame not passing
out whilst the lamp is burning regularly because
of the consumption by the flame of the
incoming gas, but when the light is extinguished
and the lamp allowed to fill (as it will
in a few moments) with naphtha vapour and possibly
already have a fair quantity of fine coal
dust in suspension, you have here a good combination
for an explosion because the sudden ignition
by the match of the comparative large body
of gas mixture filling the lamp is like putting
tne spark to a cannon or shot,
THE SUDDEN IGNITION
developing an explosion which is helped into a
sort of a cannon effect by the smooth glass and
the full force of the large ignited mass searching
for and certainly finding any gaps left by missing
or defective fittings. I have proved this by getting
explosions out of lamps in this manner when
I have failed b.v other means.
The writer is, therefore, honestly of opinion that
the introduction of lamps containing such devices

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
( as before described) into the gassy mines of
the United States is a retrograde step as the
whole mine is at the mercy of a thoughtless person,
and he believes he has shown that a careful
miner may unwittingly bring about a disaster;
furthermore the miner often places implicit confidence
in the management and when provided
with a safety lamp thinks because it is called
a safety lamp that he is free to go into dangers
he otherwise would not go into and, as stated
above, if the lamp is in any way defective he is
innocently courting disaster.
Now with the system of electrical relighting of
miners' oil lamps there has been no change made
in the ventilation of the lamp, the intake air
passing through a brass ring at the foot of the
steel bonnet and above the glass, and as there
is no air intake underneath the glass there is
no likelihood of gas flame burning at the foot of
the glass and cracking same, in velocities ordinarily
met with in mines. The flame cannot pass
out between the threads of the vessel and the lamp
body ring—or wdiat is sometimes termed the bush—
neither can it pass through the many threads of
the glass holding ring, there is therefore only the
gasket and any imperfections in the glass to keep
under observation, so far as the lower part of the
lamp is concerned any imperfections in these two
articles are instantly discovered by blowing
around the foot of the glass; if the glass or
gasket is out of order the wind would pass
through and flicker the light thus warning
the tester of the imperfections. With this system
it is also possible to employ high flash point
oil. You have a very good
OIL IX THIS COUNTRY
called 300 fire test Mineral Oil, having a flash
point of 265 degrees to 270 degrees F. and which
gives a very clear, steady, white light, free from
smell and cheaper by several cents than naphtha,
and also no doubt the cost of transit is also
cheaper. Owing to its high flash point it will
last longer than naphtha, of wdiich a great deal
is lost by evaporation in tbe handling of same.
With this oil there is not the risk of blowing up
or burning down the lamp house and possibly pit
head gear, which risk is always present where the
highly volatile naphtha or gasoline is used.
An oil lamp is also preferable to a naphtha lamp
by reason of the flames being limited to about one
inch in height in the oil lamp; if the flame is
higher it will smoke and extinguish, therefore a
miner will, after one or two days' experience,
take care that his light is kept at reasonable
height, whereas, with naphtha he is often free to
use a very large flame without smoke, and consequently
may get his lamp very hot and also injure
the gauze.
With the oil mentioned above it is possible and
usual for miners to go right through the shift
without smoking the gauze to the slightest extent.
in conjunction with this oil lamp the writer
has introduced a system of electrical relighting
in the mine. The machine being provided with
a lamp chamber so constructed that only after
the lamp has been placed within such chamber
and only by the rotation and closing of a cylindrical
door to the lamp chamber does the electric
current automatically pass up an insulated spindle
arranged in the lamp and relight the wick by
sparks in the vicinity of the wick tube, the opening
of the lamp door automatically switching off
the current and automatically passing a guard
plate in front of the hidden switch, which is absolutely
inaccessible when the lamp chamber is open.
So far as the miner is concerned the whole operation
is a very simple matter as he merely places
his lamp in the chamber and closes the door, and
in about three seconds opens same again and abstracts
his relighted lamp and goes about his work.
The machine is preferably worked by accumulators
or storage batteries placed in a chamber
provided with a separate door and key, the chamber
having vents to ventilate
ANY SMALL ACID GAS
which may be given off by the storage battery,
which can only amount to a few thimbles-full.
The transformer, which is commonly called an
induction coil, is placed in a solid cast chamber
having a door 12 inches in diameter (about) and
a flange two-inch face provided with threads over
the whole face which engage in similar threads
in the transformer chamber, so that when the
door is screwed home it makes a mechanical tight
joint. The accumulator, switch and transformer
chambers are secured by locks, the keys of which
are in the keeping of the lamp man or some
other official appointed for the purpose. The
machine is constructed throughout of steel or
iron and is of a most substantial form. All the
joints are revolving or screw threaded and are not
dependent on rubber or hemp for making the
joint, and therefore cannot get out of order;
they are also of such a great breadth or length
that in each case they are flame-proof and flame
passing over would be chilled before it reached
the outside. So that with this apparatus, even
supposing a defective lamp was placed in the
lamp chamber and the chamber closed and the
current switched through it, the consequent explosion
would be confined to the inside of the
lamp chamber, the expanded gases escaping around
the crevices of the door, the length of which
path is eight inches which effectually takes the
life out of the flame. The explosion would most
certainly extinguish the light in the lamp so that

when the chamber is opened the lamp would not
be alight.
It will be clear that the management can definitely
fix the position this machine would occupy
in the mine, and would no doubt select the intake
airway where it is a moral certainty an explosive
mixture of gas would not be found within three
feet of the ground, and would place it near to the
workings so as to be quite accessible to either one
or more districts according as the mine is laid
out. The machine weighs about 500 pounds and
is therefore too heavy for one man to tamper
with, whereas two men acting under the management
instructions can move the machine forward
as the coal face advances.
It has been found from actual experience that
it is not desirable to furnish miners with too easy
facilities for relighting their lamps in their workill
use their lamps knowing that if the light goes
illuse their lamps knowing that if the light goes
out they can easily regain same, whereas with
the electrical system mentioned above the miner
is put to some little inconvenience in sending or
taking his lamp to be relit, and although the time
taken is so short as to have no real effect on his
day's output it is found in practice that it is
sufficient to make him take great
CARE OF HIS LAMP
and see that his light is not lost, and in exercising
this care he also takes care that the framework
of the lamp is not damaged. The discipline
of the mine is thus improved and the risk
for damaged lamps considerably reduced.
With this class of lamp it is also possible to
employ the extra powerful automatic lock introduced
by the writer; the lock being absolutely unpickable
and the spring stronger than that of any
known type of magnetic lock, and yet owing to
the form of construction it is one of the easiest
locks for the lamproom oiierator to manipulate.
It is quite impossible to jerk down the lock or
affect it with a hand magnet. The upper part
of the lock engages in teeth cut into the glass
holding ring, and at the most the lock has only
a possible movement of about three-fourths of an
inch and this does not affect the tightness of the
glass in any respect as is the case with the naphtha
lamp which usually has from one and onehalf
to two inches play between the lock notches,
and if, as often happens, the lock will not (in
the latest type of lamp) quite reach a certain
notch, the lamp is handed out by the lampman
and the miner may be ignorant of this position
of affairs and continue into the mine, the traveling
jolting the lamp and causing the naphtha vessel
to slack back to the nearest notch and the
glass and bottom air inlet left correspondingly
slack.
Lamps having air intakes communicating with
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
the air immediately underneath the glass are not
so useful gas detectors for pit use, as it is necessary
to have a layer of gas extending right down
to the lower air intake in order to actually find
same. If a layer of three or four inches, or
probably six inches, is present, the bottom air
feed may be in a body of comparatively clear air
and will feed the flame with same, or even if
any gas is drawn down through the upper gauze
it is sure to be diluted by the fresh air coming
in through the bottom air feed, and so the percentage
reading will be misleading. When traveling
a mine in this country recently the writer
carried an oil lamp drawing its air from the middle
of the lamp, whilst the pit boss carried a
naphtha lamp, and when testing for gas by the
elongation of the flame the
OIL LAMP WAS QUICKEST
and surest, on some occasions the oil lamp showing
elongation when the spirit lamp gave no
visible signs of gas. In another mine the pit
boss expressed doubt as to whether any gas was
present. To prove it the writer drew down his
flame and tested for the blue cap and found onefourth
to three-eighths inch cap.
If a lamp be wanted to find a very thin layer of
gas near the roof it is necessary to construct the
lamp in such a form that the intake is from the
upper part of same. This principle is embodied
in a lamp recently modeled by the writer; the
air inlet holes- being situated in the flat crown,
the gas or air passing through such openings and
into a space or chamber situated immediately below
the crown, thence downward between the
walls of the outer shield and the walls of an
inner chamber which surrounds the gauze, the
incoming air being deflected through the lower
portion of the gauze on to the flame, the consumed
gases passing up the center of the lamp
and through the upper part of the gauze and
through horizontal tubes to the outside of the
lamp. This lamp is also furnished with the ordinary
air intake about the middle thereof so as
to furnish sufficient air to enable it to be used
in the ordinary manner. This middle intake
may be fitted with a shut off plate operated by
hand or by a spring arrangement. Other types
of lamps in which the air is drawn from a point
very near the crown are the Hepplewhite-Grey
lamp and the Ashworth lamp. In the former
the air passes down hollow pillars to a chamber
just below the burner and thus casts the air or
gas mixture close to the flame. The pillars are
fitted with sliding sleeves to enable air intakes
at the foot of the pillars to be opened after the
test is completed and a supply of fresh air quickly
allowed access to the flame and th.e light restored.
The glass of this lamp is of the conical
type and is very narrow

54 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
TOWARDS THE UPPER .NECK.
A very small gauze is placed on the lamp. The
Ashworth lamp is provided with a broad, flat
tube which places the upper portion of the bonnet
into communication with a chamber at the
foot of the glass, something after the manner
of the Hepplewhite-Grey lamp. This also usually
has a conical glass and small gauze.
In the hands of men who take an interest in
their work these two lamps are very useful, but
owing to the care usually necessary by reason of
the restricted outlet and the conical glass, which
some allege quickly gets sooted up, the lamps do
not appear to have come into the general use
one might have expected.
During the short time the writer has been in
this country he has made inquiries from all available
sources and finds that in the mines there
are employed a great number of foreigners, many
of whom can scarcely speak the English language,
and very many of whom have never been
in a mine prior to reaching this country within
perhaps a few months or few years ago. These
men are quite ignorant of the principles of mining
and mining appliances, and to the writer it appears
that the question as to the type of safety
lamps to place in such unskilled hands is a serious
question which this country will have to settle
in the immediate future, and if it should be
that the wrong type is being adopted, the sooner
this is rectified the better, because if a large
body of mine owners find themselves with a stock
of what can be shown to be risky lamps, they
will, if they are like many other commercial
communities, do a lot of arguing and take a lot
of pushing and absorb a lot of time in the process
before any great change will be made. The
writer understands that for some considerable
time inspectors have been advocating the use of
safety lamps in coal mines and that years have
gone by and many lives been lost in the interval
before any move took place to install safety lamps,
so that it is quite feasible to suppose the same
process would have to be gone through in the
future if a change of type of lamps be called for.
In many of tbe coal fields in Europe it may be
safely said that the mining community have been
bred and born to their work and in many cases
the men are not so "independent" as the men
who reach this side of the water, and therefore
it is possible to maintain good discipline and to
place in the hands of the men lamps of a type
which it might be risky to issue to the miners
of this country. It is well to take care that
the framework of the safety lamps adopted is
very rigid and strong, and for this reason it is
questionable whether thin stamped metal is satisfactory
as whilst it has a great tensile strength
it easily dents and therefore easily leaves gaps
which to unskilled lampmen appear of little importance
and yet may have completely destroyed
the safety of the lamp.
Bids for furnishing 40,000 tons of coal for
government use will be opened in the office of the
U. S. Engineer at St. Louis on June 8.
MOVEMENT OF COAL AND COKE OVER VARIOUS RAILROADS, RIVERS, AND CANALS
FOR THREE MONTHS AND MARCH, 1910 AND 1911.
RAILROADS.
Baltimore and Ohio*
Buffalo. Rochester and Pittsburgh ....
Buffalo and Susquehanna
Chesapeake and Ohiot
Huntingdon and Broadtop Mountain*
New York Central and Hudson River • •
Norfolk and Western*
Pennsylvania (east of Pittsburg and Erie)*
Pittsburg and Lake Erie ...
Pittsburg, Shawmut and Northern ....
Southern Railway!
Virginian Railway RIVERS AND CANALS.
Barren River. Lock No. 1
Black Warrior River, Lock No 12
Canal and Ealls at Louisville • •
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal • -
Davis Island Dam
Green River, Lock No. 1 . . •
Great Kanawha River
Kentucky River. Lock No. 1
Monongahela River
MONTH OF MARCH —
1910
Tons
3,246.778
761.478
147.685
1.270,425
143,565
918.376
1.718.841
6.219.964
1.612,925
167.779
353.231
106.373
360
1
149.491
2.293
245.150
3.176
129.680
11.800
1.082.251
1911
Tons.
2.609,658
668,936
194.768
1.056,695
113.375
711,662
1.475,012
5.674,834
1,197.752
103.707
305.684
191.774
421
76
169.156
3.195
271,210
3.116
168.740
9.800
1.010.191
THREE MONTHS—
1910
Tons.
8,823.813
2.118.719
408.562
2.566.689
363.293
2,549.713
4.853.329
18.075.759
4.506.062
332.936
719.656
293.177
725
106
404.540
15,799
835.180
7,906
322.280
21.400
2,779.929
* Includes coal received from connecting lines. t February figures.
1911
Tons
7.682.214
1,973.717
526.484
2.575,733
304,983
2,114.664
4.583.033
15.890.836
3.309.006
356.963
664.601
572.425
684
211
642.028
22.344
1.293.540
8,246
408.780
28,500
2,988,513

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK fl KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H. W. HENRY, V. Pres. 6k Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
COKE MANUFACTURED IN ALABAMA,
COLORADO AND UTAH IN 1910.
In 1910 West Virginia produced 3,803,881 short
tons of coke, as against Alabama's 3,249,027 short
tons. Yet Alabama received $1,810,588 more for
her coke than West Virginia did for hers. This
was not because the West Virginia coke was in­
ferior, but because Alabama enjoys the advantage
of having, in the iron-making district of Birming­
ham, a home market for the state's coke output.
West Virginia, on the contrary, probably ships 98
per cent, of her coke out of the state to furnish
fuel to distant iron works.
The most significant feature of the coke-making
industry in Alabama, as in most of the cokeproducing
states' in 1910. was the advance in
values. The quantity of coke produced in 1910
was not materially larger than in 1909. the increase
being only 163,203 short tons, or 5.3 per
cent., but with the improved demand prices advanced
from an average of $2.61 a ton in 1909
to $2.82 in 1910, and the total value increased
from $8,068,267 to $9,165,821, a gain of $1,097,554,
or 13.6 per cent. In quantity the production of
coke in Alabama in 1910 was the largest ever attained;
the value of the 1910 product, however,
was about $50,000 less than that of 1907.
The following table shows the growth of the
coke-making industry in Alabama:
Short Tons. Short Tons.
1880 60,781 1907 3.021,794
1890 1,072,942 1908 2.362,666
1900 2,110,837 1909 3,085,824
1905 2,576,986 1910 3.249,027
1906 3,034,501
The figures on the coke industry for 1910 are
now being compiled by E. W. Parker, of the United
States Geological Survey, and will be published
in an advance chapter of "Mineral Resources"
for 1910 some time in June.
Of the total quantity of coke made in 1910 in
Alabama, 557,148 short tons were produced in byproduct
retort ovens, of which there are 280 in
the state, at two establishments. The quantity
of coal used in the retort ovens was 769,212 short
tons, and the yield of coke of this kind was therefore
72.4 per cent. During 1910 construction was
begun on a bank of 60 Koppers by-product recovery
ovens at Woodward by the Woodward Iron Co.
There were 43 coke-making establishments in
Alabama in 1910, the, same number as in 1909,
but the total number of ovens increased from 10,-
061 in 1909 to 10,132 in 1910, exclusive of the 60
Kopper ovens under construction at the close of
1910. Of these, 9,614 ovens were in operation in
1910, with an average production of 338 short
tons each. In 1909 the average production per
oven was 330 tons.
The production of coke in Utah and Colorado
in 1910 amounted to 1,346,211 short tons, valued
at $4,273,579, against 1,251,805 short tons, valued
at $4,135,931, in 1909—an increase of 94,406 short
tons, or 7.5 per cent., in quantity, and $137,648,
or 3.3 per cent., in value. The smaller increase
in value was due to the decline in the average
price per ton, from $3.30 in 1909 to $3.17 in 1910,
but this decline does not appear to be assignable
to any particular cause, unless it be to the larger
proportion of slack coal used in the ovens in 1910.
In that year nearly 50 per cent, of the coal used
for coke-making was slack, whereas in 1909 the
quantity of slack coal made into coke represented
only 35 per cent, of the total.
All the ovens in use in Colorado and Utah are
of the beehive type. They are distributed among
18 establishments, 16 in Colorado and 2 in Utah.
There were 235 ovens abandoned in 1910, reducing
the total number from 4,700 to 4,465. Six
of the 18 establishments (5 in Colorado and 1 in
Utah) were idle throughout 1910. The six idle
establishments represented a total of 666 ovens.
J. H. Opperman, of Cambridge. O., and J. C.
Orr, of Byesville, O., have been appointed receivers
of The Cambridge Valley Coal Co.
P~ ~~~~~~~~~-~-~———^
HOW TO KEEP IN
| TOUCH WITH
j AFFAIRS. |
3 Mines of information on every subject are at r
i your disposal—Just say the word and we'll I
) drive an entry for you S
USE OUR I
PRESS CLIPPINGS.
5 Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in tha greatest f
f Industrial Center of the World. 5
\ We have two branches— ?
\ A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
) Both are splendid aids to busy men, r
i Ask us for definite information c
3 and rates. (
j The Central Press Bureau, [
006 & 008 WAB«6H BUILDING. \
: T.ltphon. 2164 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.
\

COKE IN TENNESSEE AND
NEW MEXICO IN 1910.
Coal is mined in 17 counties in Tennessee and
coke is made in eight of them. Nearly all the
Tennessee coal possess coking qualities, according
to E. W. Parker, the coal statistician of the
United States Geological Survey. In his report
on coke for 1910, Mr. Parker states that the production
of coke in Tennessee for the year was
322,756 short tons, valued at $959,104, as against
261,808 tons, valued at $667,723, in 1909, an increase
of 23 per cent, in quantity and 43 per
cent, in value. The following table shows the
growth of the coke industry in Tennessee:
Short Tons. Value.
1880 13(1,609 $316.6(17
1890 348.72S 684,116
1900 475.432 1.269,555
1906 483,428 1,350,856
1907 467,499 1,592,225
1908 214,528 561,789
1909 261,808 667.723
1910 322,756 959,104
YOU CAN'T "!, we
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
C A N get you a large
clean core of all strata un­
der your land to be ex­
amined in broad daylight.
. No Guess Work. .
\ The J. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
New Mexico has developed notably as a coke
producer in the last five years. From a iiroduction
of less than 90.000 tons in 1905 the output
has increased to over 40(1.000 tons in 1910,
and as shown in the following table:
Short Tons.
1905 89,638
1906 147,747
1907 265,125
1908 274,565
1909 373.967
19KI 401,646
Tlie value for the 1910 product was $1.3(16.136.
All of the coke made in New Mexico is from the
coal mined in the Raton field, in Colfax county.
A lot of 5.(100 tons of Connellsville coke has
been sold for the British Columbia smelters, where
there is a strike. The coke is being shipped and
will make two cargoes. It goes to Ashtabula, to
lie shipped to Ft. William wilh a lake rate of
50 cents, being there transferred to the Canadian
Pacific.
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FOB THI
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
Contains a Complete List for the United States and
Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
Coke in oar Room load lots, with capital and pay ratines.
550 Monon Building, 440 Dearborn St..
CHICAGO.
1438 SO. PENN SQUARE.C
PHILADELPHIA. (
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
„ FAMOUS
'ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C O ^ A V
PENNSYLVANIA.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres ot virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909-10.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post offlr. addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
P. G S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind,
For Sale
A well improved coal farm of 205 acres in a
new coal belt, between two railroads, commanding
the only natural inlet to over 500 acres solid coal
laud. Write Mr. Milton Taggart,
Cadiz. Ohio.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full particulars,
analysis of coal, name, location and outfit
of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, 1% tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 6-1
For Sale or Lease.*
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER Co.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madison ville, Ky.
A jury in the United States Circuit Court at
Philadelphia May 25 returned a verdict of $62,-
65S.4I1 against the Pennsylvania railroad in a
suit of seven coal companies of Western Pennsylvania
to recover damages for alleged illegal freight
discrimination against them. Originally 11 companies
were plaintiffs and the total claim was
more than $1,000,000. The Carbon Coal & Coke
Co. is given $58,953 and the remainder of the damages
is divided among John Langdon. Huntingdon
Coal Co., the Mount Equity Coal & Coke Co.. E. E.
Eichelberger & Co., M. H. C. D. Read and W. H.
Sweet.

Cm TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, JUNE 15, 1911 Nc
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN;
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
busy just that much more of the time.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TEADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STBAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
In contrast to the deep sea shipments increase
is the story of lake shipments, which are not what
the trade would have. The fact that many of the
ore boats are idle, which necessarily means that
coal is not going forward, is being commented on
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
generally and from at least one port—Buffalo—
relating to coal or coal production are invited.
All communications and remittances to
the complaint is long and loud. As both anthra­
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
cite and bituminous coal are shipped Irom that
926-930 PAEK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post OtBce at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.)
port it can be taken fairly to represent the lake
situation as a whole, even if the tonnage foi' May
at one other Lake Erie port has taken somewhat
of a jump. As we have pointed out in previous
THE LOW WATER MARK PROBABLY HAS BEEN
REACHED by the coal trade if conditions reported
throughout the country are considered. From
everywhere come reports 1 issues this present slackness in the lake shipments
must be followed by a heavy rush later in
the season if head of lake locks are to have their
of lessened demand and
full supply when navigation has closed.
fewer sales. Hope of a speedy change is ex­ Coastwise shipments of bituminous are showing
pressed by all, but indications for a decided change more life than is the case on the lakes and Xew
on the upgrade are not so plentiful as the trade England seems to be the best field lor absorption
at large would desire. From all branches of the of product at this time, but at that the flow of
trade the lessened demand is noted and a particu­ trade is sluggish compared with what it should be.
larly keen wail is heard from the anthracite fields
now that tne close of the first half of the year is
approaching.
Perhaps these conditions are but the darkest
hour preceding the dawn of better things, and are
to be followed by a rush to secure fuel supplies
later that will tax capacities in every way. Stories
of furnaces going out of blast are plentiful, but
on the other hand there are as many resumptions
reported, so the iron situation does not seem to
have altered the situation very materially, although
it has had its effect.
One encouraging phase of the situation is the district as a time that will mail; the change up­
export business, which seems to he having a
hearty, healthy, and it is to be hoped, a perma-
ment growth. Daily reports of cargoes for South
American. European and other foreign ports are
noticeable in the press, and if the markets thus
being secured can be held it will mean the absorp­
tion of a considerable tonnage that will keep mines
In the Pittsburgh district the conditions that pre-
vail throughout the country are reflected in every
way and mines are not working more than 60 per
cent, of capacity, some doing even less than that
amount. This district more than any other pro­
ducing field feels' the effects of lake dullness and
the news from all over the district has Ml tie that
makes the coal man happy. Sales forces are put­
ting forth every effort to land business, but tin
returns are not record-breaking in any way. The
beginning of the second half of the year is being
looked forward to by producers throughout the
ward, although some of the trade puts the turn as
late as the beginning of August. Despite all the
drawbacks, the producing companies are keeping
their salesmen close to the line in the matter of
prices and the card rates are the ones prevailing,
and are: Run-of-mine coal, $1.25 to $1.35; three-

20 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
quarter inch coal. $1.35 to $1.45; inch and one-
quarter coal, $1.4." to $1.55; slack, 85 to 95 cents.
In the latter class of coal some soft spots are
noticeable, due to accumulated surplusages, but
they are not general.
The coke trade shows a still further curtailment
of production for the last week for whicli figures
are available. The loss in active ovens was greater
in proportion than the loss in tonnage as the latter
was less than fifteen hundred tons, but it created
a new low weekly record for the year. The bright
spot in the trade is that the ovens in blast ran
more steadily and the demand absorbed all the
coke manufactured, as well as some of the stock
in yards. The furnace ovens ran on better time
than the merchant ones and the tonnage of the
former was, therefore, proportionately better than
the latter. While a few sales of spot coke have
been reported at a reduced figure they cannot be
taken to represent the market, and manufacturers
are holding their product firm at $1.75 to $1.85
for furnace coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for foundry
coke.
May production figures of anthracite show an­
other monthly record broken, but the present
month fails to come up to the same standard,
according to reports from the centers of this
branch of the industry. In fact the operators
have been quoted as saying that there is no de­
mand for anthracite coal. This seems to be
somewhat of an exaggeration if taken literally,
but taken in the sense of active demand it may
be the true facts. The report from Buffalo, the
principal lake shipping port for anthracite shows
that to a degree the demand is poor. There is no
change in prices at this time, the next advance
not being due for another fortnight.
Altogether il is just as well the vacation season
is on. as it enables the coal man to go away and,
foi- a time, forgel the trials and tribulations of
business.
PENNSYLVANIA HAS A NEW BITUMINOUS .MIXING
CODE. Governoi .lohn K. Tener has affixed his sig­
nature to the bill passed bj the recent session of
the legislature and it is now a law that is to be­
come effective in all that portion of the state
where bituminous coal is mined. Operators and
miners alike are not entirely satisfied with the
new law, but now will be compelled to make the
most of it. The law as enacted is much changed
from the original bill, and embodies some of the
amendments suggested to the committee on mines
and mining when hearings were given the opera­
tors and miners. • Miners are reported to be in­
clined to believe the new law does not give them
the same protection the old one did, and operators
have been quoted as saying the measure works
additional hardships on them. The substance
of the original bill appeared in THE COAL TRADE
BULLETIN after its introduction and the amend­
ments proposed were summarized in the issue of
April 15. As clianges were made even after that
date the new code will have to be studied in its
final form to acquire a knowledge of its provisions.
•Just how far it will affect production and cost of
production will be known only after it has been in
force a sufficiently long time to permit of compila­
tion of figures.
* • •
FlGl RES SHOWING THE COKE PRODUCTION FOR 1910
are given elsewhere in this issue. They show a
new record for this class of fuel and also a new
record in the way of total valuation of the product.
When more detailed data is available the trade
can better arrive at some definite conclusion as to
the causes that brought about the results for the
year.
Pennsylvania's new bituminous code is now
coming in for its praises or its cussings, and it
looks as if the latter will predominate.
* * *
Striking almost two years for a 10 per cent.
reduction in wages looks awfully much like a
boomerang.
* * *
It's the doldrums for the coal trade just now.
bul the trade winds are due to blow shortly, so
cheer up.
Alabama also has a new mining code. And
there's plenty of kicking about it, too.
* * *
Pittsburgh Coal got a nice little nest egg from
the Steel Corporation, just the same.
* * *
The Federal probers hit the coal trade at last
but it looks like a blown-out shot.
* * *
Even the mine mule is getting a rest.

PENNSYLVANIA'S NEW BITUMINOUS
MINING CODE IS NOW A LAW.
Governor .John K. Tener, of Pennsylvania, has
attached his signature to the new bituminous
mining code, originally prepared by Chief of the
Department of Mines J. E. Roderick and intro­
duced into the recent biennial session of the legis­
lature by Representative Timothy Pitchford. of
Cambria county, an official of the United Mine
Workers of America, from the No. 2 or Central
Pennsylvania district.
The bill was amended in many ways and some
of the provisions of the original text were emascu­
lated altogether and new ones substituted after the
committee on mines and mining of the state legislature
had given the operators and the miners an
opportunity to be heard on the bill.
The bill, on final passage, was defeated, but the
vote was reconsidered, and it was placed on the
calendar once more, with the result that in the
closing days of the session it was put through.
The new code is not what either miners or operators
would have, the former claiming it will not
give them the protection they now have, while the
latter say it will increase the cost of production,
and in this are upheld by the sponsor of the orig­
inal bill, Chief of the Department of Mines James
E. Roderick.
The new code is a voluminous one, and it will
lake some time to make all its provision clear.
BERWIND-WHITE COAL MINING
COMPANY WINS SUIT AT SOMERSET.
The $1,000,000 suit brought by Mrs. Annie C.
Ott, wife of Daniel Ott. of Windber. Pa., against
the Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. for the alleged
wrongful removal of a seam of coal underlying a
tract of 224 acres, came to a sudden end at Somerset,
Pa., June 3, when the plaintiff agreed to ac­
cept a verdict for the defendant company, which
was formally rendered in open court June 5. In­
sisting on a verdict, the Berwind-White Co. agreed
to pay all witness fees on both sides, in exchange
for which the company secures the withdrawal of
three similar damage suits and takes title to the
Ott. tract, which the plaintiff refused to convey
pending disposition of her suit.
The case is regarded by mining operators as one
of the most important ever passed on in Pennsyl­
vania since it firmly establishes the coal measures
in the first bituminous district and will go a great
way towards preventing future litigation regarding
the identity of the several seams.
The New Pittsburgh Coal Co.. of Columbus, O.,
has reduced its capital stock from $2,500,000 to
$1,500,000. The amendment for this was filed at
the secretary of state's office in Columbus recently.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 21
PITTSBURGH COAL COMPANY SELLS 16,000
ACRES OF COKING COAL TO H. C. FRICK
COMPANY FOR $17,800,000.
The transfer of coal lands and properties valued
at about $17,800,000, owned by Ihe Pittsburgh Coal
Co., was unanimously approved at a special meet­
ing of the board of directors of the company held
June 8 in the company's offices in the Henry W.
Oliver building. The buyer is the H. C. Frick
Coke Co. Payment is to be made in bonds se­
emed by mortgage upon the property and guaranteed
as to principal and interest by the United
States Steel Corporation. The properties included
in the sale consist of the coking coal lands and
coke ovens of ihe Pittsburgh Coal Co. in the Connellsville
region, and about 9,000 acres of unde­
veloped coal lands now owned by the Monongahela
River Consolidated Coal & Coke Co., controlled by
the Pittsburgh Coal Co. Negotiations for the sale
of these lands have been under way for the past
two years.
The Pittsburgh Coal Co.. it is said, will apply its
portion of the consideration to its bonded indebt­
edness and reduce it to about $9,000,000. This
will mean a reduction of $500,000 annually in interest
payments and, it is said, will place the com­
pany upon a satisfactory basis.
At the conclusion of the meeting June 8 the following
official statement was made by the Pitts
burgh oal Co.:
The directors of the Pittsburgh Coal Co.. at a
meeting held this afternoon at whicli there was a
full attendance, unanimously approved of the sale
to the H. C. Frick Coke Co. of about 7.000 acres
of its prouperty known as the Colonial Coking
tract, at a price of $1,450 per acre, including im­
provements; and also consented, so far as its stockownership
in the Monongahela River Consolidate,!
Coal & Coke Co. is concerned, to the sale by that
company of about 9,000 acres of virgni or un­
broken tracts of coal rights at a price of $850 per
acre. Payment is to he made in bonds secured
by mortgage upon the property and guaranteed as
to principal and interest by the United States Steel
Corporation.
RULES FOR FIRST-AID
CONTESTS ARE ANNOUNCED.
The following tentative rules governing the first
annual first-aid meet, to be held September 9 at
Arsenal Park. Pittsburgh, under the auspices of
the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association, and in
conjunction with the United States Bureau of
Mines, have been issued:
"(1) The Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Associa­
tion announces its first annual competition of
first aid to the injured, to be held Saturday. Sep­
tember 9, 1911, 1.30 to 5.30 p. m„ in Arsenal Park,

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
between Thirty-ninth and Fortieth street and Butler
street and Penn avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.
"I2| Every mine operator or company in the
bituminous coal field of Western Pennsylvania
may enter one team for every 10 mines or frac­
tional part of ill mines, said team to consist of
five (5) mine workers in the actual employ of the
company, as shown by record to he submitted in
writing by the superintendent.
"(3) Entries to be submitted to the secretary
of tlie Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association, 803
Lewis block, Pittsburgh, Pa., prior to August 15.
"I 4 I There will be not less than five 15) first-
aid events, program for which will be prepared on
the day of the meet by the judges, and will con­
sist of the more common injuries received in
mines, and will not be announced until the hour of
holding the meet.
"15) The judges will consist of one American
Red Cross or army surgeon, and a surgeon not
connected with any of the mines entering first-aid
teams in contest, and also of some independent
mine operator having no representation among the
contesting teams.
"(6) Medals of the American Red Cross will
be presented to the individual winners of the
events, and first-aid boxes to the winning teams.
and a banner to the team making the highest percentage
in the contest.
"i 7) All competitors will be divided into two
groups of equal numbers, these groups to compete
alternately in each event, thus giving opportunity
for observation and instruction by the half
of those present who are not participating.
"(8) The Bureau of Mines will have exhibition
of dust and gas explosions, care and use of helmets
and safety lamps at It) a. m., at the lower
end of Arsenal Grounds, Fortieth and Butler
streets.
COKE PRODUCED IN 1910 BREAKS
ALL PREVIOUS RECORDS.
More coke was produced in the United States in
191

FEDERAL GRAND JURY AT PITTSBURGH
HEARS FACTS ABOUT SALE OF COAL
LANDS.
During the past 10 days a specially summoned
Federal grand jury was in session in Pittsburgh
making inquiry into the sale of coal and coal lands
by the Pittsburgh Coal Co. to the United States
Steel Corporation.
The probe came rather unexpectedly and E. W.
Grosvenor, special assistant to the attorney gen­
eral of the United States, was sent to Pittsburgh
to assist in the work of securing facts. The
summoning of the jury and the calling of wit­
nesses followed the meeting of the Stanley com­
mittee of the House of Repiesentatives, which is
endeavoring to secure evidence of a violation of
the Sherman anti-trust law on the part of the
United States Steel Corporation.
Secretary LeMoyne, Engineer Taylor and Treas­
urer Miller of the Pittsburgh Coal Co.; Secretary
Barber of the Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co., together with officials of the H. C.
Frick Coke Co.. were called before the grand jury
to give testimony and they also produced the
books of the companies as asked for by the grand
jury.
While it is not known exactly what facts the
jury secured, it is intimated no evidence of any
law violation was secured, and the grand jury was
discharged without making any presentment to the
court.
It is understood the evidence secured will be
sent to Washington, but whether it will be fur­
nished the Stanlev committee is not known.
LAKE SHIPPING CONDITIONS
ARE FAR FROM SATISFACTORY.
Lake Superior ore interests say the present is
the quietest June in years in ore shipments. Not
in 20 years has there been such a general slacken­
ing of all shipments through lake ports. It is
estimated that 450 vessels are idle between Buffalo
and Duluth.
The month of Maj' gave Conneaut the palm for
ore shipments, it being the first time in many
years that Conneaut surpassed all harbors on Lake
Erie in receipts of ore for the month.
Ore receipts at Ashtabula harbor for the month
amounted to 669,014 tons, while the receipts at
Conneaut port were 734,235 tons.
Coal shipments at Ashtabula, were good during
May, amounting to 500,000 tons.
Official customs figures at Buffalo show a de­
crease of 70,000 tons in the coal shipments for May,
and a decrease of 295,000 tons for the first two
months of navigation.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
RIVER COAL'S STATEMENT SHOWS BIG IN­
CREASE IN EARNINGS FOR SIX MONTHS.
At tiie regular monthly meeting of tbe board of
directors of the Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co. held June 5, President John A.
Donaldson submitted the following report of the
company's production and earnings for tlie first
six months of the fiscal year ending April 30, 1911,
as compared with the corresponding period lor the
year 1910:
TONNAGE.
River Tons. Rail Tons. Total Tons.
1911 2.757,969 890,408 3,648,377
1910 2.158,047 1,017,061 3,175,108
Increase
Decrease
599,922
126.653
473,269
,
EARNINGS.
Six Months Ending v
Apr. 30, 1911. Apr. 30. 1910. Increase.
Gross earnings.$1,119.310.28 $775,035.95 $344,274.33
Less—
Allowance for
royalty 257.52S.65 221,530.64 35,998.01
Allowance for
depreciation.. 191,187.23 208,530.SO *17,343.57
Accrued taxes,
estimated . . . 75,000.00 75.OHO.00
Accrued interest
lst mtg. bonds 227,737.94 234.266.50 *6,528.56
Insurance funds 136,706.94 126,498.84 10,208.10
Net gain... $231,149.52 $321,940.35
Net loss $90,790.S3
* Decrease.
NOVA SCOTIA MINERS LOSE STRIKE
THAT LASTED FOR 20 MONTHS.
Tlie strike of the coal miners, at Spring Hill,
Nova Scotia, has been settled. Representatives
of the miners have signed an agreement with the
Cumberland Railway & Coal Co. accepting a re­
duction of 10 per cent, in the rate of wages to be
paid to coal cutters. The strike has continued
for nearly two years and ends in a distinct triumph
for the company and discomfiture of the men.
The miners went on strike because the company
refused to change a system of docking and to
recognize the United Mine Workers, and lastly be­
cause the company declined to advance the scale
of wages. The men left the mines in August, 1909,
and over 1.000 of them have been idle ever since.
The company announced that the men would
not he taken back except at a 15 per cent, reduc­
tion of wages. Now they go back gaining nothing
for which they struck and submitting to a re­
duction of 10 per cent.

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
KENTUCKY MINING INSTITUTE FORMED.
The Kentucky Mining Institute was organized at
Lexington recently. It includes many of the most
prominent mining men in the state.
Coal, fluorspar, clay, calcite and metal mining
are represented in the organization. The objects
of the Institute are to promote improvement in
methods of production and preparation for market
of the useful minerals of the state, to promote the
welfare of those employed in the mining industry,
and the development of and utilization of the
state's natural resources, by means of meetings for
social intercourse and tlie reading and discussion
of papers. The conference lor the organization
of the Institute was largely attended from all parts
of the slate, and the meeting was very successful
indeed.
The officers are: President, John B. Atkinson,
president of the St. Bernard Mining Co.. Earling
ton: secretary, Thomas J. Barr. assistant inspector
of mines, located at Lexington: treasurer. M. L.
Conley, of the Kentucky Block Cannel Coal Co.,
Cannel City; and seven vice presidents, representing
seven divisions of the state: J. D. Rogers, of
the Consolidation Coal Co.. Van Lear, for the Big
Sandy valley; Dr. S. R. Collier. Wast Liberty.
for the Kentucky River Coal region: Hon. J. F.
Bosworth. Middlesboro, for the Cumberland River
coal regions: B. R. Hutchcraft. Lexington, for the
Central division: C. W. Taylor, manager of the
W. G. Duncan Coal Co., Greenville, for the Central
City district; W. H. Cunningham, manager of the
West Kentucky Coal Co., Sturgis. for the Earlington
district: and C. S. Nunn. president of the Kentucky
Fluorspar Co., Marion, for the Seventh district.
Headquarters are at Lexington. Meetings are
to be held twice a year, the June meeting to be
the annual meeting.
NEW TOWN TO BE BUILT
ALONG WITH COKE PLANT.
Didier is the name selected for the new town
near South Bethlehem. Pa., that will be built
around the coke ovens being erected by a German
concern through their American representatives.
This German company owns the patents, and the
designs of the new industrial establishment and
has clone all the engineering work.
The works will be operated by the Lehigh Coke
Co.. when completed. The Bethlehem Steel Co.
will be the principal consumer of the coke and gas
of the new works.
The works will consist of eight batteries of coke
ovens of 75 ovens to each battery, or a total of 600
ovens. In addition will be the by-product plant
of Ihe gas holders. Ihe coal storage yards, with the
necessary coal handling machinery and other ap­
pliances for the operation of the works. Not­
withstanding that some 500 men will be required
to operate the works.
The first installation of 300 ovens will carbonize
4,300 gross tons of coal per day of 24 hours. Each
oven wild have a coal capacity of 13 gross tons.
The entire installation throughout will he of such
a construction as to give a minimum labor charge,
as all machinery and apparatus will be operated
automatically.
The plant proper will consist of two lines of coke
ovens, about 1,201) feet long, built on heavy con­
crete foundations and paralleling each other at a
distance sufficient to accommodate six railroad
tracks which will be used for handling the neces­
sary material. Each line of ovens will have four
batteries, or 300 in number. At tbe present time
only 300 ovens are under construction. 150 in each
line. Ground for the work was broken last No­
vember, and in a year hence the first 300 ovens are
expected to be in operation, and the remaining 300
ovens under construction.
The ovens are being constructed in such a man­
ner that all the properties contained in coking
coal can be utilized. While the coke is being made
tbe gas will be carried off to large holders to be
utilized for illuminating, heating and power purposes.
In addition, all the tar and sulphate of
ammonia are to he extracted and prepared for sale
as by-products'. Immense gas holders will be built
on the ground for the gas. to be distributed to
nearby and distant towns through pipe lines. A
large storage house is to be built nearby for the
sulphate of ammonia and the tar products.
To each battery of ovens a large stack is to lie
built, four of which are now building. These
stand on immense concrete foundations, from
which they will rear to a height of 225 feet, or a
total height of about 240 feet. The coal handling
yard will be on the south side of the plant, where
the coal will be received from the mines and
which will be connected with a large railroad yard
to be installed by the Reading road. Here im­
mense coal crushers will be installed wdiich will
prepare the coal for the ovens. This coal will be
carried overhead in conveyors to the line of ovens,
and then carried along the line to the point wanted.
All the machinery will be electrical, and largely
automatic in its operation.
The charging of fresh coal into the ovens is performed
by two patented electrically driven coal
larries for each battery of ovens. These larries
are equipped on one side with an especial device
or door lifting mechanism for the raising and
lowering of the oven doors when discharging coke
from the ovens and charging coal into the same.
These larries are so arranged electrically that
one ojierator only is required for the traverse of
the two cars, the electric wiring being so arranged
that the control system for the movement of the
larries is located on one larry only.

ANTHRACITE SHIPMENTS IN MAY.
The shipments of anthracite coal over the vari­
ous roads for May, as compared with 1910, were:
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
1911. 1910.
Philadelphia & Reading 1,223,050 1.105,398
Lehigh Valley 1,166,540 1,025,035
Jersey Central 841,530 804.809
Delaware, Lacka. & Western 886,540 836,187
Delaware & Hudson 622,663 608,407
Pennsylvania 598.925 527,529
Erie 74S.741 553,810
N. Y.. Ontario & Western... 229,361 218,486
Total 6,317,352 5,679,661
The shipments by months for the year, as compared
with 1910. were:
1911. 1910.
January 5,904,117 5,306,618
February 5,070,948 5,031,784
March 5,996,894 5.174,166
April 5,804,915 6.224.396
May 6,317,352 5,679,661
June 5,398,123
July 4,202,059
August 4,996.044
September 4,967,516
October 5,622,095
November 6,071,746
December 6,231,578
Totals 29.094.226 64.905.786
The annual meeting of the Pratt Consolidated
Coal Co. at Birmingham. Ala., elected the follow­
ing officers: G. B. McCormack. president; Ers-
kine Ramsay, vice president; H. E. McCormack,
vice president and general manager; J. A. Shook.
secretary and treasurer. The directors elected,
with the officers, include Mrs. M. C. Prowell. J. G.
Patterson. E. E. Jackson, Joseph Birden, E. L.
Hampton.
What is supposed to be a new coal field has been
discovered by an extensive farmer and member of
the local council in the Lisnaskea district. County
Fermanagh. Ireland. The county council has re­
quested the Irish Department of Agriculture to
send an expert engineer to examine the quality of
the coal and the prospects of working it success­
fully.
"My goodness! I can't understand how she could
give up her child. They say it has really been
adopted by a family that lives in the country."
"Yes. You see she found a flat that just suited
her. and they wouldn't allow children in the build­
ing."—Chicago Record-Herald.
Three hundred miners of the Osage Coal &
Mining Co.. at McAlester, Okla., struck recently
because the manager of No. 5 mine refused
to allow the men to take clown into the mine drill
hits with a width of 2>j inches because the wide
bits and the consequent large charges of powder
endangered the entire underground workings.
The effort to have Congress revive the long
defunct Westmoreland strike was given a decided
knockout blow June 5, when the house committee
on rules notified the agitators to produce documen­
tary evidence to substantiate the allegations if the
agitators wanted the committee to do anything
further in the matter.
The Corona Normal and Industrial institute,
Corona, Ala., has included in its curriculum a
course in mining instruction for the negro, in
order to fit him to work properly in the mines of
the state. Actual work in mines for a certain
part of the year is necessary to get a diploma of
proficiency.
The United Mine Workers of the First district
(Lackawanna county. Pa.) will meet in annual con­
vention on July 17. The convention will con­
sider the recommendations to be made to the Tridistrict
convention, which will meet in November.
Following the settlement of the Tuscarawas field
strike the miners of that section of Ohio have
been notified by the operating cohipanies that the
mines will resume at once and all men will be
given employment.
For their work during May, 1911, the anthra­
cite miners of Pennsylvania will receive an in­
crease of 1 per cent, in their pay. the average
price of coal at tidewater during the month having
been $4.55.
John Moore has succeeded D. H. Sullivan as
president of the Ohio United Mine Workers and
John Zalinka has been chosen vice president in
place of Moore.
The new child labor law of Tennessee has been
declared unconstitutional.
The Northern Pacific railroad has started to instruct
firemen and other employes in the economical
use of coal. The road spends about $8,000,000
a year on coal and mechanical experts figure that
only about 7 per cent, is turned into energy under
the best conditions.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS
One of tne largest steamship mergers in the history
of Great Lakes navigation was successfully
carried out at Cleveland June !), when five companies
joined a combination which will be known
as the Great Lakes Steamship Co. The concerns
involved in the transaction are the United States
Transportation Co., the L. C. Smith Transit Co.,
the Wilkinson Transportation Co.. the Standard
Transportation Co. and the American Transit Co.
The new concern will have a paid-in capital of $6,-
OOO.O'OO and a bond issue of $1,500,000, bearing interest
at 6 per cent, and payable serially in
amounts of $150,000 annually during the next in
years. Abeut 21 freight vessels are involvel in
the deal.
The Interstate Commerce Commission June 13
announced that it hail ordered the suspension, until
July 15, of the new rates on coke from the Connellsville
and West Virginia coke districts to Chicago
points over all the roads running from those
districts. The new rates were to have gone into
effect this date. The independent coke operators
and the western furnace men filed complaint with
the commerce commission against the new rates
and the commission suspended them until it could
investigate their reasonableness. Tbe new schedule
increased from $2.35 to $2.50 a ton the rate
on coke for certain purposes and reduced the rate
from $2.65 to $2.50 on coke for other purposes.
Frazee & Leonard, of Connellsville, Pa., have
purchased from J. N. Daugherty 200 acres of coal
in Rich Hill township. Greene county, Pa., for $25,-
000.
The dealers of Elizabeth, N. .1.. have formed a
credit association in which some 25 local firms are
represented. The purpose is to reduce losses from
bad debts.
COAL OUTPUT IN FRANCE IN 1910.
The output of coal and of lignite in France shows
for the year 1910 a gain of 746.129 tons, or 2 per
cent, for the former, as compared with 1909. and
a diminished output of lignite, amounting to 15.742
tons, or 2 per cent, less than the output of 1909.
The figures b.v departments are as follows I in
metric tons of 2204 pounds):
COAL.
Departments. 1909. 1910.
Nord & Pas-de-Calais 24.931,656 25,608,343
Loire 3,734,111 3,734,790
Bourgogne & Nivemais 2,092,108 2,125,720
Card 2,054.695 2,086,461
Tarn & Aveyron 1,810,136 1,825,504
Bourbonnais 868,690 927,349
Auvergne o38,S64 538,002
West-Alps 364,356 343,479
Herault 232,167 275,870
Sud-Vosges 205,273 155,269
Creuse & Correze 151,462 142,692
A new coal-dust extractor, consisting of a comOuest
bination of pressure air jets worked by electricity
132,313 98,541
directed upon the surface to be cleaned in order 37,115,891 37,862,020
to raise the dust, and the simultaneous withdrawal
LIGNITE.
of the dust hy suction, has been given a successful Provence 652,876 641,689
demonstration by a Scottish electrical engineer, Sud-Vosges 31.435 30,939
following a series of experiments conducted during Comte 26,319 19,820
the past winter. The apparatus is designed to be
operated either by electric motor or by compressed
Sud-Ouest
Haut-Rhone
13,043
447
12,619
3,313
air. It is said it will soon be introduced in some
of the coal mines of the Dunfermline district.
Yonne 75 73
: stern Bituminous Coal Co., of Philadelphia,
which is in process of dissolution, last week
724,195 708,453
transferred 5,545 acres of coal land near Frugality, A girl had gone to a dinner in New York with
Pa., together with everything on the land, to her steady. The young man noticed a speck of
Richard Mayer, for the nominal sum of $1.00, there what appeared to be lint on her shoulder. When
being a mortgage of $325,000 against the property. she wasn't looking he attempted to knock it off
The Bessemer Coke Co.. Pittsburgh, on June 1
called for their redemption of its bonds, numbered
1 to 14 inclusive. The bonds are payable at the
Colonial Trust Co.. Pittsburgh.
with his finger. After several futile attempts he
took hold of the line and strted to pull it off. He
unraveled several score yards of the fleecy stuff
and when he seemed to have all of it threw the
wad under the table. That night the girl told
The coal mine inspection bill passed by the Colo­ her mother that she had had a perfectly lively
rado legislature was vetoed June 5 by Governor time. "But." she added. "I have just been lying
Shafroth. at the request of representatives of the here in bed. mother, and wondering what became
miners' union.
of my union suit."—Exchange.

TEXT OF NEW MINING LAW
An act to regulate the mining of coal in Alabama:
Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of
Alabama, that there shall be appointed by the
governor of Alabama an inspector of coal mines
lor each two and a half million tons of coal
mined in the state, or majority fraction thereof,
based on the report of the tonnage mined for the
previous years, compiled by the chief mine inspector,
one of whom shall be designated as chief
mine inspector and the others shall be designated
as associate mine inspectors, and one ot
them shall be a mining engineer. Immediately
upon the passage of this act, the chief mine inspector
and one associate mine inspector shall be
appointed and shall hold office for three years,
and as soon as possible four associate mine inspectors
shall be appointed, two of whom shall
hold office for two years and two of whom shall
hold office for one year, and upon the expiration
of their respective terms of office, new appointments
may be made for terms of three years from
the date of each appointment and until his respective
successor is appointed and qualified. The
object being, hereafter to appoint as near as practicable
one-third of the inspectors each year.
Sec. 2. The salary of the chief mine inspector
shall be three thousand ($3,000.00) dollars per
annum, and the salary of each of the associate
mine inspectors shall be two thousand ($2,000.00)
dollars per annum.
Sec. 2Y- That the governor of this state may
require the chief mine inspector to execute bond
payable to the state of Alabama in such sum as
the governor may determine with condition that
he will faithfully discharge the duties of his
office and will account for, properly distribute
and pay over all funds coming into his hands as
license fees collected from applicants for certificates
from the board of examiners or otherwise.
It shall be the duty of said
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA*
found in such mines; he must have a first class
mine foreman certificate and must be not less than
30 years of age. The associate mine inspectors
shall be qualified electors and each shall possess
a first class Alabama mine foreman certificate and
shall have had at least five years practical experience
in coal mining and shall be not less than
25 years of age. The associate mine inspectors
shall reside at. such points convenient to their respective
districts as the chief mine inspector may
designate, and the chief mine inspector shall designate
tlie districts. No one shall be appointed
mine inspector who, or tbe wife of whom, owns
and operates in whole or in part, mining property.
Sec. 4. It shall be unlawful for the chief mine
inspector or any associate mine inspector to be
otherwise employed by the state of Alabama.
Sec. 5. The mine inspectors shall give their
whole time and attention to the duties of their
offices'. It shall be the duty of the mine inspectors
to examine all the coal mines and all the
working places therein as far as possible, in this
state, at least every three months to see that all
the requirements of this act are strictly observed
and carried out; inspectors shall particularly examine
the works and machinery belonging to any
coal mine, examine into the state of the coal
mines as to ventilation, circulation and condition
of air, drainage and general security; they shall
make a record of all
EXAMINATIONS OF COAL MINES,
showing the date when made, the condition in
which the coal mines are found, the extent to
which the laws relating to coal mines and mining
are observed or violated, the progress made in
the improvements and security of life and health
sought to be secured by the provisions of this act,
number of accidents, injuries received, or deaths
in or about the coal mines, the number of persons
employed in or by each coal mine, together with
all such other facts and information of public in­
CHIEF MINE INSPECTOR
terest concerning the condition of coal mines, de­
to report annually to the governor the amount
velopment and progress of coal mining in this
of money received by him from such applicants
state, as they may think useful and proper, and
or otherwise and show the disbursement thereof.
so much thereof as may be of public interest to
and at the expiration of his term of office, pay
be included in their reports. A comprehensive
over any moneys in his hands as such to his suc­
report of each inspection of each coal mine shall
cessor in office.
be promptly made to the superintendent or opera­
Sec. 3. The chief mine inspector shall be a
tor. This report shall be on a form provided for
qualified elector and shall be a competent person,
that purpose and compiled by the chief mine in­
having had at least eight years experience in the
spector, and the board of examiners. This re­
working, ventilating and drainage of coal mines
port form may be changed by the chief mine in­
in the state, and having a practical and sceintifir
spector and board of examiners from time to time,
knowledge of all noxious and dangerous gases
as may seem desirable to them.
Sec. 5%- It shall be the duty of said board to
•Furnished The Coal Trade Bulletin by C. H. Nesbit, Chief have one of its members to promptly investigate
Mine Inspector of Alabama.

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
all accidents in coal mines resulting in serious
injury or death of any person employed or work­
ing in or about the same.
Sec. 6. That each member of said board is
hereby authorized and empowered lo issue sub­
poenas requiring the attendance of witnesses before
said board or before such member thereof,
lo testily under oath in any proceeding before such
board or such member, and require witnesses to
answer all proper questions propounded to them
by said board or such member. That it is hereby
made the duty of the sheriff or constable in the
county in which such witness may reside or be
found, to execute subpoenas issued as above pro­
vided, and that they shall each receive for their
services' in executing such subpoenas the same
lees as are allowed them respectively for executing
subpoenas in other cases. Any witnesses
summoned as above mentioned shall he entitled
to the same mileage and per diem as is now al­
lowed by law to such
WITNESSES ATTENDING TRIALS
in the circuit courts. If any witness subpoenaed
as above mentioned shall fail to attend without
good excuse, in accordance with the subpcena
served on him, cr shall fail to attend without
good excuse, in accordance with the subpcena
served on him, or shall fail to testify when attending,
it is hereby made the duty of said board
or the member before whom said proceedings is
being had. to certify to the failure of any witness
to attend and testify, to a judge of any court of
record in the county where such proceeding is
being held. It is hereby made the duty of the
judge to whom such certificate is made to cause
such witness to appear before him at a time fixed
by said judge, to show cause why he should not
be punished for contempt, and to fine or imprison
such witness as such judge may deem proper in
case he is found guilty of contempt in llie premises.
That the expense of executing subpoenas
and ihe attendance of witnesses, as well as said
contempt proceedings, shall be paid out of any
funds in the treasury of the state on certificate
of Ihe chief mine inspector, approved by the gov­
ernor of the state.
Sec. 7. The chief mine inspector, shall, prior
to the assembling of the legislature, make a written
report to the governor stating the condition
of the coal mining interests in this state with
such suggestions, statistics and information as
may be of interest to the coal mining industry,
and the report shall be printed on the order of
the governor and paid for out of tbe funds of the
treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Sec. 8. The chief mine inspector shall be fur­
nished by the state all necessary instruments for
measurement of air in coal mines, and whatever
apparatus the said inspector may recommend.
Sec. 9. The chief mine inspector shall procure
for the state at the state's expense a full and complete
set of standards and other equipment, such
as, in his opinion, are necessary in the testing of
scales, beams and
OTI-IPR NECESSARV APPARATUS
to he used for a just weighing of coal and other material
at the coal mines according to the state
standard of weights; and it shall be the duty of
said inspector to examine, test and cause to be
adjusted as often as occasion demands, all scales
and other apparatus used in weighing coal at
coal mines.
Sec. 10. The chief mine inspector, with the concurrence
of two of the associate mine inspectors,
shall have power and authority to immediately
stop the operation of any coal mine or any part
thereof in which there is sufficient gas or dust,
in the opinion of the said chief mine inspector
and said associate inspectors, to cause an explosion
and endanger the lives of the persons work­
ing therein, but work shall not be stopped in any
mine except where there is immediate danger of
an explosion until the operator or person in charge
of said mine shall have had reasonable time in
which to remove the danger of such explosion.
Any operator, whose mine or any part thereof,
has been stopped under this section, may apply
to the chancery court of the county, where the
mine is located for an injunction, and upon ten
clays notice served on the chief mine inspector,
said application for injunction shall be heard by
the said chancery court, if in session, or by the
chancellor thereof, if the court be in vacation,
upon testimony received in such manner as the
chancellor may direct, provided that each party
shall be entitled to have all witnesses produced
by him at the hearing examined orally before the
chancellor, and the testimony of each witness so
examined shall lie reduced to writing and signed
by the witness and shall become a part of the
record of the cause. If. upon such hearing, the
proof shows that such mine or part thereof was
or is wrongfully closed, then the chancellor, or
chancery court trying the same, shall award a
writ of injunction in favor of said operator, restraining
said chief mine
INSPECTOR AND ASSOCIATES
from stopping the operation of said mine or part
thereof, and revoking the order of said chief mine
inspector and associates. The chief mine inspector,
or other representative of the state, with
the consent of the governor may employ such experts
as he deems necessary to examine the mine
in question and the compensation of such experts
shall be fixed by the governor and be paid out
of the state treasury upon the order of the governor.
An appeal by the unsuccessful party shall
lie to the siipreme court of the state from any
decree of the chancellor or chancery court trying
the cause. In all such causes the chief mine in-

spector and associates shall be entitled to the ser­
vices of the solicitor prosecuting for the state in
the county where the cause is triable, and the
governor may provide special counsel of his se­
lection to represent the chief mine inspector and
associates and fix the compensation of such coun­
sel, which shall upon the written direction of the
governor be paid out of the moneys appropriated
by section fifteen of this act in the manner therein
provided.
Sec. 11. Immediate notice must be conveyed
to the chief mine inspector and the inspector of
the proper district by the operator interested.
Fiist, whenever an accident occurs whereby any
person receives serious or fatal injury. Second,
whenever it is intended to abandon any coal mine
or reopen any abandoned coal mines. Third,
upon the appearance of any dangerous accumula­
tion of fire damp in any coal mine, whether ac­
companied by explosion or not, and upon the oc­
currence of any fire within the coal mine or on
the surface. Fourth, when the workings of any
coal mine are approaching dangerously near any
abandoned coal mine, containing accumulations of
water or of gas. Fifth, upon the accidental clos­
ing or intended abandonment of any passage way
to an escapement outlet. But none of the
infoimation contained in
ANY REPORT ot' ACCIDENT
shall be divulged by any one of the inspectors, or
their employes, to any person except in a legal
proceeding or except it be to a member of the
family of the party injured or killed, or to a legal
representative of said party or family, and the
chief mine inspector shall require such legal rep­
resentative to file his authority therefor.
Sec. 11%. It shall lie the duty of said board,
whenever notified of any fatal accident or accident
causing serious personal injury, to any person em­
ployed in any coal mine in this state or any gas
or dust explosions therein, to require a. member
of said board to immediately repair to the scene
of the accident or explosion and investigate the
cause of such accident or explosion and make such
orders as are necessary or proper to secure the
safety of the persons working therein. Said
board shall keep on file at its office a list of all
accidents resulting in death or serious bodily injury
to any person working in or about such
mines. Such list subject to examination as pro­
vided in section 11.
Sec. 12. Whenever the chief mine inspector
shall require it, the owner, operator, or lessee of
any coal mine shall send to the chief mine inspector
on blanks furnished by him for that purpose,
a report showing the amount of ventilation
at the inlet and outlet: the amount of ventilation
at or near the last cross cut in each split, the
number of splits and the number of men and ani­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
mals on each split. The report shall also include
a record of tlle pressure gauge readings.
Sec. 13. On or before the twenty-fifth day of
January in each year, the operator or superin­
tendent of every coal mine shall send lo the chief
mine inspector a correct report, specifying with
respect to the year ending with the thirl y-first of
December preceding the
NAMES OI THE OPERATOR
and location of offices of coal mines, and the quan­
tity of coal and kind of coal mined. The report
shall be in such form and give such information
regarding such mine as may be from time to
time required, and prescribed by the chief mine
inspector. Blank tonus for such report shall he
furnished by the chief mine inspector.
Sec. 14. Tiie governor ma\ remove any chief
mine inspector or associate inspector at any time
with or without cause, the governor shall also
have the power to fill vacancies occasioned from
any cause.
Sec. 15. The sum of twenty-five thousand ($25.-
000.00) dollars is appropriated out of tiny money
in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated
for each of the years 1911, 1912, 1913 and 1914.
to pay the salaries of the inspectors and a chief
clerk to be appointed by the chief mine inspector
and who shall receive a salary of not exceeding
fifteen hundred ($1,500.00) dollars per annum;
the necessary traveling and other expenses incurred
by the members of the board of mine in­
spectors while traveling in the discharge of their
official duties, and for extraordinary expenses at
mine disasters; and for the payment of not to
exceed seventy-five ($75.00) dollars per month
for office rent of said board; for the expense of
chief or associate mine inspector in attending
mine inspectors' conventions, and for the rent or
hire of a telephone at tlie residence of each mem­
ber of said board and telephone at the office of
said board; for postage stamps, stationery, and for
the payment of long distance telephone and tele­
graph messages sent by the members of said board
when necessary in the discharge of their official
duties; also for the purchase of'all necessary ap­
paratus usually required in an office of that char­
acter; said expenses will be paid monthly on ap­
proval by the governor of monthly itemized statements
presented to him by the chief mine in­
spector; and the state auditor is authorized and
directed to draw his warrant on the state treasurer
in favor of the chief mine inspector for the
monthly expenses incurred as aforesaid, when so
directed by the governor.
Sec. 17. When any agent or operator of any
mine shall refuse or fail to
COMPLY Willi ANY ORDER
or direction of the chief mine inspector after the
expiration of a reasonable time the chief mine
inspector may, if he deem it advisable, refer the

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
matter to the judge of probate in the county in
which the mine is located. Upon such reference
the judge of probate shall set a day for the hearing
of the same and issue citation to the owner
or operator of the mine to appear and contest tbe
same if be sees proper; said citation to be served
by the sheriff of the county at least ten days be­
fore the day of trial. Upon the application of
either party, the judge of probate must issue sub­
poena for witnesses, to be served by the sheriff
as in other cases. After hearing the case the
probate judge must render such decision as he
may deem just and equitable, from which decision
either party may appeal to the circuit court within
sixty days, when it shall be tried de novo. From
the decision of the circuit court either party may
appeal to the supreme court of Alabama. If no
appeal is taken, the decision shall be final and
binding on said operator or mine owner, and any
mine owner or operator who refuses to carry out
the final order or determination of the case, after
a reasonable time, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,
and must, on conviction be fined not
more than one thousand dollars.
Sec. 18. The chief mine inspector, who shall
be ex-officio chairman of the board, with a vote
only in case of a tie vote, or in case of the absence
of one member of the board, together with
two practical miners and two operators of coal
mines, and one mining engineer (a majority of
whom shall act) and all members of which board
shall hold first class certificates, shall constitute
a hoard of examiners to examine and give certifi­
cates of fitness to persons to act as mine foremen,
or fire bosses, in any coal mine in this
state; a fee of five dollars shall lie paid to the
chief mine inspector by each person examined for
mine foreman certificate and three dollars for fire
lioss certificate, to be
USED AS AX EXAMINERS FUND,
before examination is begun. Out of the examiners
fund there snail be paid to each member
of the board, except the chief mine inspector, who
shall serve without extra pay, four dollars per
day. Said hoard shall meet every six months
at the office of the chief mine inspector, and remain
in session not longer than six days and
special meetings may be called hy the chief mine
inspector and must be called at the request of
three members of the board. The members of
this board shall be appointed by the governor
and shall hold office for three years and until their
successors are appointed and qualified and as
near as iiossible two members shall be appointed
one year and three the succeeding year. The
present hoard shall remain in office until their
terms expire and the governor shall appoint the
additional members upon the passage of this act,
and other members in accordance with this sec­
tion as the terms of office of the present board
respectively expire. The chief mine inspector
shall preserve in his office a record of the meetings
and transactions of the board and of all cer­
tificates issued.
Sec. 19. The examinations herein provided for
shall be conducted under such rules, conditions
and regulations as the members of the board shall
deem most efficient for carrying into effect the
spirit and intent, of this act. Such rules, when
formulated, shall be made a part of the perma­
nent record of the board, and such of them as
relate to candidates shall be published for their
information and governance prior to each exam­
ination; they shall also be of uniform application
to all candidates.
Sec. 20. In case of the loss or destruction ot
a certificate the chief mine inspector may supply
a copy thereof to the person losing same upon the
payment of $1.00, provided, it shall be shown to
the satisfaction of the chief mine inspector that
the loss has actually occurred, and the loser was
the holder of such certificate.
Sec. 21. If any person, or persons shall forge
or counterfeit a certificate or knowingly make or
cause to be made any false statement in any certificate
under this act or in any official copy of
the same, or shall urge or influence others to do
so. or shall utter or use any
SUCH FALSE CERTIFICATE
or unofficial copy thereof, or shall make, give,
utter, produce, or make use of any false declaiation,
representation or statement in any such
certificate or copy thereof, or any document containing
same, or make any false statement or mislepresentation
in application before examining
board for any certificate be or they, shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor and his certificate cancelled
or annulled by the examining board.
Sec. 22. Applicants for nrst and second-class
mine foreman's certificates shall be at least
twenty-three years of age, and shall have at leasl
five years practical experience, three years of
wdiich shall have been spent within coal mines
after having attained the age of fifteen years as
mine worker, superintendent, at or inside of any
coal mine, and shall be citizens of the United
States, and shall present an affidavit as to the
above and a certificate of good moral character
and of known temperate habits, signed by ten
reputable citizens where he resides. The said
hoard shall be entitled to grant certificates of com­
petency of two grades, namely, certificate of the
first class to persons who have had experience
in coal mines generating gases or accumulating
dust, one or both, and who shall have the necessary
qualifications to fulfill the duties of mine
foreman in such mines; and certificates of second
class to persons who give satisfactory evidence

of their ability to act as mine foreman in coal
mines not generating explosive gases. Any person
holding a first-class certificate of any other
state may act as mine foreman in this state until
tne first meeting of the examining board.
Sec. 23. Applicants for fire boss certificates
shall be at least twenty-one (21) years of age. and
shall have had at least three years practical experience
within coal mines after having attained the
age of fifteen years and shall be a citizen of the
United States and shall present an affidavit as to
tne above and a certificate of
I1O01) MORAL CHARACTER
and of known temperate habits signed by ten reputable
citizens where he resides. Said board shall
be entitled to grant certificates of competency to
persons who have had experience in coal mines
generating gases and who shall have the necessary
qualifications to fulfill the duties of fire boss in
such mines.
Sec. 24. Any one holding a first-class mine foreman's
certificate may serve as fire boss. Whenever
any exigency arises by which it is impossible
for any operator, owner or lessee to secure the immediate
service of a certificated mine foreman or
fire boss he may employ any trustworthy man.
subject to the approval of the state inspector of
the district, to act as temporary mine foreman or
fire boss for a period of not to exceed sixty days.
Sec. 25. Certificates of service may be issued
by the examining board to persons acting as fire
bosses at the time of the passage of this act and
such certificates shall entitle them to act, until the
next examination for fire bosses.
Sec. 26. The certificate of any mine foreman or
fire boss may be canceled and revoked by the board
of examiners, whenever it shall be established to
the satisfaction of said board that the holder
thereof has become unworthy of official endorsement
by reason of violation of the law, intemperate
habits, manifest incapacity, abuse of authority,
or for other causes satisfactory to said board; provided,
that any person against whom charges or
complaints are made shall have an opportunity to
be heard in his own behalf. And he shall have
at least thirty days notice in writing of such
charges, by the chief mine inspector, and if the
holder of a certificate is convicted on the hearing
of such charge or complaint, of violating any part
of this law his certificate shall be revoked by the
board. Provided, that the chief mine inspector
after a thorough investigation, may suspend such
holder pending a meeting of the board of examiners
and its final action.
Sec. 27. No person shall act as foreman in any
coal mine in this state generating
EXPLOSIVE OASES
or dust in quantities sufficient to explode or extend
an explosion unless he is in possession of a first
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
class certificate of competency, and no person shall
act as foreman in any coal mine in this state which
is non-gaseous unless he is in possession of a firstclass
or second-class certificate of competency.
Sec. 28. The duties of the mine foreman may be
performed by the assistant mine foreman during
the temporary absence of the mine foreman for a
period not exceeding one week.
Sec. 29. The mine foreman shall have charge of
carrying out or directing the carrying out of his
duties as prescribed in this act; and any person
who shall direct or cause a mine foreman to disregard
the provisions of this act. shall be amenable
in the same manner as the mine foreman.
Sec. 30. Whenever any entry, slope or heading
or other working place in any coal mine contains
dust which will ignite, explode or extend an explosion,
it shall be the duty of the person or corporation
operating said mine to have it sprayed or
sprinkled.
Sec. 31. Except as otherwise provided in this
act no person shall act as fire boss in any coal mine
in this state generating explosive gases unless be
is in possession of a certificate of competency.
Sec. 32. When gas exists in any coal mine in
quantities sufficient to ignite or explode the owner.
operator, lessee or agent of such mine shall employ
a competent fire boss whose duties shall be to examine
every working place in the mine before the
men are permitted to enter for work. Said fire
boss shall be at some convenient place for at least
an hour each morning to inform every man as to
the state and condition of his working place so far
as gas in dangerous quantities is concerned before
entering. Said work shall be carefully examined
every morning with a safety lamp by the fire boss
before the workmen are allowed to enter therein.
It shall also be the duty of the fire boss after each
examination to leave at a point at least twenty-five
(25) feet distant from the face of every slope, drift,
entry, or air course and at the neck of every room
examined by him a conspicuous sign or mark indicating
the presence of
CAS IX DANGEROUS QUANTITIES
discovered by him. together with a memorandum
of the date of his examination. It shall he a misdemeanor
on the part of any fire boss to fail to
perform any duty imposed on him by the provisions
of this section, and it shall be a misdemeanor
for any person to enter in or dangerously near to
any place in the mine in which he has been notified
in person that gas exists in dangerous quantities
or dangerously near to any place where any
such sign or mark has been placed.
Sec. 34. Machine runners and helpers shall use
care while operating machines; they shall not
operate a machine unless the shields are in place,
and no persons not engaged in the operating of a
machine shall go near the machine while it is in

32
operation. They shall not move the machine except
while cutting, while the cutting chain is in
motion. If they remove props which have been
placed by the miner or loader for the security of
Ihe roof, they shall reset such props.
Sec. 35. All employes shall promptly inform the
mine foreman or his assistant of the unsafe con­
dition of any working place, hauling roads or traveling
ways, or of damage to doors, brattices, or
stoppings, or of obstructions in the air passages
when known to them. Every workman employed
in coal mines shall examine his working place he-
fore commencing work, and after any stoppage of
work during the shift, he shall repeat the examina­
tion.
Sec. 36. It shall be unlawful for any miner,
workman, or other person knowingly to injure any
shaft, safety lamp, appliances, air course or brat­
tices or to obstruct or throw open any air way or
carry any open lamp or lighted pipe or fire in any
form into any place worked by the light of safetv
lamps, oi' within five feet of any open powder, or
to handle or disturb any part of the hoisting machinery,
or open door regulating an air current and
not close the same, or to enter any part of a coal
mine against caution, or to do any willful act
whereby the lives or health of persons working in
coal mines or the security of the mine or the machinery
thereof is endangered.
Sec. 37. There shall be adopted by the operator
of every mine in this state special rules for the
government and operation of his
MINE oil MINES,
covering all the work pertaining thereto in and
outside of the same, whicli. however, shall not be
in conflict with tbe provisions of the mining laws
of this state; such rules when established shall be
printed on card board in the English language, and
shall be posted up in tbe drum house, tipple or
some other conspicuous place about the mines
where the same may he seen and observed hy all
the employes at such mines, and when a copy has
been given an employe it shall operate as a notice
to him and shall be conclusive of his acceptance of
the contents thereof: and it shall be the duty of
each mine operator to furnish a printed coin- of
said rules to each of his employes.
Sec. 38. It shall he the dutv of persons operating
coal mines in this state fo keep at a convenient
place at or near the main entrance of the mine,
or in the mines, a sufficient supply of props and
other timbers useful for propping therein, of suit­
able lengths and sizes, for those working in such
mines. It shall be the dutv ol' those working in
said mines who need props or other timbers to
select and mark the same when needed for prop­
ping by them, designating on such props or timbers
the place at which the same are to be deliv­
ered or give notice to the person wdiose duty it is
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
to deliver or have the same delivered, of the number
and kind of props or other timbers needed and
of the place at which they are to be delivered. It
shall then be the duty of the operator to promptly
deliver or cause to be delivered such props or
other timbers at the place designated.
Sec. 39. In all coal mines employing twenty or
moi e men inside at any one time it shall be the
duty of the owner, operator, or lessee to have and
maintain at least two available openings to the
surface from each seam, or stratum of the coal
worked in such mines, said openings which in case
of slope mines, shall be separated by natural strata
of not less than twenty-five feet, and in all mines
with two hundred tons or over daily capacity all
stoppings between slopes and nianway shall be
made of fire proof material. The said openings
in case of shaft mines shall be separated by not
less than one hundred feet of natural strata. Both
of these openings, in all cases, shall be kept in
good condition and shall be at all times reasonably
safe and convenient for entering and leaving the
mines: reasonable time, however, shall be given to
said owner, operator or lessee to prepare the sec­
ond opening, in no case exceeding six months from
the passage of this act. unless in the opinion of
the chief mine inspector, a
LONGER TIME IS REQUIRED,
in which case he shall allow the additional time
necessary. The said second opening may be made
through another adjoining mine. At all points
where the passage way to the escapement shaft.
or other place of exit, is intercepted by other road
ways or entries, conspicuous sign boards shall he
placed indicating the direction it is necessary to
take in order to reach such place of exit.
Sec. 4u. The operator or superintendent of every
coal mine, whether a shaft, slope or drift, shall
provide and hereafter maintain ample means of
ventilation for the circulation of air through the
main entries and all other working places to an
extent that will dilute, carry off and render harmless
the noxious and explosive gases generated in
the mine, the same to be not less than one hundred
cubic feet per minute per man. and five hundred
cubic feet per mule or horse, and shall be propel
ly conducted to all working places.
Sec. 41. No accumulation of explosive gas shall
be allowed to exist in the worked out or abandoned
parts of any coal mine in operation, and the entrance
or entrances to said worked out and aban­
doned places shall be properly fenced off, and cautionary
notices shall be posted upon said fencing
to warn persons of danger.
Sec. 42. It shall be the duty of the chief mine
inspector to require that proper breaks through be
made in all room pillars at such distance apart as,
in the judgment of the mine inspector, may be

deemed requisite, but said breaks through shall
not be more than seventy feet apart.
Sec. 43. At all principal doorways through
which cars are hauled, an attendant shall be employed
for the purpose of opening and closing said
doors when trips or cars are passing to and from
the workings. Sufficient space shall be provided
at such doorways to protect the attendants from
being injured by the cars while attending to their
duties; provided, that in any or
ALL COAX MINES,
where doors are constructed in such a manner as
to open and close automatically attendants and
places for shelter shall be required.
Sec. 44. The doors used in a system for ventilating
or regulating the ventilation of coal mines
shall be so hung and adjusted that they will close
themselves, or by supplying them with springs or
pulleys so that they cannot be left standing open.
When ordered by the chief mine inspector a second
or emergency door shall he provided at all points
where doors are used, said doors to be used in case
of damage to the other door. After the passage of
this act no ventilating fan shall be placed nearer
than thirty feet to an air shaft or air course and
shall he placed to one side of the line of such opening
so as to remove the fan from the blast of an
explosion, and the air duct connecting the fan with
such opening, shall be provided with self closing
explosion doors.
Sec. 45. It shall he unlawful to use a furnace
for ventilating any coal mine where explosive gas
is geneiated in quantities considered dangerous
by the chief mine inspector and associate mine inspector
of the district in which such mine is located
or where there is a known probability of
cutting into explosive gas producing territory.
This section does not apply to boiler plants in
mines installed prior to the passage of this act.
unless considered dangerous by the chief mine inspector
and associate mine inspector of Ihe district
in which such mine is located.
Sec. 46. No steam pipes through whicli high
pressure steam is conveyed, for the purpose of
driving pumps or other machinery, shall be permitted
on traveling or haulage ways, unless they
are encased in asbestos, or some other suitable
non-conducting material, or are so placed that the
radiation of heat into the atmosphere of the coal
mine will be prevented as far as practicable, provided
that after the passage of this act that steam
pipes shall be placed in the return airway and may
he without casing.
Sec. 47. If at any time the chief mine inspector
or his associates are notified or discovered that the
ventilation in any coal mine within the state is
insufficient, the said chief mine inspector or one
of his associates, shall proceed within five days
to investigate said complaint or complaints by per­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
sonal inspection of any mine or mines in which
the quality or quantity of air is complained of. and
if on investigation he finds that the
All! IX ANY MINE
is insufficient, he shall direct the operator or operators
of said mines to adopt such measures for the
proper ventilation of said mine as he deems necessary.
Sec. 4S. No person shall place refuse in or
obstruct any airway or break through used as an
airway.
Sec. 49. It shall he unlawful for any miner or
other person to make or build any fire in any coal
mine without the written permission of the superintendent
thereof.
Sec. 50. No safety lamp shall be entrusted to
any person for use in coal mines until he has
given satisfactory evidence to the mine foreman
that he understands the proper use thereof and
danger of tampering with the same.
Sec. 51. All safety lamps used for examining
coal mines or for working therein, shall he the
property of the operators, and shall he in Ihe care
of the mine foreman, his assistant or fire boss or
other competent persons, who shall fill. trim, and
examine and deliver the same locked in a safe con
dition to the men when entering the coal mine.
before each shift. A sufficient quantity of extra
safety lamps, hut not less than twenty-five per
cent, of those in use shall be kept at each coal mine
where methane has at any time been generated in
sufficient quantities to be detected by the ordinary
safety lamps for use in case of emergency. It
shall be the duty of every person who knows his
safety lamp to be injured or defective to promptly
report such fact to the party authorized herein lo
receive and care for said lamps, and it shall he the
duty of that person to promptly repair or report
such fact to the mine foreman.
Sec. 52. Approved safety catches shall be attached
to cage used for the purpose of lowering
and hoisting persons into and out of coal mines.
and must be provided with suitable sheet iron
covers, at least one-fourth inch thick and hinged
to open upward, to protect
PERSONS RIDING THEREON
from falling objects, and also witli iron bars or
rings in proper place, and sufficient number to furnish
a secure handhold for every person permitted
to ride thereon. An adequate brake shall be at
tached to every drum or machine for lowering and
hoisting persons into and out of the mine and also
indicators which shall show to the person who
works the machine the position of the cage or load
in the shaft or on the road way. And. all shafts
used for hoisting men, shall be equipped wilh
metal tubes or pipes, suitably adopted for the free
passage of sound, through which conversation may
be held between persons at the top and landings

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
of said shaft, all safety catches provided for herein
shall be carefully inspected and properly oiled at
least once a week and shall be at all times kept in
good working condition.
Sec. 53. The main coupling cage chain in shaft
mines attached to the socket of the wire rope may
be tested by weights or otherwise to the satisfac­
tion of the mine inspector of the district wherein
the coal mine is located, and bridle chains shall
be attached to the main hoisting rope above the
socket, from the top cross piece of the carriage or
cage, so that no single chain shall be used for
lowering or hoisting persons into or out of the
mines. At all shafts used for the purpose of
hoisting and lowering men. the cages shall be provided
with automatic self detaching hooks or the
engines handling same shall he equipped with an
automatic stopping device to prevent overwinding.
Sec. 54. The owner, operator or lessee of anv
coal mine shall place in charge of any engines used
for conveying into and hoisting out of said coal
mine, none but a competent engineer. No other
persons unless authorized by the owner, operator
or lessee shall enter the engine room, and it shall
be unlawful for any person to interfere with or
intimidate the engineer in the discharge of his
duty. No person shall speak to the engineer while
the engine is in motion, unless it be in giving
signals to him. and notices to this effect shall he
posted on the door of the engine house.
(TO BE CONCLUDED IN TIIE ISSUE OF JULY 1)
STATISTICS OF COAL PRODUCED
IN COLORADO IN 1910.
The recently issued report of James Dalrymple,
state inspector of coal mines for Colorado, for the
years 1910 and 1909 contains the following interesting
statistics:
1910. 1909.
Number of mines in
operation 155 167
Number of new mines
opened up
Tons of lignite coal pro­
12 15
duced 1.651.955 2,173,877
Tons of semi-bituminous
coal produced 1,014,588 855,762
Tons of bituminous coal
produced 9,284,758 7,613.332
Tons of anthracite coal
produced 80,586 59,519
Tons of unclassified coal
produced, estimated.. 70.000 70,1100
Total number of tons of
coal produced 12.104,887 10,772.490.
Increase in number of
tons as compared with
1909 1.332,397
Tons of coal mined by
hand 10.563,651 9,033,057
Tons of coal mined by
machinery 1,541,236 1,739,433
Total numher of mining
machines used 222 208
Total number of tons of
coke produced 1,190.901 1,076,593
Total number of coke
ovens 3,164 3,240
Number of employes in
and about the mines. 14,768 13,156
Number of employes at
the coke ovens 1,090 1,089
Number of non fatal ac­
cidents 146 116
Number of fatal acci­
dents in the mines. . . . 319 89
Tons of coal mined for
each life lost 37,946.30 121.039.10
Tons of coal mined for
each non-fatal accident S2.910.40 92,886.30
Number of employes for
each life lost 46.20 147.80
Number of killed per
thousand employed .. . 21.60 6.76
Number of employes for
each non-fatal accident 101.20 113.40
1910. 1909. 1910. 1909.
Total nunrber of accidents. 96 79
Total number of men killed 319 S9
Total number men injured 146 116
Serious injuries 115 79
Minor injuries 31 37
Total number of wives made
widows 163 50
Number of children left
fatherless 303 7]
Causes. —Killed.^ —Injured.^,
Gas explosions' 10 9 13
Dust explosions (including
mixtures of dust and gas) 210 3
Falls of roof, coal, rock.
and draw slate 73 63 79 70
Powder explosions 2 2
Crushed by trip cars 18 7 28 25
Shaft accidents 1 2 2
Miscellaneous 3 2 26 6
Electrocuted 1
Suffocated 14 i
Total 319 89 146 116
The Morehead Coal Co.. C. C. Richard, president,
at a meeting held in Wheeling, W. Va., recently
adopted a resolution reducing its authorized capital
from $500,000 to $100,000, and has filed a cer­
tificate to that effect with the secretary of state.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
THE FUEL PROBLEM IN RAILWAY OPERATIONS"
The railway fuel problem is one of great magnitude
and importance, as our locomotives burn
about one-fourth of the production of this country
and one-tenth of the production of the world.
As much is burned in the 70,000 locomotives of
the United States and Canada as in the 120,000
of all the rest of the world.
Of the gross earnings of America's railways
(nearly three billion dollars per year) some 8
or 9 per cent, is consumed in fuel, equivalent to
a tax of 3 cents a day, or 2 per cent, of his wages,
for every able-bodied man on the continent.
Economy or waste in locomotive fuel eventually
touches everybody and particularly railroad
owners, the stockholders, every dollar saved in
fuel being equivalent to over seven dollars' increase
in gross earnings in producing a net
available for dividends. Let me put this matter
in concrete form. At least 20 per cent, can be
saved net as a hold in the railway fuel expense
in this country. This amount saved would mean
the distribution of $40,000,000 yearly in dividends,
or an additional one-half per cent, and indirect
or direct contribution of over $2 to the income
of every family in the Union.
It has been stated that at least 20 per cent.
can be saved in the cost of railway fuel. My
personal conviction after some illuminating experiences
in the practical application of methods
to bring about reduction in cost, is that the complete
and effective fuel supervision on almost any
individual railroad will, in less than five years,
result in a reduction of between thirty and forty
per cent.
In other words, a properly directed fuel organization
on a road spending $5,000,000 a year
for fuel, can from the beginning show immediate
and gradually increasing reduction in the fuel
expense, resulting, in the course of a few years,
in over one million, probably two million dollars,
net per year.
Let us, then, trace the coal from the mine to
the smoke stack, and see where, at each step
in its movement, we can economize. Prof. Steele
has well pointed out that we may find it of ad
vantage to pay a rather higher price for a grade
of coal with less slack, than we do now for mine
run, thus indicating an apparent increase in cost
at this initial stage of our survey, rather than a
reduction. From a practical railroad view, I most
heartily agree with Prof. Steele, and without wishing
unduly to emphasize the point, I would go
a good deal further and say that even though
By R. Emerson. Engineer of Track Economics. A. T. & S. F. Ry.
*Paper read before the International Railway Fuel Association,
at Chattanooga. Tenn.
a railroad bought and paid for mine run coal it
would in many cases pay to sift out almost all
of the slack before loading the coal on the
tender, throwing it away if other profitable disposition,
such as briquetting, could not be found
for it. rather than permitting it to be shoveled
into the tire box only to clog up the flues, front
end, choke draft, reduce evaporative efficiency,
and otherwise seriously impair the hauling and
running power of the locomotive. Fuel is but
one item in the expense of moving a train and
it seems folly to decrease by some five to twenty
per cent, the earning power of a train merely
for the privilege of making the fireman, already
working near his capacity on the larger locomotives,
heave through the fire-door a lot of dust
of doubtful, if not altogether useless and deleterious,
fuel value.
My own opinion in this matter, which is not
shared by most of those with whom 1 have discussed
it, is that a special lot of extra large
capacity steel car equipment should be exclusively
reserved for handling the principal parts of
the coal supply. Such a policy, it can be demonstrated
on paper, will effect large reductions in
the cost of moving and handling the coal. I regret
that I have not yet had an opportunity of
proving the economy in practice.
Practically all coal should, of course, be inspected
at the mine, preferably sampled at the
mine face, and the loading and weighing of the
cars supervised. An efficient mine inspection will
often eliminate most of the need for check weighing,
when received on company's line, thus saving
about half a cent a ton. Yet check weighing
is cheaper than continually paying for invoicing
two to ten per cent, short.
"The necessity of avoiding undue crumbling
of the coal through handling at the fuel station
has been touched on and deserves very important
consideration on the part of the engineer installing
the station. An unnecessary breakage of
some 5 to S per cent, is not infrequent, and this
means an average loss in fuel value of perhaps
10 cents per ton, besides the bad effect on the
boiler efficiency of the locomotive.
Having so far considered the transfer of the
coal from tbe pit mouth to the locomotive tender,
let us now turn our attention to the engine that
is to utilize the fuel. Prof. Goss has demonstrated
that an average locomotive working under
heavy load will absorb into the boiler less than
half the heat in the coal. This condition does
not betoken high mechanical efficiency. Much

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
can be done by the mechanical department or­
ganization in providing a most modern design of
locomotive and parts, as well as in giving close
attention to upkeep. For instance, coal gates and
aprons on tenders, locomotive grates and ash
pans, front ends, etc., all must be kept in fine
condition if waste is to be avoided at every turn.
The baleful effect of boiler scale has been men­
tioned.
Important as are these details of current maintenance
of engine condition, the broad questions
of design to secure highest thermal efficiency are
of still greater moment. The firebox does more
than half the heat work of the boiler. Most fire
boxes are inefficient as heat generators. Most
flues of modern American locomotives are too
long. Better pressures under present day designs
should be under 200 pounds. The higher temperature
range does not secure a heat efficiency
to compensate any attendant disadvantages.
After the coal is loaded onto the tender of a
locomotive properly designed and maintained with
reference to heat efficiency, including due atten­
tion to joints, valves, rings, etc., the next step in
fuel supervision is to train and stimulate the
engine crew in the economical use of the fuel and
steam at their hands. This problem, nearly half
the battle for economy, is such an extensive and
important one that it needs a treatise to itself.
I can barely touch on it here. Engine crews
should be instructed in firing and locomotive
handling. Instructions should be both on the
foot plate and in the class or lecture room, or
instruction car. Seventy-five per cent, attention
should be personal, individual, practical on the
road; 25 per cent, in the theory of combustion
and heat, academic, general. Fuel instruction
books, if required, to be in the hands of all at
all times, and if the men are frequently catechised
as to the content matter, which should be of a
specific, practical nature, are well worth while.
Too often, however, the distribution of the books
is perfunctory. They are taken home and read,
if at all, but once by a few.
THE FUEL PREMIUM SYSTEM.
While I am a believer in some form of fuel
premium system applied to engine crews, the only
successful examples that I know of the applica­
tion of such systems are in foreign countries. I
do know, however, that large and direct results
accrue from the payment of premiums to road
foremen for efficient fuel performance on their
divisions. I have had experience in originating
and successfully applying an individual premium
system to engineers and firemen for economy, but
in view of the attitude taken by an element of
certain organizations with respect to those who
would voluntarily increase their wages in return
for better service rendered, I have developed a
horizontal or pooled premium system that eliminates
the objections raised against previous efforts
in this direction, and that I believe would
have the effects of bringing about greater solidarity
of interest between employe and company
instead of a tendency to mutual suspicion and antagonism,
with continual friction on the subject
of wages and a fair return therefor.
Again we take the lid off a subject from which
volumes could be put forth, and I shall have to
be satisfied with dismissing its consideration
briefly. I am a crank on statistics, on their use
in practical railroad operations, I mean, and I
believe that some kind of an individual recoid
can be put into effect that will really mean something;
that will really tell the supervisory fuel
officer and his road instructor assistants howthings
are going almost consecutively with their
happening, and not six weeks later. But the
record would be radically different from anything
heretofore attempted, and the individual records
in use today that I have seen are beautiful on
paper, but in fact readily reduced ad absurdum,
for the reason that in no two hours is the performance
of the same man with the same locomo
tive and the same kind of a train strictly comparable.
Elemental variations in speed and stops
alone affect the performance by a greater per
cent, than would indicate the range between
good and bad performance.
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in a recent
decision, bars the anthracite coal companies from
dumping culm and refuse from their mines into
the Susquehanna river. H. W. Pierce, of Wilkes-
Barre, sued the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. for allow­
ing the culm from one of its collieries to overflow
his truck farm lands in times of high water, and
got a verdict from a jury for $6,000. The Su­
preme Court, in a lengthy opinion, upholds the verdict
of the lower court and states that the coal
companies must find some other outlet for coal
and refuse besides the river.
Ohio railroads have announced another departure
in their dealings with coal shippers. Freight on
lake coal, railroad fuel or shipments to prepay stations
must be settled for within the week following
the date on which the obligation is incurred.
Heretofore these bills were paid only once a month,
and in a number of instances railroads accepted
bond-secured notes running for as long a time as
four months.
The Scranton Trust Co., of Scranton, Pa., has filed
a petition asking for the appointment of a master
to sell the property of the Pennsylvania Coal &
Coke Co., whicli is in line with the reorganization
plans. The sale probably will be held at Ebensburg,
Pa., June 22.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
FEES FOR TESTING EXPLOSIVES AND CONDITIONS AND REQUIRE­
MENTS UNDER WHICH EXPLOSIVES ARE TESTED*
Among the provisions of an act of Congress, approved
by the President on March 4. 1911, making
appropriations for the Bureau of Mines for tlie
fiscal year beginning July 1, 1911, appears the following
paragraph:
For tests or investigations authorized by the
Secretary of the Interior, other than those performed
for the Government of the United States,
a reasonable fee covering actual necessary expenses
shall be charged, according to a schedule submitted
by the director and approved by the Secretary
of the Interior, who shall prescribe the rules and
regulations under which such tests or investigations
shall be made and under which such fees
shall be charged and collected.
All checks, drafts, money orders, etc., in payment
of such fees shall be drawn to the order of the
Secretary of the Interior to be deposited in the
United States Treasury through the disbursing
office to the credit of miscellaneous receipts, in
accordance with United States Treasury regulations.
Careful consideration has been given tbe actual
necessary expenses involved in testing explosives
at the Pittsburgh testing station during the past
two years, and the following schedule of fees to
be charged on and after July 1, 1911, has been established
and approved by the Secretary of the
Interior in accordance with the provisions of the
statute just quoted. The conditions under which
these explosives are tested are given below.
For a complete official test of each explosive
to determine its permissibility for use in
coal mines $150.no
In ease of the failure of an explosive to pass
a complete official test 75.00
For three propagation tests of a permissible
explosive with different diameters of cartridge
from that originally submitted for
test 15.00
For three experimental shots in ballistic
pendulum 15.00
For each experimental shot in gallery:
Test No. 1 5.00
Test No. 3 5.00
Test No. 4 15.00
The conditions under which the Bureau of
Mines will test explosives to determine whether
they shall be placed on its list of permissible explosives
are as follows:
1. The manufacturer is to deliver to the Bureau
of Mines, Fortieth and Butler streets, Pittsburgh,
•Schedule 1. United States Bureau of Mines. Dr Joseph A.
Holmes. Director. .
tTwo pounds of clay stemminff are used with slow-burninvi
explosives.
Fa., three weeks prior to date set for tests, loo
pounds of each explosive that he desires to have
tested. He is to be responsible for the care,
handling, and delivery of this material to the testing
station, and he is to have a representative
present during the tests. In order to avoid duplication
of work, it is requested that the smallest
size of cartridge that the manufacturer intends to
place on the market be sent for these tests.
2. No one is to be present at or participate in
these tests except the necessary government officers
at the experiment station, their assistants and the
representative of the manufacturer of the explosives
to be tested.
3. These tests will be made in the order of the
leceipt of the applications for them, provided the
necessary quantity of the explosive is delivered
at the testing station by the date set, of which date
due notice will be given by the Bureau of Mines.
4. A list of the explosives which pass certain
tequirements satisfactorily will be furnished to
the state mine inspectors in the several states and
will be made public in such manner as may be
considered desirable.
5. The details of results of tests are to lie considered
confidential by the manufacturer and are
not to be made public prior to official publication
by the Bureau of Mines.
6. From time to time field samples of permissible
explosives will be collected, and tests will
be made of these explosives as they are supplied
for use in coal mines in the various states.
The tests will be made by the engineers of the
Bureau of Mines, in gas and dust gallery No. 1
at Pittsburgh, Pa., or in one of its identical galleries.
The charge of explosive to be fired in
tests 1 and 3 shall be equal in deflective power, as
determined by the ballistic pendulum, to one-half
pound (227 grams) of 40 per cent, nitroglycerin
dynamite in its original wrapper, of the following
formula:
Per cent.
Nitroglycerin 40
Nitrate of soda (sodium nitrate) 44
Wood pulp 15
Carbonate of lime (calcium carbonate) 1
100
Each charge shall be fired with an electric detonator
(exploder or cap) strong enough to completely
detonate or explode the charge, as recommended
by the manufacturer. The explosive must
he in such condition that the chemical and physical
tests do not show any unfavorable results.
In order that the dust used in tests 3 and 4 may

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
he of the same quality, it is always taken from the
same mine, ground to the same fineness and used
while still fresh.
The following are the gallery tests to which are
subjected the explosives that the Bureau of Mines
is asked to place in the list of permissible explo­
sives:
Test 1. Ten shots each with the charge as de­
scribed above, in its original wrapper, shall he
fired, each tamped with 1 poundt of clay stemming,
at a gallery temperature of 77 F., into a
mixture of gas and air containing S per cent, of
gas (methane and ethane). An explosive is considered
to have passed the test if no one of the
ten shots ignites this mixture.
Test 3. Ten shots each with the charge as de­
scribed above, in its original wrapper, shall he
fired, each tamped with 1 poundt of clay stemming,
at a gallery temperature of 77 u F.. into 4H
pounds of bituminous coal dust, 2 pounds of
which is to be distributed uniformly on a wooden
bench placed in front of tlie cannot and 2u pounds
placed on side shelves in sections 4, .5 and 6. An
explosive is considered to have passed the test if
no one of the ten shots ignites this mixture.
Test 4. Five shots each with l'L. pounds charge.
in its original wrapper, shall be fired without
stemming, at a gallery temperature of 77 F.. into
a mixture of gas and air containing 4 per cent, of
gas (methane and ethane) and 20 pounds of bituminous
coal dust. 18 pounds of which is to he
placed on shelves along the sides of the first 20
feet of the gallery and 2 pounds to lie so placed
that it will be stirred up by an air current in such
manner that all or part of it will be suspended in
the first division of the gallery. An explosive is
considered to have passed the test if no one of the
five shots ignites this mixture.
Manufacturers who submit explosives for tests
to determine their permissibility for use in coal
mines will he required to furnish two (2) certified
checks or bank drafts made payable to the
Secretary of the Interior, each covering one-half
of the total fee required for the complete tests.
Such fees must be received at least three weeks
prior to the date set for beginning the tests; otherwise
the tests of the next applicant upon the list
will be substituted. In the event that the explosive
passes the tests, the amount of the checks
or drafts will he collected and deposited in the
Fnited States Treasury. In the event of the ex­
plosive failing to pass required tests, one of the
checks or drafts' will be returned to the manufacturer
and the amount of the other collected and
deposited in the Fnited States Treasury. Checks
for the full amount charged for experimental shots
and propagation tests are required three weeks
prior to the date set for such tests.
The order of priority of the applications already
received for testing explosives to determine their
permissibility will remain undisturbed, subject
to compliance witli the above regulations. If it
is the intention of any manufacturer to withdraw
any pending application number that has been
assigned, or to reduce the number of explosives
for tests applying on any application numher,
prompt notice of such intention is desired.
.1. A. HOLMES, Director.
Approved. May 27. 1911.
WALTER L. FISHER, Secretary.
The Babcock & Wilcox Co., New York, has issued
a handsome booklet describing and illustrating the
Rust water-tube boiler. The Rust boiler was first
installed and used in the Minnequa works of the
Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.. Mr. Rust, the inventor,
being chief engineer and general superintendent
of that plant. It is the result of systematic efforc
to produce a safe, durable and economical steam
generator for difficult boiler conditions where the
water and fuel are of inferior quality. There are
two designs, known as "B" and "C" types, the latter
being designed for locations where straight
tubes only are desired. Uniform circulation con­
ditions are provided, the rapidity of circulation
carrying the steam bubbles along with the current
of water to the disengaging surface and steam
space, thus preventing the formation of steam
pockets and consequent overheating and burning
of tubes at points where the greatest heat is applied.
Rust boilers have been in operation since
1901 and have been extensively adopted in blast
furnace plants, rolling mills, saw mills, street railway
and electric light plants and many other industries.
They have proved entirely successful
in the use of anthracite and bituminous coals with
both hand and stoker firing. Results of tests made
December 21 and 22. 1906. in Pittsburgh by Mr.
William Kent, consulting engineer, are given in
the booklet. Commenting on the tests. Mr. Kent
says: "I believe that the efficiency results are
within three per cent, of the highest that are
theoretically possible with Pittsburgh coal in any
boiler fitted with any kind of stoker, and not provided
with an economizer, and are about as high
as can ever be expected in every-day practice."
During April the coal shipments over the Norfolk
& Western railway amounted to 1,366,728 tons,
as compared with 1,453.853 tons during the same
month of 1910. a decrease of S7.125 tons, or 5.9
puer cent. There was a decrease from the Pocahontas
region, Thacker and Kenova fields, but an
increase from the Tug river and Clinch Vallev
fields.

ESCAPE OF GAS FROM COAL.
"The Escape of Gas from Coal" is the title of
Technical Paper No. 2 just issued by the Bureau
of Mines. The authors, H. C. Porter and F. K.
Ovitz, in their general statement say: "It is a
matter of common knowledge that inflammable gas
made up chiefly of methane, which forms with air
the so-called fire damp of the miner, escapes from
the coal in many mines; yet little is known as to
the condition of this gas in the coal, its quantity
and rate of escape. In addition to the gas set
free by the coal itself, there is in many mines a
large amount of inflammable gas that comes from
reservoirs in the rick strata above or below the
coal bed and enters the mine through cracks in
the roof or floor. Gas entering the mine in such
manner from extraneous sources is not considered
in the following report, which presents rather some
results of a laboratory investigation of the rate of
escape of gas from several coals while kept in bot­
tles connected to gas-collecting reservoirs. This
investigation was begun by tbe United States Geo­
logical Survey and is being continued by the Bu­
reau of Mines at the mining experiment station at
Pittsburgh.
"The results of the investigation show that gas
escapes from coal not only during the breaking
down of the coal in the mines, but also continuously
for a long time after the coal is mined. The
volume from some coals is so great as to merit
serious consideration in connection with the ven­
tilating of the mines and the choice of methods of
breaking down the coal. For example, during the
first two weeks after mining, there was set free
by one coal, exclusive of the gas that escaped dur­
ing mining, a volume of methane equal to three-
fourths of the volume of the coal itself. Probably
each cubic foot of this coal (in the seam I set free
in all during its mining and during the first two
weeks thereafter a cubic foot of methane. It was
shown by further test that during the first five
months after mining there was set free from this
coal a volume of methane equal to one and three-
fourths times the volume of the coal
"Many investigators, Chamberlin, among others,
have shown that methane accumulates along lines
of fracture, such as joint cracks, or in places of
increased porosity in the coal bed and escapes from
these as they are cut in mining. In any locality
of the mine where for any reason adequate ventila­
tion is not maintained, the methane which has
thus escaped may become a source of danger from
explosion.
"The results of the experiments discussed in this
paper show that certain American coals, whose
mining is attended with danger from accumulations
of inflammable gas, liberate this gas not only while
they are being broken down in mining, but also
during a long period thereafter. At first the gas
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
escapes rapidly, but the rate diminishes and tends
toward a final cessation in three to 18 months.
If the volume of the small lumps of coal used in
the experiments be taken as the unit of measure­
ment, about one-fourth volume of methane escapes
during the crushing of the coal, as shown by Cham­
berlin, and one-half to one and one-half volumes
on continued exposure to the air. as shown by the
authors. The loss of fuel value by this loss of
gas is small, but, the danger of accumulation of
explosive gas from this source in mines and in coal
bunkers is sufficient to justify its being taken into
"".count in the ventilation of mines and in the
storage of coal."
Those interested may obtain copies of this technical
paper by applying to the Director of the
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
TENNESSEE COKE IN 1910.
Coal is mined in 17 counties in Tennessee and
c oke is made in eight of them. Nearly all the
Tennessee coals possess coking qualities, according
to E. W. Parker, the coal statistician of the United
States Geological Survey. In his report on coke
for 1910. Mr. Parker states that the production of
coke in Tennessee for the year was 322,756 short
ions, valued at $959,104. as against 261,808 tons.
valued at $667,723, in 1909. an increase of 23 per
cent, in quantity and 43 per cent, in value. The
following table shows the growth of the coke industry
in Tennessee:
Short Tons.
. 130,609
4(5 432
. 483,428
. 467,499
. 214.52S
. 261.SOS
. 322.756
Value.
$316,607
684,116
1 °69 575
1,350,S56
1,592.225
561.789
667.723
959,104
A supply of oxygen helmets and other apparatus
for use in mine rescue w r ork has been installed at
the College of Mines and Metallurgy, Lexington,
Ky. Prof. C. J. Norwood, chief mine inspector of
Kentucky, is also state geologist and dean of the
school of mines, and he is devoting considerable
time to teaching the use of the appliances to min­
ers and others who might have occasion to partici­
pate in rescue work.
The Starr-Hocking Coal Co.. of Starr, Hocking
county, O.. has placed an order with the Jeffrey
Manufacturing Co.. Columbus, O.. for a complete
coal crushing and washing outfit and the plans
and specifications for a complete coal crushing
plant and washer are now being prepared, the
cost to be $50,000.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
JEFFREY ELECTI
Standard 5-ton Crab Locomotive for
pulling loaded cars from the rooms.
The cable may be paid out from either
end while gathering cars.
are especially designe
to meet every possib
condition. Their disti:
guishing qualities: His
efficiency and low cost <
maintenance. All finis
ed parts are rigidly jj
spected and tested befoi
THE JEFFREY MFG. COMPAN
OPENING FOR COAL IN CHILE.
Tiie Chilean government, writes Consul Alfred
A. Winslow, of Valparaiso, has engaged an expert,
at a salary of $2,500 United States gold per annum
and $5 per day for expenses, to go to Australia
to study the coal question in the interest of the
government railways, and to arrange for buying
direct so as to reduce the cost. The government
railways consume large quantities of coal and
often ask for bids on 36,000 to 40,000 tons at a
time. They usually pay $6.50 to $7.50 United
States gold for coal delivered on shore at Valparaiso,
and will take it as fast as a ship wishes to
unload it.
It. would therefore seem that American coal interests
might find a good market here, since there
is a good chance to get a return cargo of nitrate
either direct to the United States or Europe. The
outgoing tonnage from Chilean ports is several
Years.
1906
1907
1908
1909
<
Hartley.
. . 129,747
. . 160,278
. . 74.018
. . 128,603
1910.... . . 277,134
Cardiff.
364,725
503,058
473,504
515,973
546,753
Steam Coal.
Australian.
499,448
783,143
734,393
455,027
426,861
Amer­
ican.
5,331
32,270
7,000
7,260
thousand tons more than tbe incoming tonnage and
a large proportion of the former goes either to
the fnited States or Europe, while in the case of
Australian coal nearly all vessels must return in
ballast, since there is practically nothing shipped
from Chile to Australia.
The Chilean navy also consumes large quantities
of imported coal, having just asked for bids
on 10,00(1 tons of Cardiff to be delivered at Valparaiso
and Talcahuano.
Coal enters free of duty, and it would seem here
is an opening for American coals. I believe it will
pay to send a man into this field to study the conditions
and confer with the railway interests. It
might be well to invite the Chilean government to
send an expert to the United States to look into
the question from that viewpoint.
The following table gives a good idea of what
has been done in coal imports for the past five
years.
Total.
999,251
1.478.749
1,288,915
1,097,603
i
1,260,008
English.
1,352
6,888
11,050
7,100
lelting Ci
Austra­
lian.
56,932
64,528
22,573
45,340
26,032
Total.
58,284
70,866
22.573
56,390
33,132
Grand
Total.
1,057,535
1,549,615
1,311,488
1,153,990
1,293,140

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
: LOCOMOTIVES
and after assembling and
every known economy in
shop pactice is employed
in our effort to produce at
minimum cost, the most
highly perfected and dependable
Locomotives in
present day use.
Columbus, Ohio,
IDLE FREIGHT CARS SHOW A
DECREASE OF 10.5 PER CENT.
Demand for coal and box cars, chiefly in the
Eastern States, resulted in a decrease of tbe surplus
of idle equipment by 19,880 cars in the two
weeks ended May 24, according to the fortnightly
bulletin of the American Railway Association.
The number of idle cars on hand in the United
states and Canada as of that date was 167,398,
comparing with 187,278 at the end of the previous
fortnight, the reduction constituting about 10.5
per cent. The number of idle ears, or the gross
surplus, was 168,233, compared with 1SS.S47, while
the shortage decreased from 1.569 to S35.
In the two weeks ended May 24 the surplus of
coal cars decreased from 84,151 to 68,043, while the
box car surplus decreased from 52,213 to 51,200.
There was a considerable reduction in the number
of miscellaneous cars idle.
This report includes the first appreciable change
since the middle of March. Traffic in the Middle
Atlantic States improved noticeably and there was
good demand for both coal and box cars. In fact,
the entire Eastern section of the eountry experienced
more activity in coal car movements. In
the Northwest, the surplus decreased about 4,000,
putting the number of cars idle about on a par
with figures of a month ago. A small decrease
in cars in the Middle West was accounted for by
Standard 5-ton Cable Reel Locomotive can be
driven either mechanically, or with independent
motor. The reel is fitted with flexible electric
cable permitting the Locomotive to enter the
rooms while gathering the cars.
CHICAGO MONTREAL EOSTON
ST. LOUIS PITTSBURGH NEW YORK
DENVER ATLANTA. GA. BIRMINGHAM
CHARLESTON, W. VA.
somewhat heavier box car movements. The Southern
roads also partook of the better offerings of
merchandise, and this improvement extended to
the Gulf States and into the Southwest.
Along the lines in the Western plains states and
the Pacific coast traffic offerings lagged somewhat
behind and increased the number of available cars
on hand, but the changes were unimportant. Canadian
roads were in about the same position regarding
car movements as two weeks ago.
One reason for the decrease in idle cars for the
fortnight ended May 24 is the heavier lake coal
traffic. Grain and live stock shipments have also
kept up well. The present surplus is about 50,000
above that of a year ago.
The box car decrease is 4,013, coal and gondola
16,108 and miscellaneous cars 5,936, with an increase
of 5,443 in flat cars.
Six men have been returned as qualified for the
positions of mine inspectors by the examining
hoard of Lackawanna county. Pa. They are:
H. O. Prytherch, Llewelyn M. Evans, P. .1. Moore,
August McDade, S. J. Phillips and Jenkin T.
Reese. Messes. Prytherch, Moore, McDade and
Evans are present mine inspectors. Mr. Reese
is a foreman of the Lackawanna company and
Mr. Phillips is educational director of the Young
Men's Christian Association.

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE SAMPLING OF COAL IN THE MINE*
By Joseph A. Holmes.
In connection with the fuel investigations that
were begun by the United States Geological Survey
about six years ago, the question of whether
or not to publish all known authentic analyses of
American coals was considered. It was decided
not to publish them, because, with respect to by
far tbe greater number of analyses, either no reliable
record of the samples was available or else
the purpose and method of collecting the samples
had been such as to render the analyses, however
carefully made, of little or no value to the public.
In planning the fuel investigations of the Geological
Survey, the committee having the matter
in charge, Messrs. E. W. Parker, M. R. Campbell,
and the writer, decided upon a plan of sampling
coal in the mine that, it was believed, would satisfy
the following" requirements ( 1 ) Each group of
mine samples submitted for analysis to represent
fairly tbe commercial shipments of coal from the
mine in which they are collected; (2) the complete
history of each sample to lie known and recorded;
and (3) each sample to lie analyzed
promptly and by the best standard method.
This plan of collecting mine samples was initiated
during 1904, largely under the personal supervision
of Mr. Campbell. With various modifications
it has been continued from that time up to
the present by those geologists of the survey, wno,
under Mr. Campbell's direction, have been examining
the coal deposits on or near the public lands,
and by those engineers of the Survey and the
Bureau of Mines, who, under the direction of the
writer, have continued the work of analyzing and
testing the coal, from the various fields in the United
States.
The following statement of the system of mine
sampling in use by the Geological Survey and the
Bureau of Mines has been revised by Messrs. M.
R. Campbell and David White, of the Geological
Survey, and Mr. G. S. Rice, of the Bureau of Mines.
In dealing with coals no less than in dealing
with ores, the taking of the sample requires fully
as much care as does the
MAKING OF THE ANALYSIS
or assay. And the difficulties in the way of obtaining,
at reasonable cost, a sample of coal that
fairly represents the commercial product as found
in the mine or. more especially, as loaded in cars
or in ships, have seriously retarded the movement
for the sale or purchase of coal on a rigid specification
basis.
The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly
the method now followed by the Bureau of Mines
and United States Geological Survey, in an endeavor
to take mine samples that fairly represent the
*Technieal Paper No. 1 Bureau of Mines.
beds of coal that are examined and that show, for
the places sampled, the commercial possibilities
of these beds. It is of the utmost importance
that the sampling be done in a systematic manner,
according to a prearranged pan, and that the same
procedure always be followed where circumstances
permit. Wherever it is possible, unless special
samples are desired for a particular purpose, only
clean, fresh coal should be sampled, and all dried,
weathered, or long-exposed coal should be avoided.
When weathered coal, either in the outcrop or in
pillars, or other special samples are collected,
the particular characteristics of each sample should
be clearly described.
The coal mine sampling outfit used by the Bureau
of Mines comprises the following articles;
Carrying bag, sampling cloth (heavy oilcloth),
portable mortal and pestle, spring balance, screen,
sampling scoop, brush, measuring tape, sample
cans, adhesive tape, pick and shovel.
Carrying bag.—The bag used for carrying the
sampling outfit and the collected samples is of
leather, has a shoulder strap, and measures 13 by
12 by 3 inches.
Sampling cloth.—For collecting the cuttings
chipped from the face of the coal a stout sheet or
blanket of waterproof material is used. The
heavy enamel cloth known as buggy cloth gives
good service. The cloth should measure not less
than 6 by 7 feet. The enameled
SIOE OF THIS CLOTH
should be laid next to the ground to keep out
moisture and to prevent fragments of the enamel
from getting into the coal sample.
Portable mortar.—A piece of %-inch board, 10
inches square, covered on the upper side with
heavy galvanized sheet iron, forms the bottom of
the portable mortar. The collapsible sides are of
stout duck, and are fastened at the top to a strapiron
hand that is held up by collapsible strap-iron
posts fastened by set screws. The sides are 5
inches high, making the contents of the mortar
about 500 cubic inches.
Pestle.—The pestle for crushing samples consists
of a steel head. 1 inch thick and 3 to 4 inches
square, with a screw socket to receive a wood
handle about 14 inches long.
Spring balance.—A good spring balance of 50
pounds capacity, graduated preferably to one-half
pound, is used for weighing the samples.
Screen.—The screen is of galvanized iron wire
and has a U,-inch, or preferably %-inch, mesh. It
is about 10 inches square and has a wood frame.
Sampling scoop.—The scoop recommended is
made of heavy galvanized sheet iron, with flat bot-

torn and vertical sides, and is 8 inches long, 2
inches deep, and 1 Vi inches wide. If such a scoop
is not available, a bricklayer's trowel or even a
wooden shingle will answer the purpose.
Brush.—A stiff brush or whisk broom is useful
lor brushing off loose pieces of coal, stone or diit
from the face or roof at the place where the sample
is to be taken and for removing the rejected quartering^
of coal from the sampling blanket. If
such a brush is not available, a piece of cloth or
an old coat may be used as a substitute.
Measuring tape.—For measuring coal-bed sections'
a 20-foot waterproof tape graduated lo one
fourth inch is used. A steel tape graduated to
one-sixteenth inch, though more accurate, is less
convenient, since the figures are more difficult to
read by the poor light available in mines.
Sample can.—The vessel ordinarily used by the
Bureau of Mines and by the Geological Survey for
transporting coal samples is a 9 by 3-incb round
can of i\o. 27 galvanized iron. The can filled with
coal should not weigh more than 4 pounds, which
is the limit of weight for
ORDINARY TRANSMISSION
by mail. The edges of the can are crimped and
carefully soldered to make them tight and strong;
the screw top (2 inches in diameter) has a gasket
or wasner of rubber or other flexible material to
exclude the air. As a further protection, the outside
of the cap, when in place and screwed down
tightly, is wrapped carefully with several layers
of adhesive tape so that the first layer of this tape
completely covers the joint between the lower edge
of the cap and the neck of the can. It is not
advisable to use solder, paraffine. or sealing wax
of any kind. Before being filled each can should
be carefully inspected as to tightness and freedom
from rust.
Adhesive tape.—For sealing the connection of
the cap and sample can, bicycle or electrician's
adhesive tape of the best quality is used.
Pick and shovel.—Nothing is better than a miner's
pick for cutting samples. A miner's shovel
should be taken along for cleaning up the floor,
etc. Pick and shovel are not regularly included
in the kit, as they can be had at any working mine.
The field men of the Geological Survey, because
they often work long distances from a base of supplies
and travel by horseback, usually carry a
simpler outfit than that described above, consisting
of a waterproof blanket, a measuring tape, adhesive
tape, a screen, a geologist's pick, an improvised
shovel, and the necessary number of sample
cans. Instead of using a portable mortar and
pestle, a man thus equipped must pulverize the
coal with his pick, on a board or other hard surface,
and instead of a scoop he must use a
trowel or shingle. He does not weigh the coal;
and instead of using a bruhs or broom, he removes
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
loose coal, etc., from the face and roof, and cleans
the quarterings off the sampling blanket with his
coat or a piece of cloth. He will ordinarily use a
miner's pick, if found in the mine, instead of his
geologist's pick for cutting down the coal.
A map of the mine to be examined should be obtained
from the company's office lor use in the
preliminary examination of the mine and for indicating
the exact location from which each sample
is to be collected. If the tonnage output of
the mine is known, the places for
COLLECTING SAMPLES
should he determined tentatively before entering
the mine, the locations to be changed as the
work progresses, if such changes prove to be desirable.
To determine exactly where and how it may be
best to collect samples that will satisfactorily represent
the character of the coal bed and to ascertain
what portion of the bed is excluded in mining
and loading, the collector with map in hand should
make a preliminary examination of the mine in
company with a guide who is familiar with the
workings. This examination will enable the collector
to select the exact places for collecting samples
and to indicate them on his map.
From any mine shipping coal the number of
samples should not be less than four for a daily
production of 2oo tons or less, and the number
should increase at the rate of one sample for each
additional 200 tons of coal mined per day. The
number should be greater from mines in which the
quality of the coal varies greatly. Where only a
part of a bed is being mined and the remainder
(1 foot or more in thickness) is being left under
ground, separate samples should be collected at
each sampling place of both the worked and the
unworked parts or benches of the bed. In sampling
coal beds exposed in ordinary prospect openings,
wdiere the coal is usually more or less
weathered, one sample from each opening is considered
sufficient, unless the openings are far
apart; in that case occasional second or check
samples are highly desirable.
Having decided upon the probable number of
samples to be collected and approximately where
they are to be taken, the collector during his preliminary
examination of the mine should decide
upon the exact location from which each sample
is to he collected, so that it will represent the coal
mined in that part of the workings. Furthermore,
certain of the samples should be taken from
places in the remoter parts of tbe mine, so that
the samples will indicate the
CHARACTER OF THE COAL
available for future as well as for present shipments.
Exceptional features, such as faults, etc.,
should be avoided unless special studies of the
coal at these places are thought desirable. Where

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
it is possible, wet places should he avoided, as
samples from such places may not represent the
coal as shipped. Where wet coal must be col­
lected, the surplus moisture should he drained off
tlie sampling cloth before mixing the sample.
At each selected point, before a sample is cut.
I he face of the bed should he cleared of burned
powder, dirt, or loose coal from roof to floor for a
width of about, 5 feet. This is done to prevent
any loose fragments or foreign matter from falling
off the face of the coal onto the sampling cloth.
Insecure pieces of the roof sliould also be taken
clown in advance for the same reason. In the
middle of this cleared area on the face, the coal
should be cut away with the pick from the roof to
the floor for a width of t foot and a depth of at
least 1 inch, with a view to removing any discolored,
altered, or otherwise inferior coal that
might be near the surface, and also to square up
this portion of the face in preparation for the sam­
pling cut.
There should go into tbe sample as it is cut
from the face all the material that ordinarily goes
into the daily shipments of coal. There should be
omitted from the sample only such material as is
ordinarily discarded by the miner. Usually partings
more than three-eighths of an inch thick and
lenses or concretions of "sulphur" or other impurities
more than 2 inches in maximum diameter
and one-half of an inch thick are excluded, if in
the judgment of the sampler they are being excluded
by the miner from the coal as loaded out
of the mine or as shipped. If such impurities.
or other impurities, are not generally excluded by
the miner, they should be included in the sample.
If pillars are being "pulled," careful note should
be made not only of partings, but of materials
from the roof that are not
REJECTED 1SY HIE MI NEK.
Where the impurity to be rejected, like hone or
slaty coal, does not show conspicuously, it is advisable
to outline the impurity with chalk before
cutting the sample, to prevent its being overlooked
when the sample is being cut.
Imitating the miner in excluding impurities is
the best method, but this requires care and judgment,
especially where the partings are soft and
crumble. No two miners can be relied on to discard
the same partings to the same extent, even at
mines where the most rigid regulations for cleaning
the coal are in force. Since it is desired to
obtain samples that represent as nearly as possible
the coal that is produced commercially from tbe
mine under examination, this method should be
followed as closely and as uniformly as possible.
The carrying out of this method demands the exer­
cise of judgment and experience on the part of the
sampler, and he must familiarize himself with the
impurities iu the coal lied anu their relation to the
coal as shipped.
Where the coal is washed before being shipped.
duplicate samples of the washed coal and the tail­
ings should be collected and mailed to the Bureau
of Mines with the mine samples.
The collector should smooth and clean the floor
and spread the sampling cloth on it close to the
face of the coal. Then he should make a perpendicular
cut 2 inches deep and 6 inches wide (or 3
inches deep and 4 inches wide in the softer coals)
from the roof to the floor down the middle of the
foot-wide cut previously made in the coal face.
He should be careful to make this cut uniform in
width and depth and should chip off enough coal
to make a sample weighing at least 6 pounds for
each foot of the thickness of the bed; so that the
sample collected on the blanket from a 6-foot bed
will weigh not less than 36 pounds Inexperienced
collectors should weigh their samples (b.v spring
balance or otherwise) as a check on the accurac\
of their work.
As soon as the cutting of the sample has been
completed, if the full outfit previously described is
available, the finer portions of the sample should
be put through the '..-inch or %-inch screen and
the lumps should be broken in the mortar until
all the sample passes through the screen. The
sample should then be thoroughly mixed by two
men grasping the opposite
CORNERS OF TIIE BLANKET
and rolling it diagonally by raising one corner at
a time. When the larger pieces of coal are evenly
distributed throughout the mass, the sheet should
be laid on the floor and the top of the pile flat­
tened with a clean dry shovel, trowel or board.
The sample is then quartered and two opposite
quarters are discarded and brushed off. The remainder
is mixed as before, and if the sample is
still too bulky for convenient handling it is again
quartered down. The material finally remaining
is spread into a circular mass about 2 inches deep
on the sheet, and the sampling scoop is used to
fill the sample can compactly with portions from
opposite quarters. The entire operation described
above from the cutting of the sample to the sealing
of the can should be done in the mine, so as
not to expose the coal to the outside atmosphere.
It is important that the coal be well packed iu
the can, so as to occupy as much of the space as
possible, since in this way the air is more nearly
excluded. This is best accomplished by crushing
fine a considerable proportion of the coal and by
shaking or jarring the can repeatedly and vigorously
while filling it.
As soon as the can has been filled and the label
(described below) placed inside, the cap should
be screwed on so that the top of the screw fits
tightly into the rubber or other flexible material

in the cap; adhesive tape should then be carefully
wrapped around the lower outer edge of the cap in
such a manner as to cover the joint and increase
the thoroughness of the sealing.
Each sample can when sent out should have a
number printed on it. This number is to he used
by the collector as the field number for the sample
placed in that can for analysis, and is to be
recorded in his notebook and on his cards. Before
the can is sealed, a label should be placed in
it on the top of the coal. This label should hear
the field number, the name and location of the
mine, the exact location from which sample was
taken, the name of the collector, and the date,
and should be sealed in a small envelope to prevent
obliterations of the writing. Around the
outside of the can a second label should be at
tached. bearing the same field numher, the name
of the collector, the date of the collection, and th3
address of tiie Bureau of ?vlines at Pittsburgh.
To facilitate the gathering and recording of data
concerning the samples of
COAL AM) THE MINES
from which they are taken, blank forms have been
prepared for the use of collectors. These forms
can be had upon application to either the Director
of the Bureau of Mines or the Director of the Geological
Survey. The forms, which are of convenient
size for the pocket, indicate what information
is desired concerning the nature and operations
of the mine, the number, depth and chaiacter
of the beds of coal, the specific location from
which each sample was taken, and the exact character
of the bed at the point of sampling, and
make specific mention of bands of "sulphur"
(pyrite, etc.), shale, or other objectionable material
that should be excluded in shipment.
The record of the coal sample section should be
made in tiie mine from actual measurements, immediately
after the collection of the sample and
the sealing of the sample can.
The cans containing the samples should be delivered
by the collector in person to the nearest
post office for forwarding by the first mail to the
Bureau of Mines laboratory at Pittsburgh.
It is expected that each sample on its receipt
at the laboratory will be placed in a dark, cool
place, and that the analysis will lie completed
within two weeks.
The cards, supplied in advance to each collector,
are arranged in three sections, A. B and C. After
entering certain data ( his own name, the number
and date of the sample, etc.) called for in the blank
forms printed on each of these three section cards,
the collector forwards, in sealed envelopes, for
each sample, card A to the headquarters of the
chief of party, and cards B and C to the Bureau
of Mines chemical laboratory at Pittsburgh. As
soon as these cards and the corresponding sample
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
are received at Pittsburgh, a statement of the receipt
of sample is entered on cards B and C; card
B is retained in the chemical laboratory files, and
card C is then sent to the chief of the field party,
in order to give notice of the arrival of the sample.
Special attention should be given to filling out
and promptly forwarding these cards. Failure to
fill out a card properly or to forward il promptly
may cause indefinite delay in making the analysis
of a sample.
The huge tipple at mine No. 36 of the Berwind-
White Coal Mining Co., Windber, Pa., was destroyed
by lightning setting fire to the structure
on June 4. The tipple is the largest of all in the
Windber field, and was equipped with the most
modern machinery for handling coal. The loss
will be heavy and 700 men were thrown idle until
a temporary tipple was constructed. The burned
structure will be rebuilt.
Three mine's at Blocton. Ala., were flooded recently
by the breaking of a concrete clam in an
abandoned mine, permitting the water to enter the
operating pits.
The stable of the Meyersdale Coal Co., at Wells
Creek. Pa., was destroyed by fire recently, along
with 17 of the 24 mine mules in the stable.
Mr. Henry Floersheim. aged 68 years, formerly
a well known coal operator, died June 2 at his
home, 5146 Liberty avenue, Pittsburgh, after a
short illness. Mr. Floersheim was horn in Germany
and came to this country when a young man.
After he sold his mines in Finleyville to the Pittsburgh
Coal Co. some years ago he came to Pittsburgh
and since has been in the insurance business.
Mr. Floersheim was a member of the
Rodeph Shalom congregation, and leaves his
widow and two daughters.
The Ohio Railroad Commission has handed down
a ruling which affects the coal traffic in the state
to a large degree. According to the ruling the
Ohio Shippers' Association gets everything asked
for excepting 72 hours' free time for unloading
cars of more than 66,000 tons capacity. The rules
for demurrage are the same as was adopted by the
Interstate Commerce Commission some time ago.
The Wisconsin Steel Co.. subsidiary to the International
Harvester Co., has put between 500
and 600 men to work on Big Looney's creek, Harlan
county, Ky.. the seat of its extensive coal and
coking developments. The site for the coking
plant has been laid out by the engineers and the
construction work now is in progress.

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE EXPLOSION AT HULTON COLLIERY.*
The inquest on the 344 men who were killed in
the explosion at the Hulton colliery near Bolton,
Lancashire, England, on December 21, 1910, came
to an end ou Monday, February 13, 1911. The
inquiry lasted 27 days, and in all over 400 wit­
nesses were heard The verdict of the jury was
as follows:
On December 21, 19111. at the No. 3 Bank pit,
commonly known as the No. 3 Pretoria pit, Westhoughton.
in the county of Lancaster, an acci­
dental ignition of gas and coal dust occurred on
the conveyer face in the North Plodder mine, in
seme manner to the jury unknown, hut probably
from a defective or overheated lamp, and produced
an explosion.
That upon such ignition and explosion followed
a large ignition and explosion of coal dust, affecting
the wdiole of the coal mines working to the
said pit.
That the victims were at the time of the explosions
employed in the mines of the said pit, and
in consequence of such explosions died there on
the same day, so that they came to their deaths by
accident and not otherwise.
To this formal verdict the jury added:
There is no evidence to prove that the explosion
was in any wise due to the non-observance of any
statutory obligation.
That the evidence and the experience of the jury
satisfy them that such headings as Bradley's in
the So'-th Plodder, and Brown's and Eccleston's
in the North Plodder, are undesirable, unless provided
with adequate ventilation, by means of bratticing,
pipes or otherwise; in that they are calculated
to be injurious to the health of the men working
in them and likely to collect gas. They are
also of opinion tbat the carrying forward of the
heading at the top of the North Plodder entry, to
the extent to whicli it was caried up. was unnecessary
and calculated to produce danger from gas.
That there seems to be some doubt, upon the evidence,
as to the fitness of the men wdio have from
lime to time removed the switch box. and as to the
sufficiency of the instructions given to them, and
the jury are of the opinion that everybody dealing
with an electrical plant should be under the direct
supervision of a skilled electrician.
The jury also are of the opinion that the apparent
failure of the night fireman in the North Plod­
der mine, to make his statutory report on the
morning of December 21. is evidence of laxity of
supervision.
The verdict and criticisms are supplemented by
the following recommendations:
la) That it is a matter of immediate import­
and the best methods of removing or minimizing
them; and also as to the character of the safety
lamps, the use of which is to be permitted, and
desire respectfully to represent to His Majesty's
government that these matters merit their atten­
tion and call for their financial assistance.
lb) That Electricity Rule 33 should be amended
so as to provide that the switches, etc., referred to
in the latter part of that rule shall be inclosed in
a gas-tight box, and shall break under oil.
lc) That the firemen's report of gas should
specify the exact places where found, and the
quantity found, together with similar particulars
regarding the adjacent places likely to be affected
by it; and that all firemen's reports should be
duplicated, and one copy preserved above ground.
(d) That full ventilation reports should be
made at least monthly upon each and every airway
in the mine.
(c) That the attention of the Royal Commission
be called to the desirability of a definition of
the term "return airway."
It is now reported, following upon the revelations
made in the course of the inquiry into the
Hulton Colliery disaster, that the Home Secretary
has decided to establish a government testing station
for lamps, a small departmental committee
having apparently been appointed to consider the
details of establishment and equipment.
In their second report issued a few months ago,
the Royal Commission on Mines made a recommendation
on these lines. Referring to the ex­
periments made hy a previous commission, they
reported:
"The proposal which we were asked hy the Home
Office to consider went beyond the suggestion of
that commission, namely, that the government
should set up a station for the testing of types
of safety lamps, and that no safety lamp should
be permitted to be used except of a type which
had passed the government test.
"We are strongly of opinion that such a test
would not only tend to improve the type of safety
lamps by stimulating invention but also prevent
the use of imperfect lamps, such as have led to accidents
in the past, and we therefore recommend
that steps should be taken to establish a government
testing station.
"We also recommend that a list of permitted
safety lamps should be drawn up by the Secretary
of State, similar to the list of permitted explosives.
and that the law should be so amended that where
safety lamps are required to be used, one or more
of the types of lamps specified in the permitted list
should be used and no other."
ance that the fullest investigation should be made Prof. I). J. McAdam, of Washington. Pa., has
into the dangers incident to coal dust in mines. purchased 75 acres of coal in Ohio county. W. Va.,
from J. E. Richardson for $6,000.
"Special Correspondence Mining & Engineering Journal.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
BUFFALO-SUSQUEHANNA SAGAMORE MINE 1
By R. Dawson Norris Hal
The Sagamore mine, operated by the Buffalo
& Susquehanna Coal & Coke Co., lies on both
sides of the line dividing Indiana and Armstrong
counties, Pa., most of the acreage, the town and
plant being on the Armstrong county side of that
line.
The mine is reached by the main line of the
B. & S. R. R.. that railroad being broken by a
gap between Sykes and Juneau, which is temporarily
filled by the use of the Buffalo, Rochester
& Pittsburgh Railroad between these points. The
portion of the B. & S. R. R., between Juneau
and Sagamore, proceeds by Canoe Creek, Little
Mahoning, and Plum Creek, a distance of 21
miles, cutting off a triangular strip of Indiana
county in its northwest angle.
The only available way of reaching the coal
by drifting exhibited itself on Little Plum Creek,
the coal around the tipple running everywhere
in an unbroken field from the center of operation,
it was possible therefore and advisable
to erect at this point a large plant capable of
handling the entire field, for at no other point
was it convenient of access.
The method so often advocated, and with so
much justice, of small scattered units of lower
capacity served by a central power plant and so
arranged as to avoid the congestion too often
found in a larger plant, did suggest itself to the
management. But as the crop on Plum Creek
extends barely 9,000 feet, there seemed inadequate
room for two complete tipple outfits with
all the trackage now found so necessary, above
and below the tipple. It was therefore decided
to
BUILD THE TWO TITPI.ES
proposed into one structure, side by side. The
coal also crops in Big Plum Creek, but though
drainage at this point was a trifle convenient
for a portion of the territory, here the plant
would have been at the very confines of the field,
increase of tonnage would have been slower and
long haulages would have resulted with accompanying
additional equipment. Moreover an
economy in railroad construction was effected,
for otherwise an extension of the road to Big
Plum Creek would have been necessary- Every
care has been taken to avoid congestion by having
adequate accommodation and provision for
a large capacity. The usual problem presented
is between several plants or only one along a
river front, or between many shafts or a single
shaft sunk to a completely buried seam; and in
these cases a number of small plants is prefer-
•Paper written for "Mines and Minerals."
able to one big one. But all through central and
northwestern Indiana county, it is possible to
avoid the expense and inconvenience of sinking
and working shafts by concentrating at favorable
points in the field, and the result is that this
section has been exploited in no other manner.
Sagamore is only one of many large plants in this
section; small operations being seldom found.
The area comprises roughly 10,000 acres of excellent
coal. The bed mined is the Upper Freeport
and has an average thickness of 4 1 /. feet.
The preparation of an agricultural region, several
miles from any railroad, for the operation of
mines in their preliminary stage, prior to the
arrival of the projected means of transportation,
involves the construction of many temporary
structures and installations. Almost every large
mine has to be so constructed today that the
railroad built to remove its coal may earn a
dividend as soon as the track is completely laid.
Moreover a modern mine requires too lengthy
development to admit of the inception of its
operations being delayed.
To this end. Sagamore was provided with two
portable sawmills and four
TEMPORARY POWER HOUSES,
each of the latter accommodating two mines and
each equipped with two boilers of locomotive type
of 50 horsepower each, and one Sullivan air compressor.
These compressors were afterwards distributed
at other plants of the same company.
A large amount of stock coal accumulated between
March 22, 1905, the day when ground was
broken, and November 29 of the same year, when
part of the stock was loaded into cars from a
temporary tipple.
Little Plum Creek, having a grade of 26 feet
to the mile, like all streams on a gentle grade.
meandered freely from side to side of the valley
and for half a mile this troublesome stream was
provided with a new and more efficient channel
to permit of the erection of permanent buildings
and railroad tracks in and around the ground
formerly made useless by its irksome ubiquity.
Above the projected power house, a dam confined
its waters for use in the boilers, but now
the water from what were Artesian wells, but
which now require to be pumped, is used in preference
to the creek water.
There is nothing much demanding consideration
in the underground projection of the Sagamore
mines because the roof breaks freely and the
cover is not heavy, so no elaborate or expensive
treatment of the roof problems was necessary.
The roof is generally of sandstone but occasion-

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ally slate appears. The bottom is of fireclay.
There has never been the slightest premonition
of any squeeze or creep. The room and pillar
advancing method is everywhere followed. The
rooms are made 24 feet wide, the pillars 16, and
are, when conditions permit, 300 feet long. All
chain pillars in both butt and face headings are
48 feet thick, while the wing pillars flanking the
face headings on either side are kept 100 feet
wide. The headings are driven 12 feet wide and
occasionally the rock from these is loaded into
gobbing holes instead of being brought out for
disposal. The fact that the operation consists
of eight separate mines with wide headings ventilated
by eight distinct fans, makes it necessary
to provide only a few headings in parallel system
to furnish sufficient ventilation for each unit.
The three-heading system is that commonly adopted,
but four headings in parallel are sometimes
used. Despite this fact, a sufficient current of
air is furnished with a low velocity of air-current.
The fans are all 10 ft. by 4 ft. Clifford-Capell. nonreversible
blowing fans, belt driven by 100-horsepower
motors capable of producing 100,000 cubic
feet of air per minute against a 4-inch water
gauge.
All the coal is mined by machines; there is no
hand-pick work. Some of the men both cut and
LOAD THEIR OWN COAL,
and it is this fact which reduces the output per
machine, which would be very much greater if
steady cutting were provided for each machine.
There are 72 Sullivan machines and these cut
not only the rooms and headings but also all the
pillars in the mines.
The track gauge is 3% feet, and mine ears have
a capacity of 2 tons. The cars are hauled by 6
Jeffrey and 6 General Electric locomotives ranging
in weight from 12 to 14 tons, and each capable
of pulling 100-car trains.
The floor of the mine rolls in gentle undulations,
but as an anticlinal makes its appearance
at the railroad, there is on the whole an uphill
grade against the loads throughout the mine
which does not average over 1 per cent. The
tipple is a large steel structure of the car-haul
type, that if run at full capacity is amply competent
to handle 1,000 tons per hour, although at
present the tonnage does not exceed 4,000 tons
per day. The cars are brought up the incline by
a moving chain, one by one in a steady stream,
weighed and dumped. They then pass on over
the dump and reach a kick-back, returning thence
to a retarder which lowers them to the empty
track. This is elevated above the loaded track,
by which the cars approached the tipple, so that
the grade favors the haulage plant, both approaching
and leaving the foot of the hoisting incline.
To handle so large a tonnage as is contemplated,
three Phillips cross-over dumps are installed.
Under the tipple are four tracks with two miles
of aggregate storage for cars both above and
below the dump. A "scissors" cross-over connects
all the empty tracks together conveniently near
the tipple so that any car can be shifted to any
track with ease and dispatch. This could have
been arranged by the construction of a "double
ladder" but there are objections to such an arrangement,
as it takes up so much more room,
since only one track can be made really straight
and therefore all cars but those on that track
must round the curves which constitute the ladder
and because, with it, the cars have to be kept
so far from the tipple. The plan which involves
the "Scissors" cross over is the only one which
provides for placing cars on whatever track is desired
without unnecessary congestion, and loss of
room, together with
MINIMUM RESISTANCE
to the motion of the cars and minimum risk of
derailment. But above all, this method of arrangement
saves many unnecessary steps to the
car dropper.
The grade on the railroad loading tracks is
2 per cent, for 50 feet above and below the tipple.
At this point each car in its transit has to be
handled separately and must be stopped and
started several times. But with such an abundance
of grade there is no danger of the output
of the mine being suspended by the stalling of a
stiff car. Below the tipple, the grades run from
1% per cent, down to l'i per cent., but above,
where empty cars have to be handled, the grade
is 1.6 per cent.
To avoid breakage of coal, the tipple was provided
from the first with shaking chutes. This
reduced both the height of the structure and the
destructive momentum due to the well-known impossibility
of regulating the fall so as to suit
coal of every size and shape, subject to differing
frictional retardations due to its location in the
pans and to changes of temperature and weather.
A new method of saving coal from disintegration
whilst being loaded is being installed at the
tipple in accordance with the designs prepared
in the office of the chief engineer. The purpose
is to forward and lower the pan when the coal
is low in the car and draw it back and raise
it when the section of the car being filled is nearly
full. The pan dumps lengthwise of the tracks.
A basket could be used to lower the coal but that
device has to be lowered and raised for every
mine car unloaded. On the other hand this pan
permits a continuous flow of coal even when the
elevation and position of the point of delivery
is being adjusted.
The first idea was to regulate the point of
discharge by a simple elevation of the end of
the pan to permit of the passage of the highest
steel gondolas under it. But such a pan creates

difficulty inasmuch as raising one end of the pan
and leaving the other stationary causes the slope
of the chute to he so reduced that the
COAL WILL CEASE TO FLOW.
It was accordingly decided to design a pan which
could be raised at the will of the car trimmer
and which nevertheless would retain the same or
approximately the same pitch. This was accomplished
by providing a track on which the pan
could travel and installing a long air cylinder
operated by compressed air to furnish the power
to move the pan back and forth whilst the end
was supported by a hanger of unvarying length.
The power house is a massive piece of construction
; the engine and boiler rooms are set
parallel to each other but side by side, separated
for cleanliness and fire isolation by a party wall
36 feet high, the full height of the building. The
power house is provided throughout with a concrete
floor reinforced with iron, the lower part
or basement being used for the piping and for
the delivery of ashes from the boilers. The roof
is supported by steel trusses and covered with
slate. The engine room measures inside 67 ft.
by 324 ft., and the boiler room 39 ft. by 260 ft.
In the latter are five batteries of Rust vertical
water-tube boilers of 350 horsepower each, making
3,500 horsepower in all. These are tired by
Murphy automatic stokers. The fuel is supplied
by a belt conveyer from the tipple; this runs
from a bin under the screen to an overhead
storage bin and the coal is distributed by a traveling
automatic tripper. One man tends to the
fires, dumping the ashes into hoppers beneath
the furnaces whilst another man takes care of
the water supply of the boilers. These two men
do all the work of the steam raising. Judging
by other plants, at least 8 men are saved b.v the
use of automatic stokers, which is a considerable
saving when the cost of a year's stoking is considered.
This saving would not be so apparent
were the plant of less capacity and it must also
be remembered that by using this automatic feed,
the boilers can be made to give satisfaction using
the finest and most unmerchantable slack.
The ashes from the boilers, dropped into concrete
hoppers, are sprinkled with water and
hauled away from the basement in special ash
cars by an electric locomotive and
DUMPED FROM A STAGING
into railroad hopper cars. To effect this, a special
form of dump has been provided. The trestle will
hold several ash cars, and as many as desired are
pushed by the motor up an easy incline to the
top of the trestle. They are permitted one by
one to drop back to the head of the incline.
There, singly, they are stopped on a revolving
dumping table, turned a quarter circle and
dumped into a railroad gondola or hopper stand­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
ing below. The tilting of the dump is performed
by a small cylinder pivoted at the lower end.
Thus speedily and cheaply the ashes are removed
from the plant and delivered to a place where
they can be made to fill a useful purpose.
The water for the boilers is supplied from six
wells and is pumped into two Stillwell feedwater
heaters. Like all boiler rooms with automatic
stokers, it is cleanly in the extreme and it is
possible to keep the engine room in perfect condition
despite the fact that the two are ranged
side by side. The power house is flanked at each
end by a brick stack -50 feet high, lined with firebrick
and of 12-foot inside diameter, supported
on concrete foundations. An arched concrete
underground flue connects the boilers with the
stacks.
In the engine room are three C. & G. Cooper
cross-composed engines with 2(1 and 34 inch
cylinders and 42-inch stroke, making loo revolutions
per minute, directly connected to Crocker-
Wheeler dynamos of 500 kilowatt capacity generating
a direct current of 500 volts. The Ridgway
Dynamo and Engine Co. supplied the dynamo
for furnishing light. It has a capacity of 100
kilowatts and furnishes an alternating current
of 1,10(1 volts, being a 60-cycle generator coupled
directly to a McEwen engine.
There are also four Allis-Chalmers cross-compound
air compressors. The high-pressure steam
cylinders have a diameter of 26 inches, the air
cylinders are of 26-inch and 44-inch diameter, respectively,
and the stroke is 48 inches. Each
compressor produces 5,000 cubic feet of air per
minute at a pressure of 100 pounds to the square
inch with the horsepower rating of 1,000.
Along the full length of the engine room and
hung 26 feet above the floor, travels a standard
erecting and dismantling electric crane of 22 tons
capacity, manufactured by the Northern Engineering
Co.
A standard gauge railroad track, connected
with the B. & S. R. R., enters one end of the
engine room, and space is provided for one car
to stand inside the power house for convenience
in loading any injured machinery or for unloading
any additions to the equipment.
All piping in the engine room is beneath the
concrete floor. The pipes from the header over
the boilers drop through the floor and are passed
through the concrete wall of the engine room
basement, holes being provided large enough to
permit of all possible side motion resulting from
CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE
in the steam lines. This provision keeps the engine
room clear, with the head room entirely
unobstructed. In both sides of the power house.
there is abundance of room. On the boiler side,
there is accommodation for four more batteries

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
of boilers, and on the engine side for another
large compressor and two generators, the size
of those already installed.
Four receivers stationed outside the power
house receive the air from the four compressors.
Air leaves these at SO pounds per square inch
pressure and is conveyed by pipe 14 inches in
diameter, branching eastward and westward to­
ward the mines. This dimension is reduced at
each mine opening, the pipes off-bearing to the
drifts being uniformly S inches in diameter.
The locomotive barn, car-repair shop, and ma­
chine shops, are all one story brick buildings.
13 feet high with frame roof trusses, covered
with slate, and foundations of concrete. The first
measures 40 ft. by 102 ft., and the other two
40ft. by 100 ft.
The locomotive barn has in front one pair of
double-swinging doors for each track, separated
by door posts only.
There is room for 24 motors though only 12
are now in use. Twelve separate tracks with
7-foot centers enter the building and these being
of 80-pound rails need only occasional support,
which is afforded by 12 in. by 12 in. brick piers
set 8 feet apart and rising 4 feet above the basement
floor on which they stand. The tracks are
open and the space between the tracks floored.
The building is heated by steam and lighted by
electricity.
The importance of an adequate and well-heated
locomotive barn is considerable. In the first
place it provides a place for a close inspection
of the locomotive after the day's work is done.
Resting as the locomotives do in this Sagamore
barn on heavy rails supported by pillars, not
by walls, it is possible to travel all around, under
as well as over them, tightening loose bolts and
making complete inspection. For this inspection
portable lights having long leading wires are
provided. A locomotive should not be permitted
to become unduly chilled for when it enters the
saturated air of a drift mine, it immediately becomes
covered with condensed moisture with bad
results. The difficulties encountered by the electrical
firms in providing
ADEQUATE INSULATION
have been not a little increased by a lack of consideration
on the part of the mine owners as to
the need of such machinery.
Fourteen feet of the east end of the barn is
partioned off and used as a repair shop. An
8-inch I beam running lengthwise of this shop
carries a small traveling chain hoist for use in
dismantling locomotives. A concreted pit under
the track serves to remove worn wheels from the
locomotive and to provide for the emplacement
of new wheels. For this purpose the locomotive
is jacked up, the rails over the pit removed, the
axle and wheels lowered to a small truck beneath
and hauled outside.
The car-repair shop has two mine tracks running
lengthwise of the building. In addition to
the usual power grindstone and emery wheel, an
automatic cut-off track saw and a large drop ham­
mer are installed. These tools are all operated
by an electric motor. Special attention may Indrawn
to the fact that the hammer, in addition to
its most usual uses, shapes all the machine picks
used at this plant. By the use of special dies.
bar steel is hammered out in the rough, a very
little hand-shaping followed by tempering resulting
in a finished pick. All the general blacksmithing
is done in this building, and five con­
crete forges are provided. One large forge in
the center of the building is used whenever a
large open space around the fire is desirable. The
other four are set near the walls and these are
in continuous use. The floor of this shop is of
cinders and the lighting is by electricity.
The machine shop has a concrete floor with
2 in. by 4 in. sills laid flush with the top and
over these are nailed 7f,-inch tongued and grooved
yellow pine flooring. The mine track enters one
end and runs through the building. The equipment
consists of an 8-inch pipe machine, a large
drill press, a planer and a shaper, all operated
by an electric motor.
'i'he supply house is most elaborate. Supplies
are not allowed to go to waste or to be lost sight
of, so as to be unavailable when required, nor is
there any looseness and uncertainty as to the
necessary provision in case of a breakdown.
Where no storehouse control is maintained there
i.s always a large loss in keeping small duplicate
parts on hand. The need for them is felt only
at long intervals, and when it appears the personnel
may be changed, the duplicates may be
covered up or may have been used in some other
place or even with careless management destroyed.
So that not only is the delay sustained, but good
material, purchased for the occasion, is made
unavailable or valueless. All the bins, shelves
and racks are carefully stenciled with the
SIZE AMI NATURE
of their contents. The store-keeper not only
keeps a vermin and dirt-proof depository, but also
an account of material by an accurate card system
which records the nature of distribution and
the stock on hand. A two-story brick building
measuring 100 ft. b.v 40 ft. by 30 ft. houses the
supplies. The first floor contains racks and bins,
in the center of the building and along the walls,
for all the heavier mine supplies. On this floor,
the store-keeper has his office and shelves are
provided for lighter parts. A mine track, extending
21) feet into the building, provides for
the transfer of heavy material.

The bar iron is stored on a large vertical rack
within the building. The lower floor is of concrete.
A hand-power elevator of half a ton capacity
connects the floors. The second floor is
arranged with bins and racks mainly for supplies
of lighter weight, but the bar iron rack extends
through to this upper story. The railroad supply
track passes the unloading platform on a level
with this floor. Here also electric lights and
steam heat are provided. The oil is kept in a
separate brick building on the opposite side of
the supply track.
The town is laid out in separate sections called
wards, on ground sloping in all directions separated
by small streams affording good drainage
and isolation in case of serious fire. The
streets are 40 feet wide and fronts of houses
20 feet back of street line. The building lots are
50 ft. by 130 ft. with a rear alley 12 feet wide.
The houses are in four styles, built on hollow
block tile foundations, studded and covered with
double half V and siding, underlaid with heavy
building paper, then lathed and plastered and
roofed with slate. The water supply is from
three Artesian wells near the creek and pumped
through a 6-inch cast-iron pipe to a double concrete
reservoir holding 80,000 gallons on each
side, located at the highest point in the town.
This 6-inch pipe serves as a main for the town
system with 4-inch cast-iron lines leading from
it through each street, set 3 1 /, feet underground.
Thus the piping system can be supplied direct
from the pumps or by gravity from the reservoir.
From the 4-inch lines i_,-inch branches are laid
to domestic hydrants at the sidewalk, spaced
100 feet apart, and located on alternate sides of
the street. At all street intersections and along
the streets at intervals not exceeding 400 feet
HUE HYDRANTS Alii: PLACED.
The elevation of the reservoir is higher than the
highest house. Each ward has an organized fire
brigade and is provided with a hose house containing
a hose cart and 150 feet of hose.
The public school, located in a natural grove.
is large and modern in every respect, containing
four class rooms upstairs and four downstairs,
all 24 ft. by 30 ft. 6 in. with a cloak room adjoining
each class room. A drinking fountain
is provided at each floor, and toilet rooms are
found in the basement. The building is of brick
cased, built on stone foundations. It is roofed
with slate and heated by steam. There is a hotel
with 31 bedrooms, in keeping with other improvements,
a fine brick office (with two office rooms,
a drafting room and three bedrooms and a twostory
vault) and other conveniences are all interesting
parts of this equipment.
Nor in these days, when the care of the injured
is a paramount consideration, should ref­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
erence be omitted to the doctors' office arranged
with a waiting room and two offices, one for each
physician. There is provided also an operating
room with a concrete floor, a central drain for
efficient cleansing of the room, every facility for
cleanly operating, and a sterilizing cabinet. This
departure may be described as a connecting link
between first aid and the hospital. Here minor
injuries can be adequately handled and professional
aid in the case of major injuries can be
supplied before the long distressing trip to the
distant hospital commences. Sagamore, it must
be remembered, is on a different railroad, and
3D miles from the nearest hospital; viz., that
founded by Mrs. Adrian Iselin, at Punxsutawney.
The store of the Keystone Store Co. is a large
two story building, measuring 66 ft. by 110 ft.
The main details of this comprehensive plant
were laid out under the immediate direction of
Chas. D. Oldknow and Jas. Harvey. The former
is chief engineer, whose previous affiliation was
with the Temple Iron Co., of Scranton. The latter,
who has made mining a life study, is the very
capable general superintendent. H. A. Molder is
the directing head at Sagamore, and J. A. Caseley
is the auditor. The steel work and trusses
and the mechanical equipment of the tipple and
power house were detailed and constructed by the
contracting engineeis, Heyl and Patterson, of
Pittsburg.
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following recent patents of interest to the
coal trade are reported expressly for Tin: COAL
TRADE BULLETIN by J. M. Nesbit, patent attorney.
Park building. Pittsburgh, Pa., from whom printed
copies may be procured for 15 cents each:
Coke oven, L. P. Palmer, Uniontown, Pa.; 982,684.
Coke oven door, L. C. Flaccus, New York, N. Y.;
992,492.
Coal cutting machine, Louis Thomas, Ans, Belgium;
993,474.
Ore and coal jig. E. A. Wall, Salt Lake City,
Utah; 993,481.
Mining machine. William Guernsey, Prosser,
Wash.; 993,593.
Miller's lamp, R. D. Cochrane, Norhury, Eng.;
994,123.
Coal washing jig, A. C. Hoecker, CoIIinsville, 111.;
994.160.
Safety power for blasting. G. M. Peters, Cincinnati,
an.. M. F. Lindley, Kings Mills, Ohio; 994,273.
Coal drilling and reaming implement. W. T.
Evans, and B. T. Reilly. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; 994,307.
Treatment of gases given off in the destructive
distillation of coal, etc., Gustav Hilgenstock, Dahlhausen-Ruhr,
Germany; 994,315.
Bit for rock drills, moils and picks, Wallace
Childs, Neosho, Mo.; 994,668.

Y2 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE TESTING OF LOCOMOTIVE FUEL/ 1
By F O. Bunnell. Engineer of Tests. Rock Island Lines.
It is gratifying to note that many railroads are
giving the fuel question more serious consideration
both from the standpoint of fuel and type of furnace
used and b.v various tests of fuels such as
tests between coal taken from different sources,
coal as compared with oil, briquetting bituminous
and lignite coal, evaporative efficiency under different
boiler conditions, etc., they are gradually
adopting the fuel most practical to use in a given
territory and boiler conditions adapted to greater
evaporative efficiency. There are many reasons
for this activity on the part of the railroads,
among which, with a brief explanation, are the
following:
A. Prof. Goss has estimated that in the average
locomotive furnace 20 per cent, of tlie total fuel
supplied to the locomotive performs no function
in moving the train forward. Adding to this the
losses due to radiation, adhesion to the rails, flange
friction, etc., it is estimated that not over 5 per
cent, of the latent heat value in the coal performs
useful work in moving trains forward. In 1906
out of 90,000,000 tons consumed, it is estimated but
40,000,000 tons represented heat actually transmitted
from the furnaces to water to be evaporated.
Accepting the above figures as reasonably
accurate, it is obvious there is urgent need of improvement
first to utilize a greater percentage of
the heat in evaporating the water, and second to
reduce the losses of the resultant energy. There
are certain conditions now existing on all railroads
fixed by the type of locomotives now in use,
in wdiich there can be an excessive use of fuel unless
the furnace conditions are adapted to the fuel
or the physical character of the fuel is adapted to
the type of locomotive in which it is used, or if the
fuel is of inferior quality.
B. The fuel bills of a railroad occupy the most
conspicuous part of the total cost of operation, in
many cases amounting to 13 per cent, of the total
cost of operation and 26 per cent, of the total transportation
expenses; while these
FIGURES WILL VARY,
with different railroads, according to the kind of
traffic handled, in glancing over the report of
transportation expenses of the A & B railroad the
item of fuel for locomotives amounting to about
$6,600,000 stands out in bold comparison with any
other item and with the total cost of transportation
of about $25,000,000. In years past there has
heen marked attention paid to the cost of lubricating
oil which, in the statement referred to,
amounts to about $106,000.
C. It is a well known fact that there is a vast
difference in the evaporative efliciency of fuel as
obtained from the different localities and frequently
between two sources in the same locality. For
example the average range of heat units in locomotive
fuel might be stated as follows:
Fuel oil. from 15,800 to 20,200 B. t. u.
Anthracite coal, from 12,900 to 14,700 B. t. u.
Semi-bituminous coal, from 14.500 to 15,500 B.t.u.
Bituminous coal, from 8,500 to 16,200 B. t. u.
Briquettes - , 200 B. t. u. more than same grade
of coal.
Fuel is no longer fuel in the sense of the pioneer
indiscriminate use of this utility, and while it is
evident, from the above range in heat units, that
fuel cannot always be used, with economy, on the
basis of geographical location, attention is also
called to the fact that the smallest range of variation
per pound of fuel, as shown above, is 1,000
heat units for semi-bituminous coal or 7 per cent.,
and no railroad can afford this variation in its
fuel hills without challenging the cause for same.
D. There is also a great difference in the physical
nature of the fuel; fuel oil varies in viscosity
and specific gravity as well as in the flash and fire
tests. Coals vary in specific gravity, hardness,
I rittleness and tendency to crumble on exposure
to the atmosphere. The character and quality of
the ash of coals is also important: some coals have
comparatively little ash and give no trouble from
this source, while others have a large amount of
ash. 18 per cent, in some cases; sometimes the ash
clinkers badly or forms a semi-flux which on cooling
has been known to practically seal tlie grate
bars. The character of the ash made is frequently
more important than the volume.
To use fuel to the best practical advantage, in
addition to the factors already mentioned, attention
should be given to the difference in the physical
nature of the fuel. The
RATE OF I'RODfCIXG
steam and the cost of same in a locomotive with a
given furnace and front end adjustment are extremely
sensitive to a change in the physical character
of the fuel; is is, therefore, advisable to
use fuel of the same physical character, on a railroad,
over as wide range of territory as possible
and it is equally important to insure that the socalled
draft arrangements in all locomotives are
carefully adjusted to burn the fuel to the best
advantage in evaporative efficiency.
While the above explains the reasons for the
activity shown by most railroad managers in in­
'"Paper read before the meeting of the International Railvestigating fuel conditions, it also serves to emway
Fuel Association.

phasize the necessity of testing fuel, it the best
practicable results and greatest economies, in one
of the most salient factors of operating costs, are
to be realized, and with the relation of fuel costs
to other items of transportation expense, the difference
in heat units in different fuels, and the
difference in physical character of fuels in mind,
no railroad, which has not already done so, can
afford to continue the use of fuel now purchased
for a given territory without making a systematic
investigation to determine the fuel most efficient
for use and which will best serve the interest of
the railroad company as a whole. It would be
unjust not to mention, at this time, the excellent
work which has been done, along this line, by the
United States Geological Survey and later by the
Bureau of Mines in making laboratory tests, including
the proximate analysis, calorimetric determinations
and ultimate analysis.
To determine the fuel best to use on a given
lailroad. it is first advisable, by means of laboratory
determinations of approximate analysis,
calorific value, etc., to determine the relative
quality and efficiency of all the fuel either on the
lines of the railroad company or tributary to same.
With this information and a map of the railroad,
showing various divisional points, before yon, a
territorial classification of the fuel can readily
be made and with the general traffic conditions,
original cost of the fuel and cost of hauling in
mind, it should not be difficult to determine, within
reasonable limits, the most practical and economic
fuel for use in a given territory and at all times,
traffic conditions permitting, the
QUALITY' OF THE FUEL
should take precedence over favorable geographical
location.
The recommended method of sampling coal both
in the mine and in car lots is the method outlined
by the United States Geological Survey as follows:
Mine samples should be taken in a number of
places at widely separated points in the mine
where the coal bed has an average development.
It is preferable to determine these locations by
an examination of the mine map before going into
the mine. At each of the places designated the
face of the coal should be cleared of burnt powder,
loose coal or dirt for about 5 feet in width and
the full height of the wormable seam. All insecure
places in the roof should also be taken down
to prevent tlieir falling into the sample. The
sampler should then spread a waterproof blanket
on the floor of the mine close up to the face of the
coal and make a perpendicular cut, with a mine
pick, from the floor to the roof, including in the
sample everything but the parts of the coal bed
which are originally discarded by the miner.
Sufficient coal should be cut to make a volume
equal to not less than live pounds to the foot in
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
height, that is, a sample weighing not less than
20 pounds should be cut from a four-foot, bed of
coal. When shale or other partings aie to be
included in the sample care should be exercised
to cut them Ibe full width and depth of the groove
in order to preserve the proper proportion of coal
and extraneous matter. When the required amount
of coal has been obtained, detailed measurement
of the section of tlie bed, from top to bottom, noting
every perceptible parting and variation in the
seam, should be made. The parts of the bed not
included in the sample
SHOULD HE CLEARLY SHOWN
in the record. The cuttings should then be sifted
through a screen with a i^-inch mesh, the lumps
broken to a size that will admit of their passing
ihiough a (..-inch opening. The samples should
then be mixed by two men grasping opposite corners
of the blanket, rolling the sample diagonally
by raising one corner of the blanket at a time, a
further thorough mixing effected by hand. When
the sample is thoroughly mixed, and all impurities
are evenly distributed throughout the mass,
the sample should be quartered and the two opposite
quarters discarded. The remainder should
then he mixed as before, continuing the quartering
and discarding process until the sample is
sufficiently small for convenient handling. The
material finally remaining should then be spread
in a circular mass about two inches thick on the
blanket, a small trowel used to fill a sample can,
taking portions from the circumference to the center
of the mass, and around the entire circle. The
can should then be closed, neimetically sealed and
sent to the laboratory.
The entire process of sampling should be carried
on as rapidly as possible at the places in the mine
where the sample was cut and the maximum time
allowed for cutting, mixing and taking" sample
should not exceed one hour. All material encountered
in cutting across the face of the bed
should be included in the sample except partings
or binders more than three-eighths of an inch in
thickness and lenses or concretions of sulphur or
other impurities greater than two inches in maximum
diameter and one-half inch in thickness. If
the sample is taken from a very wet place it
should be taken out of the mine and dried until all
sensible moisture has been driven off.
When samples are taken from cars they should
not be limited to a few shovelfuls of
COAL FROM THE TOP
of the car. because the heavier pieces gradually
work down toward the bottom; samples taken at
the bottom of the car have shown as much as 8
per cent, more ash than the coal at the top, the
moisture also frequently varying from top to bottom
depending on the weather. In order to get
a fair car sample it is necessary to take a number

54 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
of shovelfuls of coal, from various points in the
car, securing, in this way, a representative portion
of the coal from top to bottom and from end to
end, being careful to see that the relative propor­
tions of fine and coarse coal are secured.
Under any circumstances with the information
now at hand it is not safe to rest with the knowl­
edge of the source of supply of the fuel, its analysis
and physical qualities as observed at the mine
or laboratory as the case may be, but to avoid the
serious error often existing between the theoretical
and practical, it is necessary after making the
analysis and subsequently establishing a territorial
classification of the fuels, to conduct a series of
practical road tests, before the fuel most practical
and economical for a given territory can be finally
determined.
Road tests are also necessary to determine the
relative evaporative efficiency of a given find under
different furnace and boiler conditions and for the
purpose of improving detail conditions in a given
locomotive; these tests may include tests between
two or more kinds of fuel in a given territory,
such as different kinds of coal, coal and oil, or
tests between the best fuel of different territories.
It is not too theoretical to assume that, trafficconditions
permitting, with a given type of locomotive
a change in the source of supply or kind
of fuel for a given territory will result in
AX APPRECIABLE SAVING
due to less fuel being required for a given performance
on account of the superiority of its physical
character and heating efficiency.
The spring and fall months of average seasons
are preferable on account of more uniform weather
conditions.
Unless extraordinary operating conditions pre­
vent, fuel tests should be made on the division
where the fuel is to be used.
Passenger service is sometimes desirable on account
of requiring less time and a fewer number of
trips can be made than in freight service when it
generally requires one or two additional trips to
obtain a fair average on account of a greater num­
ber of stops and delays.
It is often desirable to use the same type of locomotive
for all tests, in order that tests made on
different divisions may be directly compared.
It has been estimated that scale deposits ,',; inch
thick on the sheets and flues of a locomotive boiler
cause a loss in evaporating efficiency of 13 per
cent, and scale :; , inch I hick a loss of 91 per cent.
It is, therefore, evident the boiler should he prac­
tically free from scale deposits.
If previous experience has not afforded opportunity
to adjust the draft arrangement or if a
fuel of different character is to be tested, it may
be necessary to make one or two trips over the
division, using the engine and crew assigned to
the test, in order that they may become familiar
with the fuel and also to change the grates, size
of nozzle, petticoat pipe arrangement, the size of
stack or any other changes necessary to secure
conditions normal to proper combustion of the
fuel.
The author of this paper concludes with tech­
nical details for properly conducting" tests with oil,
with coal and with briquettes, and for properly
tabulating the results obtained.
OTTUMWA LOADERS INSTALLED.
The Ottumwa Box Car Loader Co. of Ottumwa,
la., is installing for the Lethbridge Collieries Co.
one of its largest Cradle Box Car Loaders. The
capacity of the Ottumwa Cradle Loader is practi­
cally unlimited, and it is able to take care of the
output of the very largest mines.
The equipment of the Lethbridge Collieries is
being made the very best. This Loader will be
in operation within the next 30 days.
The Chinook Coal Co. of Lethbridge, Alberta.
has purchased, and is now having installed Shaker
Screens, and Coal Handling equipment purchased
from the Ottumwa Box Car Loader Co.
• NEW ENTERPRISES •
Crown Hill-Kanawha Coal Co., Charleston, W.
Va.; capital, $5(l,n00; incorporators, J. Gluck, J. T.
Lightner, Leo Schaeffer, and S. Smith, of Char­
leston, and J. S. Miller, of Crown Hill, W. Va.
Crown Hill-Kanawha Coal Co., Charleston, W.
Va.; capital, $50,000; incorporators, J. Gluck, J. T.
Lightern, Leo Schaeffer and S. Smith, of Charles­
ton, and J. S. Miller, of Crown Hill, W. Va.
Big Sandy Supply Co.. Kenova, W. Va.; capital,
$10,000: incorporators, J. F. York, Will Mount,
A. L. McGinnis, and C. G. Elder, of Huntington,
and J. M. York, of Fort Gay, W. Va.
American Pocahontas Collieries Corporation,
Roanoke, Va.; capital. $50,000; incorporators, J.
H. Flanaghan, Welch. W. Va.; H. M. Fox. Roanoke,
Va.
Cherry Run Mining Co., Pittsburgh; capital,
$500,000; incorporators. Samuel A. Taylor, J. M.
Taylor, of Pittsburgh, and James W. Hamilton, of
Knoxville, Pa.
Luton Coal Co., Providence, Ky.; capital, $100,-
000; incorporators, S. K. Luton, J. E. Morgan and
R. W. Hunter.
The annual meeting of the Sunday Creek Co.
will be held in Jersey City, N. J., on June 26,
wdien the annual report for the fiscal year ending
March 31, will be submitted. No change in the
present officials and directors is anticipated.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H. W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA,
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

56
BESSEMER AND BASIC PIG
IRON PRODUCTION IN 1910.
The production of Bessemer and basic pig iron
in Pennsylvania and Ohio, by districts in 1910 as
compared with 1909, according to the Iron and
Steel Bulletin of James M. Swank, was;
BESSEMER AND LOW PHOSPHORUS.
Districts. , Tons. x
Pennsylvania— 1910. 1909.
Lehigh and Schuylkill valleys 101.970 112,547
Lower Susquehanna 126,403 119,874
Allegheny county 2.352,149 2,143.009
Balance of slate 1,750,317 1,446,176
Totals, Pennsylvania 4,393,905 3.S51.600
Ohio-
Mahoning Valley 1.738,907 1,682,839
Lake counties 830,921 1,051,329
Balance of state 890,908 893,878
Totals, Ohio 3,460,736 3,628,046
Pennsylvania—
BASIC PIG IKO.N.
Lehigh valley 366,132 297,007
Schuylkill and Lower Susequehanna
754,290 606,447
Allegheny county 2,807,551 3,187,687
Shenango valley 620,658 553,206
Balance of state 698.434 611,898
Totals, Pennsylvania .... 5.247,065 5,256,245
Ohio—
Mahoning and Lake counties. 690.941 460,552
Balance of state 464.493 385.404
Totals. Ohio 1.155,434 845,956
Fourteen slates made either Bessemer or lowphosphorus
pig iron in 1910, against 12 states in
1909 and the same number in 1908.
In 1910 basic pig iron was made b.v 68 plants
in lo states, as follows: Pennsylvania. 32 plants;
Ohio, 15; New York, 5; Virginia, 4; Alabama, 4;
New Jersey, 2; Indiana, 2; Illinois, 2; Missouri,
1 ; and Colorado, 1.
Commenting on the statistics by districts, so
far as tabulated, Editor Swank says:
"There was a decrease in the production of
basic pig iron in 1910 as compared with 1909 in
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
Missouri and Colorado. The falling off in Allegheny
county, Pennsylvania, was especially heavy
and amounted to over 380,000 tons."
The figures on active and idle blast furnaces in
the United States at the close of each year since
1873, compiled by Mr. Swank, are:
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
FURNACES.
Com- Corn-
Year. Active. Idle, pleted. Year. Active. Idle, pleted.
1873.
1874.
1S75.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1 882.
1883.
1884.
1SS5.
1S86.
1S87.
1888.
1889.
1S90.
1891.
410
365
293
236
270
265
388
446
455
417
31)7
236
276
331
339
900
344
311
313
247
328
420
476
116
427
309
0 r, r
261
270
376
433
315
246
244
257
226
25 1
256
657
693
713
712
716
692
697
701
716
687
683
669
591
577
583
589
570
562
569
1892.
1893.
1894.
1S95.
1S96.
1897.
1898.
1899.
19U0.
19111.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
253
137
185
242
159
191
202
2S9
266
307
182
261
:; 1 3
340
167
236
338
206
The figures on active and idle blast
the close of April of this year were:
idle, 205; total number furnaces, 416.
311
384
326
226
311
9 %9,
212
125
174
140
105
243
168
11 1
89
276
223
131
564
521
511
468
470
423
414
414
406
406
412
425
429
424
429
443
459
469
268 474
furnaces' at
Active. 211;
HOW TO KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH
AFFAIRS.
Mines of information on every subject are at
your disposal—Just say the word and we'll
drive an entry for you - - - - - - - -
USE OUR
PRESS CLIPPINGS.
) Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in the greatest ,
I Industrial Center of the World. )
) We have two branches—
> A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
[ Both are splendid aids to busy men.
5 Ask us for definite information
r and rates.
| The Central Press Bureau,
906 4.908 WABASH BUILDING
) Ttltphont 2164 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.

COKE PROBUCTION IN OHIO IN 1910.
Ohio ranks fourth among the states as a coal
producer but only fourteenth in the manufacture
of coke, and until 1905, when the first installation
of by-product ovens was put into operation, Ohio
could lay claim to little importance as a producer
of coke, according to E. W. Parker, of the United
States Geological Survey.
During 1910 the work of dismantling 80 Roth-
berg ovens by the Cleveland Furnace Co. and con­
structing 49 Semet-Solvay ovens from the old ma­
terial was completed and the new ovens contrib­
uted nearly 20 per cent, of the total output of the
state. Nearly 4n per cent, of the total output of
the state came from the Otto-Hoffman plant at
Hamilton. The 25 Rothberg ovens' left standing
at Cleveland were not in operation in 1910. The
average yield of coal in coke in the retort ovens
was 72 per cent. In the 322 bee-hive ovens that
constituted tne remainder of the coke-producing
facilities of Ohio the yield of c-oal in coke was
but 64 per cent.
The total production of coke in Ohio in 1910
YOU CAN'T :,i
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
C A N get you a large J
clean core of all strata un- J
der your land to be ex- '
amined in broad daylight. 5
. No Guess Work. . '
The J. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
Field Office, House Buildine, PITTSBURGH, PA.
Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
was 282,315 short tons, valued at $911,987. In
quantity this was, with the exception of that for
1906, the largest production in the history of the
state. The value of the product in 1910 was
exceeded in two earlier years, 1905 and 19116.
Compared with 1909 the production in 1910 showed
an increase of 59,604 short tons, or 20.S per cent..
in quantity, and of $228,832, or 33.5 per cent, in
value. The average price per ton advanced from
$3.07 in 1909 to $3.23 in 1910. As in Illinois, the
higher value of tlie coke made in Ohio, as com­
pared with that of the neighboring states of Penn­
sylvania and West Virginia, is due to the fact that
a large part of the coal used conies from the West
Virginia mines and ihe transportation charges have
been borne by the coal, the coke being made at or
near the points of consumption.
Fire destroyed ihe coal tipple, boiler house and
air compressor at the Nellie Coal Co. mine at
Argentine, Pa.. May 28, causing a loss of $15,000.
One hundred men will be idle till the destroyed
buildings' are rebuilt.
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
\ The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
5 Contains a Complete List for the United States and
^ Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
i, Gas Companies. Elevators, Foundries. Mills, Iron
C Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
z Coke in oar load lots, with capital and pay ratines.
3 ««.. » lu, RMI f„„ ,. « 1438 SO. PENN SQUARE,
- 550 Monon Building, 440 Dearborn St. _U1I -«-., -,,_..«
CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
„ FAMOUS
TT
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C O ^ A V
PENNSYLVANIA.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
FOR. SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909- IO.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which Is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the loca
tion and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G S„ Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVIIXK, PA.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.
Position Wanted
As company inspector, superintendent or assistant
superintendent. Hold all known certificates
as a mining official. Have had many
years practical experience in all known systems of
coal mining, etc., based upon the most economic
principles. Have testimonials of high order from
prominent mining men, inspectors, mining engineers
and mine superintendents. Address, care
William Hardy, 1131 Lang Avenue. Pittsburgh, Pa.
6-15
For Sale
A well improved coal farm of 205 acres in a
new coal belt, between two railroads, commanding
the only natural inlet to over 500 acres solid coal
land. Write Mr. Milton Taggart,
Cadiz, Ohio.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full particulars,
analysis of coal, name, location and outfit
of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERIOK, Easton, Pa.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, 1*4 tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TI;ADE BULLETIN'. 6-1
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VEXEER & LUJIBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.

67>e
GOAL JRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, JULY 1, 1911 No. 3
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STRAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
relating to coal or coal production are invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
fore navigation closes. As the docks this year
will have been enlarged and will have a capacity
larger than at any previous time, it will mean,
if they can be filled to capacity, a smaller amount
of coal to be handled by rail during the closed
season on the lakes. The reduced freight rate,
made for some ports earlier in the season seems
to have fixed itself on the carrying situation and
is now the ruling figure for the ports involved
and those other ports taking the same rate. All
the shipping ports on the lower lakes report an
improvement in the situation save Buffalo, where
the anthracite coal seems to keep activity down
to a certain extent. While June figures are not
yet available, it is believed that the lake ship­
BETTEB THINGS ARE IN SIGHT for the coal trade,
now that the second half of the year has arrived
ments for the month will compare favorably with
those of the same month of other years.
is the belief of those in touch with affairs, and
this belief apparently is justified by the fact that
In the Pittsburgh district there is more activity
the coke trade has taken an upward spurt, and the
than has been the case since early in the first
shipments of bituminous coal have been on the
quarter of the year. More coal is going forward
increase, both by rail, and by water to upper lake
from mines, and the number of trains made up en­
ports. On top of this is the additional fact that
tirely of coal, bound lakeward and eastward thai
the steel and iron trade has turned for the better,
are passing over the railroads of the district is
and, consequently there is more demand for fuel
much larger, and the increased activity is dis­
of all kinds, with a consequent hardening of prices,
tinctly noticeable to those who are observers in
this line.
which latter fact is the one that is dearer to the
In consequence of this there is a much
heart of the producer than any other, foi' it means
better feeling among the producers, and as a corol­
that, in addition to getting more coal on the marlary
much better times being made at the mines.
ket he is more likely to profit to a greater degree
This, in turn, means that the activity is not of
than if there were soft spots, with rumors of price
the kind that keeps the mines running merely to
cutting coming to his ears.
meet overhead charges trusting to the sale of
Lake trade at last seems to have taken on some
product to bring this about. Rather it is the
real life and coal is going forward in larger quan­
activity that comes when the trade is on the uptities
than it has at any time this season, with
ward trend and the operator sees the rainbow of
still better times in prospect. Vessels are obtain­
profit clear in the sky after the storm of hard
able as fast as required, and less difficulty is ex­
times and lessened demand. The river shipping
companies still are suffering from a low stage of
perienced in getting bottoms than earlier in the
season. It is believed that these conditions wili
water, but as they are increasing their all rail
continue to obtain, with the result that late August
facilities, this condition is less detrimental than
and early September will see coal going forward in
it was in former years when they depended alto­
quantities sufficiently large to put an entirely adegether
on the rivers for their transportation
quate stock of fuel on the head of lake docks be­ means, and were unable to get their coal to mar-

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ket daring the period of low water. The all rail
mines are sending more coal to the lakes than at
any time since navigation opened, and therefore,
operating officials are much more cheerful. The
main thing, however, that is causing the better
feeling in the trade is the stiffening in prices,
whicli is indicated by the fact that producers are
demanding, and what is more, getting close to card
figures for their tonnage, and are not at all anxious
to close long term contracts at even those figures.
If anything were needed to put backbone into the
trade, this would do it. and the bargain hunter
is having a hard time in the Pittsburgh district
just now. With the optimism that prevails, and
the inciease in demand, there is no difficulty in EMPLOYEES HAVE A RIGHT TO KNOW what employes
getting card prices, which are: $1.25 to $1.35 for do off duty is a doctrine just promulgated by the
run-of-mine coal; $1.35 to $1.45 for three-quarter head of one of the best of trades unions, the loco­
coal; $1.45 to $1.55 for inch and one-quarter coal. motive engineers. It is something of a departure
and S5 to 95 cents for slack.
lor a trades unionist to take such a stand. But if
For the first time in several months, the num­ a similar position was taken by leaders of other
ber of coke ovens in blast shows an increase at the organizations there would be less industrial strife
latest date for which figures are available. The than now obtains. The words of Grand Chief
production, which at the middle of the month just Stone of the locomotive engineers are worthy of
closed had made its first spurt, continues to in­ study by every employe of an individual or a corcrease,
and those interested in the trade feel that poration.
the real turn for the better has come at last.
Figures for the first half of the year are available,
and they show that the trade has run considerably
behind that of the same period of 1910, but not
6o far behind that it will be unable to equal that
year's record when the final figures of the present
year are available. The increase in active ovens
and the increase in tonnage is divided about
equally between the furnace and the independent
producers, thus indicating that the upward trend
is not spasmodic or confined to any particular part
of the trade. More than any other branch of the
coal mining industry, the coke trade is dependent
on the iron and steel industry fer its business,
and the increase, therefore, indicates that there is
more activity in iron and steel than there has been
foi- some time. Prices, like those for coal, are
firmer than they have been for some time, and
there is little coke to be had at a bargain, nor is
there any coke going into stock because of low
prices. Manufacturers are adhering close to
regular rates, which are: $1.75 to $1.85 for fur­
nace coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for foundry coke.
In the anthracite branch of the trade the usual
midsummer dullness is reported, and the press
dispatches say that the largest producing company
will shut down its mines during the week in which
the Fourth of July occurs. This must not be
taken to mean, however, that the trade is on the
down grade, for that hardly is true. It is just
the case of the season making its presence felt.
with the prospect that, so soon as the holiday
time is over the trade will resume the even tenor
of its way. Prices were given the usual boost
of 10 cents per ton this date, which brings them
within 20 cents of winter figures. As a whole
this branch of the trade is in a satisfactory condi­
tion, despite the unseasonable weather.
* * *
Jere Wheelwright sees better times ahead. He
usually doesn't make any wild guesses when he
discusses trade conditions and we opine this is
no exception to the rule.
* * *
The Pittsburgh testing station is playing some
large attractions. President Taft is down in its
bookings.
* * *
The turn has come at last, and now let every one
get down to work and keep tiie trade moving.
* * *
Get out your fireworks and celebrate the Fourth
and the betterment of trade conditions.
• * 9
Prices are firmer is the report. Best news that
has leaked out in a month of Sundays!
* * *
Chief Stone of the engineers has just heaved a
rock that landed in the right place.
* * *
Were you at one of the conventions? If you
were not, you're a loser.
* * *
Coke manufacturers once more see the silver
lining to the cloud.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
SUMMER MEETING OF COAL MINING INSTITUTE OF AMERICA IS WELL
ATTENDED AND INTERESTING PROGRAM IS CARRIED OUT.
The summer meeting of the Coal Mining Institute
of America was held at Indiana, Pa., June
28 and 29, and was one of the best attended in
the history of the organization.
The sessions opened with about 150 members
present and after the delegates had been welcomed
to the town, President S. A. Taylor, of
Pittsburgh, delivered his annual address, taking
for his subject, "How Can the Bituminous Coal
Industry be Placed on a More Substantial Basis?"
He said:
The subject or title of this paper is made upon
the assumption that the coal industry is in an
unsatisfactory state. I am of the opinion that
there is little danger of this being contradicted,
and yet, if it should be. all that is necessary for
any person taking such exception to do, to satisfy
himself that there is something radically wrong
with business, is to consult those persons interested
in the matter in any way. Let him first
go to the ordinary consumer and he will tell
him that he is paying a much higher price for
his coal than some other person similarly situated,
and he will quote him the figures that will
at once convince him of the correctness of his
statement. Then let him ask the operator about
his affairs and he will at once and very quickly
tell him that he is expected to do things which
are impossible for him to do, because he cannot
make the expense or cost of so doing, under the
present existing conditions. And lastly let him
go to the miners and laborers at the mines, employed
in the production of the coal, and he will,
in less time than it can be described, give so
many reasons and name so many things that
are not what they desire or demand, that he will
go no further, being thoroughly convinced that
there are many things in connection with the
industry that can be greatly and beneficially
changed, and that such changes should be made.
In the discussion of the question there are several
phases of the industry that
REQUIRE SOME CONSIDERATION
in order to devise some remedy, if possible, to
cure the disorder.
We will therefore consider the four conditions
which must, to a degree at least, be satisfied in
order to bring about a more stable condition in
the industry, as follows:
lst. The elements entering into the cost of
coal to the consumer.
2nd. The position of the Operator to the Bituminous
Coal Industry.
3rd. The position of the Mine Worker to the
Bituminous Coal Industry.
4th. What position should the Government
take in connection with the Industry?
In discussing this first condition, we must consider
the deposits or existence of materials which
are available for fuel: their proximity to the
place of consumption; the cost, of production, as
well also the cost of transportation of the fuel
to the place of consumption.
Within the boundary lines of the United States
has been deposited probably the greatest amount
of fuel in the form of anthracite and bituminous
coal, lignite, peat, oil, gas and other forms of
carbon which can be used for fuel, of probably
any similar area of the world. As a result of
this liberal treatment by nature of the United
States, and specially of the Eastern or Appalachian
section, the coal market of this territory
has had very little stability.
In some districts of the Appalachian section,
while a large body of coal is near at hand and
can be mined cheaply, the wood available for fuel
can be so much more cheaply obtained that the
owners of the coal cannot undertake to mine
it for their own use because of the fact that they
can use the wood at less risk and cost. In other
districts, where there is a large domestic consumption
of fuel on account of their location
being somewhat distant from the coal fields and
which consequently entails in the use of coal an
additional cost for transportation over and above
the cost of the production of coal, and when these
two factors are combined, they render
THE COST 01' COAL
laid down to the consumer such that the wood
available for fuel is much cheaper for them to
use than the coal.
Again in other districts oil and gas have been
taken from the earth at such a cost that even
though the coal is near at hand it cannot compete
as a fuel because of the much higher cost
of production per heat unit of coal than of oil
or gas. A great number of conditions which are
special and particular to each location might be
dwelt upon in order to arrive at a proper understanding
of the conditions affecting the cost of
coal in these particular locations, and each case
would be different in character but of practically
the same result in the end—that the using of coal
at a price that is fair to the consumer, fair to
the operator and fair to the mine labor—cannot
be accomplished easily, and wherever such a
condition cannot be established in a fair and
equitable way. there can be no stability obtained
for the industry so controlled. As stated above,
the proximity to the place of consumption is one

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
of the determining features of the price, for the
price to the consumer must always, to lie in
equilibrium, bear a lair cost of transportation
from the location of the coal mines to the place
of consumption. If this be all by rail and no
competition entering into the transportation, the
cost will naturally be greater. If it is both b.v
rail and by water, the cost will be considerably
less. If it can be transferred entirely by water,
the transportation will lie very much less. In
some cases where tiie transportation is all by
rail and there is no competition, tlie price for
service rendered is very much greater than
that for the same service where competition
exists. So location of coal as compared to the
place of consumption becomes a very important
factor in the cost of coal to the consumer.
In the cost of production of coal there are a
number of things that enter into this cost, namely.
the manner or occurrence of the coal seam;
whether it be practically horizontal, or whether
it be on medium pitch or whether it be on a very
deep pitch; whether the coal veins be (hick or
thin; whether the coal outcrops
ABOVE WATER LEVEL
and therefore can be opened by drift mines;
whether the coal occurs slightly below water
level and can consequently be opened as slope
mines, or whether the coal occurs at such a
depth below water level thai shafting must be
resorted to in order to reach it: whether the
mines are gaseous or non-gaseous; whether they
are wet or whether they are dry. And so we
might enumerate a great many conditions in
mining, each of which would cause a slight
change in the cost of producing coal and consequently
should logically affect Ihe price to the
consumer.
Again a strike in some district of the country
will drive many people into the coal business,
in the district from which coal must come to
supply that suspended temporarily by the strike.
who have had little or no experience in connection
with mining. On account of the fact that
in many places coal can be obtained, and opened
up ready for shipment at such a small cost or
outlay of money that many people with little
capita] have been able to embark in the coal
business, and after they are once in il, it seems
compulsory for them to continue therein as long
as they can keep their business going, which results
very often in unfair treatment of their men
and customers, in their over anxiety to succeed.
With such conditions confronting the industry,
there can be little or no control of the output
requirement, recovery, prices, etc., if the control
of the business is to be left entirely in the hands
of such men.
There is another factor which recently has
become quite an item of cost to the consumer,
thai is the requirements of some of the specifications
that coal shall be purchased only on the
basis of heat units contained in the coal and
compelling forfeits to be paid by the producer
if the coal he ships should fall below the amount
required to be guaranteed. Our own government
is one of the large consumers who purchase on
this basis, and is therefore
PLACING A PREMIUM
on tiie waste of the coal, in the mines from
which they purchase, for the reason that only
llie highest grade of coal can meet the require­
ments of the specifications, and for this loss
and extra cost of production the operator must
be paid, if he in turn can pay the miners and
others employed in connection with the iiroduction
of the coal. This is, however, levying a toll
upon the future population of our country which
cannot be abolished until the national govern­
ment shall take cognizance of the same and act
in a fair and intelligent manner in the matter.
This may seem at first thought as an unwarranted
interference on the part of the government,
but, as I will attempt to show, I believe
that not only would it be well for the coal industry
to have the government so interfere, but
it is a duty the government owes to the industry
as well as posterity to so interfere.
I might continue to elaborate many more conditions
in detail which enter into the cost to the
consumer, but I think the above sufficient to
show how serious a matter it is to adjust all
conditions in order that the cost of coal to the
consumer shall be fair and equitable.
THE POSITION OF OPERATOR TO THE BITUMINOUS
COAL INDUSTRY.
The coal operator holds the position of a middleman
between the consumer on one hand, the labor
necessary to produce the coal, the owner of the
lands and all other things, excepting transportation,
that enter into the cost of the coal to the
consumer, on the other hand. He is therefore
placed in a position, as it were, between two mill
stones: the consumer on one hand demanding low
prices, all the elements entering into the production
of coal on the other, demanding higher wages
and higher prices. The position of operator is
one very hard to fill and do justice to all. He
must also answer to those who have the money
invested in the operation, for, in order to main­
tain equilibrium, the prices, wages and all other
things necessary to be paid in connection with
the production of coal must, in the total, be
sufficiently less than the amount which he receives
for the production of his mines to leave
a balance sufficient that the capital invested shall
receive a fair remuneration on the investment,
otherwise there will be trouble with the people
holding the investments. In addition to the
(CONTINUED ON PAGE 45)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MINES SHOWS
REMARKABLE GROWTH
With the increasing complexity in operating
conditions in the mining industry, including both
the coal and metalliferous interests, the demand
on the part of operators for technically trained
young men to assume charge of their properties
is increasing at a rapid rate. Men whose minds
are well grounded in the basic principles of
chemistry, engineering, geology and also in subjects
related to the financial and administrative
departments—in other words "broad-gauge" men
—are desired. The day when the college-trained
man was scoffed at by practical men is related
only to the past and it is admitted by all up-todate
business men engaged in the development
of coal and mineral holdings that such a man,
with his superior training and his broad knowledge
of subjects related to the industry, is essential
to the complete success of large projects
which they undertake. The curriculum of the
modern technological school includes sufficient
practical work to give its graduates a well-developed
idea of the requirements they must meas
ure up to in the active business world and enables
them to grasp with facility the new problems
which confront them in every-day practice.
Western Pennsylvania has an institution which
is doing splendid work in developing men of this
caliber. The School of Mines of the University of
Pittsburgh, located in the city which bears its
name, is the one referred to. During the past
three years, through the tireless efforts of Ur.
M. E. Wadsworth, its dean, this school has been
coming forward with leaps and bounds, until today
it is regarded as
ONE OK THE LEADING INSTITUTIONS
for instruction in mining subjects in the United
States. Its location in the center of the famous
Western Pennsylvania bituminous coal district is
an admirable one for a school of this design.
That it has become a potent factor in the development
of this great region is universally recognized.
The School was established in 1895 when the
Pennsylvania Legislature appropriated the sum
of $50,000 for this purpose. The Governor of the
Commonwealth, the Secretary of Internal Affairs
and the Superintendent of Public Instruction were
constituted as an Advisory Board. Dr. Daniel
Carhart, noted for his authorship of Carhart's
"Civil Engineering" and "Civil Engineer's Field
Book," was the first dean, retaining the position
until 1908. Selwyn E. Taylor, M. E., W. Clyde
Wilkins, C. E., and F. Z. Shellenberger, C. E.,
whose n-mes are closely linked with many of
the large coal and coke development enterprises
in the Western Pennsylvania region, were instructors
in the School from 1895 to 1903 at
various times. From 1904 to 1907 Harold C.
George, a graduate of Pennsylvania State College,
had charge of the School under the direction
of Dr. Carhart.
On Mr. George's lesignation in the summer of
1907, the present incumbent, Dr. M. E. Wadsworth,
an author, geologist and teacher of national
fame, was chosen dean. Dr. Wadsworth
was at the time in charge of the Pennsylvania
Du. M. E. WADSWORTH,
Dean, University of Pittsburgh School of Mines.
State College School of Mines. He was connected
with Harvard University as instructor in
mathematics, mineralogy and geology from 1873 to
18S5, was president of Michigan College of Mines
from 1887 to 1899, and became dean of the Pennsylvania
State College School of Mines in 1901.
Dr. Wadsworth was graduated from
HISTORIC OLD BOWDOIN COLLEGE
in the class of 1809 and has followed the profession
of teaching since the age of 16 years. From
1888 to 1893 he was State Geologist of Michigan.
He is the author of almost 200 books and pamphlets
on subjects related to geology, mining geol-

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ogy and education. Notable among these are his
work on "Crystalography," published since taking
up his abode in Pittsburgh; "Lithological Studies,"
"The Azoic System" (.in conjunction with J. D.
Whitney), and "Geology of the Iron and Copper
Districts of Lake Superior."
At the annual commencement exercises of the
University, held in the Soldiers' Memorial Hall,
Pittsburgh, June 14, eighteen young men received
their diplomas from the School of Mines. The
list of graduates, with degrees conferred, follows:
Degree of Mining Engineer—Robert Breckenridge
Blackburn, Oakmont, Pa.; James Harrison
Crea, Mars, Pa.; Edward Lewis Estabrook, Platteville,
Wis.; Ira Harold Wynne, Glen Williard, Pa.;
James Russell Fleming, West Alexandria, Pa.;
Mitchell Freeman, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Morris M.
Marcus, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Karl Irwin Mohler,
Freedom, Pa.; Harry Phythyon, West Middlesex,
Pa.; Upandra Nath Roy, Chittagong, India.
Metallurgical Engineer—James Thompson Mc­
Leod, Wilkinsburg, Pa.; Floyd Rose, Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Raymond George Yost, Pittsburgh, Pa.;
Kasimir Martin Ziemba, Maerisch, Ostran, Austria.
Bachelor of Science in Mining—William Howard
Humphries, Latrobe, Pa.; Harry Earle Ross,
Pittsburgh, Pa.; James Zachariah Zimmerman,
Delmont, Pa.
Bachelor of Science in Metallurgy—Charles
Meade Peters, Hamilton, O.
THE GROWTH OF THE SCHOOL
during the past three years has been remarkable.
The enrollment, including undergraduates,
graduate and special students during the year
ending this month was seventy-two. In the year
1908, when Dr. Wadsworth assumed active charge,
it was but eight. Previous to that time, covering
a period of some 13 years, the School had a varied
career. Due to lack of financial support and inferior
equipment, little progress was attained in
developing the courses, and the average attendance
was only four men. Under Dr. Wadsworth's
regime the average has been raised to fifty. A
State appropriation of $150,000 in the year 1907
enabled the University to erect a building for
the School of Mines, and immediately the upward
march commenced. The building was occupied
in September, 1909. It is 84 by 59 feet with a
wing 70 by 46 feet, each containing four floors.
Thousands of dollars' worth of equipment was
secured and has been added from time to time
to the laboratories and mineral collections until
to-day they are not excelled by any in the United
States. The students also have access to the complete
collections of the Carnegie Institute, which
is located within two blocks of the new University
campus. Experts connected with the
Institute are co-operating with the faculty of the
School of Mines, several of them being engaged
as post graduate instructors and for research
work.
One of the important features of the School
of Mines curriculum is
THE ELECTIVE SYSTEM IN VOGUE.
This is an original conception of Dean Wadsworth,
who believes in developing the students
along the lines of their greatest capabilities.
When a student enters the School of Mines he
is given a heart-to-heart talk by the dean. He
is quizzed as to what subjects he preferred in
his preparatory work; whether mathematics were
difficult for him to master; whether he preferred
to work intricate questions in algebra and geometry
or found pleasure delving into the mysteries
of the sciences. In this way Dr. Wadsworth is
able to form a pretty fair idea of what the young
student is "cut out for," to rely on the slang
expression. His course of studies is then assigned,
according to the judgment of the dean
and his faculty members. After the first year,
by carefully studying the individual members, the
dean is still better qualified to judge their requirements,
and the result is that when they are
ready to specialize for their degree he is competent
to give expert advice as to just what studies
they should elect. As Dr. Wadsworth puts it:
"The adoption of a suitably arranged elective
system enables men to be graduated along the
lines of their highest efficiency and thus prepares
them for greater future usefulness. This also
enables the School to graduate a larger proportion
of its entering students than other schools do,
without in any way lowering its standard, for
an equal amount of work is demanded of all.
The subjects studied, and not the amount of
work, is varied.
IN THIS DAY OF CONSERVATION
of our resources, it would certainly seem that
the retention and graduation of a larger proportion
of young men entering technological schools
than the customary 25, 50 and 75 per cent, are
most praiseworthy objects."
In the Echool of Mines, the Bachelor of Science
degrees and Engineering degrees are available.
These do not differ in the length of time, in the
number of credits required or in the difficulty of
the studies, but solely in the scope of these
studies. For the Bachelor of Science degrees, the
higher mathematics and mechanics are not required,
but instead equally useful branches of
relatively different kind; while the higher mathematics
and other engineering branches are demanded
for any engineering degree. It is not
considered that there is any essential difference
in the ease or difficulty of obtaining any of these
degrees, beyond that introduced by the mental
constitution of the student himself. The require-
(CONTINUED ON PAGE 40)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
WEST VIRGINIA MINING INSTITUTE HOLDS INTERESTING SESSION
AT WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS.
The West Virginia Coal Mining Institute held
its summer meeting at White Sulphur Springs
on July 19 and 20 and the attendance was not
only large, but included many of those present
at the meeting of the Mine Inspectors Institute,
which held its sessions at Charleston, W. Va.,
June 14-18.
After the preliminary opening exercises, President
Frank Haas delivered his annual address, as
follows:
It is indeed a pleasure to nave the opportunity
to greet this representative body of our institute
at this, our fifth, biennial meeting.
Our previous meetings have all been held at
some one of our various mining coal fields' and I
am glad to say that this is no longer considered as
essential. Let it be known that the members oi
our institute can and do appreciate other things in
this life than simply coal mines, and this meeting
will show that wits will work just as readily
in the pure fresh air of the mountains as in the
none too pure atmosphere of our mines. White
Sulphur Springs is reputed as being the prettiest
spot of its kind in West Virginia and I feel that
we are under obligations to those members whose
happy thought suggested this locality for a meeting
place and to that committee which has so successfully
managed it.
Were one to chonicle the events of the past half
year in the coal industry of West Virginia, he
would put forth as the predominating feature the
demoralized condition of the coal trade. The
severity and continued period of this depression
has been remarked by some of our older operators
to lie the worst they have experienced. The causes
of any of these commercial depressions are evidently
so entangled in multitudinous conditions
that our wisest economists have not yet been aide
to dissect them.
The present controversy in our National Congress
over Canadian reciprocity can have but little
effect, and that indirectly, on the West Virginia
coal industry. One of our senators has offered
an amendment to the Reciprocity bill, the effect
of which will be to place Canadian soft coal on the
free list whenever the President shall have sufficient
evidence that the Canadian duty on American
coal is removed. It would be an interesting
subject indeed to investigate, free from all political
features and localism, whether as a whole, this
country would be benefited by free coal with Canada.
True, some districts would be materially
benefited while some others might suffer. It is
stated that statistics show that American coal is
imported into Canada largely in excess of Cana­
27
dian toa'i imported into this country, the piopoition
being aijout 17 to 3. We trust, whatever the
legislation, that the most good will come to the
greatest number of people.
The recent decisions of the Supreme Court on
the famous trust cases, particularly that of the
Standard Oil Co. and others pending almost as important,
seem to have had a reassuring effect on
the laiger industrial interests of the country. We
are told that business conducted with no unreasonable
restraint of trade is legitimate, whatever they
may mean. The iayman can be forgiven, however,
it he does not understand a subject or decision
about which our wisest counsel cannot agree. The
country at large has faith in our courts and we
trust that their action will relieve the apparent
strain to which this matter has subjected the business
inteiests of the country.
A question of particular interest to West Virginia
coal operators, is now in hearing before the
Interstate Commerce Commission. This is the
demand from the so-called Pittsburgh operatois
lor a reduction of freight rates from the Pittsburgh
district to the lakes. The point really at issue is
a further differential against West Virginia coals.
The argument is advanced that the cost of operation
in the Pittsburgh region is greater than that
of the West Virginia fields, that their coals cannot
be sold in competitive regions at a profit for this
reason. I believe that a careful analysis would
reveal that their excess of cost is due, not to natural
conditions, labor or materials, but to high
fixed charges which they carry on their coal lands.
The coal land speculators of the Pittsburgh field
have boasted that the value of coal lands has
risen from $50 an acre to as high as $3,000 per
acre. Evidently someone is confused as to the
relative definition as to value and price. Would
it be unreasonable to suppose that such profit as
the Pittsburgh operatois are justly entitled to
has been long anticipated and discounted by the^e
speculators in coal lands and has long since been
carefully tucked away in their pockets? Should
the Interstate Commerce Commission be. convinced
that a readjustment of freight rates is reasonable
or just, the fust indication of prosperity for Pittsburgh
operatois will be the glad news that Pittsburgh
coal lands have again increased in value.
Coal dust is still in the lead of subjects of technical
discussion not only in this country but in
nearly all foreign countries in which coal mining
is an important industry. Some time ago the
question of permissible explosives was considered
of greatest importance, but for some reason the interest
in this has begun to lag. The theory then

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
was, that the most important feature in the pre­
vention of coal dust explosions was to prevent an
initial explosion. I should be sorry, indeed, to
learn that this is no longer considered as the most
important feature. We, and I mean Americans,
especially, have yet much to learn about permis­
sible explosives, and, among many others, I am
not yet moved to the spirit of implicit faith in the
permissible explosives now offered us commercially.
The trend of endeavor now seems to be to prevent
the propagation of an explosion if once started.
Watering, once so universally urged, has apparently
been temporarily abandoned and in its place
stone dust is highly recommended. It must be
borne in mind that most of these rapidly succeeding
conclusions emanate mostly from foreign countries,
and it is highly essential that we keep before
us the relative conditions under which coal is
mined in the various countries. For instance, in
most Eurouean countries the main haulways are
in rock tunnel while ours are in coal, and they do
not have the loose end gate mine cars which are
used almost exclusively in this country.
Belgium still pins its faith to permissible explosives
and allows no watering; Germany is extra
vagant in its watering systems, while England and
France tend toward the stone dust as a preventive
of propagation. Where there is still such a lack
of agreement as to the proper remedy I would advise
you to keep your mines wet, when you have
to shoot, shoot with care, and do not fail to practice
eternal vigilance, the lack of which has caused
more disasters than all others.
It is gratifying to.note that our National Bureau
of Mines is still working with the enthusiasm that
characterized its beginning. It has had several
opportunities within the past year to lend itself
to practical rescue work. It is reported that the
experimental mine at Bruceton will scon be ready
for practical experiments. I do not hesitate to
state that this method of taking an actual mine
for experimental purposes will prove a great success,
not only for verifying 7 some of the conclu­
sions which have been tentatively reached with less
accurate methods', but also in the discovery of
new things which nothing but the actual combinations
of conditions as found in a coal mine can
illustrate.
Only a few days ago my attention was called to
tbe fact that a mine explosion had occurred in a
mine near Clarksburg, in which there was no open
light and the shot which was set off, and coincident
in time with the explosion, was discharged
by battery from the outside and the powder used
was one of the permissible type, passed by the
Pittsburgh Testing Station. True, the mine contained
fire damp, which was well known at the
time, but every known precaution had been taken
to avoid accident. One man evidently had faith
and stood partially in front of the mine opening
and was badly burned and had his face shot full
of coal.
Another incident not quite so recent has come to
my notice, where a permissible powder set the
mine on fire possibly in the presence of a small
gas feeder.
It is such cases as these that need special investigation,
to find out just what the peculiar con­
ditions were which made them possible. In the
first case mentioned the mine was small and no
one was in it when the explosion occurred. In
the latter case men were present and extinguished
the flame before it had time to spread.
West Virginia had but one dust explosion to
record during the past year. The unfortunate
accident at Ott mine, on April 24, which cost the
lives of some 23 men, was caused, in the opinion of
our chief mine inspector, by a shot fired in the
solid and that the explosion was propagated
through the mine by the presence of dry dust.
Whether black powder or Monobel was used was
not definitely determined, but Mr. Laing is of the
opinion that it was black powder. The fact that
a battery and wire led from this shot would
indicate a rather unusual method of shot firing
if black powder was used.
The coal mining industry has lost through death,
two great men during the last six months. Senator
Stephen B. Elkins was one of the foremost
men of West Virginia in the development of its
coal fields. He has done much for West Virginia,
and, at the time of his death, was engaged in the
great national problems of the day in his capacity
as United States Senator.
Along other lines, but also with a world-wide
reputation, Prof. N. W. Lord, professor of Mining
and Metallurgy, at the Ohio State University, was
suddenly stricken. Prof. Lord was probably the
highest authority on coal and its applications, in
this country. While Prof. Lord has carried on all
his work in Ohio, yet West Virginia can share with
the whole country in regret at the loss of such a
useful worker.
Papers were read as follows during the two days
session:
"Some Practical Methods of Detecting Mine
Gases," Charles Connor, office and field assistant.
Department of Mines, Charleston, W. Va.
"Pillar Falls and the Economical Recovery of
Pillar Coal in the Pittsburgh Seam." A. E. Rep-
pert, mining engineer, Consolidation Coal Co.,
Frostburg, Md.
"Standard Panel System of Long-Wall Mining.
Worked Advancing," C. E. Kress, mining engineer.
Charleston, W. Va.
"Mine Explosions from Natural Gas Wells," C.
(CONTINUED ON PAGE 47)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
MINE INSPECTORS' INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED STATES HOLDS
ANNUAL SESSION AT CHARLESTON, W. VA., JUNE 13-16.
The Mine Inspectors' Institute of the United
States held its annual convention at Charleston,
W. Va., June 13-16, and it was attended by coal
mine inspectors from all over the United States.
Former Governor W. A. MacCorkle welcomed
the delegates to the city and the response was
made by President George Harrison, of Ohio, who
said:
Fellow Members:—Since our last gathering the
usual number of lives have been sacrificed in the
mines of this country, and, in consequence, the cus
tomary number of wives, children and dependents
have been called on to mourn the untimely end of
their bread winners.
A year ago we prided ourselves on the establishment
of a Federal Bureau of Mines, and the enactment
of more adequate mining laws in various
mining states, and many of us were buoyant with
hope that the fatalities in mines would be materially
reduced in consequence of added safe-guards.
The number of lives lost from gas and dust explosions
and other causes classed as mine calamities,
may not have been so great, but the number
of individual fatalities seems to have more than
kept pace with the ever increasing production of
coal, and we are still confronted with the unsolved
and important problem of how to accomplish the
prime object which prompted the establishment of
our Institute.
A careful investigation of the causes leading to
fatalities in the mines in Ohio, at least, gives positive
proof that over SO per cent, of all fatalities
are avoidable, and would not occur if employes and
the management of mines were more obedient to
the requirements of laws and more disposed to a
strict performance of duty. Lack of discipline is,
to a great extent, the secret of the high death rate
in our mines, compared with that of older mining
countries where greater responsibility is imposed
on the management of mines, and where inside
foremen have sufficient help to insure not less than
two visits each day to every miner under his jurisdiction.
These visits are not made at break-neck
speed, as it were, on a flying velocipede or automobile,
but time is taken to see that working
places are properly timbered, and all dangerous'
roof taken down or secured at the proper time,
and miners not permitted to work under it. The
order of the mine foreman or superintendent, in
regard to the safety of working places and general
security are as binding as statutory law, and quick
punishment for violations always follows. There
is no disposition to aid each other in dangerous
violation of law and orders given by the management,
and, in consequence, prompt prosecution of
ouenders has a very beneucial effect in the way of
lessening the number of fatalities.
The Federal Rescue Stations have been recently
organized, and are doing a very commendable
work in training mine inspectors and practical miners
direct irom the mines, in the use of the helmets
and in rescue and first aid work necessary in mine
calamities. Four of our inspectors spent a week
at the training station at Pittsburgh in February
last. They were very courteously treated and assisted
in every way by Mr. Paul, and all those in
charge, and gained much information of great
value regarding rescue and first aid work. We
heartily recommend to mine inspectors, and those
connected with the management of mines, to take
advantage of the opportunities offered in this connection
by the Federal Bureau of Mines.
One of the objects of our Institute was to exercise
our influence, in every reasonable way, to
make the mining departments in various mining
states, institutions of efficiency, relieving the inspectois
of any political obligation that would embarrass
them in the performance of their important
duties in the enforcement of laws and protection of
life and property in the mines. Judging from the
many changes of mine inspectors that have recently
taken place in a number of state mining departments,
there has not been much progress made
in eliminating politics. Ohio has endeavored to
keep faith with the policy of the Institute in elim
inating baneful political influence, and in securing
the most efficient, practical men as inspectors at
our command. The state mining department, the
miners and mine operators of Ohio' 1 are all deeply
indebted to Governor Harmon for his stern determination
to make the mining department non-partisan,
and his insistence that where so many lives
are at stake, political influence must have no consideration
in the ability and faithful performance
of the duties of inspectors.
For some time past the inspection force of our
state has been composed of six Democrats and six
Republicans, and we have the governor's assurance
that, this policy will be maintained by him.
I am prompted to call attention to the fact that
we are not deriving the benefit that most of us expected,
in an educational way; from our annual
meetings. Much of our time is consumed in ways
other than was intended, in discussions of important
subjects pertaining to every-day occurrences,
in mines, which unnecessarily fill our cemeteries
and grave-yards with victims, and leave countless
thousands of innocent women and children helpless
and dependent upon others.
It is true that many intelligent and well pre-

3D THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
pared papers on subjects ol first importance, are
either hurriedly read to the Institute or submitted
to the secretary without reading, and we have no
opportunity even to read them until time, and another
shower of annual subjects crowd them out
of our memory; the greatest benefit to be derived
from these papers read at our meetings, is the
logical, practical discussion of their merits and dements;
a frank, free but friendly criticism of their
strong and weak points that will enable us to
arrive at just, unbiased and intelligent conclusions
that will not only benefit our own membership, but
that we can support and maintain against all illogical
opposition.
In conclusion I desire to say to the practical
mine inspectors, especially those who are still on
the sunny side of life, "Don't think you know it
all—don't get it into your heads that the other fellow
knows nothing—learn all you can about mining
matters either from the Federal Bureau of
.Mines or any of its branches—from contact with
technical and scientific men or in any other honorable
way you can, but let me implore you. remember,
that with you, and witli those connected with
the management of mines under your jurisdiction
and the judicial but rigid manner in which you
enforce the law, depends the lives and health of
those underground. Eternal vigilance and faithful
perfoimance of duty is the only way to insure
success."
President Harrison was followed by John Laing,
chief of the mine department of West Virginia,
who welcomed the inspectors in behalf of the
mine department of the mountain state.
The morning session of the meeting was entirely
taken up in transacting business, and the
registration of members, of whom there are nearly
one hundred present from all parts of the
Union.
Following the business session an elaborate
banquet was held in the large banquet hall of
the Ruffner Hotel. Those called upon to respond
to a toast were:
Dr. J. J. Rutledge, of the Federal Bureau
of Mines, and who is in charge of one of the
government rescue cars, who spoke briefly on the
work his department is doing. He was followed
by J. B. McDermott, Chief Mine Inspector of the
Mining Department of Montana, his subject being
"The Compensation for Injuries in Coal
Mines."
D. J. Roderick next responded to the subject
of "The Work of the Mining Department of Pennsylvania."
He spoke of different works the mine
department of his state was doing. Mr. Roderick
was followed by W. E. Glasscock, Governor of
West Virginia, who welcomed the visitors.
Mr. Thomas Moses, of Illinois, responded to
"The Difference Between a Mine Inspector and a
Mine Manager," which subject was very ably
handled by him, he being at one time a mine inspector
and being promoted to superintendent.
Ex-Governor W. M. O. Dawson, of West Virginia,
discussed mine inspection work.
J. W. Paull responded to the toast "The Hills
of West Virginia." Mr. Paull, who was former
Chief Mine Inspector of the state, spoke on the
varied work of this department, and how the department
came to be created.
The second day's session was taken up with
routine business and the discussion of the practical
phases of the mining industry.
The secretary and treasurer delivered their reports,
which were taken up and discussed. Following
this was acceptance of new members and
the reports of other committees, which occupied
the whole morning.
In the afternoon a paper on "Lessons to be
Leai ned from Recent Mine Disasters," was ably
delivered by John Verner, of Iowa. The reading
was followed by a general discussion upon this
subject. Following this Mr. James Epperson, of
Indiana, delivered a paper on "Stemming of Shot
Holes."
James Taylor, of Illinois, delivered a paper on
"Acetylene Lamps as Used in Coal Mines," followed
by William Clifford, of Pennsylvania, with
a paper on "The Miner's Safety Lamp," Dr. Joseph
A. Holmes, of Washington, D. C, winding
up with an address on "The Federal Bureau of
Mines."
At the third day's sessions Clarence Hall, explosives
expert with the Bureau of Mines, read
a paper on "Nature and Characteristic Components
of Permissible Explosives," and J. W. Allen,
of Tennessee, one on "Uniform Mine Statistics."
This was followed by the election of the following
officers:
President, John Laing, of W. Va.; first vice
president, Jas. Taylor, of Illinois; second vice
president, D. C. Botting, of Washington; third
vice president, J. M. McDermott, of Montana;
secretary, J. W. Paul, of W. Va.; treasurer, Thomas
Morrison, of Ohio; assistant secretary, William
Cunningham, of Pennsylvania.
After a warm contest Columbus, O., was chosen
as the next convention city.
The final day was devoted to trips through West
Virginia coal fields.
The visitors registered were:
Illinois—Thos. Hudson, James Taylor, W. I.
Watts, John Dunlop.
Pennsylvania—J. J. Rutledge, A. McCanch, D.
J. Roderick, John J. Pratt, J. D. Beard, Clarence
Hall, W. Clifford, Thos. H. Price, P. J. Moore,
David Young, Alex. Monteith and John F. Bell.
Ohio—Thos. Morrison, Geo. Harrison, L. D.
Devere, Edward Kennedy, W. H. Miller, John
Burke, Isaac Hill, John L. McDonald, Robert S.

Wheatley, Alex. Smith, James Hennessey, Abel
Elwood, Lot Jenkins, John Laing.
West Virginia—Chas. Connor, Karl F. Schoew,
F. E. Parsons, L. D. Vaughn, E. A. Henry, B. H.
Hill, James Martin, R. Y. Muir, Arthur Mitchel,
L. B. Holliday, Wm. Nicholson, P. A. Grady, A. J.
King, J. W. Paul.
Montana—J. 'B. McDermott.
Alabama—C. H. Nesbit, Edward Flynn, Robert
Neill, James Hillhouse.
Indiana—M. Scollard, James Epperson.
Oklahoma—Frank Haley, Martin Clark, Pete
Hanraty.
Idaho—F. C. Moore.
Iowa—John E. Jeffreys, John Verner, R. T.
Rhys.
Wyoming—Joseph Bird, J. E. Stout.
Washington—D. C. Botting.
Washington, D. C.—Dr. J. A. Holmes.
Michigan—Andrew Stevenson.
Kentucky—C. J. Norwood.
Minnesota—W. H. Harvey.
New Mexico—Jos. E. Sheridan.
Missouri—Chas. B. Spicer.
CHIEF RODERICK RE-APPOINTED BY GOVER­
NOR JOHN K. TENER OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Mr. James E. Roderick, of Hazleton, Luzerne
county, was reappointed chief of the Department
of Mines of Pennsylvania for his fourth term on
June 24 by Gov. J. K. Tener.
Mr. Roderick has been at the head of the department
since 1899, when he was appointed by
Governor William A. Stone. He was subsequently
reappointed by Governors Samuel W. Pennypacker
and Edwin S. Stuart.
Earlier in the year announcement was spread
broadcast that Mr. Roderick would not succeed
himself, but the official promulgation of his appointment
by the Governor sets at rest any doubt
in the matter.
RATE HEARING POSTPONED
UNTIL NEXT SEPTEMBER.
The Pittsburgh lake coal freight rate case, before
the Interstate Commerce Commission, in
which the Pittsburgh Coal Co. joined, will not be
heard again until September.
At the last hearing the case was adjourned until
June 21, but it has been decided to further
postpone until after the recess of the committee.
The exact date will be announced later.
The Erie railroad has equipped one of its passenger
engines with a smoke-consuming device,
and the tests made so far indicate that it may
prove of value in preventing smoke and saving
coal.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
NATIONAL FIRST-AID MEET TO BE HELD
UNDER AUSPICES OF FEDERAL BUREAU
OF MINES AT PITTSBURGH.
In line with its efforts to reduce the number of
deaths in the coal mines of the United States,
the Bureau of Mines will hold a National First-
Aid-to-the-Injured field meet, on Saturday, September
16, in Arsenal Park, Pittsburgh. President
Wm. H. Taft, Secretary of the Interior
Walter L. Fisher, and Dr. Joseph A. Holmes,
director of the Bureau of Mines, will attend and
speak to the miners.
The Bureau of Mines will have the co-operation
of the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association
and the American Red Cross. It is expected that
between 20,000 and 30,000 miners will attend and
that many of the important coal companies will
send tlieir trained first aid and rescue corps to
lake part in the exhibition. Already a number of
teams have entered and are in training for the
event, which promises to be the most important
gathering of miners ever assembled.
The arrangements for this first national field
meet are in the hands of H. M. Wilson, engineer
in charge of the Bureau of .Mines, Pittsburgh;
Major Charles Lynch, Medical Corps, U. S. A., in
charge of the First Aid department of the Red
Cross, and Dr. M. J. Shields, of Scranton, Pa.,
both of whom are pioneers in this movement, are
assisting. The first-aid-to-the-injured work will
be the feature of the entire day. The teams from
the various coal mines will not contest but will
give exhibitions of their skill in bringing injured
miners from the mines and binding the wounds
and fractures. Many of these teams have been
instructed in first aid by the surgeons of the
American Red Cross and also by the Rescue
corps of the Bureau of Mines.
In addition to the exhibitions by the first aid
teams, the miners will witness gas and coal-dust
explosions in miniature, which will be staged in
the great explosives gallery of the Bureau of
Mines. In Arsenal Park there will also be a
temporary gallery which will resemble a coal
mine. This will be placed at the bottom of a
natural amphitheater, giving a clear view to
thousands of persons. There will be a gas explosion
in this play mine; miners will be entombed,
and one of the government rescue corps
in oxygen helmets will enter and save the men.
One side of the miniature mine will be open its
entire length, in order that the onlookers may
witness everything that happens in an underground
horror except the loss of life. The famous
oxygen helmets that members of the Rescue corps
of the Bureau wear, and which have been instrumental
in saving a number of lives, will be on
exhibition and explained to the miners. The
oxygen reviving apparatus, which automatically

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
takes the poisonous gases from the lungs of an
asphyxiated miner and fills them with oxygen,
will also be demonstrated. This apparatus has
already brought back to consciousness a number
of miners given up as dead.
The following letter has been and is being sent
to coal operators throughout the country:
Dear Sir:—Arrangements are being perfected
for the First Annual National First Aid Field
Meet, to be held in Arsenal Park, Pittsburgh, probably
September 16. This will be conducted under
the auspices of the Bureau of Mines and the Pitts­
burgh Coal Operators' Association, wilh the cooperation
of the American Red Cross. There will
be souvenir programs, souvenir buttons, a military
band, public speakers, etc.
On behalf of the Bureau of Mines I wish to extend
to your company an invitation to enter first
aid teams in this meet. It is believed that you
may feel more inclined to do this as it will not be
a competition but merely an exhibition of skill.
If this bureau can do anything in the way of
giving instruction in first aid at the Pittsburgh
Station, or from one of the rescue cars, or through
the good offices of the first aid department of the
American Red Cross or the Young Men's Christian
Association, please advise me.
I would appreciate early advice from you as to
the number of teams you will enter.
Sincerely,
J. A. HOLMES, Director.
The rules adopted for the contest are:
1. Non-competitive exhibition of skill in first
aid to the injured in mines, to be held in Arsenal
Park, between Thirty-ninth and Fortieth streets
and Butler street and Penn avenue, Pittsburgh,
September 16, 1911, 1:30 to 5:30 P. M.
2. Not more than one team of five men to represent
any one coal mine, or the U. S. Bureau
of Mines, or state mine deiiartments, provided
that coal mining companies operating more than
one mine may enter additional teams representative
of groups of miners, helpers, trapper boys,
or other mine workers.
3. All persons entering to submit certificates
showing that they are, or have been, bona-fide
mine workers.
4. All entries to close one month prior to
date finally selected for the meet.
5. Coal companies entering teams to be invited
to present, not later than one month in
advance of meet, a list of live events as their
choice, these to be submitted to the managers,
who will select five for adoption from the various
events suggested, each entering team to
exhibit in those events suggested by them and
such others of the five as they may elect. All
teams to exhibit in unison.
6. Should any unusual or valuable events be
suggested, the managers may increase the program
by one or two such special stunts.
7. In addition to the five first aid events there
will be a representation of a coal dust explosion,
with rescue by helmet men and first aid treat
ment.
8. Exhibition of skill in adjusting and use of
rescue apparatus by teams of four with a cap­
tain; entries to be as above for first aid teams.
PLANS FOR REDISTRICTING STATE OF
PENNSYLVANIA ARE BEING MADE.
Plans for redisricting the bituminous coal regions
of Pennsylvania for the purpose of creating
four new districts are being studied at the State
Department of Mines and will probably be submitted
to Gov. John K. Tener for approval within
a short time. James E. Roderick, chief of the
department of mines, was in Pittsburgh and the
mining towns in its vicinity recently making
some observations regarding the possible lines of
districts and has carried on a detailed investigation
into the subject.
The soft coal region has 21 inspection districts
at present. Four new districts were directed by
the Legislature to be created according to the
needs, ln the anthracite region one new district
has been created, making 21 in all.
UNITED COAL COMPANY PURCHASES CON­
TROL OF MERCHANTS COAL COMPANY
The United Coal Co. of Pittsburgh, one of the
large coal companies in Pennsylvania, has purchased
75 per cent, of the capital stock of the Merchants
Coal Co. The United Coal Co. now owns
and controls through its stock-ownership in the
Merchants Coal Co. 10 mines in full operation, and
one field shortly to be developed, the mines being
located in the Pittsburgh district and the Johns­
town basin, Pennsylvania, and in Preston county,
West Virginia. The properties of the United Coal
Co. have been appraised recently at over $19,000,ooo.
In connection with the announcement of the purchase,
J. S. & W. S. Kuhn, Inc., investment bank­
ers, are offering $750,000 6 per cent, notes of the
United Coal Co. which have been issued to reimburse
that company in part for the purchase of
control of the Merchants Coal Co.
The operations of the various sinking funds will
retire the bonds before one-half of the coal in the
one seam, which is now being worked, is exhausted.
The surplus of the United Coal Co. for the past
nine years, amounting to over $1,100,000, has been
expended in permanent improvements to its properties.

LABOR LEADERS MAKE STATEMENTS THAT
SHOULD BE TAKEN TO HEART BY THE
TRADES UNIONISTS EVERYWHERE.
Grand Chief Warren L. Stone, of the Brotherhood
of Locomotive Engineers addressed the
quarterly meeting of the members of his organization
employed on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad,
at Connellsville, Pa., during the fortnight
and made some statements that should be taken
to heart by trades unionists everywhere. Among
the things he said were:
"I am fighting for four things, and if I can
achieve them I will be looked on as the greatest
labor leader in the world. I don't know whether
any man can attain the ideals I seek, but I am
going to try, no matter how long it takes.
"I believe every member of this order should
save his money, pay his honest debts, leave drink
alone and be a brotherhood man in all the name
implies. I am the only labor leader in the world
who insists that his union fire the man who will
not meet his honest obligations.
"A railroad has every right to restrict the use
of liquor among its employes whether on or off
duty It has the right to know what you are
doing when you are off duty. It has the right to
know on whom it can rely in case of emergency.
The poorest kind of courage an engineer can take
before going out on a hard run is two drinks of
bad whiskey.
"They call us aristocrats. Well, if believing
men should be honest, sober, thrifty and fraternal
is 'aristocratic,' I am proud to be called that.
We stand for high principles and believe that
only by elevating the individual member can the
order be elevated. Save your money, pay your
honest debts, leave booze alone and treat every
fellow member as a brother before he gets killed.
Don't wait until he dies and then draw up resolutions
and send flowers. He probably longed for
a cheery word and a hand shake when he was
alive."
John Lochrie, of Windber, Pa., has closed a
deal with Dr. J. W. Clark, of Windber; C. J.
Clark, of Baltimore, and S. J. Sawyer, of Glen
Campbell for the lease of 2,300 acres of virgin
coal lands at Bear Run, Indiana county. Mr.
Lochrie says he will begin operations on the tract
on this date. Mr. Lochrie has the option of
purchasing the land. The coal will be shipped
over a spur to be built on the Punxsutawney line
about seven miles from McGee's Mills.
The Consolidation Coal Co. will erect forty-six
dwelling houses at its Acosta and Belmont operations
in the Jenner District in Pennsylvania, a
contract having just been let to the Somerset
Lumber Co. Thirty-five of the houses will be
double dwellings and the balance single houses.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
# RETAIL TRADE NOTES MM
The annual convention of the Ohio-Michigan-
Indiana Coal Association was held at Detroit,
Mich., during the fortnight, with over 900 delegates
present. The reports of the president and
secretary showed the association to be in splendid
condition, the membership being 1,388, and the
receipts $7,430.42, expenditures $7,052.94, balance
in treasury, $377.48. The officers elected were:
President, Robert Lake, Jackson, Mich.; vice president,
H. H. Deam, Bluffton, Ind.; treasurer, W.
A. Gipson, Upper Sandusky, Ohio; board of directors,
H. A. Bauknecht, Muskegon, Mich.; W. F.
Voegele, Mansfield, Ohio; I to fill vacancy) E. II.
Herr, Dayton, Ohio, and R. M. Johnson, South
Bend, Ind.
The following officers were elected by the Pennsylvania
Retail Coal Dealers Association at a
meeting in Philadelphia during the fortnight:
President, Howard W. White, of Philadelphia;
vice president, Joseph H. Palmer, of Wallingford;
treasurer, C. Frank Williamson, of Media; secretary,
Wellington M. Bertolet, of Reading; directors,
J. Arthur Strunk of Reading; H. S. Kelly, of
Harrisburg; J. S. Tattersall, of Trenton; Samuel
Hayes, of York, and W. J. Swan, of Lancaster.
The Canadian Retail Coal Dealers Association
has elected these officers: President, J. M. Peregrine,
Hamilton; vice president, J. K. McLaughlan,
Owen Sound; secretary-treasurer, R. J. Webster,
London; directors, J. C. Hay, Listowel; J. M.
Daly, London; B. Blair, Woodstock; E. Brown,
Port Hope, F. Mann, Brantford, D. B. Jacques.
Toronto, and W. Heaman, London.
The coal teamsters and handlers of Holyoke,
Mass., have reached an agreement with their employers,
and the threatened strike was thereby
averted. Upon being granted an increase of $1
a week in wages, the men withdrew their other
demands.
The Northwestern Retail Coal Dealers Associa
tion will hold its annual convention in Minneapolis,
Minn., Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, July
10, 11 and 12, 1911, at the same time the National
Order Kokoal will hold its convention.
The coal teamsters and handlers of Holyoke,
Mass., have asked for an increase in wages of $1
a week and a shortening of the working day from
10 hours to nine. They threaten to strike unless
these terms are granted.
The New York State and Western Pennsylvania
Retail Coal Merchants' Association, which was organized
some time ago by the merger of two district
associations, filed articles of incorporation at
Albany, N. Y., recently.

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
• ) INDUSTRIAL NOTES •
The Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0., has just
promulgated its new Valve and Steam Specialty
catalogue "K" to the trade. The following are
listed: Hot Air and Steam Radiator Valves,
Union Elbows, Globe, Angle and Check Valves,
Lock and Shield Globe and Angle Valves, Gate
Valves, Standard Gauge Cocks, Water Gauges and
Pressure Regulating Valves. The Ohio Gauge
Cock is intended for a working pressure of 200
pounds and less. The design is such that any
ordinary leak developed in service may be quickly
ground out while pressure is on by manipulation
of an adjusting screw with a screw driver from
without. The Ohio Water Gauge is of the quick
operating type, opening and closing with a quarter
turn of the levers. All are guaranteed for a
working pressure of 200 pounds and are tested
under a cold water pressure of 400 pounds before
leaving the factory. These gauges can be
supplied with the Ohio Ball Bearing Gland
Safety feature, if desired. By means of this
simple device, it is possible to screw down the
packing nut of water gauge fitting tight enough
on the rubber gasket to make a perfect joint
without danger of breaking the gauge glass.
The Ohio Pressure Regulating Valve is a connection
which automatically delivers steam or air
at any desired uniform pressure. It not only
reduces the pressure but regulates it, maintaining
a constant pressure on the service side, even
though the initial pressure from the boiler or
the demand for steam on the service side may
vary.
Henry R. Worthington, 115 Broadway, New York
City, has sent to the trade pamphlets W-185 illustrative
and descriptive of the Worthington Cen
tralized House and Sump Pumps, and W-176-A of
the Worthington Type D. Centrifugal Pumps for
Low Head Service. Both these pamphlets are complete
in every way giving complete views and sectional
views of the pumps together with instructions
for installation and operation.
G. L. Simonds & Co., Chicago, are submitting
to the trade a neat booklet entitled, "Economical
Steam Production." "Economical Steam Production"
is the only work of its kind published and
is a scientific and practical treatise on soot and
the modern methods of its removal from steam
boilers. Copies may be obtained by addressing
the firm.
No. 66B deals with Sullivan Rock Drill Mountings
and Accessories and No. 66C describes Sullivan
Stoping Drills and Hand Feed Hammer
Drills, for mining and construction work.
The Schuylkill county, Pa., court has appointed
the following boards to examine for miners' certificates:
Sixth District: W. F. Shutz, and Thos.
Flanagan, of Shenandoah; Simon Combe, Wm.
Davidson, W. H. Paul and Dennis Whalen, of Mahanoy
City; Edward J. Burke, of New Mahanoy,
and David Williams, of Wm. Penn, and Daniel
Neiswender, of E. Union township. Seventh District:
Thomas Burnham, Henry Krapp and Edward
Lowry, of Ashland; Dennis Reardon, of
Shamokin: A. Donaldson, of Girardville; James
Penman and John Dropkesie, of Mt. Carmel;
Richard Howell, of Wisconisco. Eighth District:
Harry Goodman, Tower City; J. F. Cannon.
Mai yd; Henry W. Miehleib, Cumbola; John Dando,
Minersville; James Kennedy, Newton; James
Dally, Coal Dale; John Hoke, Pottsville; William
H. Long, and Lewis W. Kopp, of Tremont.
At the annual convention of Alabama District
No. 20, United Mine Workers of America, held in
Birmingham recently, the old officers were reelected,
as follows: J. R. Kennimer, president;
J. L. Clemo, secretary; William Harrison, Coal
City, Alabama member of the national executive
board. It is announced that the organization will
be maintained in Alabama.
A committee of the United Mine Workers of
America, which has been considering a proposition
to remove the national headquarters to Columbus,
has decided to make an adverse report
and to recommend that the organization erect an
office building of its own at Indianapolis.
Following the appointment of John Zalenki to
the vice presidency of the United Mine Workers of
the Ohio or No. 6 district, C. J. Albasin, vice president
of sub-district No. 5, has succeeded to the
presidency, vice Zalenki, and William Roy has been
made sub-district vice president.
The strike in the Indiana bituminous mines has
been referred to a sub-committee of three operators
and three miners for settlement.
The Monon Coal Co., which recently purchased
the old Walsh holdings from the Alliance Coal Co.,
has elected Harry N. Taylor, of Chicago, head of
The Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111., has the Illinois Coal Operators' Association, as presi­
just published three new bulletins describing their dent; A. M. Ogle, Jr., vice president and manager,
specialties. No. 66A includes advance pages of and the following board of directors: Harry N.
Sullivan Rock Drills with description and dimen­ Taylor, A. M. Ogle, Jr., Fairfax Harrison, James
sions of differential and tappet valve machines. Imbrie and Frederick W. Stevens.

COST FIGURES FOR TRANSPORTING COAL
ARE FURNISHED THE INTERSTATE COM­
MERCE COMMISSION.
Frank Lyon, the attorney for the Interstate
Commerce Commission, has submitted, in what
are generally termed the West Virginia coal
cases now pending before the Interstate Commerce
Commission, very elaborate tabulated statements
of cost figures of moving coal from the
West Virginia coal fields to Lake Erie ports, from
which it appears generally that the assignable or
train service cost of moving coal one way is
about one-half of a mill per ton per mile; that
the total cost, assignable and unassignable, is
about one and two-tenths mills. If all cars return
empty these figures have to be doubled. In
other words, the estimate of the assignable or
train service cost northbound loaded, southbound
all cars empty, figures about a mill, and the total
cost about two mills. These general figures are
gathered from the cost of the Pittsburgh & Lake
Erie, Pennsylvania Company, Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern, Norfolk & Western, Chesapeake
& Ohio, Kanawha & Michigan, Hocking Valley and
Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton. On some of these
lines the cost is less and on others greater. The
complete figures are set forth in the table below.
The statement also set forth in detail the cost
and revenue via the different lines, it being borne
in mind that the cost includes all overhead
charges. Some of the lines appear not to earn
sufficient to pay more than the expenses of operation,
while the ratio of cost to revenue via
the Norfolk & Western and the Pennsylvania being
the haul from the Pocahontas field to Sandusky
docks, is about 71 per cent. This means
that out of every dollar taken in for hauling lake
coal it costs 71 cents to perform the service and
29 cents available for fixed charges and dividends.
COST OF MOVING COAL FROM MINES TO THE LAKES.
Per Ton (cents).
Loaded Loaded
West Virginia movement & empty Present
District— only movement, rate.
N. & W. and Pa. Co 4S.882 80.588 112.00
K. & M. and H. V 4S.370 78.047 97.00
C. & O. and C. H. & D. . . .57.862 96.391 97.00
B. & O 40.330 60.266 96.75
Pittsburgh District—
P. & L. E. and L. S. & M. S..29.532
Pa. Co. (to harbor) 28.000
Pa. Co. (to Bedford) 27.100
B. & 0 31.340
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
88.00
88.00
88.00
88.00
Includes 6c per ton for assembling at mines,
and 6c for switching and distribution at dock.
AVERAGE COST OF MOVING COAL FROM .Ml.NFS TO THE
LAKES.
Per ton mile I mills ).
Assignable cost. Total cost.
Loaded Loaded
West Virginia Loaded and Loaded and
District— only, empty, only, empty.
N. & W 438 .SIS .799 1.492
Pa. Co 603 1.095 1.335 2.424
K. & M 701 1.250 1.320 2.370
H. V 524 .960 1.081 1.980
C. & 0 45S .868 .808 1.703
C. H. & D 584 1.019 1.341 2.340
B. & 0 589 1.000 1.202 2.040
Pittsburgh District—
P. & L. E 413 1.242
L. S. & M. S 476 1.181
Pa. Co. (to harbor). .688 1.523
Pa. Co. (to Bedford) .578 1.279
B. & 0 695 1.418
Where no figures appear for empty movement
it is because that movement was not greater than
average of country-
LAKE COMMERCE DURING MAY.
Lake commerce during the month of May as
indicated by the volume of shipments between
American ports on the Great Lakes shows a considerable
reduction as compared with the commerce
for May, 1910.
The domestic shipments of coal during the
month, including the quantities of bunker coal
supplied to vessels in the domestic trade, aggregated
2,652,S3S short tons, of which 424,959 short
tons represent hard coal shipments, 2,040,117 short
tons shipments of soft coal and 187,762 short tons
bunker coal supplied to vessels in the domestic
trade. As compared with May, 1910, figures, there
was a slight gain in the shipment of soft coal, while
the shipments of anthracite declined almost 100,-
000 tons. Over 90 per cent, of the hard coal and
even a larger per cent, of the soft coal proceeded
from Lake Erie ports, Toledo, and Ashtabula
claiming over one-half of the total soft coal shipments
for the month. Of the soft coal received
during the month, 1,909,231 short tons, almost
60 per cent., was landed at Lake Superior ports;
receipts at Lake Michigan ports totaled 718,620
short tons, while over 70,000 short tons were landed
at Lake Huron ports.
The vessel movement during the month as
gauged by the number of vessel departures, 8,580,
was slightly larger than the year before, when
8,506 departures were reported. The lighter traffic
for the month is shown by the smaller vessel
tonnage reported, 11,474,607 net tons register, as
against 13,429,098 net tons register for May, 1910.

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
COKE PRODUCTION BROKE RECORD IN TON­
NAGE BUT VALUE WAS LESS THAN 1907.
The year 1910 was a record-breaker in coke
manufacture, with an output of 41,681,410 short
tons, an increase of 2,366,345 short tons over the
1909 figures, and even exceeding by 901,846 short
tons the banner year of 1907, although the value
of the 1910 product was $11,842,859 less than that
of 1907. The following figures compiled by Edward
W. Parker, the coal statistician of the Unit­
ed States Geological Survey, show the production
and prices of coke manufactured in the Unit­
ed States during the last four years:
Coke pro- Average
duced price
(short tons). Value. per ton.
1907 40,779,564 $111,539,126 $2.74
1908 26,033,518 62,483,983 2.40
1909 39,315,065 89,965,483 2.29
1910 41,681,410 99,696,267 2.39
Coal con- Average
sumed price
(short tons). Value. per ton.
1907 61,946,109 $72,784,851 $1.18
1908 39,440,837 45,222,474 1.15
1909 59,354,937 62,203,382 1.05
1910 63,045,795 74,808,114 1.19
It will be observed that in the production of
coke in 1910 there was a larger relative increase
in value than in quantity, and that the average
price per ton advanced from $2.29 in 1909 to $2.39
in 1910, from which it might appear that the
state of the coke industry in 1910 was highly satisfactory.
Such, however, was not the case, for
whereas the value of the product of 1910 exceed
ed that of 1909 by $9,730,784, this increase was
more than offset by the higher value of the coal
charged into the ovens. The quantity of coal
used in the manufacture of coke in 1909 was 59,-
354,937 short tons, valued at $62,203,382; in 1910
the quantity of coal used was 63,045,795 short
tons, valued at $74,808,114. The increase in the
value of the coal used in 1910 over 1909 was $12,-
604,732, or $2,873,948 more than the increase in
the value of the coke.
To many readers the term "coke" implies a byproduct
of city gas plants which is used for summer
cooking in the kitchen range. Such coke is,
however, of slight commercial importance, the
above figures representing the industrial coke production
of the country. Coke is an important and
necessary factor in the metallurgical world, being
the principal fuel used in the reduction of
ores and the making of steel rails, structural steel,
and other such products. Thus the coals which
have fine coking qualities are of the highest industrial
value. In the Geological Survey's coal-
classification schedule, high-grade coking coals
rank equal in value and importance to anthracite.
In the United States industrial coke is produced
by two methods—in beehive ovens, where
the coke is the only product recovered, and in
by-product ovens, where all the important subsi­
diary products are conserved, such as gas, ammonia,
creosote, and coal tar. At the present
time the bulk of the coke is made in the oldfashioned
beehive ovens with an annual wastage
of millions of dollars worth of by-products. In
1910, according to Mr. Parker, 17.13 per cent of
the total coke output was made in by-product
ovens, as against 15.91 per cent, so produced in
1909. The figures obtained by the Geological Survey
show that there is a gradual increase in the
use of by-product ovens. At the close of 1910
there were 2,187 coke ovens in course of construction,
and of these 920, or 42.07 per cent.,
were by-product ovens.
Notwithstanding the increased production and
the higher value of the coke in 1910 as compared
with 1909, the year was decidedly unsatisfactory
from the producer's standpoint. It has already
been noted that the increase in the value of the
coal used exceeded the increase in the value of
the coke produced and that the net result of the
year's business was really a loss rather than a
gain over the preceding year. The tendency of
prices was downward from January to December
and in the later part of the year much of the
coke business was conducted at a loss.
Connellsville furnace coke, which is recognized
as the standard blast-furnace fuel, declined from
the high record of $2.75 a ton in January to $1.40
in December, and the values of other cokes competing
with Connellsville showed a corresponding
decline.
Kohinoor Coal & Coke Co., Logan, W. Va.; capital,
$60,000; incorporators, Thomas J. Davis,
George Ball and Thomas Godfrey, of Minersville,
Pa.; Harrison Ball, Mahanoy City, Pa., and
George J. Beddow, of Logan, W. Va.
Williams Creek Coal Co., Williams Creek, Ky.;
capital, $25,000; incorporators, J. W. Williams,
Dover Williams, Louis Francis, Philip Francis.
Buck Coal Co., Clarion, Pa.; capital, $20,000; incorporators,
Charles Miller, Franklin; J. M.
Curry, Clarion, and G. W. Megeath, Omaha.
Illinois Valley Coal Co., Sparland, 111., capital
$50,000; incorporators, Jno. I. Thompson, E. L.
Buchanan and Frank E. Sprecht.
New Straight Creek Coal Co., Blanche, Ky.; capi­
tal, $10,000; incorporators, Henry C. Thompson,
E. S. Jouett and B. R. Jouett.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT COALS OF
JOHNSTOWN BASIN BROUGHT OUT
THROUGH SUIT IN SOMERSET COUNTY
COURTS.
"The finding of a verdict for the Berwind-White
Coal Mining Co., in the suit instituted by Mrs.
Annie E. Ott, is of great importance to the mining
business in Somerset and adjoining counties," declared
a well known mining engineer of Somerset,
in an interview just after the close of the case.
"The decision in this case settled a controversy
extending over a period of five or six years, carried
on at great expense to both sides, and incidentally
established definitely the coal measures
in the First Bituminous Coal Basin." Continuing
this engineer says:
"The only question involved was whether the
Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. had been engaged
for years in mining the seam of coal known as
C prime, as alleged by the plaintiff, or whether it
had been and is mining the vein known as Bed B,
owneiship of which was acquired by the company
before development of the Windber coal field was
started 15 years ago. On this important point
the gological doctors differed widely, notwithstanding
all agreed that each seam is marked by unmistakable
characteristics, not alone as to the quality
of the fuel itself, but as well by the cover and bed
of the various seams.
"It was admitted as a general proposition that a
deposit of fire clay is invariably found underlying
Bed B, and that a deposit of cement limestone underlies
C prime, which is also known as the Cementa
seam, owing to local conditions at Johnstown,
where it was first uncovered in this region.
"The beginning of the controversy was the discovery
of two seams of coal beneath the seven previously
known to exist under the Ott farm. This
discovery was made by Ott himself when drilling
and he appears to have jumped to the conclusion
that the newly discovered beds were presumably
of workable size, thus ging him four workable
beds in Upper and Lower Kittanning. He then
consulted John Fulton, who identified these two
lower coal seams, which were separated by only
13 feet of shale, as the A, or Brookville, and B,
or Lower Kittanning, notwithstanding the fact that
these two seams have never been known to be so
close together in any part of the First Bituminous
coal bed of Pennsylvania. Starting on this alleged
entirely erroneous identification, and disregarding
entirely the existence of the well known
Clarion, or A prime bed, and mistaking the true
Brookville A and Clarion A prime for the Lower
Kittanning. Ott naturally identified the real C
prime as the Lower Freeport coal, and also the
Upper Freeport as the Lower Freeport, notwithstanding
the fact that the limestone found beneath
this bed was separated from it by only a few inches
TIIE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
of shale, whereas the Upper Freeport limestone
never occurs immediately beneath the bed but almost
invariably from five to 20 feet below it. He
then mistook the Upper Freeport coal for the Mahoning,
which lies between the two great divisions
of this formation. In this drill hole the conditions
were abnormal, for the Upper Freeport limestone
was not present. On the Nancy Lehman
farm a short distance from the Ott farm, the
Upper and Lower Freeport coals and limestones
were found in the same hill, and on the farm of
John Weaver, adjoining, the Upper Kittanning coal
and limestone were found at the proper intervals
below the Lower Freeport, and beneath these
farms, at an interval of 90 feet, were the workings
of the Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. mine No. 30
on the B, Miller, or Lower Kittanning bed. On
the P. C. Isaac farm, adjoining Ott's, on the same
hill, the Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. sunk a
drill hole and found all of the limestone and coal
beds in their proper places. To make the matter
doubly sure, so that anyone could see by going
there, a series of trial pits was sunk from the
top of the hill to near the level of Shade creek,
exposing to view all the coal beds and limestones,
which were found in their proper positions, and
demonstrating beyond cavil that the coal mined at
No. 30 under the Ott farm is not the C prime but
the B seam.
"Of all the coal beds in the lower productive
series, no seam possesses and maintains to such a
marked degree over so wide an area such striking
characteristics as the B, whether found in Clearfield,
Cambria or Somerset counties. It is almost
invariably a double seam, and likewise almost invariably
rests on a bed of fire clay. The Miller.
or B, seam derives its name from the fact that it
was worked in 1840, at the head of Plane No. 6,
of the Portage railroad, in Cambria county, by the
firm of Shoenberger & Miller. This is the same
seam now being operated by the Lorain Steel Co.
at Ingleside, and at the Haws shaft at Johnstown,
and the croppings are traced from these two operations
into the Scalp Level district at mine No. 30.
"At the Rolling Mill mine of the Cambria Steel
Co. the operations are in the C prime vein. This
vein is traced to the mine of the Valley Stone &
Coal Co., near Moxham, and thence to the new-
John Lochrie operation, thence to the Jordan bank,
and from there to Mine No. 37% of the Berwind-
White Coal Mining Co. in the Scalp Level district,
where it is located 90 feet above the B vein, which
is mined hy the same company in its Mine No. 37,
immediately under No. 37 ] -..
"The great key-rock or guide in this territoryis
the Johnstown Cement Limestone, and this has
been so recognized for more than 35 years. It
can be readily distinguished from the Upper and
Lower Freeport limestones, from the fact that the

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
bottom bench, when there are but two, and the
middle bench when three benches ai e found, is invariably
high in carbonate of magnesia, much lower
in calcium carbonate, and is a natural cement rock.
This limestone when taken in connection with the
Upper and Lower Freeport limestones forms an
invaluable key to the Lower Productive Coal measures.
There is not the slightest resemblance
whatever between the coal in the Upper Kittanning
seam and the Lower Kittanning, the structure
being entirely different. The Upper Kittanning
is cuboidal, and the Lower Kittanning is
columnar or prismatic. There is hardly any variation
whatever between the character of the B coal
between Bennington. Blair county, and Johnstown,
or between Johnstown and the Scalp Level district.
"In the trial of the case it was developed that
the average intervals between the coal beds in the
Windber district and those of an average section
of the entire First Bituminous basin, extending
over a distance of 100 miles, are almost identical.
The average interval for the Windber district between
the E and D coal is 52 feet, whereas the
average for the entire first basin is 48 feet. From
E to C prime in the Windber district the average
is 99 feet, while for the first bituminous basin tlie
average is 94.8 feet. From D to C prime at Wind-
ber the interval is 40 feet, while the average for
the entire first basin is 41 feet. From C prime to
C the average at Windber is 48 feet, while the
average for the first basin is 44.7 feet. From C
to B the interval at Windber is 36 feet, that of the
first basin being 34 feet. From the Upper Free-
port to the B, or Miller, coal the average distance
is 184 feet at Windber, while the average interval
of the First Bituminous basin is 183.5 feet, a most
remarkable case of continuity in thickness of the
intervals, and one rarely, if ever before, disclosed."
PERSONAL •
;A;
W. B. Plaster, a district mine inspector, and
H. W. Davis, foreman of a mine at Thomas, W.
Va., were injured recently by a blast fired by a
miner in a spirit of revenge. The man had been
reproved for preparing his shots in a manner
that violated the rules, and to show his disapproval
he fired a particularly heavy blast when
the two officials were passing his working place.
Mr. S. A. Carson, formerly connected with the
brokerage firm of Matlack & Bates, Philadelphia,
has been appointed general manager of the Southern
Connellsville Coke Co. and has opened an office
in the First National Bank building, Uniontown,
Pa.
Mr. W. B. McCarthy, of Huntingdon, Pa., has
been elected president of the Keystone Coal Co.
and the W. H. Sweet Coal Co., well-known concerns
operating in the Broad Top district of
Pennsylvania, succeeding the late W. H. Sweet.
Mr. J. H. Wheelwright, president of the Consolidation
Coal Co., has been made a director of the
Jenkins National Bank, an institution organized
at Jenkins. Ky., in connection with coal land development
plans of that section.
Mr. Thomas J. Williams of Hazleton, Pa., has
been appointed mine inspector of the Eighth Anthracite
district to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Mr. P. M. Boyle.
Mr. George W. Atkinson, Baltimore manager of
the Merchants and United Coal Cos., has been
elected a director of the Drovers' & Mechanics'
National bank.
STATEMENT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINED IN OHIO AND SHIPPED OVER RAILROADS
SPECIFIED, DURING APRIL AND FOUR MONTHS, 1910-1911.
RAILROADS
Hocking Valley
Toledo and Ohio Central
Baltimore and Ohio
Wheeling and Lake Erie • • ...
Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling
Zanesville and Western ...
Toledo Division Pennsylvania Company
Lake Erie. Alliance and Wheeling . .
Marietta, Columbus and Cleveland Railway
Wabash Pittsburg Terminal Railway -
Kanawha & Michigan Ry
Total
Net tons
61.041
6.067
137.717
211.478
196.657
4.276
83.841
68.385
1 293
2,407
773,162
APRIL—
214.821
145,313
138.455
248.435
205.230
7S 896
149.012
82,268
2.271
6.574
2.405
FOUR MONTHS-
Net tons
1.273.473
492.545
749.542
1.151.624
994.195
389.396
756.729
391.723
42.509
14,574
952.337
484.243
583.296
959,978
703.970
356,338
671.557
406.434
11,422
25.356
16.512
5.171.443

OHIO MINING DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED
ON BI-PARTISAN BASIS BY APPOINT­
MENT OF NEW INSPECTORS.
For the first time in its history, the Mining
Department of the State of Ohio is now on a bipartisan
basis, six inspectors of each party being
in office.
Since first elected Governor, the attitude of
Governor Harmon towards the mining interests
of the state and his determination to make the
Mining Department bi-partisan and free the inspectors
from any undue political influence, has
given the very strongest evidence of his broadmindedness,
as well as his keen interest in seeing
that the best possible service from state appointees
is secured, whose duty it is to see that
the Ihe.-, and property of citizens are properly
cared for by a judicious application and enforcement
of the laws.
With the approval of Governor Harmon, Mr.
George Harrison, chief inspector of mines, made
the following appointments of inspectors in the
department of mines:
Second District—Edw. Kennedy, Carbon Hill,
Hocking County, Ohio; composed of the counties
of Hocking, Meigs, and a portion of Athens and
Gallia; for a term commencing July 1, 1911, and
ending June 30, 1914.
Third District—John L. McDonald. Glouster,
Athens County, O.; composed of the county of
Athens; for a term commencing July 1, 1911, and
ending June 30, 1914.
Sixth District—Alex. Smith, New Philadelphia,
Tuscarawas County, O.; composed of the counties
of Coshocton and Tuscarawas; for a term of
three years commencing July 1, 1911, and ending
June 30, 1914.
Seventh District—W. H. .Miller, Massillon, Stark
County, O.; composed of the counties of Holmes,
.Medina, Ottawa, Portage, Stark, Summit, Trumbull,
and Wayne; for a term commencing July
1, 1911, and ending June 30, 1914.
Eighth District—Lot Jenkins, .Martin's Ferry,
Belmont County, O.; composed of a portion of
both Belmont and Jefferson counties; for a term
commencing July 1, 1911, and ending June 30,
1914.
The Brier Hill Coke Co. stockholders have elected
officers as follows: President, H. H. Stambaugh;
vice president, R. C. Steece; treasurer,
John Tod; secretary and general manager, Thomas
McCafferty.
The property of the Cosmopolitan Coal & Coke
Co., in Braxton county, W. Va., will be sold at
public sale at Sutton, W. Va., on July 15, to satisfy
a deed of trust to the Real Estate Trust Co.,
of Pittsburgh. The property consists of 9,249.79
acres.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
SELLING AGREEMENT HAS BEEN
ABROGATED BY OPERATORS.
Announcement was made June 17 to the effect
that the selling agreement heretofore existing between
the coal operators of the New River and
Norfolk & Western districts of West Virginia, had
been dissolved, and that hereafter the disposition
of the products of these two great districts
would become a matter of independent selling,
every producer looking out for himself.
A meeting of the selling committee was held
recently in Philadelphia and after a heated debate
the Norfolk & Western operators are said to
have announced their withdrawal from the agreement.
New River operators are taking steps to form
an organization of their own for selling purposes.
PROPERTY OF PENNSYLVANIA COAL & COKE
COMPANY SOLD TO BONDHOLDERS.
The biggest public sale in the history of Cambria
county, Pa., measured by the value of the
property involved, took place in the court house
at Ebensburg, Pa., June 22, when the personal
holdings and real estate of the Pennsylvania Coal
& Coke Co. were disposed of under an order of
the courts of Lackawanna county. The sale covered
every possession of the company in the
county, including coal lands, mines, leaseholds,
operating plants and stocks and bonds to the
face value of several hundred thousand dollars.
It was all sold subject to the obligations of
the company, which are heavy, and so the price
was a small one, $103,000. The purchasers were
a committee representing holders of the $4,000,000
consolidated bond issue. The Pennsylvania properties
include about 88,000 acres, embracing some
of the best coal lands in Cambria county.
GOODMAN MANUFACTURING
COMPANY OPENS OFFICE IN OHIO.
The Goodman Mfg. Co. of Chicago, has recently
ai ranged through their Pittsburgh office
with Mr. Parker Cott to represent their wellknown
line of electric coal mining machines and
locomotives in Ohio. Mr. Cott's headquarters will
be at Athens, Ohio, where he has made his home
for the past five yeais as division mining engineer
for the Sunday Creek Co., for 15 of their
mines.
Mr. Cott's familiarity with the Ohio coal field
and his wide acquaintance among the operators
will make his services a valuable acquisition to
the sales department of the Goodman Co., while
his training and experience in engineering problems
in coal mining enables him to be of assistance
to the operatois in this field with whom he
comes in contact.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
University of Pittsburgh School of Mines Shows
Remarkable Growth.
( CONTINUE!) FROM PACK 20 )
ments for the Bachelor degrees contain all the
h'gher mathematics tin- average mining engineer
has occasion to use in his actual practice, and it
is therefore thought best to allow the student
more time for training in business principles,
organization, management, law, accounting, facility
in the use of English, and the nun.ler of other
subjects so essential to successful management
in the various geological, mining and metallurgical
industries.
The advantage which students of the School of
Mines have for obtaining
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE 1 .X \ll\l\i;
operations is another prime feature of the courses.
In 1908 a custom was introduced in the School
which permitted the student to substitute for his
other elective work one year of practical or cooperative
work. Under a new distribution of
terms made recently, instead of taking his practical
work during vacation time as heretofore, the
student may engage upon this work for one entire
year successively, or for one or more terms a year,
as best suits him. As stated, this practical work
is elective and is not required of all students.
It has been tin- rule, however, that the majority
of students take advantage of it, realizing the
importance of securing experience and noting the
conditions surrounding practical mine workings.
Naturally, students who have already had considerable
practical expoi ience before entering the
School of Mines are urged to devote their time
largo to theoretical studies, while those whose
work has been more of the theoretical type are
induced to engage in practical work during most.
if not all, the time allotted for this purpose.
Careful record is kept of the practical work done
by students, certificates being sigm d ly the employers
testifying as to the ground covered, and
theses and examinations being required from the
students 1 elating to it. Through the University
employment bureau and the influence of the
University and School of Mines administrative
officers, litle trouble has been experienced securing
employment for students where their lime can be
most advantageously occupied in this way.
In addition lo the elective practical work, there
are n any courses in
THE i URRII I I I'M OF THE SCHOOL
which give the students other opportunities of
observing and engaging in practical work. The
course in Mine Surveying, which is required,
takes the students out en expeditions to mine
workings where actual surveying work is done,
plans drawn and prope- calculations made.
Realizing the importance of training the stud­
ents :n the manipulation and use of devices
whereby underground workings may be explored
and rescue work carried on even though the
mine is filled with irrespirable gases, the School
is covering this feature of training for the embryo
engineers through the assistance of the United
States Bureau of Mines. In Pittsburgh that
Bureau maintains an extensive testing station,
equipped with gaseous chambers, and all the
paraphernalia such as oxygen helmets and resuscitation
apparatus used in the experimental work;
students of the School of Mines have access to
this. A thorough training is given in the use of
f he equipment and methods of mine rescue work.
The students are given practice in the smoke
chamber filled with poisonous gases such as
would be encountered in a dangerous mine, and
are trained in carrying and erecting props, erecting
brattice, building brick stoppings, carrying
injured men cn stretcher, general mine work, etc.
These couises are supplemented by elementary
first aid work under the direction of the American
Red Cross Society. Certificates of competency
are issued to them by the Bureau of Mines and
the Red Ci oss Society upon completion of the
courses.
The students may also elect a course in First
Aid to the Injured and Minor Rescue Work, the
instructor being a medical practitioner of many
years' experience. In this course, instruction is
given in anatomy and physiology, how to render
first aid in cases of bruises, sprains, fractures,
wounds and hemorrhages.
THE COURSES IN MINING ECONOMICS
include mine management, mining corporation
and finance, mining securities and investments,
mine accounts, labor problems, legislation, etc.
The principles and problems involved are treated
from the mining point of view and give the stud­
ents first-hand knowledge of the important subjects
of conservation of mineral resources, policy
of Congress with reference to mineral lands.
economic importance of mineral resources, gen
eral mining laws, laws relating to coal mining
and metal mining, laws of negligence and personal
injuries, and labor problems.
The summer term of the School of Mines opened
last Monday, June 26, with a large attendance.
The work of the Summer Term is conducted upon
the same basis as other terms, by regular instructors
of the School of Mines.
The National Commissary Managers' Associa­
tion will hold its annual convention in St. Louis,
August 22, 23 and 24. This organization was
formed last year by the managers of company
stores at mining plants, lumber camps and similar
places and has a membeiship of about 500.

I Photo by O C. Henry. Pittsburgh 1
CLASS OF 1911, Sonoi

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
COKE PRODUCTION FOR FIRST HALF OF 1911.
The production of coke in the Connellsville re­
gion for the first half of 1911, according to figures
compiled from the Connellsville Courier reports,
was 7,750,634 tons, as compared with 10,954,949
tons for the same period in 1910. The statistics
for the six months were:
Week
Ovens in
Ending. Ovens. Blast.
Jan. 7. . . . 39,336 22,540
Jan. 14 39,474 22,630
Jan. 21 39,423 22,633
Jan. 2S. . . . 39,431 23,832
Feb. 4. . . . 39,605 24,741
Feb. 11 39,617 25,873
Feb.
26,231
Feb. 25 . . 39,617 26,160
Mar. 4. . . . 39,617 26,541
Mar. 11 . . . . 39,617 27,148
Mar. 18. . . . 39,617 28,115
Mar. 25. . . . 39,617 28,337
April 1 39,617 28,385
April s. . . . 39,399 28,514
April 15... . . 39,399 28,427
April 22 . . 39,399 20,297
April 29. . . . 39,399 26,13(1
May i; 39,399 25,180
May 13 39,399 24,612
May
39,399 24,332
May 27. . . . 39,399 24,214
June
39,399 24,080
June 10 39,399 23,754
June 17 39,399 23,604
June 24 39,399 23,616
Ovens
Idle.
16,796
16,842
16,760
15,509
14,864
13,744
13,386
13,457
13,076
12,469
11,502
11,280
11,232
10,885
10.972
13,102
13,269
14.219
14,787
15,067
15,185
15,319
15.645
15,795
15,783
Tons.
281,885
280,320
287,475
291.705
302,275
323,333
322,756
339,388
352,077
357,471
364,596
371,255
368,029
362,769
349,475
312,942
300,540
280,367
278,037
273.108
270,749
269.256
266,646
271,088
273,422
ENGINEER OFFICERS MAKES
FAVORABLE REPORT ON CANAL.
That the Lake Erie and Ohio River Ship Canal
will cost $60,000,000 instead of $50,000,000 is the
opinion of Lieutenant Colonel H. C. Newcomer,
United States Army Engineer Officer at Pittsburgh,
expressed in a special report upon this
project, recently made at the request of the Xational
Waterways Commission. ISut, despite this
estimate of increased cost, Colonel Newcomer declares
the project feasible; says the tonnage is
in existence to make it a paying proposition;
approves the idea of government engineers supervising
its construction, and even suggests that
the government might go further and provide
part of the funds for construction and maintenance,
for, says Colonel Newcomer, "there can be
no doubt that the work would lie of national im­
portance."
As to the tonnage that awaits a ship canal,
the officer says: "There is no other route in the
country where the existing commerce is so fav­
orable for the development of a heavy canal
traffic."
The only question as to the feasibility of the
project is the one affecting freight rates, according
to Colonel Newcomer. He expresses the fear
that the construction of the canal would result
in lowering railroad freight rates to a point where
the great bulk of coal and ore would continue to
be shipped by rail, in which event there might
not be sufficient commerce on the canal to provide
a revenue commensurate with the expense
of the work.
TEXT OF AGREMENT BETWEEN DOMINION
COAL COMPANY AND MINERS AT SPRING-
HILL, NOVA SCOTIA.
The text of the agreement between the Dominion
Coal Co. and the miners at Springhill, N. S.,
whereby the 20 months strike was settled is:
1. All the men will be taken back to work at
Springhill as soon as places can be found for them.
It is confidently believed that the majority of the
men can be provided with work within 45 days,
and every reasonable effort will be made on the
part of the company to accomplish this sooner.
2. That the award of the Longley board in re­
gard to the docking system will go into effect on
June 1 next, but this can be mutually adjusted
after trial if considered desirable.
3. There will be no reduction in the wages of
the day hands in and around the mines in the rate
paid prior to the loth of August, 1909, and any advances
in the schedule dated January 26, 1911, shall
remain in force.
4. That the reduction of 15 per cent, announced
by Mr. J. R. Cowans and authorized on January 20,
1911, by the Dominion Coal Co. in the rate paid
coal producers immediately prior to the 10th of
August, 1909, be reduced to lo per cent., and in
any part of the mine where, owing to conditions of
the working place, a cutter is unable to earn his
average wage, fair consideration will be allowed,
and such consideration may be altered from time
to time to meet conditions as they arise.
5. Coal cutters shall not be required to carry
timber or other material necessary to work at the
working face, such material to be supplied at the
most convenient place near the working face of
the boards or pillars by the company, except in
special cases or cases of emergency.
6. Every man will be accorded his right to present
any just grievances to his immediate superior
with a right of appeal ultimately to the president,
and at any stage for that purpose he may be accom­
panied by one or two of his fellow-workmen frcm
the section in which the alleged grievance exists.
Agnes Coulter, of Bolivar, Pa., recently sold 120
aci es of coal land to the Lacolle Coal Mining
Co., of Greensburg, Pa., for the sum of $18,348.75.

A NEW ELECTRIC FORGE BLOWER.
The advantages of the electric forge blower over
the hand blower or bellows need hardly be mentioned.
It saves space as it is- so small it can be
put under the forge or any other place out of the
way. It is started and stopped by a switch, which
latter can be located wherever it will be handy to
reach from the forge or anvil. The blast produced
is strong and positive. The fire builds up quicker
and better than with a bellows or hand blower.
More can be done in the same time, as it requires
No. 00 No. 0 No. 1
1 Heavy Fire 2 Heavy Fire
1 Light 2 Medium Fires 4 Medium Fires
Fire 3 Light Fires 5 Light Fires
no attention; while the iron is heating, other work
can be prepared or finished.
The latest development in electric forge blowers
is an adaptation of the already famous "Sirocco"
blower to that service. The "Sirocco" electric
forge blower is truly the little blower with a big
purpose. The three sizes shown in the illustration,
figure 1, are 6%, 9% an d 1214 inches respectively,
the largest one being capable of caring for
five fires.
Fig. 2. Sirocco (Patented) Fan Wheel.
Because of the high mechanical efficiency of the
for single light fire, uses less than half the current
consumed by an ordinary electric lamp. The
larger sizes are relatively of equal efficiency. Comparing
these blowers with a hand blower or belnew
"Sirocco" turbine type wheel, figure 2, the
electric current consumption is so small as to be
almost insignificant. The smaller size, suitable
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
lows, it will be noted that there are no belts, no
levers, no gears, no pulleys, no cranks, no springs.
The "Sirocco" patented wheel being set-screwed
to the motor shaft, there are only two bearings on
the entire machine.
A few of the many advantages of "Sirocco" elec-
Fig. 3. One of the Sirocco Electric Forge Blowers
In Operation.
trie forge blowers over all other electric forge blowers
are: Higher mechanical efficiency, hence
smaller current consumption. Quiet running—
the "howl" of the ordinary blower being almost
unbearable. Larger volume of air at ample pressure
to overcome resistance of tuyere and fire.
Quicker and hotter fires because of perfect combustion
of fuel in fire bed. Smoother operation
due to extremely small diameter of runner.
The method of installation is shown in figure 3.
These blowers are manufactured by the American
Blower Co. of Detroit, Mich.
OHIO WILL HAVE MINIATURE
MINE IN THE CAPITOL.
In the basement of the state house, at Columbus,
O., under the office of the state mine inspector,
the state of Ohio is going to build a miniature
mine, where its mine experts' will produce mine
explosions and rescue victims of black damp by
use of the latest mine rescuing devices.
The recent legislature appropriated $2,500 for
the mine rescue work. The equipment already has
been ordered by Chief Mine Inspector George Harrison.
The Ohio apparatus will be kept in Columbus
and can be shipped in trunks to scenes of mine
explosions.
An ordinance has been introduced at Wilkes-
Barre, Pa., requiring mining companies to equip
their breakers within the city limits with devices
for preventing the escape of coal dust in quantitieslarge
enough to cause annoyance to nearby residents
or those passing through the streets.

41 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
day filled to a depth of over 100 feet. No fatalities
• PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS • were reported. The Port Hood mines are operated
by the Port Hood Coal Co. The company em­
The Lehigh Valley Coal Co. has just closed its ployed 600 men and had a daily output of 1,000
schools for mine workers for the season. The tons.
company maintains two of these—one at Centralia,
one at Lost Creek. In the Centralia school, The Interstate Commerce Commission has au­
139 students were enrolled at the end of the term; thorized the rate on coke from Pennsylvania and
in the Lost Valley, 103. Since the students, min­ West Virginia points to Chicago at $2.50 per ton.
ers and shopworkers, old and young, are drawn Formerly the coke carrying roads had in effect
froin all nationalities, one of the first ideas of the a rate of $2.35 on coke to Chicago for smelting
schools is to teach English. The other courses purposes and a rate of $2.65 on coke for all other
are as nearly as possible substitutes for the tech­ purposes, exception was taken to the "average"
nical education obtained in colleges, although rate of $2.50, but the I. C. C, after investigation,
necessarily much elementary work must be done. has approved of it.
The State Railroad Commission of Ohio will
appeal to the United States Supreme Court from
the decision of Federal Court of Appeals in case
of B. A. Worthington, receiver of the Wheeling
& Lake Erie, against Ohio Railroad Commission.
The commission, in an order in February, 1910,
reduced freight rates on coal shipments from
points in Ohio to the Lakes from 90 to 70 cents
a ton. The receiver of Wheeling & Lake Erie enjoined
an enforcement of this order. A permanent
injunction was granted, and the finding has
been sustained by the Court of Appeals.
The Anthracite Mine Cave Commission, appointed
by Governor John K. Tener of Pennsylvania,
to consider the problems of surface settlings
which confront the hard coal sections of Pennsylvania,
has been organized. W. J. Richards, of
Pottsville, was chosen chairman; George Lewis,
secretary, and C. B. Stevens, clerk. The commission
is comprised of former Mayor J. B. Dimmick,
W. L. Connell, Col. R. A. Phillips', and E. J. Lynett
of Scranton. Pa.; W. A. Lathrop and Charles Enzian
of Wilkes-Barre; W. J. Richards of Pottsville,
and George Lewis of Lansford, Pa.
At the annual meeting of the Coal Operators'
Association of the Fifth and Ninth districts of
Illinois, held at the Missouri Athletic Club in St.
Louis, Mo., recently, all of the present officers and
members of the executive committees were reelected
as follows: President, R. W. Ropiequet;
vice president, Thomas T. Brewster; secretary,
F. F. Tirre; and treasurer. J. E. Yoch. The executive
committee comprises: E. C. Donk, P. M.
Hucke. D. F. Cameron, Thomas Jeremiah, Louis F.
Lumaghi, Otto Michaelis, J. P. Reese and J. E. Rutledge.
The Port Hood coal mines at Sydney, C. B.,
Canada, have been flooded with sea water, causing
a probable total loss of the property. The
main shaft of the mine is only a short distance
from the sea, and it is supposed that the constant
wear of the waves broke through the retaining
walls of the mine pit, where water to­
The Dakota Coal Products Co. is opening up the
lignite deposits at New Salem, N. D., on a rather
extensive scale. Development work was begun
last fall and has been carried on continuously since
then, slopes have been sunk to two seams, the
lowest of which is at a depth of 105 feet. It is
expected that everything will be in readiness to
commence commercial shipments late in the Slimmer.
Mr. John A. Bell, vice president of the Colonial
Trust Co., Pittsburgh, has acquired 4,500 acres of
coal in Cross creek township, Washington county,
Pa., and has plans in preparation for developing
the property. The mine will be a shaft mine, it
is reported, and will have all modern improvements.
The Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Industrial
Reformatory, Huntingdon, Pa., have advertised
for bids for 5,500 tons of bituminous coal,
the bids to be in by July 14, and the contract to
be awarded July 15. T. B. Patton, general superintendent,
will furnish all information.
P. M. Boyle, of Kingston, Pa., mine inspector
of the eighth anthracite district of Pennsylvania,
died on June 22. He was 62 years of age, and
previous to becoming an inspector had been a
mine official in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre.
The general offices of the Luhrig Coal Washery
& Mining Co. will be removed from Charleston,
W. Va., to Athens, O., and after July 1, will be
located in the Campbell block, in the suite of offices
formerly occupied by the Sunday Creek Co.
Claude S. Wetherill is erecting a new retail
plant at Doylestown, Pa., one feature of which
will be a boiler and pipes for thawing out cars
of frozen coal in the winter, as is done at the
shipping piers.
Miners of the Monongahela valley held their
annual muster at Bellevernon on June 24. Officers
of the United Mine Workers or America and
of the coal companies were in attendance.

Summer Meeting of Mining Institute of America.
(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 24)
above, the operator is usually the recipient of
the rebuffs of the public. The press has much to
do with the reputation and misinterpretations
w-hich the public place upon the coal operators,
calling them Coal Barons and other terms which
hold them up to more or less derision and place
them in a false light before the public. Many
people, without any knowledge of the facts in
the case claim, without any apparent thought of
truthfulness, that the operators make a great
amount of money out of their property, at the
sacrifice of everything that is manly, including
the killing of their employees and charging the
consumer exorbitant rates for coal. Statements
of this kind made in the public press are permitted
to go without being contradicted by any
person for several reasons.
lst. A contradiction by the operators would
not avail them anything because the people who
would be willing to believe
SUCH A CONTRADICTION
w-ould not have the matter brought to their attention
in a way that they would give it any
consideration.
2nd. If it were denied, the denial would not be
brought to the attention of the public anything
like as vigorously as the statements made originally,
unless the operator would pay for the space
necessary, which would under those circumstances
not have the same effect as the original statement.
It is therefore of little or no use for the operator
to undertake to contradict these statements.
Again many yellow journals, including a number
of the cheap magazines, have published articles
in connection with the coal mining industry that
are gross fabrications and mis-statements of the
facts, in order to sell their publications. The
general reading public, however, are not able to
judge of these matters and therefore get the impressions
which are sent forth through the columns
of these journals. All of which tend to
create a feeling of animosity against those who
have probably much more than their share of
the burden to bear.
3rd. The operator is forced often times by a
number of conditions to sell his coal at a price
that means no profit to him. When this occurs
it is only a question of time until some person
suffers.
4th. The operator also deals with the labor
around the mine and in his negotiations with labor,
either personally or through representation,
such as the labor unions, he is oftentimes forced
by reason of circumstances, public opinion, or
other considerations beyond his control, to grant
prices for the labor which will not be at all war­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
ranted by the price at which he must sell his coal.
5th. Another matter which is a serious one to
the operator is the position which our Government
is advocating and which posterity also demands
from him, namely the conservation of
fuel. As conditions exist to-day, taking for example
in the Pittsburgh District
FROM 40 TO 60 PER CENT.
of the Pittsburgh seam of coal, including as
the seam roof coal and all, is lost in the mining,
for the reason that the operator could not
sell this coal for a price that would be equal to
that of the cost of production, and yet the demand
is upon him just the same to mine this
coal in order to protect the fuel supply for future
generations. Under the present existing
methods of operation, a greater percentage of the
recovery of coal cannot be expected or accomplished.
It therefore becomes a matter of importance
that the Government should in some
way assist in solving this problem, and not place
the entire blame and burden on the operator.
6th. The most serious problem, however, that
confronts the operator is that if he should attempt
to join with his fellow operators in some
sort of combination, by which the industry can
be put on a more equitable basis, as to the amount
of coal produced, the wages paid, the price at
which the coal is to be sold and various other
matters which are of vital interest to all persons
concerned, he will at once be haled into court
as attempting a combination in restraint of trade
under the Sherman Anti-Trust Law. The result
is that the operators in each district or each operator
alone, must decide a number of these questions
alone, which can only be decided by them
equitably by their joining in some sort of union
so that all interests in connection with the matter
should be protected.
THE POSITION OF .MINE LAHOR TO THE BITUMINOUS
COAL INDUSTRY.
There is no part of the business of producing
coal that comes more directly in touch with the
people at large than the question of conditions
that surround the mine labor at the mines. This
applies to his conditions of living, whether the
house which he occupies be comfortable and commodious
for his family, whether the rent which
he pays for it is fair and equitable, and not so
high that he is not able to pay for it without
being burdensome to him. Whether the cost of
food stuffs and clothing shall be at a price that
will enable him to properly clothe and feed his
family. Whether the conditions surrounding his
work, at or in the mine, are such that he is
given the greatest amount of safety compatible
with his work. Whether he shall be given employment
regularly, and last of all whether, considering
all of these conditions, he shall receive
a fair price for his labor, in order that he may

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
be able to meet the above requirements. Another
matter which should be uppermost in his
mind is the care of those depending upon him
in case he meets with an accident or is suddenly
called away by death. This matter has largely
in the past been taken care of by some death or
accident insurance, taken out either through an
insurance coinpany or some beneficial society. Recently,
however, this matter has received the attention
of a number of people closely interested
and identified with the coal industry b.v way of
creating an accident insurance and pension fund.
This scheme seems to be making headway and
could in all probability through the assistance of
those interested and the State, or possibly the
National Government, be made a satisfactory and
PROPER METHOD
and one of great benefit to the families of the
men employed in the industry.
There is one condition, however, in which as it
exists to-day the mine workers have an advantage
over the operator or the consumer, namely,
that they are permitted to combine in the form
of labor unions, in such a way that they can and
do demand a great many things that the individual
worker could not secure. Just why the
Government will permit these forms of combination
which are certainly as much in restraint of
trade as a combination of operators or consumers,
I will not attempt to answer, but the fact
remains, however, that they do have these combinations,
while the operator and consumer are
not under the present conditions permitted to
form such combinations for their protection. I
will not undertake to defend the position that
this combination has always been used to the best
advantage of the worker but I do say that the
fact that they are able to combine in forming the
unions, without any governmental interference, is
a strong factor in their favor in making and securing
demands, which others not being permitted
to so combine are not in position to withstand,
but I am of the opinion that if some such
combinations were permitted to exist among the
operators, and the consumers as well, with the
additional condition that the government shall
be a party to all of these combinations, that the
entire industry would then be placed on a much
better basis.
WHAT POSITION SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT TAKE IN
CONNECTION WITH TIIE INDUSTRY?
And lastly we come to the consideration of
what position the Government should take in connection
with the Bituminous Coal Industry, and
1 think there are several positions which they
can very consistently and with good effect take.
First, I believe the Government should, as they
are now undertaking to do to some extent,
through the Mining Bureau, designate what
things should be done for the safety and welfare
of the men employed in and around the mines.
Second, the things that should be done in connection
with the mining of coal so as to recover
a larger per cent, of the coal in the seams. By
such action the Government would become a party
to the conserving of not only life and property,
but also the fuel resources for the future generations.
Third, I think the Government should also
take a position in connection with the Industry
somewhat analogous to the German Government
in connection with their coal Industry, and without
going into details in connection with this
German syndicate scheme, I believe that the Government
should go further in connection with demanding
conditions as set forth above, to the extent
that they should also demand that the price
at which coal should be sold should also be fair
and equitable between all parties interested. This
can be done in either one of two ways. Either
by having a commission something similar to
the inter-State Commerce Commission, to review
all conditions in controversy and have power to
regulate same through their decision, taking into
consideration the cost of producing coal in the
various districts, and permitting the fixing of a
price above this cost that will guarantee to the
capital invested a fair return; or they could permit
combinations of the operators in the various
districts as well as also combinations of all large
consumers who could meet together and take into
consideration all the conditions necessary to the
carrying out of the requirements made by the
Government, and then fixing their price accordingly,
granting the Commission above mentioned
the right to review these prices and if they should
be considered exorbitant or
IN ANV WAY UNFAIR,
to have power to reduce them to such an amount
as to render them fair and equitable to all concerned.
This latter is somewhat after the scheme
of the German Syndicate, with the exception that
the Government would not hold any interest in
the coal mines or in the coal syndicate as the
German Government does in the German syndicate,
but would simply act as the arbitrator in
the matter. This could, however, be modified in
case of the coal lands which the Government now
own in the territories and Alaska so that the
Government could retain an interest in the operations
something similar to the scheme of the
German Government and the German syndicate.
In conclusion I believe that before the coal Industry
can be placed on a permanent and equitable
basis, the present methods of handling the
business must be revised and all parties interested
therein must deal with this matter in a
fair, business-like manner. The Government
should also be a party to this as outlined above
or in some similar arrangement, which I think
could be easily worked out, and then all parties

interested should be satisfied and the Industry
would then be placed on a more stable basis.
A general discussion of the paper followed by
the delegates.
State .Mine Inspector W. F. Cunningham, of
Charleroi, Pa., then took up the discussion of his
paper on ".Mine Pillar Drawing," which had been
read at the winter meeting, and the discussion
was participated in by other delegates.
This discussion was followed by Mr. Jesse K.
Johnston, also of Charleroi, who read a paper on
"The Loss of Life in Coal Mining, as Compared
with Other Hazardous Occupations," and the discussion
of the paper closed the first day's sessions.
The Indiana board of trade entertained the
visitors at a banquet on the evening of June 28.
.Mr. Edwin S. Wallace, vice president of the
Pittsburgh-Westmoreland Coal Co., was toastmaster,
and responses were made by the following
visitors: Justice John P. Elkin, president of
the board of trade; Prof. H. H. Stock, professor
of mining engineering. University of Illinois; Mr.
John Reed, general superintendent of the Clearfield
& Jefferson Coal & Iron Co.; H. M. Wilson,
chief engineer of United States Bureau of Mines,
and President Taylor.
Mr. Taylor told of the United States Government
work in the canal zone, and illustrated his
remarks with 100 lantern slides prepared by him
while in the canal zone recently.
An illustrated lecture on "The Geology of Indiana
County," by Mr. R. H. Dawson Hall, mining
engineer of Dubois, was the principal feature of
the second day's session.
Mr. C. E. Ward of the Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
addressed the meeting on "Oils for Lubricating
and Burning Purposes." The convention
closed with an address of "Symbols for Electrical
Installation in Mines," by Mr. H. F. Randolph of
Pittsburgn. Excursions to the various coal operations
in the Indiana field were made by the visitors
during the afternoon.
Mr. James K. Kay has been appointed receiver
for Carver Bros., of Charleston, W. Va., who have
mines in Fayette county. It is announced that
operations will be continued under the receivership.
No details concerning the firm's financial
condition have been made public.
Governor Deneen, of Illinois, has signed the
bill, exacting the use of a high grade of powder
in Illinois coal mines. The specific gravity must
be between 1.74 and 1.91 and the moisture not to
succeed one per cent, at time of shipment. The
granulation is limited to seven sizes. The law
was recommended by the mining investigation
committee of the state.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
West Virginia Mining Institute Holds Interesting
Session.
(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28)
H. Tarleton, superintendent of mines. Consolidation
Coal Co.. Fairmont, W. Va.
"Nature and Characteristic Components of Permissible
Explosives," Clarence Hall, explosive expert.
Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh.
"Shafts and Shaft Sinking for American Coal
Mines'," R. C. Johnson, civil engineer with Dravo
Contracting Co., Pittsburgh.
The committee to which had been referred the
subject of consideration of the dangers of oil and
gas wells in proximity to mines was continued.
because, until the matter is again brought up in
the legislature, little can be done in a definite way.
The committee on the standardization of electricity
installations in mines was also continued to permit
it to give further consideration to the subject.
The next meeting will be held at Fairmont in
December. The Fairmont members already having
organized a committee to arrange for the meeting
and entertainment of the visitors at that time.
About 300 members were in attendance at the
meeting.
ffl COAL TRADE CASUALTIES &
Fire destroyed the large building, housing the
machine shop and blacksmith shop connected
with the St. Michael shaft of the Berwind-White
Coal Mining Co., at St. Michaels, Pa., on June 17.
The supply house was also gutted. The loss will
reach $10,000.
The rescreening plant of the No. 1 mine of the
W. P. Rend Coal & Coke Co., Rend City, UL, was
destroyed by fire during the fortnight. It will
be replaced at once by a modern steel structure.
Work will be completed about September 1st.
Fire which caused a loss of $20,000 destroyed
the engine house of the Smoky Hollow Coal Co.,
Monroe county, Iowa, on June 17. Over 300 mine
workers will be thrown out of work for at least
six weeks as a result of the fire.
Nearly 200 people were made homeless by a
fire which destroyed 19 dwelling houses belonging
to the Thaeker Coal Co., near Thacker, W.
Va., during the fortnight. The loss is $10,000.
The washery of the Peabody Coal Co., at the
mines at Marion, 111., was burned during the
fortnight.
A recent lease in the Wilkes-Barre, Pa., district
provides for the following royalties: 40 cents per
ton for all sizes larger than pea, 20 cents per ton
for pea, and five cents per ton for all sizes smaller
than pea.

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
TEXT OF NEW MINING LAW OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA 1
Sec. 55. The ends' of all hoisting cables shall be
well secured on the drum, and have at least two
and a half laps of the same remain on the drum
when the cage or trip is at rest at the lowest landing.
Sec. 56. All shafts more than 300 feet deep from
which hoisting is done by means of a bucket must
be provided with suitable guides, and in connection
with the bucket there must be a cross-head traveling
upon these guides. The height of the crosshead
shall be at least two-thirds of its width. If
the cross-head be a type that is not secured to the
hoisting rope, a stopper must be securely and rigidly
fastened to the hoisting rope at least seven
feet above the rim of the bucket.
Sec. 57. No open hook shall be used with a
bucket in hoisting. Safety hooks shall be employed.
See. 58. Persons engaged in deepening a shaft
in which hoisting from an upper level is going on
shall be protected from the danger of falling material
by a suitable covering extending over the
whole area of the shaft, sufficient openings being
left in the covering for the passage of men, a
bucket or other conveyance used in the singing
operations. No hoisting shall be done in any
compartment of a shaft while repairs are being
made in that compartment, excepting such hoisting
as is necessary in order to make such repairs.
Sec. 59. Any person riding upon any cage, skip
or bucket that is loaded with tools, timber, powder
or other material except for the purpose of assisting
in passing such material through a shaft
or incline and then only after a special signal has
been given, shall be guilty of a violation of this
act. When tools, timber or other materials are
to be lowered or hoisted in a shaft, their ends, if
projecting above the top of the bucket, skip or
other vehicle shall be securely fastened to the hoisting
rope or to the upper part of the vehicle. This
shall not apply to workmen carrying their own
tools in a shaft.
Sec. 60. No person shall carry any timber or
other materials other than tools and the day's supplies,
with him on anv cage in motion, except for
use in repairing the shaft; and
NO ONE STTAT.T, RTDE
on a cage containing a loaded car, or on a single
deck cage with an empty car. No cage having an
unstable or self dumping platform shall he used
for the carriage of men or materials, unless the
same is provided with some convenient device by
which said platform can be securely locked, and
unless 1t is so locked whenever men or materials
are being conveyed thereon. No coal shall be
(CONCLUDED FROM JUNE 15)
hoisted in any shaft while men are being lowered
therein.
See. 61. The upper and lower landing at the top
of each shaft and the opening of each intermediate
seam from or to the shaft, shall be kept clear and
free from loose materials, and shall be securely
fenced with automatic or other gates, so as to prevent
either men or materials from falling into the
shaft.
Sec. 62. At the bottom of every shaft and at
every caging place therein, an adequate passage
way must be provided around said landing place
to serve as a traveling way by which men or animals
may pass from one side of the shaft to the
other without passing under or on the cage.
Sec. 63. It shall be unlawful to use in any coal
mine included within the provisions of this act,
any rope or cable for hoisting or lowering either
man or material, when, such hoisting is done by
other means than human or animal power, unless
such rope or cable shall be composed of iron or
steel wires, with a factor of safety determined as
hereinafter set forth, provided, however, that such
iron or steel wires may be laid around a hemp
center. The factor of safety of all ropes or cables
shall, when installed in no case be less than five
and shall be calculated by dividing the breaking
strength of the rope as given in the manufacturers'
published tables by the sum of the maximum
load to be hoisted, plus the total weight of the
rope in the shaft when fully let out. plus 10 per
cent, of such values, to take account of shock at
starting and stopping.
Sec. 631'.,. It shall be unlawful for any mine
operator, superintendent or mine foreman to haul
or cause to be hauled on any slope or plane where
the grade is against the loaded cars or
TRIPS OF CARS
without using a drag on the rear end of the cars
or trips of cars when required by two or more mine
inspectors for the purpose of derailing the cars
or trips of cars in ease they break loose and run
back. The drag may be of heavy wrought iron or
of soft steel.
Sec. 64. No driver or other person shall descend,
or ascend a shaft with any horse or mule.
unless the said horse or mule is secured in a suitable
box or safely penned, and only the driver in
charge of said horse or mule, and such assistants
as he may need, shall accompany it in any case.
Sec. 65. The owner, operator or lessee of any
coal mine in this state, shall make or cause to he
made by a competent engineer an accurate and
exact detail map of said mine showing the exact
position of said mines in reference to the section

line, which shall be connected with some known
boundary line of the section or subdivision of the
section. Said map shall show accurately the position
of any branches, creeks, rivers or railroads
under which said mine may extend; also as near
as possible the position of any old coal mine nearby.
The location of all oil and gas wells shall be
shown on said map. Said maps shall show all
shafts, slopes, tunnels or other openings to the surface
or to the workings of a contiguous coal mine;
all excavations, entries, rooms and cross-cuts; the
location of the fan and furnace and the direction
of the air currents; the location of pumps, hauling
engines, engine planes, abandoned works, fire walls
and standing water; and the boundary line of any
surface outcrop of the seam. A separate and similar
map, drawn to the same scale in all cases, shall
be made of each and every seam, which after the
passage of this act, shall be worked in any coal
mine and the maps of all such seams shall show all
shafts, inclined planes or other passage ways connecting
the same. Each map shall also show by
elevation in feet and decimals thereof the rise and
dip of the seam from the opening in either direction
to the face of the workings. Said map shall
be sworn to by the engineer making same. The
map provided for herein shall be filed with the
chief mine inspector during the month of January,
next after opening of said mine, and shall show
its condition on the first day of such January, and
all new work inside of the mine must be added to
said map, or a new map filed
EACH YEAR THEREAFTER.
showing the condition of the mine on the first day
of January of the same year, and this provision
for additions to maps shall apply to all maps which
have heretofore been filed in the office of the chief
mine inspector. Said maps shall be filed in the
office of the chief mine inspector, who shall provide
a suitable and safe place for keeping them.
The chief mine inspector with the approval of the
board of examiners may refuse to accept maps
made by persons claiming to be mining engineers
who are not known to be such and of good standing
and character in their profession. The mine
boss in charge of such mine shall certify to the
correctness of such map, to the best of his knowledge
and belief, and the additions made thereto.
Said map shall be made on a uniform scale of
one hundred or two hundred feet to the inch. The
persons entitled to examine maps, plats and records
of a coal mine shall be the owner, operator
or lessee or agent of such coal mine, the persons
financially interested in such mine: the owner, or
owners, of land adjoining such mine; the owner
or owners of land adjacent to such mine: the
owner, operator, lessee or agent of a coal mine adjacent
to such mine, and the authorized representatives
of the employes of such or the employes
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
driving any break through liable to break into
adjacent mine. The chief mine inspector shall
not permit sucu maps, plans, records and papers
to be removed from his office, and shall not furnish
copies thereof to any persons except by request
of the owner, operator, lessee or agent of
the mine to which such maps, plans and records
pertain. The chief mine inspector during the first
three days of January of each year, shall forward,
or cause to be forwarded by express, or hy other
safe means of transmitting at the expense of the
owner, operator or agent of the respective coal
mines, all maps on file in his office of mines in
operation to the chief office of the respective mine
as such chief office shall be reported to him, in
order that said map may be revised showing the
condition of the mine on the first day of January
of each year and such owner, oiierator or agent of
each mine in this state shall have such maps revised
during tlie month of January of each year,
and return the same to the office of the chief mine
inspector charges prepaid, during the said month
of January.
Sec. 66. Whenever the operator of any coal mine
shall neglect or refuse, or, for any cause not satisfactory
to the chief mine inspector, fail for the
period of three months, to
FURNISH TO SAID INSPECTOR
the map or plan of such mine, or a copy thereof.
or of the extension thereto, as provided for in this
act, such operator shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
In addition thereto the chief mine inspector
is hereby authorized to make or cause to
be made, an accurate map or plan of such mine at
the expense of the owner thereof; and the cost of
the same may he recovered by law from the operator
in the same manner as other debts by suit, in
the name of the chief mine inspector and for his
use.
Sec. 67. If the chief mine inspector shall believe
that any map or plan of any coal mine made or
furnished in pursuance of the provisions of this
act is materially incomplete, inaccurate, or imperfect,
then the chief mine inspector is hereby authorized
to cause a correct survey and map or plan
of said mine to be made at the expense of the
operator thereof, the cost of which shall be recoverable
from said operator as other debts are recoverable
by law; provided, that when the chief
mine inspector shall cause a new survey and map
or plan of any such coal mine, and it is found that
the map or plan furnished by the operator was substantially
correct, then the cost of the survey,
map or plan caused to be made by the chief mine
inspector shall be paid by the state.
Sec. 6S. The chief mine inspector may order a
survey to be made between the regular survey
periods, of the workings of any coal mine and the
results to be extended on the maps of the same

60 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
and the copies thereof, whenever, in his judgment,
the safety of the workmen, the support of the surface,
and the conservation of the property or the
safety of an adjoining coal mine require it.
Sec. 69. When any coal mine is worked out. or
is about to be abandoned or indefinitely closed, the
operator of the same shall make or cause to be
made a final survey, where not already made, of all
parts of such mine and the results of the same shall
be duly extended on all maps of the mine and
copies thereof, so as to
SHOW AIL EXCAVATIONS
and Ihe most advanced workings of the mine and
their exact relation to the boundary or section
lines on the surface and such abandoned mines
shall be properly fenced off.
Sec. 70. When it is known that a place is likely
to obtain a dangerous accumulation of gases or
water, workings when approaching such places,
shall not exceed eight feet in width, and the person,
or persons, driving such place, shall constantly
keep at a sufficient distance ahead, not less
than three yards in advance, one bore hole near
the center of the working, and one in each corner
15 feet deep, at an angle of forty-five degrees, at
intervals of six feet. These holes shall not be
used for blasting but separate holes for blasting
not over four feet deep, must be drilled. These
precautions must begin at least 100 feet from the
probable source of danger.
Sec. 71. In any coal mine, or coal mines, or
parts thereof, wherein water may have been allowed
to accumulate in large and dangerous quantities,
putting in danger the adjoining or adjacent
coal mines, and the lives of the miners working
therein, and when such can be tapped and set free
and flow by its own gravity to any point of drainage,
it shall be lawful for any operator or person
having a mine so endangered, with the approval
of the chief mine inspector, to proceed and remove
the said danger by driving a drift or drifts protected
by bore holes as- provided by this act, and
in removing said danger it shall be lawful to drive
across property lines if needful, provided, that all
coal removed in such driving from adjacent land
shall be paid for on the basis of 25 'cents per ton
of 2.000 pounds. And, it shall be unlawful for any
person to dam or in any way obstruct the flow of
water from said mine or parts thereof, when so set
on any part of its passage to point of drainage.
See. 72. Tn no case shall the workings of any
coal mine be driven nearer than 15 feet to the
boundary line of the coal rights of the owner of
said mine, except for the purpose of establishing
an underground communication between contiguous
mines, as provided for elsewhere in this act. Provided,
that by mutual consent of adjacent property
owners, this distance may be reduced or elimin­
ated entirely and provided, further, that any operator
working up to an
ABANDONED COAL MINE
may be permitted to work to his property line if approved
by the chief mine inspector, but in such
cases proper precautions must be taken as provided
in this act.
Sec. 73. Whenever the owner, operator or lessee
of any land adjacent to other land on which any
coal mine is being worked, shall have reason to
believe that such mine is being so worked as to
encroach upon this land, and has been refused by
the owner, operator or manager of the mine, per
mission at reasonable time to enter upon said mine
with a competent engineer for the purpose of inspecting
and surveying such mine, he may make
application under oath to the probate court of the
county in which the mine is situated, setting out
the facts and praying for an order that such mine
shall be surveyed. Upon the hearing after such
notice to the owner, operator or lessee of the mine,
as tne court may prescribe, the court may make
an order requiring the chief mine inspector to employ
a competent engineer to make a survey of
such mine and file such survey in the office of the
judge of probate and such survey when filed shall
be received in any court as prima facie correct.
The court may at any time during the progress of
the proceedings require security for costs and may
tax the costs in such manner as may be just and
equitable.
Sec. 74. No gasoline, or naphtha, shall be used
in a coal mine, excepting for operating machinery,
blow torches', safety lamps or for operating under
the following regulations: Notice shall be made
to tbe chief mine inspector before installing, and
the installation and operation shall be subject lo
his approval. The supply tank from which the
gasoline or naphtha is fed to the engine, shall be
of metal with a suitable screw cap opening, fitted
with a gasket so as to make the tank tight and the
tank kept free from leaks; the gasoline or naphtha
shall be fed from a tank to the carburetor or
mixer by metal tubes securely connected so as to
reduce the possibility of leaks to a minimum; the
exhaust from the engine, when discharged in the
mine, must not contain more than 12 volumes of
carbon dioxide and 1 volume of carbon monoxide
to 10,000 volumes of air. At no time shall there
be more than two day's supply of gasoline or
naphtha in the supply tanks; at no time shall
more than one day's supply of same he taken into
the mine at any one time and at no time shall
there be more than two days'
SUPPLY IN THE MINE;
including that in the supply tank. No gasoline
or naphtha shall be taken into the mine except in
metallic cans, with a screw cap opening at the
top, fitted with a suitable gasket; no package oi

can or the supply tank of an engine, containing
gasoline or naphtha shall be opened until ready to
make the ti ansfer from the package or can to the,
supply tank, and in transferring, a funnel shall
lie used so as to avoid spilling the gasoline 01
naphtha, and the cap on the supply tank shall lie
immediately closed; in no case shall the package,
can, or the supply tank, be opened with any open
light or other thing containing fire within twentyfive
feet of the same.
See. 75. The oiling or greasing of cars inside 01
coal mines' is strictly forbidden, unless the place
where said oil or grease is used is kept reasonably
clean. Not more than one barrel of lubricating
oil shall be permitted in the mine at any one time
No explosive oil shall be used or taken into the
mines for lighting purposes except when used in
approved safety lamps and illuminating oil shall
not be stored or taken into mines in quantities exceeding
five gallons. Any person using explosive
or impure oils in any coal mine contrary to any
of the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor; provided, this does not apply to
gasoline used in gasoline engines or pumps, or
naphtha, so used.
Sec. 76. ft shall be unlawful for any workman
to fire a Mast without first notifying all persons in
the immediate working places of that entry, and
without giving sufficient alarm so that any person
or persons approaching shall be warned of danger.
Sec. 77. It shall be unlawful for any miner to
charge any hole for blasting coal before the hole
has been thoroughly cleaned of dust by suitable
scraper. It shall be unlawful for any miner to
tamp any blasting hole with coal or other inflammable
material and it shall be the duty of the
owner, operator or lessee of any coal mine wherein
clay or other non-inflammable material suitable for
use in tamping in preparing shots cannot be readily
obtained to provide and deposit within said
mine such material in each working heading, and
such miner shall keetp a
SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF CLAY
or other non-inflammable material convenient to
his working place, and in case he has not the necessary
supply of clay or other non-inflammable material
for tamping purposes he shall not charge any
blasting hole until the same has been procured.
Sec. 78. At a coal mine where the firing of shots
is restricted to specific times, it shall be unlawful
for any miner to fire a shot until the time appointed
for him to do so, and then only in such
rotation as designated.
Sec. 79. It shall be unlawful for any miner,
shot firer or workman to fire a blast in any working
place which is likely to generate sudden volumes
of fire-damp, or where locked safety lamps
are used, except with the consent of the mine fore­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
man, or other competent person designated by the
mine foreman for that purpose.
Sec. 80. A miner, workman or shot firer who
is about to explode a shot with a manufactured
squib, shall not shorten the match thereof or saturate
with oil or ignite it except at the end; and
he shall see that all persons are out of danger from
the probable effects of such shots, and whether
using squibs or fuse shall take measures to prevent
anyone approaching by shouting "fire" immediately
before lighting the same.
Sec. SI. It shall be unlawful for any miner,
workman or shot firer to explode any shot with a
fuse of insufficient length to project from the hole,
v. hen the cartridge is at the back of the hole, and
in no case less than three feet or to fire any shot
which is not tamped the full length of the hole.
Sec. 82. No person shall return to a missed shot,
if lighted with a squib until five minutes have
elapsed from the time o* lighting the same, or if
lighted with fuse, until the following day; and no
person shall return to a missed shot when the
firing is done by electricity unless the wires are
disconnected from the battery or power line.
Sec. 83. Whenever a workman is about to open
a box or can containing powder or other explosive,
and while handling the same, he shall place his
lamp at least five feet distant from said explosive,
and in such position that the air current cannot
convey sparks to it, and no person shall knowingly
approach nearer than ten feet to any open
box containing an open can of powder or other
explosive with a
LIGHTED LAMP, LIGHTED PIPE,
or other thing containing fire. No miner, workman,
or other person shall open any keg, can or other
container of blasting powder with any pick, wedge,
tool or in any manner except by the means of opening
of the same provided by the manufacturer
thereof, and it shall be unlawful, and a violation
of this act, for any person to have in his possession
in any mine any can or other container of blasting
powder containing blasting powder, which has
been opened in violation of this act.
Sec. 84. Every person who has powder or other
explosive in a coal mine shall keep same in a
wooden box securely locked, with hinged lid, and
said box shall be kept as far as practicable from
the track; and said powder boxes shall be kept as
far as practicable from each other and each in a
secluded place, nor shall any explosive be kept
nearer than 100 feet to any working place. All
black powder or other loose blasting material shall
be carried into the mine by the miner in a proper
receptacle with a securely fastened top.
Sec. 85. No blasting powder or other explosives
shall be stored in any coal mine and no workman
shall have at any time more than the supply allowed
by the rules and regulations of the mine,

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
and in no case shall more than one kind of explo­
sives be used in any one drill hole; provided, that
nothing in this section shall be construed to pre­
vent the operator from taking into the mine, under
proper precautions, a sufficient quantity of explo­
sives for the reasonable requirements of such mine
for the next succeeding working day.
Sec. S6. It shall be unlawful for any person to
take or have in his possession or under his con
trol within any coal mine, any explosive not per­
mitted in the mine by the rules of said mine.
Sec. 87. No stocks of blasting powder and explosive
materials shall be kept for storage in a
wooden structure.
Sec. SS. It shall be unlawful for any person to
take or have in his possession or under his control
within any coal mine in the state of Alabama, any
dynamite, or any other explosive which may be
prohibited by the rules and regulations of said
mine from being in said mine, unless such person
shall first have the written consent of the mine
foreman or other person in
CHARGE OF THE OPERATION
of said mine, which said consent in writing shall
set forth the use for which any such dynamite or
other prohibited explosives may be particularly intended.
Sec. 89. The owner or operator of each coal
mine, at which the miners are paid by weight,
shall provide such mines with suitable scales of
standard make for the weighing of all coal, when
contracted for to be weighed
Sec. 90. All coal mined in this state, contracted
for payment by the ton or other weight shall be
weighed, and tne full weight thereof shall be credited
to the miner of such coal, and two thousand
pounds of coal shall constitute a ton.
Sec. 91. In all coal mines, the miners employed
and working therein may furnish a check weighman,
who shall, at proper times, have full access
and examination of the scales, and see all measures
and weights and accounts kept of same; provided.
th.it not more than one person shall have
such right of access, examination and inspection
of scales, measures and accounts at the same time.
Sec. 92. The mine inspector, miners employed
in the coal mines and the owner of the land or
persons interested in the rental and royalty of
such mines, shall al all times have full right of
access to scales used at said mines, including tally
sheets or tally book in which the weight of coal is
kept, to examine the amount of coal mined, for the
purpose of testing the accuracy thereof.
See. 93. It shall be the duty of the owner, op­
erator or lessee or superintendent of each coal
mine to keep at or near the mouth of the mine, or
at such other place about or in the mine as shall
be designated by the chief mine inspector, a
stretcher, properly constructed, and so arranged
that it may be carried on top of the mine car with­
out slipping, and a woolen and water-proof blan­
ket in good condition, for use in carrying away
any person who may be injured at the mines; and
where more than 100 men are employed two
stretchers and two woolen and water-proof blan­
kets shall be kept at or in mines generating fire­
damp. A sufficient quantity of linseed oil, olive
oil or sterilized sweet oil
KEPT IN CLOSE PACKAGES,
and also carbolized vasoline, bandages, and linen
shall be kept in the store at the mines or at such
other place as would be convenient to the mines
lor use in emergencies and bandages shall be kept
at all times.
Sec. 94. Any building, erected after the passage
of this act, for the purpose of housing the hoisting
engine or boilers at any shaft, shall be substan­
tially fireproof and no boiler house shall be nearer
than sixty feet to the main shaft, or opening, or
to any inflammable structure connected therewith.
Sec. 95. After the passage of this act, it shall
be unlawful to place a main or principal ventilat­
ing fan inside of any coal mine.
Sec. 96. The owner, operator, lessee or agent of
a coal mine at which the live stock is kept underground,
shall observe the following: The stable
or stalls shall be separated from the main inlet
and main outlet air courses by not less than twenty
feet of solid strata or a solid wall of brick masonry
not less than twelve inches in thickness, except at
two doors not more than five feet wide, which shall
be made of steel plate not less than one-quarter
of an inch in thickness and hinged to the solid
strata or masonry without the use of wood; the
ventilation for the stable shall be taken from the
main inlet air courses by a by-pass or separate
split and returned tc. the main outlet air course
so that the air passing the stables will not enter
the inward working places of the mine, and arranged
so that the by-pass or split can readily be
closed at both inlet and outlet sides of the stable
by steel doors described above; the construction
of the stable inside shall be free from pine or
light lumber; shall be of brick masonry as much
as practicable, and any timber used shall be of
hardwood of a cross section not less than three by
six inches; no hay or straw shall be taken into the
mine or stable unless the same be compressed into
compact bales, and then only from time to time in
such quantity as will be required for two days' use;
no greater quantity of hay or
STRAW SHALL BE STORED
in the mine or stable, and when such is taken into
the mine it shall be taken inside the stable at
once; the lights used inside the stable shall be in­
candescent electric lamps, placed so that the same
will not be injured by the stock or persons required
to enter the stable, or lanterns of railroad

type suitable for using lard or signal oil, and only
such oil shall be used therein; all refuse and waste
shall promptly be removed from the stable and
mine and shall not be allowed to accumulate.
Stables constructed underground, after the passage
and approval of this act shall be located not nearer
than one hundred and fifty feet of any opening to
the mines used as a means of ingress and egress.
Sec. 97. It shall be unlawful for any person to
take a lighted pipe or other thing containing fire,
except lanterns as provided for in the precedingsection
into any stable in any coal mine in this
state.
Sec. 98. No person, or persons, except those in
charge of trips, superintendents, mine foremen,
electricians, machinists and blacksmiths and
others, when required by their duty shall ride on
haulage trips, except a special trip of entry cars
may be operated for the purpose of taking employes
into and out of the mine, when the distance
to and from their work exceeds one mile. No person,
excepting trip riders, shall ride on loaded car
or cars, and they shall ride only the front or rear
end of the trip.
Sec. 99. No other person shall be allowed to
travel on foot to or from his work on any incline
plane, rope or locomotive roads, when other roads
are provided for that purpose. Regulation concerning
the installation, maintenance and operation
of electrical apparatus in coal mines in the state
of Alabama.
Sec. 100. Voltage.—Rule 1. Electrical pressure
or vouage referred to in these regulations is understood
to mean that measured on all apparatus
wires and cables installed and used underground.
It not only applies to voltages measured between
terminals, conductors, etc., but also to the voltage
measured between any one conductor, terminal.
etc., and the earth. Rule 2. Three systems of
voltages are described as follows: Class 1. Low.
300 volts direct current, or
240 VOLTS ALTERNATING
current or less. Class 2. Med. Between 3011 volts
and 600 volts direct current, or 240 volts and 480
volts alternating current. Class 3. High. 600
volts direct current or 480 volts alternating current
and higher. Rule 3. No apparatus or conductors
carrying a voltage within class three shall
be allowed in or about working places. Rule 4.
Portable apparatus using a voltage of class three
are prohibited. Rule 5. Electrical equipments installed
after this date shall not use any voltage
higher than that in class one in or about working
places. This does not prohibit the use of voltages
defined in classes two and three (except in or
about working places) provided such apparatus is
installed and maintained according to these regulations.
Rule 6. Power circuits entering the mine
must be protected against lightning by lightning
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 63
arresters at all points ol entrance to the mines.
Rule 7. The three wire double voltage system
having a maximum voltage within class two may
be used provided the neutral is effectively grounded
and the maximum voltage between any conductor
and the earth complies with these requirements.
Utile 8. The regulations covering the installation
and maintenance of conductors do not apply to
the grounded or return conductor or any grounded
system. Rule 9. Trolley wires are prohibited
in any part of the mine where safety lamps are
used. Rule 10. iSeries arc and incandescent systems
of class three shall not be used. Rule 11.
Conductors in shafts and slopes used as traveling
ways and in escape ways shall be protected.
Rule 12. Conductors of voltage of class three shall
lie reasonably protected against mechanical injury
and be adequately insulated to minimize the danger
of fire and shock. Such conductors shall not
be used where they cannot be made to comply with
these regulations. Rule 13. All trolley wires
carrying a voltage of class two must be properly
shielded except where the same are at least 6 VLfeet
above top of rail. Rule 14. Signal wires shall
be run at a safe distance and where possible placed
on side of slope or heading away from other circuits.
Rule 15. A separate or
INDEPENDENT CIRCUIT
shall be provided for shot firing, where done
by electricity from the outside. A switch above
the surface controlling all the shot firing circuits
must be kept in a locked box, accessible only to
the authorized shot firers, and switch not closed
except to fire shots after which it must be opened
and locked opened. Rule 16. All shot firing
switches shall be kept open until immediately before
the shots are fired. After the shots are fired,
the switches must be locked in open position.
Rule 17. No lighting on power circuits in the
mines shall be used for firing shots except in sinking
shafts or rock slopes, and then only when a
special switch for such firing circuit is provided
and fixed in a locked box accessible only to the authorized
shot firers. Rule 18. Shot firing wires,
shall, where possible, be put on the side of the
heading or slope away from power and lightingcircuits.
Rule 19. Where this system is used a
suitable means of disconnecting wiring in working
places shall be provided, and kept open at all
times, when miner is working in his place. Rule
20. Oil switches only shall lie used for voltages
of class three. Rule 21. Any unusual arching,
sparking, or heating of any of the electrical equipment
shall be reported at once to the proper mine
officer by the attendant or any other person having
knowledge of same.
Sec. 101. No person shall erase or change a
mark or reference or monument made in connection
with measurements: change the checks on

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
cars; wrongfully check a car, or do any act with
reference thereto with the intent to defraud.
Sec. 102. Any employe, or other person, who
shall wilfully deface, pull down or destroy any notice
board, danger signal, general or special rules
or mining laws, shall be
GUILTY OF A MISDEMEANOR.
Sec. 103. All persons are forbidden to meddle or
tamper in any way with any electric or signal
wires in or about the mines.
Sec. 104. Persons not employes of a coal mine
shall not enter such mine unless the consent of the
operator or his authorized representative has been
secured and shall not stand on the tracks or go
near the machinery or other place of danger.
Sec. 106. Whoever shall, while under the influence
of intoxicating liquor, enter any coal mine,
or any of the buildings connected with the operation
of tne same, within this state, where mineis
or other workmen are employed, or whoever shall
carry intoxicating liquors into the same, shall be
deemed guilty of an offence against this act, and
upon conviction shall be punished accordingly.
Sec. 107. On and after the passage of this act
any coal mine superintendent, mine foreman, or
assistant mine foreman, or any other person or
persons, who shall receive or solicit any sum of
money, or other valuable consideration, from any
of his or their employes for the purpose of continuing
in his or their employ, or for the purpose
of procuring employment, or procuring or
keeping working places shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,
and upon conviction shall be subject to
a fine of not less than fifty dollars, nor more than
three hundred dollars, and shall be sentenced at
hard labor for the county for not less than six
months.
Sec. 108. No woman of any age or boy uuder
the age of fourteen shall be employed to work or
labor in or about any coal mine in this state.
Sec. 109. For the purpose of making known the
rules and provisions of this law to all persons
employed in or about coal mines, to which this
law applies, an abstract of the law and rules shall
be furnished by the chief mine inspector and
posted up in legible characters in some conspicuous
place or places at or near the mines where they
may be conveniently
READ BY THE PEItSONS EMPLOYED,
and so often as they become obliterated or
destroyed, the owner, operator, lessee or superintendent,
shall cause them to be renewed with all
reasonable dispatch. Any person who pulls down,
injures, or defaces such abstract of the law or
rules when up in pursuance of the provisions of
this chapter, shall be guilty of an offense against
the law. The mine rules and regulations so
posted shall limit and govern the amount and kind
of explosives used in said mine.
Sec. 110. Any wilful neglect or refusal or failure
to do the things required to be done by any
section, clause or provision of this act, on the part
of the person, or persons, herein required to do
them, or any wilful violation of any of the provisions
or requirements hereof, or any wilful attempt
to obstruct or interfere with any inspectors
in the discharge of the duties herein imposed upon
him, shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and unless
herein otherwise provided punishable by a fine of
not less than five dollars or more than five hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for
a period not exceeding six months, one or both,
at the discretion of the court; provided that in addition
to the above penalties, in case of the failure
of any operator to comply with the provisions of
this act in relation to the sinking of escapement
shafts and the ventilation of mines, the state's
attorney for the county in which such failure occurs
shal. proceed against such operator by injunction
without bond, to restrain him from continuing
to operate such mine until such legal requirements
shall have been fully complied with.
Sec. 110%. The word person wheresoever used
in this act shall include corporation association copartnership
or fiim as well as an actual person.
Sec. 111. All laws and parts of laws, local, general
or special in conflict with the provisions of
this act are hereby repealed.
Approved April 18, 1911.
NOVEL FIRE DAMP SIGNALING
SYSTEM FOR USE IN MINES.
The automatic current shut-off of two British
engineers is designed to stop the electric motors
of mines when firedamp is present, its action depending
on the curious property of platinum of
condensing hydrogen on its surface and becoming
heated in the process.
Two slightly separated strips of dissimilar metals—such
as iron and brass—are placed in the
motor circuit. One strip is connected with a coil
of copper, the other with a coil of platinum, and
under normal conditions the current passing
through these coils and the strips heats the latter
about equally, so that they bend similarly, without
touching.
But in the presence of firedamp, which is chiefly
light carburetted hydrogen, the platinum becomes
heated, its resistance being thus increased so that
less than the usual current passes to one of the
parallel strips. This causes the strip to cool and
contract, so that it touches the other, closing a
circuit, and operating a cut-off to stop the motors,
at the same time lighting a red light or ringing a
bell.
It is asserted that two per cent, of firedamp can
be detected, an alarm being given much more
promptly than by any other method.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

66 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND
ANALYZING FURNACE GAS.
In connection with its investigations bearing
upon the improvement of furnace conditions and
on efliciency in the use of fuel, the Bureau of
Mines has just issued a bulletin describing the
apparatus and methods in use by the bureau for
the sampling and analysis of furnace gases. The
authors, J. C. W. Frazer and E. .1. Hoffman, say
in their foreword: "The furnace conditions pre­
vailing both in small plants and in large indus­
trial establishments in this country are frequently
far from satisfactory. If such conditions
are to be improved, they must be more thor­
oughly understood, and means must be found
to insure complete combustion of the fuel, and
yet to permit operation with such an excess of
air as will result in the greatest efficiency.
"In this work the services of the chemist are
indispensable. A very important problem is the
determination of the small percentage of un-
burned combustible matter that escapes from the
furnace in the flue gases. Under ordinary cir­
cumstances so little as 0.1 per cent, of unburned
combustible matter in a furnace gas is equivalent
to about 1 per cent, of the fuel used; and
for the determination of such small percentage
of gas more accurate and refined methods are
!Y0U CAN'T
LOOK INTO THE
EARTH, but WE
C A N get you a large
clean core of all strata un­
der your land to be ex­
amined in broad daylight.
. No Guess Work. .
STheJ. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
' Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
I Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FOR THE
COAL TRADE.
required than have ordinarily been available be­
fore."
This bulletin, which is No. 12, may be obtained
by those interested by writing to the Director
of the Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
PRESIDENT WHEELWRIGHT SEES
GOOD TIMES AHEAD FOR TRADE.
Mr. J. H. Wheelwright, president of the Con­
solidation Coal Co., on returning from a business
visit to New York to the company's head offices
in Baltimore, recently, gave an interview in which
he states he is very enthusiastic over the future
business outlook, and he also believes that the
whole country is on the eve of great prosperity.
"I do not predict a boom," said Mr. Wheel­
wright, "but I do believe that the improvement
in business that has already set in will gather
force as the year draws to a close and that we
will be enjoying real prosperity by fall.
"I am not alone in entertaining this belief.
While in New York 1 met and talked with bank­
ers, merchants, railroad presidents and manu­
facturers from various parts of the country, and
they were unanimous in saying that good times
had begun and that business would continue to
expand."
HOW TO KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH
AFFAIRS.
Mines of information on every subject are at
your disposal—Just say the word and we'll
drive an entry for you - - - - - - - -
USE OUR
PRESS CLIPPINGS.
i
J Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in the greatest
Industrial Center of the World.
We have two branches—
| A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
I Both are splendid aids to busy men.
Ask us for definite information
PUBLISHERS OF
\ The Coal Dealers' Blue Book I
\ Contains a Complete List for the United States and ;
\ Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
i Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron !
i
z
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
Coke in oar load lots, with capital and pay ratines.
]
j 550 M.non MMtaMU D.art.rn St.. U3 JJ°- «"" S0UARE and rates.
The Central Press Bureau,
; 906 & 908 WABASH BUILDING.
' \ ) T.l.phon. 2154 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.
.- CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. i
)

MINING ENGINEERS VISIT EUROPE TO
STUDY CONDITIONS IN COAL MINES.
At the request of the Bureau of Mines a committee
consisting of some of the best known
mining engineers of the United States are visiting
England, Belgium, France and Germany to
study the methods employed in the prevention
of accidents and in mining generally.
This committee, which is headed by Mr. George
S. Rice, ot Pittsburgh, chief coal mining engineer
of the Bureau of Mines, sailed from New York
on the steamer St. Louis, June 17, aud will be
gone two months.
The party includes Erskine Ramsey, of Birmingham,
Alabama, representing the Pratt Consolidated
Coal Co.; A. B. Jessup, of Wilkes-Barre,
Pa., representing the Lehigh Valley Co. and the
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co.; IL M. Warren, of
Scranton, Pa., representing the Delaware, Lackawanna
& Western Co., and John Bart, of Windber,
Pa., representing the Berwind-White Coal
Mining Co.
The members of the committee have been fully
equipped with passports and credentials which
HIE COM. TRADE BULLETIN. 57
will welcome them to any country or any mines
or metallurgical works they care to visit. Especial
attention will be paid to the safe-guards
used in European countries to prevent accidents
in mines. Among other problems to be considered
is the most efficient method of working thick
beds of coal in such manner as to make possible
the maximum removal of coal with the least
amount of waste and the least amount of surface
settling or caving.
The members of the party will make individual
reports to their companies and a general report
to the Bureau of Mines.
The idea that a committee of the most prominent
mining engineers of the country visit Europr
in such a manner originated with Dr. J. A.
Holmes, the Director of the Bureau of Mines,
who expects valuable results from the visit and
results that may tend toward a reduction in the
number of deaths in the American coal mines.
The Latrobe-Connellsville Coal & Coke Co. has
tiled at Harrisburg, Pa., a notice of increase of
capital from $997,0(10 to $2,000,000.
LONG LEAF YELLOW PINE SHAFT
GUIDES, SURFACED^^=
TIMBER ANY SIZE FOR TIPPLES AND TRESTLES,
LINING, LAGGING, BRATTICE BOARDS
TERHUNE LUMBER CO. Pittsburgh
< House Building, No. 4 Smithfield St. 'Phone-Court 3457 >
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
, FAMOUj
TT
"ARGYLE" PENNSYLVANIA.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
JAMISON MINES TO RUN TO CAPACITY.
The Jamison Coal & Coke Co. mines in West
Virginia, have been ordered to ship all of the
coal that they have on hands and to have the mines
operated to their capacity, says a press dispatch
from Fairmont, W. Va. This company has been
selling coal right along through the dull season
and now the orders are increasing.
The two mines at Barrackville and York are
now producing daily one thousand tons and the
old mine at Farmington is one of the biggest in
this section of the state.
FOR SALE-
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909- IO.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes' up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
For Sale
A well improved coal farm of 205 acres in a
new coal belt, between two railroads, commanding
the only natural inlet to over 500 acres solid coal
land. Write Mr. Milton Taggart,
Cadiz, Ohio.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full particulars,
analysis of coal, name, location and outfit
of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, IY tons capacity.
In good condition. Address IT, B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madison ville, Ky.

^GOALJTRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, JULY 15, 1911 No. 4
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SBMI-MOKTHLI.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL THADB COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STRAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matteri
relating to coal or coal production are Invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
BETTER THINGS ARE COMING TO THE COAL TRAOE
these days, practically every branch of the indus­
try making a better showing during the first half
of the month than was the case for some time.
This statement must not be taken to mean that
miraculous things have happened, but rather is to
be understood that the trade is progressing instead
of retrogressing as was the case during a large
portion of the second quarter of the year. The
bituminous situation shows continued improve­
ment, the coke trade showed an advance in tonnage
for three successive weeks but slumped a little a
few days since, and there are reports that there is
little probability of the anthracite collieries closing
down for any length of time. These features of
the trade cannot but lend stability and activity to
the industry as a whole.
Reports to operating companies' that the coal
loading machinery at lower lake ports have gone
one twenty-four hours duty in response to orders
from the home offices to rush shipments is the
cheering news that comes to the lake trade. More
bottoms are available and are seeking cargoes—
this fact applying alike to big and little vessels—
than at any time since the lake season opened.
The net result is that shipments from the lower
docks are at record breaking figures just now.
There is expected to be a lull, however, in a short
time, but it will be brief and of small import is
the consensus of opinion. All rail shipments,
toward the west and northwest, also are good,
and this means better things in store. Tidewater
shipments from the different fields are showing
considerable improvement and, at some ports, new
records of dumping coal over the piers are being
made.
The labor situation shows some signs of "sun
spots," particularly in Indiana, while the differ­
ences in the Canadian northwest are as far from
settlement, apparently, as ever. Otherwise things
are moving along nicely.
In the Pittsburgh district things are fairly active,
each succeeding week showing some betterments.
All rail shipments to lower lake ports are being
made in goodly quantities, the only hindrance
being the embargoes placed every now and then
by some particular road whose docks are con­
gested. The tonnage of the mines is showing
satisfactory increases and, what is more to the
point, prices are held strong at card figures. The
river shipping concerns are hampered by a con­
tinued low stage of water and to-day there is tied
up in the harbor one of the largest tonnages for
a long time. Until there is a substantial rise in
the upper rivers this coal will remain tied up,
thereby hampering operations to the extent of a
lessened number of empty craft to load. Labor
and car supply are good and all indications point
to still further betterments in the trade. Because
of the increased demand, there is, for once, no
rumor of shading to get business and card quota­
tions are easily obtained, and are: Run-of-mine
coal, $1.25 to $1.35; three-quarter coal, $1.35 to
$1.45; inch and one-quarter coal, $1.45 to $1.55;
slack, 85 to 95 cents.
After an increase in tonnage for three consecu­
tive weeks, including the first of the present
month, coke production took a slump about the
middle of the present fortnight and tonnages that
had been creeping upward once more show figures

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
that almost touch the bottom weekly production can settle the strike without the drastic measures
lor the year. Of course, the celebration of the he is empowered to use it will put the law in a
Fourth came in this period and it had much to do firmer position than ever, but if not then it id
with the decline in tonnage, even with a net in­
crease of half a hundred ovens. But the hopes of
the coke makers are not crushed, for with so many
AUDITORS' REPORTS SHOW A DECREASE in the Mine
furnaces out of blast stocks of iron must soon be
Workers treasury for the first two months of the
used up and then will come the demand for in­
present administration's regime. With the pros
creased production with its consequent increased
pect of a further drain due to differences in In­
demand for more coke. Oespite all the cold water,
diana it is altogether likely that much of the re­
prices are held steady at $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace
trenchment of the early part of the year that
coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for foundry coke.
brought the treasury back to a condition of pros­
The anthracite trade seems to be on a parity
with the other two branches, and the production
figures for June, just announced, show that a new
lecord was established for the month. The col­
lieries, it is reported, will not shut down for any
considerable time, while rumors of storage by pro­
ducers are already heard. Prices are the same
as at the opening of the month and within twenty
cents of winter quotations.
* * *
INCREASES ARE SHOWN I.\ THE COAL PRODUCTION OF
KENTUCKY and the coke production of Illinois by
reports just issued. Both these states are among
the leaders in the coal industry, and the increase
Coke makers' hopes got a jolt just when least
noted in both instances shows just how the in­
expected. Some one has remarked that a "pig"
dustry is progressing. In the latter case a new
phase of the trade is brought more prominently
to the front than it has ever been before, and that
is the transportation of coal to the consumption
plant to be converted into coke, rather than coking
it at the mines and then shipping the coke to the
furnaces. As the big plant at Gary gets into
better working shape this phase of the trade wiil
have still more prominence than it has at present,
and will be watched with interest hy the trade at
large.
* * *
CANADA'S NEW ARBITRATION LAW IS GETTING A SE­
VERE TEST these days due to the strike of the coal
miners in Alberta. The conciliation board ap­
pointed under the new law made a proposal for
settling the strike, and it was promptly refused
by the operators and miners concerned. The
members of the board made a report to the min­
ister of labor and his action now is being watched
by employers and employes everywhere. If he
likely to lessen the effectiveness of the law.
* * *
perity will have been all for naught.
* * *
INSPECTOR HILLHOUSE'S "DONT'S" are good ones
and their posting at all mines by consuls of for­
eign governments is one of the best moves made
along this line.
• LONG WALL BRUSHINGS •
The government is still trying to divest the
anthracite coal roads of their coal mining inter­
ests. This seems to have been a hard coal propo
sition.
of iron dropping on them was the cause.
* • •
If the coal man could store up the energy the
sun is expending just now, wouldn't he have a
gold mine next winter?
* * *
Just one more skeleton unearthed that it might
be buried again, sums up rumors from the Irwin
field.
* * *
Ralph Conner seems to have more success with
books than with mine arbitrations.
* * *
Night turn at lower lake coal docks looks like
"some" prosperity once more.
* * »
Indiana has prospects of "trouble." Gee, they
must like to scrap out there!
* * *
Anthracite's new June record "suttinly looks
good" these days.

GOVERNMENT RENEWS EFFORTS TO HAVE
COAL ROADS DECLARED VIOLATORS OF
THE HEPBURN LAW.
The government has renewed the fight to disassociate
the great coal carrying railroads from
their virtual control of mines and to vitalize tha
commodities' clause of the interstate commerce law.
A test case against the Lehigh Valley railroad was
filed July 6 in the United States Court in Philadelphia.
That tne Lehigh Valley Coal Co., Coxe Bros.,
Inc., the New York & Middlefield Railroad & Coal
Co. and the Locust Mountain Coal & Iron Co. are
not bona fide coal companies but merely adjuncts
to the Lehigh Valley railroad and are "devices for
evading the commodity clause" is the government's
principal complaint.
It is also alleged that the Lehigh Valley Railroad
Co., with the object of removing competition, has
caused the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. to contract at
a loss for the output of other anthracite operators',
has transported the coal over its own lines
and through the coal company fixed the price in
New York and other markets.
The government charges that although the buying
of coal from old operators has been done at a
loss to the coal company, it has enabled the Lehigh
Valley road to transport the coal over its
lines and profit in freight charges.
As a further allegation that the Lehigh Coal Co.
is an adjunct of the Lehigh Valley railroad the
government's complaint says that since the capital
stock of the coal company had been owned by the
railroad, it has paid no dividends', that millions of
dollars have been advanced by the railroads to the
coal company which has never been refunded and
that the railroad has paid the interest upon the
coal company, being compensated, the government
claims, by the earnings of transportation of coal
over its lines. By proving the Lehigh Valley
railroad is actually the legal owner of the Lehigh
Valley Coal Co.'s anthracite mines, or has a pecuniary
interest in them, the government hopes to
bring its' case into line with the recent decision of
the supreme court in the commodity clause, strike
down dummy coal companies and force the coal
carrying railroads from their control of mines.
The New York up-State Public Service Commission
has authorized the New York Central
& Hudson River Railroad Co. to guarantee the
payment of the principal and interest of the
bonds of the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation,
aggregating $2,500,000. The capital stock
of the coal company is owned by the New York
Central, having been acquired for the purpose of
securing a supply of coal for its use.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
ARSENAL TESTING STATION TO REMAIN IN
PITTSBURGH AND TO BE ENLARGED.
Mr. Walter L. Fisher, secretary of the interior,
came to Pittsburgh during the fortnight to attend
the convention of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and
to inspect the experimental station of the United
States Bureau of Mines in Old Arsenal park and
the experimental mine at Bruceton. At both
these places' Secretary Fisher followed closely experiments
and later announced that the work demanded
large quarters that its scope may be extended.
He wishes the station to become the
most important in its line of work in the country.
The visit to Bruceton mine was the first
official inspection made of this station. The secretary
was accompanied to Pittsburgh by Dr. G. 'A.
Holmes', director of the Bureau of Mines.
"I am greatly pleased with the work of the experimental
stations here," said Secretary Fisher,
"and believe that the scope should be enlarged. I
came to Pittsburgh principally to look over this
plant. I am satisfied that the station should be
greatly enlarged. This is the most important
work with which the department of the interior
has to do. It should have originated years ago.
"Pittslburgh is the logical place for this station.
It is in the center of the coal fields and I am satisfied
will remain here. We will either enlarge the
present quarters or erect an entirely new plant.
The engineers are greatly handicapped with their
present facilities, but have accomplished wonders.
f have pledged my support to the improvements as
I believe it should be made a model plant. This
is work in which we are trying to save human
lives and there is' nothing which the government
should not do to assist the experiments.
"The mine at Bruceton is an excellent place for
making practical experiments with modern safety
appliances which have been indorsed by the government.
There the miners can have a practical
demonstration of the various kinds of explosives,
and lamps that will fit them better for the work
in the mines. Every experiment possible will be
furnished for carrying on these experiments."
After the inspection tour, Secretary Fisher was
entertained at dinner hy the Pittsburgh Chamber
of Commerce, in the Country club, and, in the evening
he attended the banquet of the Sigma Chi fraternity
in the Fort Pitt hotel. The secretary left
on a late train for Chicago. Dr. Holmes returned
to Washington.
In the party that visited the mine, with Secretary
Fisher and Dr. Holmes, were H. M. Wilson.
engineer in charge of the bureau of mining at
Pittsburgh: J. J. Rutledge. United States mining
engineer; S. A. Taylor, secretary of the Pittsburgh
Coal Operators' Association: George Z. Hosack.
vice president of the Pittsburgh Coal Co.: George
AV. Sehluederberg, general manager of mines of th&

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Pittsburgh Coal Co.; W. W. Keefer, president of
the Pittsburgh Terminal & Railroad Coal Co.;
E. J. Taylor, chief engineer for the Pittsburgh
Coal Co.; James C. Gray, president of the Meadowlands
Coal Co., and Reid Kennedy, of the Henderson
Coal Co.
Secretary Fisher and Dr. Holmes went to the
Arsenal grounds and were met by Engineer H. M.
Wilson and J. J. Rutledge, who took them through
the plant and directed the experiments. From
the Arsenal the party proceeded to the Duquesne
Club where Secretary Fisher was entertained at
luncheon by several Pittsburgh coal operators.
DIFFERENTIALS ARE UPHELD.
The Alabama Coal Operators' Association, in a
case against the Southern and other railways, recently
sought to obtain from the Interstate Commerce
Commission an increase of the present differentials
on coal shipped from the Birmingham
district to destinations in Georgia, South Carolina
and Florida. As against the Coal Creek district
in Tennessee, the Birmingham district now enjoys
differentials on coal shipments varying from 15 to
70 cents a ton.
The commission has decided that the present differentials
are not unreasonable or discriminatory.
The opinion adds that "the realms of commercial
activity of a producing point cannot be limited to
a definite radius and all other producers excluded
therefrom."
OKLAHOMA CORPORATION COMMISSION
MAKES NEW COAL RATE ORDER
A new coal rate order has been issued by the
corporation commission of Oklahoma making final
the rates of the proposed order on which extended
hearings were recently held by the commission.
The order becomes effective on July 31, and the
railroads are required to file their tariffs b.v July
27. The new rates are on a straight mileage basis,
doing away with all of the groupings which were
favored by many of the coal producers.
A graduated scale of rates is provided, charging
with every five miles up to 100 miles, and every
10 miles from 100 to 400 miles, and ranging from
25 cents for five miles on coal and coke or on
slack to $2.30 on coal and coke for 400 miles, and
$1.93 for slack. A lower rate is made throughout
for slack, which is defined as any coal that will
pass through a bar screen with bars 1% inches
apart or through a round hole two inches in diameter.
The carriers are allowed to add 10 cents per ton
for shipments moving over two lines not under the
same control and management and 15 cents per
ton for shipments over three or more lines. Where
shipments are re-consigned either before or after
reaching the first destination and such re-consignment
causes a total movement of over 300
miles from point of origin to final destination, 2
cents per ton for each 10 miles or fraction thereof
over 300 miles may be added. The commission
reserves the right to direct the basis for revenue
divisions whenever carriers fail to agree.
FREIGHT RATES ON ANTHRACITE COAL
ARE CUT BY INTER-STATE COMMERCE
COMMISSION.
The Interstate Commerce Commission July 1
ordered reductions in rates on anthracite coal from
the Wyoming region in Pennsylvania to Perth Amboy,
N. .1.—tidewater—averaging approximately 11
cents per ton. Reparation for a period covering
about 10 years and amounting to several hundred
thousand dollars was awarded by the commission
against the Lehigh Valley railroad.
The case decided by the commission was that of
Meeker & Co. against the Lehigh Valley Railroad
Co. It has been pending for years' and was one
of the most bitterly contested coal cases ever
brought to the attention of the commission. The
decision was prepared by Commissioner McChord
and is the unanimous judgment of the commission.
The commission holds, in brief, that the rates
collected by the Lehigh Valley were unjustly discriminatory
and resulted in damage to the complainant.
The defendant's present rates for the
transportation of anthracite coal in carloads from
the Wyoming region to Perth Amboy of $1.55 a
gross ton on prepared sizes, $1.40 on pea coal and
$1.20 on buckwheat coal are found to be unreasonable
to the extent that they exceed $1.40 on prepared
sizes, $1.30 on pea coal and $1.15 on buckwheat
coal. The last-named rates are established
as maximum for the future.
The commission asserts in its opinion that the
reduction made in the rates "will have no serious
effect on the defendant's revenues, and will afford
ample allowance for interest charges, operation,
dividends and all proper reserve funds." The
commission will undertake a proceeding to determine
the amount of money due the complainants
as reparation. The reduced rates are made effective
on or before August 15 next.
The annual report of George Bartholomaues,
secretary of the State Bureau of Mines, shows
that the coal output of Missouri fell off 1,041,533
tons last year, owing to the strike which tied
up operations for several months. Production
in 1910 amounted to 2,809,215 tons, as compared
with 3,850,748 tons in 1909.

DATE OF FIRST-AID MEET IS
CHANGED TO OCTOBER 27th.
The date for the national first aid meet at the
Arsenal Testing Station of the Bureau of Mines.
Pittsburgh, has been changed from Sept. 16 to
Oct. 27. The decision to make the change was
announced on July S.
The change of date was made to enable President
William H. Taft to lie present.. The President had
been invited to attend and the date was fixed for
Sept. 16, when it was believed he could be present,
but this was found to be impossible and, as he was
to come to Pittsburgh on Oct. 27, the latter date
was chosen for the first aid meet.
ARBITRATOR SELECTED FOR SOUTH­
WESTERN DISTRICT LABOR DISPUTE.
Mr. W. L. A. Johnson, for 14 years commissioner
of the Kansas Bureau of Labor, is to arbitrate all
labor difficulties between the miners and mine
owners in Kansas, Missouri. Oklahoma and Arkansas.
It is Mr. Johnson's job to prevent strikes and to
decide labor difficulties that may come up in the
coal mines of the southwest district, and when
he settles the question both sides must adopt the
decision.
The new position was decided upon by the
Southwestern Coal Operators' Association and the
district branch of the United Mine Workers. It
was more or less as an experiment. The miners
had been out of work for four months, and the big
mines had been going to rack and.ruin because
they were not being operated throughout all of
last summer.
The miners wanted to work and the operators
wanted the coal mined, so it was agreed that the
coal operators would pay some $3,000 a year and
the coal miners $2,000 a year and hire a professional
arbitrator—a man who had been a laborer,
had handled strikes and knew something about
arbitrating labor difficulties.
The new plan was agreed upon and it went into
effect recently. Mr. Johnson is paid $3,000 a year
and expenses. He makes his headquarters in Topeka,
but travels over the mining sections of the
four states in the district most of the time.
If the miners object to some labor condition, or
the manner of operating a mine, they file their objections
with the arbitrator. He sends a copy
to the operator and asks what the operator has to
say about it, and as soon as his reply is received.
Mr. Johnson will give each side notice of a hearing.
The operators and miners appear with their witnesses,
and each side tells about the complaint and
the reply to this. Lawyers are permitted to be
present, but they do not take any hand in the discussion
except to answer legal questions. The
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
men and the operators simply tell their side of the
complaint and make the rebuttal as simple as possible
and without legal technicalities.
After taking all the evidence, the arbitrator goes
to the mines and makes a personal investigation
and then will make his decision. Under the contract
between the miners and operators, the decision
of the arbitrator is final in every respect.
If the operators have a complaint against the
miners, they go through the same formalities.
Each side has equal rights in submitting propositions.
The arbitrator is bound to hold hearings
and investigate every complaint, no matter how
trivial, and to make a written decision, and this
decision stands.
COAL OPERATOR DEEDS PROPERTY TO
TRUSTEES FOR BENEFIT OF CREDITORS.
A deed of trust from Mr. Thomas T. Bosnian,
president of the Big Vein Pocahontas Coal Co.,
with offices in the Continental building, Baltimore,
conveying his property to John F. Sippel, William
Hopps and Benjamin F. Caston, trustee, for the
benefit of creditors, was filed July 2. in the office
of the clerk of the circuit court at Towson. Md.
The trustees filed a bond for $80,000, with the
American Bonding Co. as surety. No statement of
the assets and liabilities of Mr. Boswell has been
filed.
The deed of trust stipulates that the trustees
shall take charge of all the property of Mr. Boswell,
and after the payment of the wages due his
clerks and other employes, shall devote the proceeds
realized to the payment of Mr. Boswell's
other creditors without preference or priority.
Any surplus left over shall be paid to Mrs. Boswell
to tbe extent of the amount of the insurance
policies a' ove referred to.
LAKE COAL TONNAGE EXCEEDS 1910.
Coal tonnage records of various carriers to ports
on the Great Lakes for the 1911 season up to and
including May 31, as compared with last year,
show that, with one exception, tonnage is in advance
of last year. The figures are as follows:
Pennsylvania. 1911, 957,034 tons; 1910. 7S3.490
tons: Baltimore & Ohio. 1011. 333,282 tons; 1910,
408,493 tons; Hocking Valley, 1911, 132,541 tons;
1910, 101.415 tons; Chesapeake & Ohio, 1911, 395,-
S18 tons; 1910, 243,372 tons, and Norfolk & Western.
1911. 26S.337 tons; 1910. 259,956 tons.
The railroads, on an average, make a profit of
29 per cent, on lake cargo coal at existing rates,
which are highest on the Norfolk & Western-Pennsylvania
haul to the Sandusky (Ohio) docks, $1.12
per ton from the Pocahontas field, which are farthest
away from the lakes.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
AUDITORS REPORT SHOWS DECREASE
IN FUNDS OF MINE WORKERS.
Indianapolis, Ind., June 30, 1911.
On acount of the change of administration on
April 1, 1911, a special audit was made for the
month of March; for that reason this report is
given in two parts. The first part is for the
month of March, while the second part includes
April and May.
REPORT IOR THE MONTH OI MARCH, 1911.
We, the undersigned Auditors of the United
Mine Workers of America, have examined the
books and accounts of the International Secretary-Treasurer,
Edwin Perry, for the month of
March, 1911, find them correct and respectfully
report as follows:
INCOME.
Tax $ 69,516.21
Supplies 443.61
Journal 549.59
Assessment 111,780.46
Miscellaneous 1,205.16
Total $1S3,495.03
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries and expenses $ 21,121.36
Supplies 393.97
Office expenses 422.07
Printing 4,808.65
Journal 1,049.92
Telephone, postage and express 1,049.92
Aid 163,333.45
Miscellaneous 3,731.11
Total $195,627.53
RECAPITULATION.
Balance on hand March 1, 1911 $209,795.15
Income for the month of March, 1911. 183,495.03
Total $393,290.18
Disbursements for the month of March,
1911 195,627.53
Balance on hand at close of business,
March 31, 1911 $197,662.65
REPORT FOR THE MONTHS OK APRIL AND MAY, 1911.
We, the undersigned Auditors of the United
Mine Workers of America, have examined the
books and accounts of the International Secretary-Treasurer
Edwin Perry, for the months of
April and May, 1911, find them correct and respectfully
report as follows:
INCOME.
Tax $120,051.13
Supplies 913.56
Journal 1,596.44
Assessment 195,076.20
Miscellaneous 515.02
Total $318,152.35
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries and expenses $ 27,545.97
Supplies 1,927.68
Office expenses 1,313.58
Printing 8,474.05
Journal 2,205.92
Telephone, postage and express 868.32
Aid 299,969.13
Miscellaneous 8,274.05
Total $350,578.70
RECAPITULATION .
Balance on hand April 1, 1911 $197,662.65
Income for April and May, 1911 318,152.35
Total $515,815.00
Disbursements for April and May, 1911 250,578.70
Balance on hand May 31, 1911.. .$165,236.30
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN J. MOSSOP,
ALISERT NEUTZLING,
WM. DONALDSON,
Auditors U. M. W. of A.
COAL SHIPMENTS SHOW DECREASE.
Coal shipments for the first six months period
of 1911, closing June 30, did not total up as well
as those of last year, according to Lock No. 4,
Monongahela river, reports, owing to comparatively
slack business. June itself, with a total shipment
of only 8,176,000 bushels, fell away behind
the average for the month. For the first six
months the total was' 94,489,000 bushels, which
compared with the total for the first six months
of last year of 95,490,000 shows a decrease of 1,-
001,000 bushels.
Comparative figures for the various months in
1911 and 1910 follow:
1911. 1910.
January 17,067,000 15,158,000
February 18,198,000 16,524,000
March 19,552,000 19,405,000
April 15,962,000 5,607,000
May 15.533,000 18,597,000
June 8,176,000 20,199,000
Total 94,489,000 95,490,000
The Marmet Coal Co., of Cincinnati, has arranged
to increase its capital stock from $500,000
to $1,500,000.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
TEXT OF NEW BITUMINOUS MINING CODE OF PENNSYLVANIA
PASSED BY THE LEGISLATIVE SESSION OF 1911.
The following is the full text of the new bituminous
mining code of Pennsylvania:
AN ACT
To provide for the health and safety of persons
employed in and about the bituminous coal
mines of Pennsylvania and for the protection
and preservation of property connected therewith.
ARTICLE I.
DEFINITIONS.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is
hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That,
for the purposes of this act, the terms and definitions
contained therein shall be as follows:
Mine—In this act the term "mine" includes
the shafts, slopes, drifts, or incline planes connected
with excavations penetrating coal stratum
or strata, which excavations are ventilated by one
general air current or divisions thereof, and connected
by one general system of mine railroads,
over which coal may be delivered to one or more
points outside the mine, when such is operated
by one operator.
Excavations and Workings—The term "excavations
and workings" includes all the excavated
portion of a mine, those abandoned as well as
the places actually being worked, also, all underground
workings and shafts, tunnels, and other
ways and openings, and all such shafts, slopes,
tunnels and other openings in the course of being
sunk or driven, together with all roads, appliances,
machinery and material connected with the
same below the surface.
Shaft—The term "shaft" means a vertical opening
through the strata that is, or may be, used
for the purpose of ventilation or drainage or for
hoist men or material, or both, in connection with
the mining of coal.
Slope—The term "slope" means an incline or
opening used for the same purpose as a shaft.
Operator—The term "operator" means any firm,
corporation, or individual, operating any coal
mine or any part thereof.
Superintendent — The term "superintendent"
means the person who shall have, on behalf of
the operator, immediate supervision of one or
more mines.
Mine Foreman — The term "mine foreman"
means the person whom the operator or superintendent
shall place in charge of the inside workings
of the mine and of the persons employed
therein.
Inspector — The term "inspector" means the
person commissioned by the Governor to have supervision
of mines as hereinafter prescribed.
Bituminous Mines — The term "bituminous
mines" shall include all coal mines in the State
not now included in the anthracite boundaries,
and whenever the term "mine" appears in this
act it shall be construed to mean "bituminous
coal mine."
Approved Safety Lamp—The term "approved
safety lamp" shall mean any bonneted safety lamp
approved by the Department of Mines.
ARTICLE II.
MAPS AND PLANS.
Section 1. The operator, or the superintendent,
of any bituminous coal mine shall make, or cause
to be made, by a competent mining enginer or
surveyor, an accurate map of the mine, on a
scale of not less than 200 feet to the inch, which
map shall show as follows:
First—All the openings, excavations, shafts,
slopes, drifts, tunnels, planes, main entries, cross
entries, and rooms and the name or number of
each.
Second—An accurate delineation of the boundary
lines between said mine and all adjoining
mines, or coal lands, and the relation and proximity
of the workings of said mine to all adjoining
mines or coal lands, and, if required by the
inspector, the blue print in the office at the mines
shall show, by arrows, the direction of the air
currents in said mine; each split to show in
different color in pencil.
Third—The elevation, above or below mean tide
at Sandy Hook, of the top and bottom of each
shaft and slope of all drifts, tunnels, planes, and
of the faces of entries as found at each semiannual
survey and in rooms and entries adjacent
to boundary lines between such mine and any
adjoining mine, or mines, at points not more than
300 feet apart; also the number of last survey
station and the date of such survey on the entries
as they are represented on the map; the location
of streams, rivers, lakes, dams, or any other
bodies of water on the surface, with their elevations
accurately and plainly marked; the location
and elevation of any body of water dammed in
the mine or held back in any portion of the
mine, giving the true area of said body of water,
unless inaccessible before the passage of this act;
the location of all bore holes penetrating the coal
strata and the location of all oil and gas wells
and oil and gas pipe lines; Provided, however,
for the purpose of this paragraph, the owner or

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
owners of the oil and gas wells and the oil and
gas pipe lines shall furnish at his, their, or its,
own expense, to the operator of the mine on
which said wells are located or lines are constructed,
a survey, showing the location thereof,
within 60 days after the passage of this act, or
within a like time after the construction or location
of wells and pipe lines hereafter made.
Section 2. When the workings of a mine are
within 300 feet of the boundary lines between
such mine and any adjoining mine or mines,
application shall be made by the operator, or
the superintendent, to the inspector for information
as to the proximity of the workings of such
adjoining mine or mines, and if the workings
of such adjoining mine or mines are at their
nearest point within 300 feet of such boundary
line, the inspector shall so notify the said operator,
or the said superintendent, who shall have
such portion of the workings of said adjoining
mine or mines surveyed and shown on the map
of the mine first mentioned. For the purpose of
making only the survey herein required, the
engineer or surveyor of any mine shall have the
right of entry into any adjoining mine on the
written authority of the inspector.
Section 3. A true copy of said map shall be
kept in the mine office at the mine, for the use
of the mine officials and the inspector, and for
the inspection (in the presence of the superintendent
or the mine foreman) of any person
working in said mine whenever said person shall
fear that any working place is becoming dangerous
by reason of its proximity to other workings
that may contain dangerous accumulations of
water or noxious gases.
Section 4. At least once every six months, the
operator, or the superintendent, of every mine
shall cause to be shown accurately, on the original
map of said mine, and on the copy of the map in
the mine office, all the excavations made therein
during the time that has elapsed since such
excavations were last shown thereon.
The operator, or the superintendent, at the request
of the inspector, in writing, shall order that
any portion of any mine shall be surveyed and
entered on the original map, when, in the opinion
of the inspector, such portion of the mine is approaching
accumulations of water or noxious
gases. And whenever any of the workings, or
excavations, of any mine shall be driven to their
destination, it shall be the duty of the operator,
or the superintendent, to cause the mining engineer
or surveyor to check up all his previous
work and notes of said mine so that he can certify
that the said map shows correctly all the excavations
made therein, as he is required to do by
section 6 of this article.
Section 5. the operator, or the superintendent,
of every mine shall furnish the inspector of the
district with a true and correct copy of the aforesaid
original map of said mine on tracing cloth,
and, at the end of every six months thereafter,
the inspector shall return said copy to the operator,
or the superintendent, who shall place, or
cause to be placed, thereon all the extensions made
and all portions of the mine worked out, or abandoned,
during the preceding six months, as provided
for in section 4 of this article, and shall
forward the map to the inspector within 30 days
from the time of receiving it; Provided, that, in
lieu of the map on tracing cloth as aforesaid, the
operator, or the superintendent, shall have the
privilege of furnishing, every six months, a blue
print showing the complete workings of the mine
to date. When more than one seam of coal is
being worked in any mine, the inspector shall be
provided with a separate copy of the original map
on tracing cloth or a blue print of the complete
workings of each seam, as provided for in this
article. The copies of the maps of the several
mines, as hereinbefore required to be furnished to
the inspector, shall remain in the care of the
inspector of the district in which said mines are
situated as official records pertaining strictly to
the office of said inspector, to be transferred by
him to his successor in office, and in no case
shall any copy thereof be made, or any information
therefrom be given, to any person without
the consent of the operator, except as provided
for in section 2 of this article.
Section 6. Whenever a mine is worked-out, or
abandoned, the operator, or the superintendent,
shall, within 60 days thereafter, extend the inspector's
map to show clearly all the worked-out,
or abandoned, territory with all property and
boundary lines and elevations, as required in
section 1 of this article.
The owner, or the operator, of the abanaoneu
mine shall also, within 60 days after its abandonment,
send to the Department of Mines a tracing
of said complete original map, which shall be
kept in the Department as a public document.
The mining engineer or surveyor shall certify
that said tracing is a true and correct copy of the
original map of said mine, and that the original
map is a true, complete, and correct map and
survey of all the excavations made in said abandoned
mine.
Section 7. If the inspector shall have reason
to believe that any map of any mine furnished to
him in pursuance of the provisions of this article
is inaccurate or imperfect, he is hereby authoiized
to have made a survey and a new map of said
mine. The cost of said survey and map shall be
recoverable from the operator as other debts are
recoverable by law; Provided, however, that if
(CONTINUED ON PAGE 47)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
COAL PRODUCTION OF ILLINOIS BY COMPANIES FOR
FISCAL YEAR 1910*
O'Gara Coal Co 2,185,818
Superior Coal Co 1,909,791
Consolidated Coal Co 1,469,337
Madison Coal Corporation 1,332,763
Big Muddy Coal & Iron Co 1,092,498
Springfield Coal & Mining Co 978,071
Chicago, Wilmington & Vermillion Coal Co. 977,893
Brazil Block Coal Co 912,128
Douk Bros. Coal & Coke Co 868,027
Spring Valley Coal Co 833,385
Mt. Olive & Staunton Coal Co 830,935
St. Louis & O'Fallon Coal Co 803,741
Bunsen Coal Co 798,308
Illinois Midland Coal Co 640,545
Bruse-Trenton Mining Co 619,249
Peabody Coal Co 614,464
New Staunton Coal Co 613,962
Southern Coal & Mining Co 607,347
La Salle County Coal Co 597,140
Lumaghi Coal Co 575,768
Centralia Coal Co 573,640
Saline County Coal Co 555,324
Bessemer Washed Coal Co 551,738
Chicago & Carterville Coal Co 547,202
St. Paul Coal Co 545,437
Burnwell Coal Co 430,659
Shoal Creek Coal Co 429,270
Johnston City Coal Co 405,559
Sunnyside Coal Co 379,542
United Coal Mining Co 374,272
Royal Colliery Co 372,674
Jones & Adams Coal Co 348,940
Willis Coal & Mining Co 346,526
Benton Coal Co 332,127
Jos. Taylor Coal Co 321,031
Maplewood Collieries Co 319,307
Citizens Coal Mining Co 317,550
Big Creek Coal Co 311,344
Zeigler District Colliery Co 301,269
Franklin County Colliery Co 294,148
Christian County Coal Co 284,579
Cooperative Coal & Mining Co 282,626
Pana Coal Co 274,202
Star Coal Co 272,408
Clark Coal & Coke Co 271,024
Majestic Coal & Coke Co 266,810
Southern Illinois Coal & Coke Co 266,579
Girard Collieries Co 257,500
Carterville District Coal Co 248,349
Hillsboro Coal Co 245,780
Woodside Coal Co 242,509
Big Four Wilmington Coal Co 239,767
Toluca Coal Co 234,927
*Compiled from the Twenty-ninth Annual Coal Report of
the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics. David Ross, Secretary
Latham Coal Co 234,866
Chicago & Big Muddy Coal & Coke Co... 232,923
Hart Williams Coal Co 232,777
Prairie Coal Co 227,052
Paradise Coal Co 220,449
Black Diamond Coal Co 217,216
Carterville Coal Co 216,645
Kortkamp Coal Co 214,993
Monmouth Coal Co 210,549
Missouri & Illinois Coal Co 203,856
Capital Coal Co 198,197
Chicago, Springfield Coal Co 197,195
Illinois Third Vein Coal Co 192,692
Wasson Coal Co 190,723
B. F. Berry Coal Co 187,739
Coal Valley Mining Co 187,002
Western Coal & Mining Co 185,800
Chicago Sandoval Coal Co 182,043
W. P. Rend Collieries Co 181,079
Stonington Coal Co 180,477
Wabash Coal Co 177,513
Muddy Valley Mining & Manufacturing Co. 175,661
Williamson County Coal Co 174,974
Montgomery County Coal Co 173,299
Oglesby Coal Co 173,112
Kolb Coal Co 171,535
Electric Coal Co 170,241
Cantrall Cooperative Coal Co 166,800
Royal Coal & Mining Co 166,595
Cardiff Coal Co 166,395
Cora Coal Co 164,897
Canton Coal Co 164,105
De Camp Coal Mining Co 163,795
Wilmington Star Mining Co 163,679
St. Louis, Carterville Coal Co 159,599
Hafer Washed Coal Co 158,620
Marion County Coal Co 157,717
Duquoin Operating Co 155,934
Penwell Coal Co 154,170
Odin Coal Co 151,868
Sangamon Coal Co 150,091
Tuxhorn Coal Co 147,451
Braceville Coal Co 143,652
Alden Coal Co 142,410
Jones Bros. Coal & Mining Co 137,946
Marquette Third Vein Coal Mining Co... 137,309
Vivian Collieries Co 137,058
West End Coal Co 136,618
Simmons Coal Co 134,784
Taylor Coal Co 132,991
Smith Lohr Coal Mining Co 129,454
Decatur Coal Co 129,274
M. & H. Zinc Co., M. & H 125,740
Clover Leaf Coal Mining Co 125,164
Manufacturers & Consumers Coal Co 121,242

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
W. P. Rend Coal & Coke Co 117,773
Superior Coal & Mining Co 117,734
Carterville Big Muddy Coal Co 117,722
Norris Coal Mining Co 117,091
Newsam Bros 113,629
Roanoke Coal Co 113,473
Standard Washed Coal Co 112,536
Kerns-Domewald Coal Co 107,624
Wenona Coal Co 107,401
Lincoln .Mining Co 106,428
Suburban Coal & Mining Co 105,685
Watson Coal Co 105,000
Pocahontas Mining Co 103,537
Borders Coal Co 103,189
Barclay Coal & Mining Co 101,118
Carterville & Herrin Coal Co 99,816
Eldorado Coal Mining Co 98,670
Standard Collieries Co 98,164
Century Coal Co 97,885
West Virginia Coal Co 97,610
Moffat Coal Co 97,567
Springfield Cooperative Coal Co 96,700
Williamsville Coal Co 96,239
Illinois Zinc Co 90,687
Fullerton Coal Co 89,699
Spring Creek Coal Co 88,361
McLean County Coal Co 88,000
Donnally-Koenniek Coal Co 86,401
International Coal & Mining Co 86,098
Wilmington Coal Mining & Mfg. Co 86,016
Gartside Coal Co 82,485
Eagle Mining Co 82,299
Empire Coal Co 81.793
Illinois Fuel Co 79.656
Sholl Bros 76,669
Mulberry Hill Coal Co 76,232
Robert Dick Coal Co 75,535
E. S. Gray Coal Co 74,855
Bald Eagle Mining Co 74,480
Wolschlag Cooperative Coal Co 72.837
Gus Blair Big Muddy Coal Co 70,793
Middletown Coal Co 69,028
Reilly' & Doughterty 68,673
Dickerson Coal Co 68,518
Wilson Bros. Coal Co 68,015
Carlinville Coal Co 65,938
Tilton Coal Co 64,863
Auburn & Alton Coal Co 64,609
Kewanee Coal & Mining Co.. . 63,415
Brilliant Coal & Coke Co 62,692
Tazewell Coal Co 61,287
Assumption Coal Co 60,781
T. J. O'Gara 57,580
Big Muddy Carterville Mining Co 57,283
Minonk Coal Co 56,762
Chicago Herrin Coal Co 56,568
Cahill Coal Co 56,058
Crescent Coal Co 55,483
Lincoln Park Coal & Brick Co 54,789
Johnson Allen Coal Co 54,096
Lukins & Andrews 52,440
Gallatin Coal & Coke Co 52,407
Athens- Mining Co 52,077
Farmersville Coal Mining Co 51,424
Glenridge Coal Co 50,965
Acme Coal Co 49,949
Applegate & Lewis 49,369
St. Louis Coulterville Coal Co 49,040
Murphy, Linskey & Rasher 48,835
Pittsburg Mining Co 47,800
Collier Cooperative Coal Co 46,733
Pond Creek Colliery Co 45,993
Moweaqua Coal Mining & Mfg. Co 45,982
National Coal Mining Co 45,859
Summit Coal Co 45,744
Harrison Coal Co 44,996
Danville Colliery Co 44,465
ClubyMiller Coal Co 42,439
Boyd Coal & Coke Co 40,918
Johnson Coal Co 40,591
Wilharmile Coal & Coke Co 40,050
Randolph County Coal Mining Co 39,899
South Mountain Coal Co 38,063
Avery Coal & Mining Co 38,045
Big Muddy Fuel Co 37,864
Litchfield Coal Co 36,090
Edwardsville Coal Co 34,263
Tallula Coal Co 32,078
Central Indiana Coal Mining Co 31,000
Scranton & Big Muddy Coal Mining Co. 30,874
August Reents 29,470
Keystone Big Muddy Coal Co 28,742
Warsaw Coal Co 28,590
West Mine Coal Co 28,397
Mapleton Coal Co 27,843
Carroll & Franklin Counties Coal Co 27,609
Winters Coal Co 26,864
Danville Consumers Coal Co 26,789
Tamaroa & Little Muddy Coal Co 26,517
-Manufacturers Coal Co 26,496
White & Son 26,401
Bretz & Schilling 26,050
Greenview Mining Co 26,022
Brookside Coal Co 25,620
Dewey Coal Co 25,469
Sunlight Coal Co 24,954
C. W. Vandever 24,611
Frank Sergent 24,000
Fairbury Coal Co 23,812
Norris City Coal Co 23,780
Vulcan Coal & Mining Co 23,422
St. Louis & Illinois Coal Co 23,028
Easton Coal Co 23,000
Galatea Coal Co 22,924
Abbey Coal & Mining Co 22,400
L. Senior 21,552
Edwardsville Home Trade Coal Co 21,354
(CONTINUED ON PAGE 43)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
OILS FOR LUBRICATING AND BURNING PURPOSES
Your executive committee requested me to submit
a paper on oils. While I feel honored by such
a request, I do not feel capable of doing justice in
the face of all the papers and books published and
believe it would be very unsatisfactory to this body
to take up its valuable time with such a paper.
Therefore, the purport of this paper is not to
dwell so much on the subject of oils as it is to
bring out criticism and a discussion, as to conditions,
costs, efficiency, etc.
Lubrication, in itself, is defined in a very interesting
article by E. F. Dieterichs in his book on
Fats and Oils, page 6, and for the benefit of those
that have not read it I reproduce it here and believe
it covers very clearly the theory of the subject:
"Nature teaches us the laws of lubrication by its
wonderful workings in the human body and in the
bodies of all animals. All the joints of the bones
in the body would be useless and stiff were it not
for their being constantly lubricated by the socalled
'joint water,' an unctuous fluid which surrounds
all the joints of the skeleton part of the
body. This 'joint water' is constantly produced
and supplied by nature, and is constantly consumed
by the frictional heat created by our exertions
and movements, and is likewise constantly
disposed of and frees the body from the otherwise
accumulating frictional heat by transferring it,
with the perspiration and exhalations from the
body, into space.
"When the recuperative powers of the body fail
to operate properly, from one cause or another, the
inflammatory condition of the joints gives evidence
of the
ABSENCE OF PROPER LUBRICATION,
and the final failing and drying up of this lubricating
'joint water' under diminished generating
power in advanced age causes the joints to move
with difficulty and pain, and in the end make them
lose their usefulness altogether."
We are all aware the same conditions exist with
all mechanical movements. We know that the
metal bearing can absorb a great amount of frictional
heat but it cannot free itself of it as fast as
generated, therefore, we must apply a lubricant
with a fire test far above the normal temperature
of bearing so it can absorb and carry away the
frictional heat, thus keeping the bearing in normal
condition.
On the other hand, if the oil or lubricant be of
low fire test the consequence is a hot journal; do
not understand by a high fire test oil that I mean
*Paper read before the Mid-Summer Meeting of the Coal
Mining Institute of America, at Indiana. Pa., June 28 and 29.
By Mr. C. E. 'Ward. Pittsburgh Coal Company.
a cylinder stock of 600 to 650 degrees Fahrenheit
as this class of lubricant on a rapidly moving
journal would cause as much trouble as a low fire
test lubricant, due to the fact that it being heavy
and viscous it could not readily flow over the
rapidly moving parts and if a square inch of the
surface or even a very much smaller area were
not covered friction would immediately take place
and run the temperature of the bearing up and
if not carefully attended to would result in a hot
bearing.
Have any of you given it a thought while you
MR. CHARLES E. WARD.
Oil Inspector. Pittsburgh Coal Company.
were riding in a railroad train that you were riding
on oil? Take, for instance, a simple illustration
of how friction and how lubricating parts
will act; rub your hands while in a dry state rapidly
together, you can feel the heat generated and
if one could have soap, which we all know contains
a certain amount of grease, or some oil dropped
between the moving hands, you would find one
hand gliding over the other and become cool almost
immediately, thus overcoming the friction.
If water should be applied the

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
HANDS WOULD BECOME COOL
but would not move past one another readily.
Should any pressure be applied they grit by one
another, showing conclusively water is an excellent
cooler but not a lubricant.
As everything depends upon the successful turning
of the wheels around a mine, mill, railroad,
steamboat, and in fact every mechanical device,
it is necessary to overcome friction with the proper
lubricant or we would be at a standstill.
Returning to the lubrication around mines, the
writer finds the greatest expense around a coal
mine is the lubrication of the mine wagons, still
the care of these wagons as to lubricating them is
left to boys, who think all they have to do is
squirt the oil at the wheel on sides of wagons and
use it up as fast as possible or the boss won't think
they are oiling tne wagons. Evidence of this is
seen along the track where oiling is done. Four
or five times more oil is used than is necessary to
run the cars successfully if the oil is properly applied.
The make of wheel also cuts a big figure in poor
lubrication, the method of carrying the oil in a
receptacle between the spokes is a poor method.
in my opinion, as when a wheel is revolving at the
rate of two miles per hour with a thin limpid oil
the centrifugal motion throws the oil away from
center of axle, thus while the wheel is in motion
it gets no lubricant. If someone would get up a
practical wheel that could be lubricated with
grease, one that grease would work in the winter
months' as well as summer, and a device that
would feed the grease gradually to the journal
without generating any heat to liquify it, it would
solve the question of the greatest expense of lubrication
around the coal mines. T know of one
company that its
COST OF PIT OAR On.
runs as high as 1 & mills per ton while all other
lubricants average fn of a mill per ton of coal
mined.
Very often the oil has been condemned unjustly.
not that T am trying to shield the oil company.
I am aware they are not infallible, but in many
cases the oil is condemned unjustly. For example:
you have a car with two-inch axles, so
when loaded you have about 4,000 pounds weight
of car, body and coal resting on four axles or 1,000
pounds per axle, that simply has a bearing on its
under side of ^-inch and 6 inches long, thus you
are carrying on % of a square inch 1,000 pounds.
From the best authorities we learn tbat oil will
not pass between two surfaces carrying over 800
pounds per square inch unless forced there. Again
many have increased the capacity of the bodies
never giving the axle or the weight of the wheel
any though!; the consequence is the axles are battened
on the under side due to excessive weight
and the two metals coming in contact tear par
tides away from each other, thus reaming out the
wheel and flattening the axle. Then a new wheel
is applied to this flat axle and in a very short
time this is reamed out, due to flat axle, and the
oil is blamed. Then again bent axles are frequent
under heavy loads. A bent axle will ream
out a wheel in a very short time and the oil is the
cause again to the uninitiated. Thus we could go
on and fill page after page with cases where the
oil is unsatisfactory, due to some mechanical defect,
when one sifts the complaint down. There
are cases where the oil is at fault, but in every
instance thus far that has come under my observation
where the oil was at fault a mistake was
either made in shipment or it was improperly used.
Several instances came to my notice where they
were having trouble lubricating the cylinders of a
hoisting engine. Upon investigating I found they
were using pit car oil in the cylinders, which is
LOW IN FIRE TEST
and having no admixture of animal or vegetable
oils, did not emulsify and coat the walls as would
a properly compounded oil.
Now we come to the physical test of an oil or
the method used to determine whether an oil is
suitable for the different uses it is to be put to
and will endeavor to explain them in their order
of importance.
Viscosity is the degree of fluidity of an oil or
tre ability to adhere to—viscous, sticky. By comparing
the viscosity of one oil with another which
has been giving good results in practice we use
a viscosimeter, a number of which are on the market,
but as one cannot always have these instruments
in the engine room, a simple method to
test the viscosity of one oil with another, i. e.:
(This will only apply to engine oils) is to take a
medium piece of glass, place on an incline and
drop a drop of each kind of oil on the glass at top
of incline side by side. The oil that reaches the
bottom first is the less viscous.
Viscosity is, in my opinion, the first thing to be
considered, as the fluid oil that will do the work
and stay in place is the best engine oil. The viscosity
is generally taken at 70 degrees Fahrenheit
to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, which compares with
tbe temperature of the average bearing, while the
cylinder oils are tested at 212 degrees Fahrenheit
or the boiling point of water.
The writer, in testing cylinder oils, heats the
oil to 338 degrees Fahrenheit, which is the temperature
of steam at 100 pounds pressure. In
making a number of tests with cylinder oils I
have found cylinder stocks from a petroleum with
an asphalt base will stand up in viscosity with the
best of Pennsylvania cylinder stock at 212 degrees
Fahrenheit, but go all to pieces at 338 degrees Fahrenheit.
Hence the reason of testing at 338 de-

grees Fahrenheit or the temperature at which it
is used.
Specific Gravity. The standard is water and the
gravity is the
WEIGHT OF THE OIL
as compared with water, and is readily obtained
by the use of the Beaumc hydrometer. The temperature
is taken at the time. In case it is not
60 degrees Fahrenheit, for every 10 degrees Fahrenheit
subtract one degree Beaum£ from the hydrometer
if it be above, and add 1 degree Beaume
for every 10 degrees Fahrenheit, below 60 degrees
Fahrenheit.
The flash test of an oil is the temperature to
which the oil is heated to give off vapors, which,
when mixed with air, produce an explosive mixture
and act somewhat like a grain of powder.
The flash point of an oil is considered important.
as an oil with low flash point in mills, especially
the cotton mills, that would give off gaseous vapors
at low temperatures would be dangerous.
The fire test of an oil is obtained by continuing
to run the temperature of the oil up after the flash
test, until the vapors that are given off will ignite
and burn continuously, the size of cup, quantity
of oil and size of test flame to be considered.
Cold test of an oil is the temperature at which
the oil will just flow.
Compounded oils' are used to a great extent, in
fact it is very hard nowadays to get an oil that
is not compounded, but it is the writer's opinion
if an oil is properly compounded by reliable and
conscientious people and with petroleum products
of proper physical test that good results will be
obtained, but, on the other hand, if they be compounded
with semi-drying oils such as corn oil.
rape seed, castor oil. or any of the brown oils,
(the latter is sometimes used to increase the viscosity
of lubricating oils) the results will not be
as satisfactory.
It is also the opinion of a number that a mistake
is made by many in using a light colored oil.
To obtain
THIS CLASS OF OIL
it is treated with sulphuric acid. The acid is
then neutralized with caustic soda. In a number
of cases when a well known oil, treated as de
scribed, came in contact with the water from cylinders,
it became milky and emulsified, clogging
and making the oiling system inoperative. One
point should always be kept in view: that is, you
do not lubricate with color.
I have found the best universal results obtained
by using a non-treated engine stock with the
proper physical test, run through a bone charcoal
filter once to eliminate any burnt carbon or suspended
matter. It has never turned milky or
emulsified. Tne compounder is the same in rela
tion to mechanical movements as the doctor is to
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
his patient in prescribing for the different ailments
and troubles to be overcome, and is a science
in itself.
In conclusion, I will say I would very much like
to hear the opinions of any gentleman present as
to his experience regarding lubricating troubles.
Personally, I believe the only practical method of
reducing the cost and keeping it down to the minimum
is to have one conversant with oils and lubrication
in general, to pass all requisitions, to visit
mines and keep in touch and familiarize himself
with all the machinery and their requirements.
CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY LETS
CONTRACT FOR BIG IMPROVEMENTS.
The Consolidation Coal Co. of Baltimore, ,Md.,
has awarded the contract for extensive construction
work in connection with the development
work of its 100,000-acre tract of coal land in Kentucky
to the Nicola Building Co. of Pittsburgh.
The contract provides for the erection of about
1,000 buildings, including miners' dwellings,
churches, schools, a theater, etc., distributed over
an area of 15 miles near the new town of Jenkins,
in Letcher county, Ky.
In addition the Consolidation Coal Co. will erect
a boulevard several miles long and a lake one
mile wide, on the shores of which the corporation's
offices will be located. Electric and water
plants are also planned.
The Nicola Building Co. is now erecting saw
mills, planing mills, brick works, limekilns and
blacksmith shops on the company's property, all
of which will be necessary in connection with the
construction work to be done for the Consolidation
Coal Co.
The construction work on the railroad which is
being built into the heart of the Consolidation's
new coal properties in Kentucky is progressing
rapidly, and will, if no unforeseen difficulties arise
in the future to delay matters, the line will be
ready to be placed in operation by January 1.
This' is much earlier than the officials of the Consolidation
Coal Co. had anticipated completing the
road.
In dismissing the bill of the plaintiffs in the
case of James Lazzelle et al. against John P.
Keenan's wife and heirs Judge Mason at the
July term of the Circuit Court of Monongahela
county, W. Va., decides a case which has been
pending for the last 16 years, and which involved
ISO acres of property in the Cass district, underlaid
with the Pittsburgh vein of coal and valued
at $100,000. The chief point involved in the
case was the competency of Thomas F. Lazzelle
to make a deed.

34
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTIC COMPONENTS OF
POSSIBLE EXPLOSIVES*
By Clarence Hall. Explosives Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines.
From September 2, 1908, to June 1, 1911, during
which time the gallery for testing explosives'
has been in operation in Pittsburgh, Pa., one hundred
and forty-five (145) explosives have been submitted
for official tests, eighty-four (84) of which
have passed all test requirements of the Bureau
of Mines and are considered permissible for use in
coal mines under certain provisions. The remainder
have either failed to pass the tests or
have been withdrawn by the manufacturers when
introducing new and improved explosives.
' During the year 1909, 8,598,0'27 pounds of permissible
explosives were used in the United States.
In the mines of Great Britain there were used during
the same year, 8,502,232 pounds of permitted
explosives. For the year 1910 the use of permissible
explosives has shown a marked increase in
the coal mines of this country. The returns received
from the manufacturers indicate that the
quantity used during the year 1910 will reach 12,-
000,000 pounds.
The underlying reasons why one explosive passes
and another fails when tested in the presence of
gas and dust have been investigated at the testing
station. The results of researches made, especially
on explosives which failed to pass tests, have
been reported to the manufacturers and in nearly
all cases' resulting in the manufacturers so changing
and perfecting their explosives that later when
new explosives were submitted they have successfully
passed all requirements of the bureau. The
results of tests indicate that every explosive if
fired in very large quantities will cause ignition
of gas and coal dust mixtures. An arbitrary
charge, namely, 1% pounds, has been established
as the amount of explosive to be used in making
tests and all explosives in order to be placed on
the permissible list must pass the gas and dust
test with this charge of explosive. A charge of
iy, pounds per drill hole should never be exceeded
in practice. In good mining practice it
need not exceed one pound and, accordingly, a
greater factor of safety obtains. Explosives of
many different compositions are now on the permissible
list but all have been formulated with a
view to producing explosives which on detonation
give a relatively low flame temperature of short duration.
It has 'been found that in
ORDEK TO IGNITE
inflammable gas and coal dust mixtures a certain
temperature, acting through a certain length of
time, is required. It has also been determined
'Paper read before the West Virginia Coal Mining Institute,
White Sulphur Springs. W. Va.. June 19 and 20 by permission
of the U. S. Bureau of Mines.
that the lemperature on detonation of all explosives
exceeds the ignition temperature of inflammable
gas and dust mixtures, but fortunately the
flame of the permissible explosives is of such
short duration when properly detonated that the
requisite time necessary for igniting the inflammable
mixture does not obtain. It is evident that
any factor that increases the duration of the flame
temperature of a permissible explosive, such as the
use of a weak detonator or the use of any explosive
not in accordance with the provisions prescribed
by the Bureau of Mines, will increase the
danger in their use.
The energy developed by the detonation of permissible
explosives, like other high explosives,
depends upon the change of the small solid particles
and liquids of the explosive into large volumes
of gases and the rate of detonation or the
rapidity with which these gases are formed. To
meet the varying coal mining conditions in this
country the manufacturers have formulated explosives
varying in rates of detonation from 1447 to
4439 meters (4746 to 14560 feet) per second. It
is evident that for certain work where a shattering
effect is desired in driving through or bushing
rock, or producing coal for coking purposes the
explosive reaction should be rapid, and permissible
explosives should be selected from the list having
a high rate of detonation. In a similar manner a
suitable permissible explosive for use in soft friable
coal, and especially so when lump or steam
coal is desired, should be selected which develops
its gases at a slow rate in order that the pressure
developed will be more prolonged. I have been
informed, by your president, that the coal operators
of West Virginia are overwhelmed with agents
of permissible explosives with their various claims
of efficiency. To establish their claims it means
that their demonstrators must conduct a series of
experiments over a considerable period of time in
the mines. This procedure should not be discouraged
for the reason that the manufacturers are
constantly improving their explosives and in many
cases permissible explosives which are more suitable
to the work have been selected as a result of
such tests. However, much of this unnecessary
work could be eliminated by careful consideration
of the physical
OHARCTERISTTCS OF EACH EXPLOSIVE
before making teste. The chemical composition
would be of little value to the operator and it is
not proposed to publish such information. In
several instances in mining bituminous coal it
has been found that permissible explosives con-

taining only 20 per cent, of nitroglycerin have
given better results and produced better coal than
those made under a similar formula containing
25 per cent, nitroglycerin. The physical tests of
explosives, such as in the gallery, rate of detonation,
strengths of explosives as determined by lead
blocks, gauges, ballistic pendulum, height and duration
of flame, will be published as Bulletin No.
15 by the Bureau of Mines during the present
month. This information will be of value to both
the manufacturers and users of explosives.
Suppose, for instance, an operator has tried several
permissible explosives in a certain mine where
the coal is soft and friable and has' selected one
as the most suitable for the work in question.
From this bulletin he will note that the rate of
detonation of this explosive is ,2,000 meters per
second. Now suppose the operator receives a
request to try out a new explosive. He should
first ascertain the physical characteristics of the
new explosive. If he learns that the new explosive
has a rate of detonation of 4,000 meters per
second, it would be obvious that this explosive
would be too quick in action and not suitable for
this particular coal. It is true a powder man
skilled in the use of a quick explosive might possibly
in a limited series' of tests, through special
skill, demonstrate the new explosive to be more
economical and at the same time equally efficient
as a slower permissible explosive, but it should
not be expected that the average miner would obtain
the same results.
By carefully considering the location of the drill
holes and using special conditions' in loading and
tamping to reduce the pressure developed, a permissible
explosive of a high rate of detonation
could be successfully used in nearly all coal mines.
It is well known that the pressure developed by
the detonation of explosives in a closed STjace is
directly proportional to the charging density: that
is to say, a 1%-inch drill hole loaded with IVi-inch
cartridges will produce about one-half as much
pressure per square inch on the
WALLS OF THE DRILL
holes as it would if loaded with cartridges of 1%inch
diameter and, accordingly, explosives of a
rapid rate of detonation if used in this manner
would be productive of a better quality of coal.
This procedure of air spacing to reduce the shattering
effect is recommended by the Bureau of Mines.
There are other means of reducing the shattering
effect of explosives, such as the use of a weak
detonator, reducing the amount of stemming used
in a drill hole, using explosives that are frozen or
partly frozen, using cartridges of explosives of less
diameter than were originally tested, introducing
foreign substances between cartridges of explosives
and other equally dangerous methods which
not only eliminate the safety qualities of the ex­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
plosives but enhance the chance of a resultant dust
or gas explosion.
The American manufacturers' deserve a great
deal of credit for their efforts in producing suitable
permissible explosives to meet the economic
conditions in the coal mines of this country.
Many of the permitted explosives used in European
countries would not be suitable for use in the bituminous
coal mines of this country for the reason
that they are much stronger and quicker in action.
If such explosives were used in mines of this country
according to our American practice, depending
to a great measure on the execution of the explosive,
they would fail in their purpose. For this
reason the American manufacturers have found it
necessary to reduce the strength and quickness
of explosives for coal mining purposes by adding
inert materials or restraining substances. With
explosives of this kind the average miner after a
short time obtains successful and satisfactory results.
The ideal permissible explosive for use in shooting
hard coal would be one that has a comparatively
high rate of detonation containing all combustible
materials and which on detonation produces
the maximum volume of gases. Explosives
of this kind could, no doubt, be used satisfactorily
under all coal mining conditions, but, as stated
before, they would have to be used in small quantities,
in an intelligent manner, in coal previously
mined so that the
AMOUNT OF EXPLOSIVES REQUIRED
would be to simply exert a wedging effect on the
coal.
This procedure is followed in many European
countries and in some cases no explosives are used
in friable coal or where the longwall system is
used, but it is not expected that these conditions
will obtain in this country for some time. Considering
the comparatively high wages paid to
miners in this country, cheaper coal can, no doubt,
be produced with explosives rather than by pick
work exclusively, but the excessive use of explosives,
as practiced in many of our mines to-day,
is certainly unnecessary and a menace to safety.
In order that the users of permissible explosives
may know the nature and characteristic component
of permissible explosives, I will take up
the different kinds of explosives as classified in
Miners' Circular 2.
Class 1. Ammonium nitrate explosives. All explosives
belong to this class in which the characteristic
material is ammonium nitrate. This
class may be sub-divided into two classes.
(a) Containing a sensitizer which is itself an
explosive.
(b) Containing a sensitizer which is not in itself
an explosive.
All the ammonium nitrate explosives mentioned

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
in the circular belong to sub-class "a" with the exception
of Kanite A and Masurite M.L.F. These two
explosives contain sensitizers which are not in
themselves explosives, and, accordingly, are classified
under sub-class "b."
The ammonium nitrate explosives of sub-class
"a" consist principally of ammonium nitrate with
small percentages of nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose,
or nitro-substitution compounds which are used as
sensitizers. The explosives Aetna coal powder
AA. Bental coal powder No. 2. Bituminite Nos. 5
and 7, Coalite 3X, Coal Special No. 4, Collier powders
Nos. 3, 5. 5 Special. 5 L.F., and X, and Monobel
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are explosives of this class and
contain nitroglycerin as a sensitizer. They are
similar in composition to or a slightly modified
form of the English permitted explosives Abbcite
and Monobel.
The explosives Hecla No. 2, Titanite 3P. 7P,
and 8P are explosives of the ammonium nitrate
class under sub-class "a" and contain nitro-substitution
compounds as a sensitizer. These explosives,
as well as those which will be mentioned
later, under sub-class "b." have the advantage of
not freezing when
EXPOSED TO LOW TEMPERATURES
for the reason that nitroglycerin is not used as an
ingredient. They are a modified form of the
English permitted explosives Withnell and Faversham.
The ammonium nitrate explosives of sub-class
"b," namely, Kanite A and Masurite M.L.F.. consist
principally of ammonium nitrate with small
percentages of metallic oxides or other non-explosive
compounds used as sensitizers. They are a
slightly modified form of the English permitted
explosive Westfalite. They are detonated with
difficulty, requiring an extra strong detonator, and
for this reason and the fact that they burn with
great difficulty are one of the safest classes of explosives
in respect to handling and transportation.
All of the ammonium nitrate explosives are quite
deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the atmosphere
very readily, and great care should be exercised
in storing them or using them in damp places.
They are not suitable for use in wet mines. If
an original package of an ammonium nitrate explosive
is opened in such mines and the cartridges
are exposed for only a few hours to the
damp atmosphere they will deteriorate, and many
of the failures to completely detonate are attributed
to this cause. The ammonium nitrate explosives
when stored under favorable conditions
for only a few months show signs of deterioration,
and nearly all explosives of this class after six
months storage at the Pittsburgh testing station
have failed to detonate or detonated incompletely
when retested. For this reason the ammonium
nitrate explosives should be obtained in as fresh
condition as possible and should be used as soon
as possible after their receipt. The ammonium
nitrate explosives when in a fresh condition have
the advantage of producing on detonation small
quantities of poisonous and inflammable gases and
are especially recommended for mines that are not
unusually wet and also in mines and working
places that are not well ventilated.
Class 2, Hydrated explosives. All explosives
belong to this class in which salts containing water
of crystallization are the characteristic materials
and which modify the
RESULTS OF THE EXPLOSION.
They are somewhat similar in composition to the
ordinary low grade dynamites, except that one or
more salts containing water of crystallization are
added to reduce the flame temperature. They are
not now in general use and tests at the station and
in the field indicate that the four hydrated explosives
on the list at the present time are not as
efficient as some types of explosives. They have
the advantage of being easily detonated, producing
small quantities of poisonous gases, and can be
used successfully in wet holes.
Class 3. Organic nitrate explosives. All explosives
belong to this class in which the characteristic
material is an organic nitrate other than nitroglycerin.
The permissible explosives of this
class are listed in Miners' Circular 2 as nitrostarch
explosives. They do not contain nitroglycerin
and for this reason do not freeze. They
contain large quantities of inert matter and, therefore,
are not as effective as they might be if they
were made containing smaller quantities' of this
material.
Class 4. Nitroglycerin explosives. All explosives
belong to this class in which the characteristic
material is nitroglycerin. Forty of the explosives
on the permissible list are classified as
nitroglycerin explosives. The flame temperatures
of this class of explosives are reduced by the addition
of free water or by using an excess of carbon
for the purpose of reducing the amount of carbon
dioxide formed. A few contain salts which reduce
the strength and shattering effect of the explosives
on detonation. They are somewhat similar
to or a modified form of the English permitted
explosives Britonite. Carbonite, and Kolax. The
nitroglycerin class of explosives have the advantage
of ease of detonation and not being readily
affected by moisture. Less skill is required in
their use and" the average miner obtains satisfactory
results with this class of explosives in a much
shorter time than with the other explosives. They
have the disadvantage of freezing at comparatively
high temperatures and even when nitro-substitution
compounds or other materials are added to
lower the freezing point they will not remain unfrozen
when the temperature falls below 35 degrees

Fahrenheit. They produce a large percentage of
poisonous and inflammable gases on detonation,
many of them producing quantities equal to that
of black blasting powder, and for this reason should
not be used in mines that do not have efficient ventilation.
Permissible explosives are detonated by means
of detonators or electric detonators, the weight of
tulminating charge varying
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE
of explosive used. Detonators are usually employed
in connection with fuse for firing charges
of explosives. When detonators are fitted with a
means of firing them with an electric current, the
device is called an electric detonator. As electric
detonators are embedded in the explosives with
which they are used and isolated by means of
stemming, they are the safest means of igniting
charges of explosives in gaseous mines. Fuse has
heretofore been called safety fuse and the practice
still obtains, though the word safety has come to
mean something far different from the original intention
when associated with the word fuse. The
variation in the moisture conditions of material
to be blasted has necessitated the manufacturers
of fuse to make several kinds in order that they
will be adapted to the various conditions. There
are five classes of fuse as follows:
(1) Fuse for use in dry material.
(2) Fuse for use in damp material.
(3) Fuse for use in wet material.
(4) Fuse for use in very wet material.
(5) Fuse for use in submarine work.
The first two classes are generally used in the
coal mines ol this country. They are the cheapest
grades and on account of the lateral sparking
which obtains on burning are not recommended
for use with permissible explosives. If the detonator
is buried in the explosive, the lateral sparking
which occurs with these types of fuse may set
fire to the explosive about it before the detonator
is set off. This has been the common cause of
inferior and dangerous explosions. Classes 3, 4
and 5 are well made fuse and these grades showlittle,
if any, lateral sparking or glowing at the
sides. However, even these classes of fuse are
not considered permissible for use in gaseous
mines. Tests made at the station with fuse generally
offered for sale in this country have shown
that the end spitting of the fuse will cause ignition
of inflammable gas mixtures.
A new kind of fuse has recently been submitted
at the station and the tests so far made indicate
that it will be much safer than the fuse now generally
used in coal mines. This fuse is of a good
mechanical construction
HAVING A SUFFICIENT RATIO
between the pressure required to burst through the
envelope of the fuse and the pressure produced
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
within il. by the burning powder train. The quantity
of powder per toot is less than that whicn
obtains in the ordinary fuse and in the preliminary
tests which have been made at the station, no
ignition of inflammable gas mixtures has occurred
from the spit of this fuse. However, as fuse
does not per se contain its own means of ignition,
it cannot be considered apart from the fuse igniter,
a means employed to cause the ignition of the
fuse. Clearly, any fuse igniter that would ignite
gas when properly attached to a fuse would be
condemned as well as any fuse igniter which did
not surely ignite fuse with which it is used. No
great difficulty sliould be encountered when perfecting
such a fuse igniter for there has been submitted
to the Pittsburgh station for test, a fuse
igniter which, though it failed to pass the requirements,
has some merit. It should not be concluded,
however, that any fuse having the proper
envelope and even when a safe and reliable method
is provided for its ignition can be safely used in a
1 ody of inflammable gas. There are various kinds
of fuse sold of different rates of burning, varying
from 18 seconds per foot to 40 seconds per foot
when tested in the open air. The miner or shot
firer seldom has information as to the rates of
burning of the different kinds of fuse. It is true
that some fuse is marked slow or fast burniDg and
it is also indicated by different colors of paper
wrapper, but this is not always the case. Without
such information a miner may become accustomed
to a certain fuse and on using anotner
brand of a faster rate of burning, the charge may
explode prematurely. This is a menace to all
connected with the work. It is generally conceded
that the use of fuse of different rates of burning
is not desirable, that if all classes were made to
burn about 90 seconds per yard in the open air
and this rate maintained within 10 per cent, over
or under the stated time, such requirements would
meet all ordinary mining conditions and offer
greater assurance of safety. The manufacturers
of fuse realize that the many kinds now manufactured
having different
RATES OF BURNING ARE UNNECESSARY,
and they would, no doubt, welcome a universal
rate of burning of fuse. It is believed
that the required rate of burning of fuse, namely,
90 seconds per yard, recently adopted by the Isthmian
Canal Commission and the United States Reclamation
Service would meet the various mining
conditions in this country.
The tests which have been made by the spit
from squibs invariably ignite inflammable gas mixtures.
As squibs must be propelled from the
mouth of the drill hole to its heel by a propelling
power of the spit of the squib proper, it seems
quite impracticable to adequately protect this spit
from inflammable gas mixtures within mines and

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
hence the use of squibs of any kind cannot be air by means of steam and water sprayers has prorecommended
for use in mines generating inflam- gressed rapidly in the last two years. The enmable
gases. forcement of the law by the state mine inspectors
The system of firing shots in connection with concerning coal mining operations has greatly imelectric
detonators from the surface when all men proved in recent years. The mining conditions of
are out of the mine previously adopted in Utah this country as regards prevention of explosions
has been introduced in Colorado, Alabama and are approaching a position of equality with Euroother
states. This method has many advantages pean countries and it is expected that there will
and its adoption in mines where the local condi- be a steady reduction of accidents from this source
tions permit would, no doubt, reduce accidents in jn the coal mines of the country in the future.
coal mines. P01. tne information of the members of the In-
The dangerous practice of using inflammable . „i„„;„„„ „,u,-,v,
, ... stitute, I will give the names of explosives which
material for stemming is generally being remedied
by the employment of clay and like substances in have passed all test requirements of the bureau
all parts of the country. The humidifying of mine subsequent to January 1, and prior to June 1, 1911.
Brand. Manufacturer.
Carbonite No. 5 E. I. duPont de Nemours Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.
Carbonite No. 6 E. I. duPont de Nemours Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.
Coalite No. 3XA Potts Powder Co., New York City.
Coalite No. 3XB Potts Powder Co., New York City.
Collier No. 9 Keystone National Powder Co., Emporium, Pa.
Cameron mine powder No. 1A Cameron Powder Manufacturing Co.. Emporium, Pa.
Cameron mine powder No. 2A Cameron Powder Manufacturing Co., Emporium. Pa.
Cameron mine powder No. 3A Cameron Powder Manufacturing Co., Emporium. Pa.
*Masurite B Masurite Explosive Co., Sharon, Pa.
*Masurite C Masurite Explosive Co., Sharon. Pa.
Monobel No. 4 E. I. duPont de Nemours Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.
Monobel No. 5 E. I. duPont de Nemours Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.
tPolar C Potts Powder Co., New York City.
*For these explosives the detonator sha'l be of not less strength than No. 7 (1% grams charge).
tFor this explosive the detonator shall be of not less strength than No. 8 (2 grams charge).
MOVEMENT OF COAL AND COKE OVER VARIOUS RAILROADS, RIVERS, AND CANALS
FOR FOUR MONTHS AND APRIL, 1910 AND 1911.
RAILROADS.
Baltimore and Ohio* •
Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh
Buffalo and Susquehanna
Chesapeake and Ohiot
Huntingdon and Broadtop Mountain* ...
New York Central and Hudson River - • -
Norfolk and Western*
Pennsylvania (east of Pittsburg and Erie)* •
Pittsburg and Lake Erie •
Pittsburg. Shawmut and Northern
Southern Railway!
Virginian Railway RIVERS AND CANALS.
Barren River. Lock No. 1 ...
Black Warrior River, Lock No. 12
Canal and Falls at Louisville • • •
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal •
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ...
Davis Island Dam
Green River, Lock No. 1
Great Kanawha River
Kentucky River, Lock No. 1 . . . .
Monongahela River
MONTH OF APRIL-
Tons
2.662.304
32 .196
29.421
1.524.544
92.830
252.514
1.722.799
4.717,342
738,928
26.145
360.555
101.244
281
51
59.242
8.792
21,884
61,950
3,601
131.340
2.400
232,524
2.637.255
620.896
124.557
1.128.035
85.264
600.641
1.513.857
5.219.785
1.142.632
128.803
305.495
192,661
42
462
240.835
11.024
22,087
430.090
3.696
133.360
11.200
814,444
FOUR MONTHS—
1910
Tons.
11.486.117
2.441.915
437.983
4.091,233
456.123
2.802.227
6.576.128
22.793.101
5.244.990
359.081
1.080,211
394.421
1,006
157
463,782
24.591
21,884
897.130
11,507
453,620
23.800
3.012,453
1911
Tons
10.319,469
2.594.613
651.041
3.703.768
390.247
2,715.305
6.096.890
21.110.621
4,451.638
485,766
970,096
766.086
* Includes coal received from connecting lines. t March and three months figures.
726
673
882.923
33.368
23.087
1.723.630
11,942
542,140
39.700
3.802.957

The Schuylkill county, Pa., court has handed
down the appointment of the various boards of
examiners who are to examine for miners' certificates
in the three districts comprising the
county as follows: Sixth district—William F.
Shutz and Thomas Farrington, of Shenandoah;
Simon Coombe, William Davidson, William H.
Paul and Dennis Whalen, of Mahanoy City; Edward
J. Burke, of West Mahanoy township;
David Williams, of William Penn, and David
Niswenter, of Union township. Seventh district
—Thomas Burns, Henry Krapp and Edward
Lowrey, of Ashland; Dennis Reardon.
Shamokin; Alexander Donaldson, Girardville;
James Penman and John Dropeskie, of
Mount Carmel, and Richard Howell, of Wisconson.
Eighth District—Harry Goodman, Tower
City; J. F. Cannon, Maryd; Henry W. Miehleib,
Cambola; John Dando, Minersville; James Kennedy,
Newtown; James Dally, Coaldale; John
Hoke, Pottsville; William H. Long and Lewis
W. Kopp, of Tremont.
Union negro miners of Ogden, la., numbering
161, are suing John P. White international president;
W. H. Rogers, Iowa president of the United
Mine Workers of America, and other mine officials,
for more than a million and a half dollars.
The negroes claim they were imported into Ogden
under misrepresentation and ask damages in the
sum of $10,000 each. The suit grows out of labor
troubles a year ago, when white miners, learning
that the strike was costing the union $200
a day, resumed their work and later resigned.
The negroes were imported to fill their places,
but were refused admission to the union. They
also ask that they be permitted to form a union
of their own.
Because of stoppages at a number of mines in
the bituminous district of Indiana and failure of
operators and miners to reach an agreement over
their differences there is some talk of a state-wide
stoppage. District and national officers of the
Mine Workers have had a conference over the
matter, but have announced no result.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
Charles P. Neill, commissioner of labor, of Washington,
has notified all anthracite coal operators
that, according to the prices of coal at tidewater
points, the rate of wages tc be paid the anthracite
mine workers for the month ot July was 1 per cent.
above the basis, or an increase of 1 per cent.
The so-called insurgent locals of the United
Mine Workers of America of the Central Pennsylvania
or No. 2 district have adopted a set of
resolutions in which they deny the right of the
organization to suspend locals that oppose the
so-called centralization idea.
The joint scale committee of the fifth sub-district
of Ohio is in session at Cleveland, to interpret
two points in the scale relative to thick stone
and room necks.
Former President T. L. Lewis, of the United
Mine Workers of America, was ill from lumbago
during the fortnight, but has recovered his usual
health.
The first examination for mine foremen under
the administration of Chief Mine Inspector Nesbitt
of Alabama is now in progress.
The Interstate Retail Coal Dealers' Association
in session at Kansas City, Mo., during the fortnight
elected these officers: T. Percy Bryan,
Kansas City, president; L. E. Meyers, East St.
Louis, 111., vice president; Sam T. Powers, Kansas
City, secretary; John T. Wellington, Kansas
City, treasurer. Executive committee—Kansas,
M. C. Bailey, Burlington; O. M. Bottom, Great
Bend; C. W. Welcome, Hiawatha, J. T. Nicolay,
Abilene; J. R. Foster, Plainville. Missouri,
Charles Howell, Springfield; J. C. Morrison, Cape
The board of arbitration appointed to settle the Girardeau; F. J. Shoemaker, Maryville; Ed J.
strike in Alberta, Can., has, so far, failed to bring Rupp, Moberly; W. H. Colbert, Marshall; A.
the operators' and miners together. The board Hoerner, Independence. Oklahoma, J. H. Steven­
heard testimony, then presented a proposition for son, Chickasha; M. C. Nelson, Clinton. Iowa,
settlement.' It took both operators and miners
less than 24 hours to reject it. Then Chairman
W. J. Collins, Essex. Nebraska, A. B. Cook,
Omaha; S. S. Seeley, Lincoln.
Gordon (Ralph Connor) made a report to the Minister
of Labor at Ottawa and it is now up to the
department to act, meanwhile the mines are idle
and the price of coal is going up.
John Williams, who operates a mine near Coshocton,
Ohio, is preparing to open a retail yard
in that city, through which a considerable part
of his tonnage will be handled.
Andrew Schmidt, a Pittsburgh tailor, claims
to have invented a new method of utilising the
coal dust from around the mines. He combines
95 per cent, of culm with 5 per cent, of limestone
and a secret formula of his own.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
KENTUCKY'S COAL PRODUCTION IN 1910
__WAS LARGEST IN HISTORY OF THE
STATE. , WW mt I _
Prof. C. J. Norwood of Lexington, Ky.. chief
inspector of mines of the state, has submitted his
annual report to the state department for the calendar
year of 1910. The report in part is as follows:
For statistical purposes, the Kentucky coal fields
are divided into three districts, namely: The
Western, which includes all counties in the Western
coal field; the Southeastern, which includes
Bell, Harlan, Jackson, Knox, Laurel, Pulaski, Rockcastle,
Wayne and Whitney counties, and the
Northeastern, which at present includes all other
counties in the Eastern coal field.
The coal statistics reported by this office refer
only to the commercial mines, which term included
not only shipping mines but such of these that
employ an average of more than five persons underground,
as are of commercial importance locally.
The number of the latter mines is quite small.
The production of commercial coal for the calendar
year, 1910, amounted to 14,720,011 short tons.
This was by far the largest output known in the
annals of mining in the state. Of the total
amount, 76,180 tons were of cannel, produced by
mines in Bell, Breathitt, Johnson and Morgan
counties.
The production by districts was as follows:
District. Tons.
Western, 10 counties producing 8,428,752
Southeastern, 6 counties producing 4,253,853
Northeastern, 9 counties producing 2,034,406
Total 14,720,011
Compared with those of 1909, the figures show a
gain of 4,423,866 tons, or very nearly 43 per cent.
The gains by districts were as follows:
Tons. Pet.
Western, gain 2,250,591 51
Southeastern, gain 911,723 27
Northeastern, gain 661,552 48
Total 4,423,866 43
A large part of the increase in the Western district
was due to strikes in Indiana and Illinois,
which widened the northward market for Western
Kentucky coal. The gains in the other districts
were due chiefly to the increasing development of
mining operations in the Eastern field.
Compared with that of 1900, the output for 1910
shows a gain of 9,699,336 tons, or an increase of
over 193 per cent, in annual production within the
10 years. The increase over 1905 was 6,670,363
tons, or a gain of 83 per cent, in yearly output
within the last five years.
The advance made by the Northeastern district
in the last five years is significant. In 1905 the
production amounted to only 577,630 tons; in 1907
it reached a million tons; and in 1910 it passed
the two million mark. The prospect is that one
company in that district will alone be putting out
four million tons per annum at an early day.
While it is very questionable whether the production
for the year 1911 will equal that of 1910,
developments under way in the Eastern coal field
—not only in the Big Sandy and Kentucky river
regions, but in the Upper Cumberland region (Bell,
Knox and Harlan counties) as well—indicates that
the output for 1912 will surpass it, should the
Western district hold its own.
Of the coal shipped from the Northeastern district.
1,533 tons (from the Big Sandy region) were
made into coke at Ashland. The total amount of
coal converted into coke, therefore, was 98,066 tons.
No better coals are sent to market from any
mines than are produced in Kentucky, and yet,
because of lack of manufacturing enterprises, the
increase in the home consumption is relatively
slow. Of the output for 1910, S,800.682 tons were
reported as shipped to other states, and it is probable
that the actual tonnage so shipped somewhat
exceeded that amount.
The rank of the 10 leading counties according
to commercial output in 1910, was as follows:
Muhlenberg, Hopkins, Bell, Whitney, Webster,
Pike, Ohio, Knox, Union and Johnson. Muhlen
berg has occupied first place since and including
1908; up to that year Hopkins held the position
continuously by a large margin, for more than 30
years.
The progress of mining in Muhlenberg during the
last 10 years has been notable.
In 1900 the county produced 409,581 tons; this
grew to 1,044,402 tons in 1905, and to 2,849,690 in
1910. Webster county, which held eighth place
in 1909, advanced to fifth place in 1910. The production
amounting to 106,177 tons in 1900, grew
to 349,597 in 1905, and advanced to 1,017,411 tons
in 1910. Pike county entered the commercial
class in 1903. It produced only 46,730 tons in
1904, and 103.362 tons in 1905.
It took sixth place in 1910 and will probably
take fourth place in 1911. Harlan county will
probably become a producer of commercial coal in
1911. and Letcher probably with Perry, may be
expected to enter the commercial list in 1912.
The total selling value of the commercial coal,
at the mines, was $14,541,604, giving an average
value of 98.79 cents a ton for the state. The
average values, at mines, according to districts,
were: For the Western, 90.28 cents a ton; for
the Southeastern, $1.1184; and for the Northeastern
$1.0670 a ton.

In the production of coke the state still lags.
Although some ovens have been built in the Elkhorn
field, the output of coke from that region is
yet so small as to be almost negligible. The older
ovens of the Southeastern district have, practically,
remained idle, and new plants in Harlan
county must await the completion of the Wasioto
& Black Mountain railroad. Indeed, practically
all the coke made within the state, from coal mined
in Kentucky, is still made in the Western field,
and very nearly all of that is the product of the
Earlington ovens.
The tonnage of commercial coal for 1910 was
produced by 269 mining concerns. The maximum
number of persons employed immediately at the
mines was 25,760, of whom 20,742 were engaged
underground. The average number was 21,162,
of whom 17,059 were employed underground.
Compared with those for 1909, the figures show
an increase of 2,386 in the average number of employes
and of 2,204 in the average number employed
underground.
The actual number of hours constituting a working
day at the mines ranges from eight to nine
and 10, depending upon locality. For the sake
of uniformity in statistics, all days are reported
as 10-hour units.
The year 1910, in the number of fatal accidents,
was the most disastrous in the history of coal
mining in Kentucky. This was due to three explosions,
as the result of which 50 persons lost
their lives. The number of fatalities from all
causes was 84, all but one of which occurred underground.
Forty-five wives were made widows
and 94 children rendered fatherless.
These explosions emphasize the necessity for
laws regulating the quantity of powder that may
be carried into a mine each day, and the care of
it, and for prohibiting shooting on the solid.
When "solid shooting" is prohibited, not only will
the probability of dust explosions be diminished,
but deaths from fall of roof will decrease. The
deaths by electric wires indicate the necessity for
a law regulating electric installation in the mines.
The referee in the case of the Mitchell Coal &
Coke Co. against the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.
for alleged illegal distrimination has filed in court
at Philadelphia a report awarding the coal concern
damages amounting to $241,541.70. The suit
was instituted six years ago, and it was claimed
that rebates, concessions and drawbacks had been
allowed other coal companies in the Clearfield district
from April 1, 1897, to May 1, 1901. Former
Judge Theodore F. Jenkins, the referee, found that
the plaintiff company was damaged in the sum of
$80,513.90, and under the law was entitled to three
times that amount.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
MERGER IN KENTUCKY COAL
PROPERITIES IS COMPLETED.
Consummation of the transaction, whereby the
Continental Coal Corporation of Wyoming took
over the properties of twelve big companies in
Bell county, Ky., with assets valued at more than
$6,000,000, has been effected. The terms by which
the holdings of the various concerns were acquired
has been announced. Of interest was the
statement concerning the amount that will be
paid over to the stockholders of the Straight
Creek Coal & Coke Co.
Tnis company, it was announced, in return for
its holdings, accepted $600,000 in 6 per cent, first
mortgage bonds, representing the par value of the
stock, and $300,000 additional in cash and secured
notes, making a total of $900,000. In addition
to this the Continental people have assumed a
bonded indebtedness of the Straight Creek Coal
oc Coke Co. amounting to $225,000. The concern
was capitalized at $600,000, and ten years ago the
shares sold at from $18 to $25.
The big deal was engineered by Peyton N.
Ciarke, broker of Louisville. Ky., and Erie Martin,
banker and capitalist of Chattanooga, Tenn.,
who brought the various interests together.
The Continental Coal Corporation of Wyoming
was organized by Messrs. Clarke and Martin with
$3,000,000 common stock outstanding and $3,000,-
000 of 6 per cent, thirty-year bonds in issue. The
company now controls approximately 27,000 acres
of coal land in Kentucky. The mines are on the
line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.
in the Cumberland Mountain range, about 19S
miles from Louisville.
ILLINOIS COKE OUTPUT FOR
1910 SHOWS LARGE GAINS.
In 1910 the coke output of Illinois, according to
statistics compiled by the United States Geological
Survey, was 1,514,504 tons, an increase of 237,548
tons, or 18.6 per cent., from 1909 and more than
four times the output for 1908. It exceeded that
of Virginia by nearly 50,000 short tons, and Illinois
became fourth in rank among the coke-producing
states. Illinois has attained this prominence
in the manufactuie of coke through the construction
and operation of 200 Semet-Solvay byproduct
ovens at South Chicago and of 280 Koppers
regenerative ovens at Joliet. The value of
the product increased from $5,361,510 in 1909 to
$6,712,550 in 1910, a gain of 25.2 per cent. The
average price per ton advanced from $4.20 to $4.43.
Illinois' coke sells for more than that of Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, or Alabama, owing to the
fact that it is made from coal mined in West Virginia
and to the first cost of the coal have been

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
added the transportation charges from the mines
to Chicago or Joliet. The coke, however, is made
at the point of consumption and does not have to
bear any freight charges.
The higher yield of coal in coke made in byproduct
ovens is shown by the average yield of
76.8 per cent, of West Virginia coal in coke at the
Joliet and South Chicago ovens, whereas the average
yield in the coke-making districts of West
Virginia, where all but 120 of about 20,000 ovens
are of the beehive type, was 01.1 per cent.
ln addition to the production of coke at South
Chicago and at Joliet a small quantity was made
from Illinois coal in Belgium ovens at Equality,
Gallatin county.
The United States Steel Corporation will install
its policy of a six-day week at the Monongahela
blast furnace plant of the National Tube Co., Mc­
Keesport. By the new rule, every employe will
be compelled to lay off one day each week. Some
employes are condemning the order on account of
the difference it will make in their salary.
Notice has been given Secretary of State Ellingham
of Indiana that the Pan-handle Consolidated
Coal Co., the Central Coal & Mining Co. and the
Terhune Coal & Mining Co., of Indiana, have quit
business. The principal ownership of the companies
was held by the same men at Pittsburgh.
The number of idle cars reported June 21 was
163,170, a decrease of 3,800 as compared with
the record on June 7. It seems as if a definite
course of reduction had now been entered upon
and that a less number of idle cars would be reported
at each fortnight interval.
Deeds have been placed on record at Ebensburg,
Pa., for a purchase by the Berwind-White Coal
Mining Co.'s holding subsidiary, the Wilmore Coal
Co., from Hon. J. C. Stineman, of South Fork. Pa.,
of three tracts of coal in Adams township. Cambria
county, Pa„ for $53,792.20.
The Interstate Commerce Commission has announced
that it considers $3 a car an excessive
charge for reconsigning Ohio coal at Detroit,
and the Lake Shore and six other roads were
ordered to reduce the charge to $2 a car by
September lst.
Considerable excitement exists over the reported
finding of a vein of coal, variously estimated from
15 to 80 feet thick, two miles west of Coffeeville,
Kan. The coal was found at a depth of 1,000
feet by drillers for the Kansas Natural Gas Co.
The property of the Chestnut Hill Sand &
Coal Co., Moundsville, W. Va., was sold at auc­
tion recently for $17,000 to J. A. Striebich, agent
for some of the stockholders. The sale was made
because interest on the bonds were not paid.
Mr. E. W. Marple, paymaster of the Lehigh
& Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., died at Wilkes-Barre,
Pa., July 8. He had been with the corporation
since it was organized in 1874. From 1881 to
1S83 he was auditor in the New York offices.
R. L. Crawford, of Pittsburgh, has hold 156
acres of coal land to W. J. Kyle, of Waynesburg,
Pa. The coal land is in Franklin township,
Greene county, Pa., and the price was reported
to be $215 an acre.
With the revival of the coal trade in Westmore­
land county comes the report that the Yukon
branch railroad will be extended from its present
terminus in Sewickley township to the western
part of the county.
The Coil Coal Co., Paducah, Ky., has sunk a
shaft 280 feet deep near that place and has
tapped a seven foot, ten inch vein of coal. The
company expects to be shipping coal by August
15.
The Pittsburgh Coal Co. board of directors has
declared a dividend of 1^4 per cent, on the pre­
ferred stock of the company, payable July 25,
to stockholders of record July 12.
Stockholders of the Bessemer Coke Co. will
meet August 10, for the purpose of voting on
a proposition to increase the indebtedness of the
company by $150,000.
Mr. Leon Besson, of Dunkirk, Kans., on July 1
succeeded Mr. Frank Gilday as state mine in­
spector of Kansas. Mr. Gilday had held the of­
fice for several years.
The Standard Kanawha Coal Mining Co., Quick,
W. Va., will develop 2,000 acres of coal at that
place and plans a plant of 1,200 tons daily capacity.

Coal Production of Illinois By Companies.
(CONTINUED FKOM PAGE 30)
Independent Coal Co 21,229
.1. J. Pryce & Son 21,164
Tice Coal Co 20,500
Grant Bros 19,947
Olympic Coal Mining Co 19,800
Streator Fuel Co 19,370
Spoon River Coal Co 18,539
Champion Coal Co 18,406
Lancaster Landing Coal & Transportation
Co 18,400
Treasure Coal Co 18,272
Mrs. E. Hakes 17,765
Schmidtgall Coal Co 16,729
Kuhn-Coolery Co 16,670
Hickory Hill Coal Co 16,608
Bailey Bros. Coal Co 16,220
J. W. Mauch 16,000
Bushong Bros 15,849
Chicago & Carbondale Coal Co 15,478
E. S. Lee 15,431
Peacock Coal Co 15,248
Tower Grove Coal Co 15,105
Blue Mound Coal Co 15,041
William Lattman 15,000
Fulton County Coal Co 14,102
Number Twelve Coal Co 13,864
Colfax Cooperative Co 13,860
George Westerly 13,800
Brady Coal Co 13,503
Highland Coal Co 13,435
Bulleck Bros 13,196
Astoria Woodland Coal Co 13,182
A. B. Cummings 13,047
Binkley Miles Co 13,000
John Olson 12,984
Sharon Coal & Brick Co 12,943
Streator Clay Manufacturing Co 12,750
James Higbee 12,479
Diamond Fuel Co 12,193
Richland Coal Co 12,150
W. H. Riddle 11,160
F. P. Schmidt 10,830
Coal Creek Mining Co 10,280
German Coal Co 9,719
Duquoin Coal Co 9,618
Cumming Bros. & Co 9,600
Fairbury Miners Cooperative Coal Co.. 9,501
Spicer Coal Co 9,246
J. S. MoMill 9,200
Atlas Coal Co 9,155
New Moon Mining Co 8,856
Hibbard, Snidden & Co 8,700
Phoenix Coal Co 8,557
Mt. Pulaski Coal Co 8,487
F. G. Watts
Clark City-Wilmington Coal Co 8,435
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
8 > 485
J. C. Boyle & Son 8,400
Frances Fuel Co S.368
Moline Coal Co S,366
Stoehr & Schadt 8,140
Eureka Coal Co 8,078
Peter Becker 8,075
W. C. Courtney 8,000
Patrick Martin S.000
Pendergast Bros 8,000
J. R. Riley 8,000
Volunteer Coal Co 7,75.3
William J. Watkins 7,700
J. B. Woods 7,700
South Oakwood Coal Co 7,696
W. B. Ballentine 7,642
Lacon Coal Co 7,629
Neil Baxter 7,600
Fred Henry 7,300
Bates Bros 7,290
L. F. Brandt 7,200
Harmony Coal Co 7,126
Cooperative Coal Co 7,000
Marion Marteness 7,000
Gifford Price 7,000
Reace & Taylor 7,000
Kewanee Cooperative Fuel Co 6,949
J. Sutton 6,860
. Reib Coal Co 6,835
Donahue & Jones 6,656
Ritchey Coal Co 6,603
Burney Coal Co 6,534
Raymond Coal Co 6,520
Olson Bros 6,500
James Neave 6,400
Finke Harris Coal Co 6,397
G. Gubelhausen & Son 6,342
Barr Coal Co 6,295
Edward E. Evans 6,250
Donahoo Coal Co 6,000
Lebanon City Coal Co 6,000
Pittsburgh-Big Muddy Coal Co 6,000
William C. Schafer 6,000
H. Vonach 6,000
D. A. Jenkins 5,915
Bert Kerr 5,850
McManus-MeQuaney 5,732
Wilson Coal Co 5,708
Troy Cooperative Coal & Mining Co 5,600
Lovington Coal Mining Co 5,520
John Lerry 5,400
Peoples Fuel Co 5,285
O. W. Schumacher 5,200
Wm. Pistor, Sr 5,183
Rodell & Mitchell 5,025
George Beltz 5,000
W. F. Crawford & Son 5,000
Fairlie Bros 5,000
L. S. Miller 5,000
H. S. Phillips 5,000

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
J. Seivers 5,000
Wm. Neil 4,913
John T. Beatty 4,844
Mohn Coal Co 4,800
Geo. H. Haskins 4,771
Glendale Coal & Mining Co 4,650
Calhoun Brick & Clay Co 4,620
Diamond Joe Coal Co 4,524
Acme-Wilmington Coal Co 4,378
Bawser-Truesdale 4.310
Kincaid & Nuttall 4,200
Thad. H. Milan 4,182
John A. Young 4,067
Third Vein Coal Co 4,000
T. M. Weeks Coal Co 3.99S
Matt Atkinson 3,869
Hellers Coal Co 3,813
Watson & Anderson 3.800
James Thomas & Son 3,700
Louis A. Schmidt 3,685
:• ;rth Main Coal Co 3,652
R. Todd & Son 3,600
Galva Coal Co 3,440
R. Taylor & Son 3.400
Kipling, Foster & Stone 3,352
Bushong & Walker 3,279
B. F. Stretch 3,246
D. Lomas 3,240
R. Schramm & Son 3,216
Jobs Ingram 3,200
Streator Aqueduct Co 3,156
J. W. Wright v 3,112
J. McLaughlin 3,090
Coronado Coal Mining Co 3,083
E. S. Barlow 3,057
Oscar Kimes 3,000
H. J. Rohr 3,000
Strait Coal Co 3,000
Docherty Bros 2,980
Limestone Coal Co 2,934
Riverview Coal Co 2,929
Lorenzo Balduch 2,920
Arthur Jones 2,920
Fair Oakes Coal Co 2,905
J. O. Baldwin 2,900
Edgemont Coal Co 2,820
Glass & Morman 2,816
Hodson & Ledwards 2,800
Rockyrun Coal Co 2,800
Emil Alhgren 2,750
Henry Wonderlen 2,700
Wood Coal Co 2,660
J. W. Ervin 2,652
Arthur Wainwright 2,618
William Baum 2,600
Simcox Bros 2,535
Burns & Fleming 2,500
M. Bushnell 2,500
Highbee & Colwell 2,500
Walter Robinson 2,500
W. Bath 2,468
W. P. Williams 2,464
Spiilertown Coal & Coke Co 2,447
R. G. Ellsworth 2,432
Josh Anderson 2,400
Fisher & Bennk 2,400
Reese Taylor & Co 2,400
Jeff Glenn 2,388
Callear Bros 2,371
Isam Dalton 2,354
J. F. Schneider 2,307
Essley Bros 2,270
Axel E. Link 2,154
Davenport Mining Co 2,106
J. W. Bixby 2.104
Crew Bros 2,100
Charles Roseman 2,080
Emil Kramer 2,051
James Bell 2,000
John Duncan 2,000
S. M. Hodge & Son 2,000
John Mallergren 1,950
Jesse Savill 1,900
Bader & Bader 1,875
Philip Dietrich 1,810
Jamison & Irwin 1,800
Perry Myers 1,800
James Yocum 1,800
Crawford Bros 1,789
Brandt & Walker 1,774
Fauke & Gussman 1,760
J. A. Peterson 1,760
I. N. Beggs 1,748
John Adams 1,737
George Hartman 1,720
Masters' Bros 1,720
W. J. McMillien 1,707
J. Goodman 1,640
Mack Poster 1,640
Misbel & Wilson 1,618
Brooker Bros 1,616
John Anderson 1,600
Bibry & Paul 1,60(1
Dan Marguis 1,600
J. F. Strode 1,600
Cairus & Butts 1,600
Aaron Teel 1,600
Ben Thorn 1,600
A. J. Gunnet 1,591
John Wilson 1,577
Jesse Hillier 1,520
Claus Bengsten 1,500
Charles Gladfelter 1,500
Maloon & Gofinch 1,500
William Mitchell 1,500
iMilwood Coal Co 1,500
M. C. Wilkinson 1,500
E. W. Miller 1,499

Charley Adkison 1,440
John O'Brien 1,440
F. Tomkins 1,425
Anderson & Savill 1,400
John Mitchell 1,400
Cunister & Davis 1,393
N. E. Anderson 1,360
Andrew Watson 1,360
W. H. Robinson 1,344
V. L. Church 1,344
Big Mound Coal Co 1,300
George Kabel 1,300
J. J. Harbaugh 1,296
Joseph Williams 1,250
McLaughlin Mining Co 1,245
Glen H. Fisher 1.228
C. L. Dewitt 1,203
Bennett Bros 1.200
Willis Clayton 1,200
Max Davidson & Son 1,200
Fussner Bros 1,200
John Heather 1,200
John Kinnamon 1,200
E. R. Knickerbocker 1,200
John Stalker 1,200
David Roberts 1,200
A. Wages 1,120
J. M. Gray 1,100
S. Taylor & Bros 1,100
L. A. Woodbridge 1,100
Lee Maleon 1,080
Theo. Schueler 1,073
Nick Engzlke 1,070
Walter Wyne 1,050
Hampton Coal Co 1.030
B. 0. Cook 1,023
C. E. Waddill 1,020
James Hill 1,000
W. A. Johnson 1,000
F. R. Kennedy 1.000
Frank Habbell 960
James Kemerling '. . 960
Albert Walberg 916
E. Galladay 906
William Brown 900
Robinson & Stevens 900
Staton & Blessing SS0
Joseph Radlbeck 870
Ray Tile Works 860
Charles Norse 840
Stone Bros 840
William Wilkinson 815
Joseph R. Thompson 801
John Alderidge 8C0
W. H. Backs 800
E. Bishop 800
Foraker & Miller 800
W. E. Hornback 800
H. H. Ingram 800
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
John MeGuire 800
F. H. Moore 800
Henry Viei 800
Joe Wilson 800
Peter Syddall 800
L. Clarkson 791
J. Gillett 770
William Bottomly 70S
J. W. Tyler 739
Carle & Spillers 720
Eli Clemson 720
W. F. Johnson 720
P. C. Nelson 720
Delong Bros 716
James A. Jones 704
William Gumming 700
S. C. McGovern 700
B. B. Peterson 700
W. A. Phillips 700
Schotte & Withell 6S4
Philip Jennings 680
Manuel & Wallingford 680
J. W. Niller 672
M. A. Beers 650
Fred Martin 650
T. E. Wilson 640
Ben & Josh Hemphill 636
Kirkman & Ames 630
John Grffith 62S
R. J. Mitchell 627
Samuel Thomas 618
Lon Beyner 615
Joseph Bunt 600
John Curtis 600
A. A. Eyman 600
D. I. Foster 600
Ernest Gray 600
Thos. Jones & Son 600
P. A. Lindsay 600
G. Mimmens 600
Samuel Parr 600
Stout & Henning 598
Harry Green 585
A. S. Redfern 580
Fox Bros 568
Walton Armitage 560
D. Caplinger 560
H. J. Oldwaldt 560
Ried & Brice 560
Ernst Rink 560
Wyman & Culbertson 548
Berry Bros 530
J. Finfrock 525
Samuel Black 520
Robert Gulley 520
John McNeil 520
Robert Scott 520
J. B. Schimpf 520
R. E. Zimmerman 520

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Meridith Bros 510
Thomas McBride 502
William Ackersan 500
Buchanan Bros 500
William Vicary 500
176 Small mines producing less than 500
tons each 38,754
Total 4S,717,853
NEW FIRE-DAMP DETECTOR.
A new device for detecting fire damp in mines
has just been invented by two young chemists,
junior teachers in the Technical College in this
city, writes Consul General John P. Bray, Sydney,
Australia.
The new detector is a simple and portable bit
of apparatus, designed for the purpose of detecting
and indicating the presence of fire damp
and other dangerous gases in coal and other
mines. Its warning is given either by a loudsounding
alarm bell, or by the flashing into view
of a red glow light. The makers of this simple
contrivance have based their procedure upon
Graham's law of the diffusion of gases, viz, "all
gases tend to diffuse into one another at a definite
rate, which varies in an inverse ratio to
the square root of the density of the gases."
Taking also Ansell's fire-damp detector as an
additional starting point, the inventors have succeeded
in procuring an efficient instrument which
an inspector or miner may carry in his hand and
test with ease and certainty the air in any heading
or at any working face.
The apparatus consists of merely a piece of
glass tubing bent into U shape, with the lower
curve flattened. One leg of the U has an ordinary
"shell" funnel at its upper end, and the
open mouth of this is covered by a thin disk
of plaster of Paris, mixed thin, so that in drying
it remains porous. The other leg is crowned
by a small reservoir containing additional mercury,
W'ith a little glass tap to allow the metal
to be run into the bent tube below as and when
required. Through each lower leg there is passed
a fine platinum wire, that of the funnel-crowned
one being about half an inch below the level of
the other, and immersed in mercury, which fills
the bend of the U up to this level. Each wire
is connected to the poles of an ordinary battery
cell, and thence effective connection is made with
either alarm bell or colored light.
What happens when' the detector is brought
into the presence of an admixture of gas and air
is simply this: The foreign gas permeates the
plaster of Paris seal and depresses the mercury
column below. This naturally causes the mer­
cury in the other leg of the U to rise and its
rise brings it into contact with the platinum
wire just above it. This slight contact is sufficient
to complete the circuit, and set either bell
or danger light to work. So sensitive is the apparatus
that, as shown by tests during the recent
exhibition, it can be adjusted to give warning
of the presence of such a small proportion
as 2 per cent., or even less, of an undesirable
gas.
JUNE ANTHRACITE SHIPMENT.
The shipments of anthracite coal over the vari­
ous' roads for June, as compared with 1910, were:
1911. 1910.
Philadelphia & Reading 1.135,749 911,713
Lehigh Valley 1,214,852 1,002,193
Central R. R. of N. J 876,579 716,548
Delaware, Lacka. & Western 906,722 894,121
Delaware & Hudson 604,055 605,120
Pennsylvania 481,004 455,923
Erie 783,083 574,109
Ontario & Western 213,313 238,396
Total 6,215,357 5,398,123
The shipments by months for the year, as compared
with 1910, were:
1911. 1910.
January 5,904,117 5,306,618
February 5,070.948 5,031,784
March 5,996,894 5,174,166
April 5,804,915 6,224,396
May 6,317,352 5,679,661
June 6,215,357 5,398,123
July 4,202,059
August 4,996,044
September 4,967,516
October 5,622,095
November 6,071,746
December 6,231,578
Total 35,309.583 64.905,786
Howard Neely has been appointed receiver for
the Pitcairn Coal Co., of Pitcairn, on petition of
Mrs. Annie Thomas, F. L. Miller, Robert D. Mc-
Daniel, Mrs. Christina McDaniel and J. A. Wilson,
stockholders. The receiver was ordered to
wind up the business of the company at once,
pay the creditors and distribute the balance to
the stockholders. The receiver also was authorized
to compel Anson E. Bonford, president of
the company, to turn over the proceeds received
from the unauthorized sale of certain lands belonging
to the company.

Text of New Bituminous Mining Code of Pennsylvania
(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28)
the map, claimed by the inspector to be inaccurate
or imperfect, shall be found sufficiently accurate
to serve the purpose for which it is intended,
then the Commonwealth shall be liable for the
expense incurred in making said survey and map,
which expense shall be paid by the State Treasurer,
upon warrant of the Auditor General, issued
upon the presentation of voucher approved by the
Chief of the Department of Mines.
ARTICLE III.
DUTIES OF MINE SUPERINTENDENT—MINE SUPPLIES.
Section 1. It shall be the duty of every superintendent,
on behalf and at the expense of the
operator, to keep on hand at each mine, at all
times, a sufficient quantity of all materials and
supplies required to preserve the health and safety
of the employes, as ordered by the mine foreman
and required by this act. If for any reason, the
superintendent cannot procure the necessary materials
or supplies as aforesaid, he shall at once
notify the mine foreman, whose duty it shall be
to withdraw the men from the mine or portion
of mine until such materials or supplies are
received.
The superintendent shall, at least once every
week, read, examine carefully, and countersign
all reports entered in the mine record book by
the mine foreman, and if he finds, on such exam
ination, that the law is being violated in any
particular, he shall order the mine foreman to
stop said violation forthwith and shall see that
his order is complied with.
Section 2. The superintendent shall not obstruct
the mine foreman or other officials in the
fulfillment of any of their duties as required by
this act, but he shall direct that the mine foreman,
and all the other employes under him, comply
with the law in all its provisions, especially
when his attention is called by the inspector to
any violation of the law. At any mine where a
superintendent is not employed the duties that
are herein prescribed for the superintendent shall
devolve upon the mine foreman in addition to his
regular duties.
Section 3. The superintendent of every mine
shall provide a sufficient number of danger signals,
upon request of the mine foreman, which
the mine foreman, or the assistant mine foreman,
shall distribute in the mine at places convenient
for the use of the fire bosses in the fulfillment
of their duties. Danger signals in all mines shall
be uniform and of a design approved by the Chief
of the Department of Mines. All danger signals
shall be kept in good condition and no defective
signal shall be allowed to remain in any mine.
Section 4. The superintendent shall keep on
hand, at the mine, a supply of the printed rules
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
and notices and record books required by this
act, which shall be furnished through the inspector
of the district on request of the superintendent,
in writing. The superintendent shall see
that said rules and notices and record books are
delivered to the proper persons at the mine and
that they are properly eared for, and he shall
also see that the rules and notices are posted
in conspicuous places at, or near the entrance to
the mine and kept in such condition that they
will always be legible.
Section 5. The superintendent shall not permit
the mining of coal within 50 feet of any abandoned
mine containing a dangerous accumulation
of water until said danger has been removed by
driving a passageway to tap and drain off said
water, as provided for in this act; Provided, that,
the thickness of the barrier pillars shall be
greater and shall be in proportion of one foot of
pillar thickness to each one and one-quarter feet
of water-head, if, in the judgment of the engineer
of the property and that of the district inspector,
it is necessary for the safety of the persons working
in the mine.
Section 6. The superintendent shall provide a
safety catch, or other safety device, to be placed
on the rear end of the rear car of full trips that
are being hoisted up slopes, and he shall also
provide suitable signals to be placed on the rear
end of the rear car of all trips hauled in the mines
by locomotives of any kind.
Section 7. If the mine foreman, the assistant
mine foreman, or the fire boss, neglects his duties
or incapacitates himself by drunkenness, or is
incapacitated by any other cause for the proper
performance of his duties, and information thereof
shall be brought to the knowledge of the superintendent,
it shall be the duty of the superintendent
to make a thorough investigation of the
case, and if he finds evidence to sustain the
charge, he shall inform the inspector, who shall
inform the court of common pleas of the county,
or a judge thereof, by petition, and said court,
or judge when the court is not in session, shall
issue a citation in the name of the Commonwealth
to the said mine foreman, assistant mine foreman,
or fire boss, to appear, at not less than five
days' notice, upon a day fixed, before said court,
or a judge thereof, at which time the.court shall
proceed to inquire into, and investigate the allegations.
If the court finds the allegations to be
true, it shall notify the Department of Mines of
such finding and instruct said Department to
withdraw the certificate of said delinquent; Provided,
however, that he shall have the right to
appear before the Examining Board and be reexamined,
and if he can satisfy the Board that he
has reformed and passes a satisfactory examination,
he shall be given another certificate of
qualification. When the court orders the certifi-

48
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
cate of a mine foreman, an assistant mine foreman,
or a fire boss, to be withdrawn, the inspector
shall notify the operators of the district of
the fact.
Section 8. The operator, or the superintendent,
of every mine shall, within 30 days thereafter,
send to the inspector notices of the following
occurrences:
First—When a mine has been abandoned or the
working thereof discontinued.
Second—When any work has commenced for
the purpose of opening a new mine.
Third—When the working of a mine is resumed
after an abandonment or a discontinuance, for a
period exceeding two months.
Fourth—When any change occurs in the name
of a mine or in the name of the operator of a
mine, under the provisions of this act.
ARTICLE IV.
MINE FOREMAN AM) HIS DUTIES.
Section 1. In order to secure efficient management
and proper ventilation of the mines, to
promote the health and safety of the persons employed
therein, and to protect and preserve the
property connected therewith, the operator, or the
superintendent, shall employ a competent and
practical mine foreman for every mine where
10 or more persons are employed. The mine
foreman shall have full charge of all the inside
workings and of the persons employed therein,
in order that all the provisions of this act, so
far as they relate to his duties, shall be complied
with, and the regulations prescribed for each
class of workmen under his charge carried out in
the strictest manner possible. If the mine is
generating explosive gas in quantities sufficient
to be detected by an approved safety lamp, the
mine foreman must possess a first grade mine
foreman's certificate. If the mine is non-gaseous,
the mine foreman must possess either a first
grade mine foreman's certificate or a second grade
mine foreman's certificate.
When the mine workings become so extensive
that the mine foreman is unable, personally, to
carry out the requirements of this act pertaining
to his duties, he shall have the right to employ
a sufficient number of competent persons to act
as his assistants, who shall act under his instructions
in carrying out the provisions of this act.
If the mine is generating explosive gas in quantities
sufficient to be detected by an approved safety
lamp, the mine foreman's assistant must possess
first grade assistant mine foremen's certificates.
In case of the necessary temporary absence of
the mine foreman, he may deputize his work for
the time being to his assistant, who shall perform
all the duties of the mine foreman.
Section 2. The mine foreman shall devote the
whole of his time to his duties in the mine, when
the mine is in operation, and shall keep a careful
watch over the ventilating apparatus, the ventilation
airways, traveling ways, timbering, and
drainage, and shall see that all stoppings along
airways are properly built, as provided for in
section 5 of article 9 of this act.
He shall also see that proper cut-throughs are
made in the pillars of all rooms and of all entries
in accordance with section 3 of article 9 of this
act, and that they are closed, when necessary, so
that the ventilating current can be conducted in
sufficient quantity through the last cut-through
to the face of each room and entry by means of
check doors. He shall not permit any room, or
entry, to be turned in advance of the ventilating
current or in advance of the last cut-through in
the entry, excepting room necks, which may, with
the consent of the inspector, be turned by entrymen
driving entries.
Section 3. The mine foreman, or his assistant,
shall, at least once every week, measure the air
current at or near the main inlet and outlet
airway and also in the last cut-through in the last
room and in the entry, beyond the last room
turned in each entry, and make a record of said
measurements, as provided for in section 19 of
this article. Said measurements shall be taken
on days when the men are at work, and for making
said measurements an anemometer shall be
provided and kept in good condition by the superintendent
of the mine.
Section 4. In case of accident to a ventilating
fan, or its machinery, whereby the ventilation of
the mine would be seriously interrupted, the mine
foremen shall order the men to withdraw immediately
from the mine, and he shall not allow
them to return to their work until the ventilation
has been restored and the mine has been
thoroughly examined by him or by an assistant
mine foreman or fire boss and reported safe.
Section 5. The mine foreman shall notify the
superintendent, in writing, whenever, in his opinion,
the mine is becoming dangerous through the
lack of ample ventilation at the face of entries,
rooms and other portions of the mine, caused by
the undue length of entries and airways, or from
any other cause resulting in the accumulation of
gas or coal dust, or both, in various portions of
the mine. The superintendent shall then notify
the inspector of the report of the mine foreman,
requesting him to come and make a personal examination,
and, if he finds it is becoming dangerous,
he shall at once direct the superintendent
to proceed to have it put in a safe condition, and,
if necessary, have an additional opening of ample
dimensions sunk from the surface to the interior,
which opening can be used as an outlet or inlet
for the air, and also as an escapeway in case of
necessity.
In all mines generating explosive gas in quantities
sufficient to be detected by an approved safety

lamp, the mine foreman shall see that, when the
permanent station of the fire boss is located a
mile oi more from the entrance to the mine, all
abandoned, finished, or unfinished workings in
the intervening distance between the permanent
station and the entrance to the mine are completely
shut off from the main intake or manway
headings of the mine by stoppings of masonry,
concrete, or some other incombustible material of
sufficient thickness to keep the explosive or noxious
gases from coming in contact with the intake
air or with the persons employed therein.
Section 6. The mine foreman shall direct and
see that every working place is properly secured
by props or timbers and shall see that no person
is directed, or permitted, to work in an unsafe
place, unless it be for the purpose' of making it
safe. He shall also SI-I J that the workmen are
provided with sufficient props, cap pieces, and
timbers of suitable size, which shall be delivered
at the working faces, or as near thereto as they
can be conveyed in mine cars, when requested
by the workmen, in accordance with section 7 of
this article. He shall also see that props are cut
square at both ends and as near as practicable
to the proper length required or designated for
the places where they are to be used.
Section 7. Every workman in need of props,
cap pieces, and timbers, shall notify the mine
foreman or the asistant mine foreman (or any
other person delegated by the mine foreman) of
the fact at least one day in advance, giving the
number, size, and length of props, cap pieces, and
timbers required. In case of emergency the timber
may be ordered immediately upon the discovery
of danger. If for any reason, the necessary timbers
cannot be supplied when required, the mine
foreman or assistant mine foreman shall instruct
the workmen to vacate the place until the timber
needed is supplied.
The place and manner of leaving the orders for
props, cap pieces and timbers shall be designated
and specified in the rules of the mine.
Section 8. The mine foreman shall see that,
on all animal and mechanical hauling roads, holes
for shelter shall be cut into the strata not less
than two and one-half feet deep and four feet
wide and level with the road at least every 30
yards and kept whitewashed and clear of obstruction,
except in entries from which rooms are
driven at regular intervals not exceeding 90 feet,
provided, that the entrance to each room be kept
clear of obstruction for a distance of three feet.
On all main hauling roads, on which hauling is
done by machinery, shelter holes shall be cut into
the strata not less than two and one-half feet
deep and at least four feet wide and level with
the road and not more than 15 yards apart, and
said shelter holes shall be kept whitewashed and
clear of obstruction, except in entries from which
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
rooms are opened at regular intervals not exceeding
45 feet; Provided, that the entrance to such
rooms be kept clear of obstruction for a distance
of three feet. All shelter holes shall be made on
the same side of the entry. All entries driven
after the passage of this act shall have a clear
space of two and one-half feet from the side of
the car to the rib, which shall be made and continued
throughout on one side of the entry, if, in
the judgment of the inspector, the condition of
the roof will permit, and shall be kept clear of
obstruction.
No persons except officials or repairmen shall
be permitted to travel on slopes, gravity, or incline
planes, while the cars thereon are in motion.
Section 9. The mine foreman shall direct that
the coal is properly mined before it is blasted.
"Properly mined" shall mean that the coal shall
be undercut, center-cut, top-cut, or sheared, by
pick or machine, and, in any case, the undercutting
shall be as deep as the holes are laid. In
mines generating explosive gas in quantities sufficient
to be detected by an approved safety lamp,
when the coal seam is five feet six inches or more
in thickness, "properly mined" shall mean that,
in all entries less than 10 feet wide, wherein the
coal is undercut, it shall also be sheared on one
side as deep as the undercutting before any holes
are charged and fired, or the coal shall be blasted
in sections by placing the first hole near the
center of the coal seam. He shall also direct that
the miner set sprags as often as necessary, at a
distance not exceeding seven feet apart, under
the breast of undermined or center-mined coal, for
safety. The mine foreman shall direct at what
hours blasting shall be done in the mine, and a
notice of the time shall be posted at a conspicuous
place at + he mine and a copy of the notice
shall be kept on file at the mine office; Provided,
however, that, in districts in which it has been
the common practice to blast coal from the solid,
said practice or method may be continued, notwithstanding
anything to the contrary herein contained.
In such portions of a dry and dusty mine
where explosive gas is being generated in quantities
sufficient to be detected by an approved safety
lamp, the mine foreman shall direct and see that
the rooms and entries are moistened by water,
or other efficient means, as often as necessary to
keep the dust in damp condition, and he shall
direct and see that the dust is loaded and taken
out of the mine as often as necessary.
The mine foreman shall direct and see that, as
the miners advance in their excavation, all dangerous
and doubtful pieces of coal, slate, and
rock, overhead, are taken down or at once carefully
secured against falling on the workmen. Any
workman who neglects to carry out, or disobeys,
the instructions of the mine foreman or his as-

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
sistant in regard to securing his working place,
shall be suspended or discharged by the mine
foreman, and if such negligence or disobedience
results in serious injury or loss of life to any
person, the mine foreman shall give the name of
said workman to the inspector for prosecution in
accordance with section 2, article 26 of this act.
Section 10. The mine foreman shall give prompt
attention to the removal of all dangers reported
to him by his assistants, the fire boss, or by any
other person working in the mine, and in case it
is impracticable to remove the danger at once, he
shall notify every person, whose safety is menaced
thereby, to remain away from the portion
where the dangerous conditions exist. He, or his
assistant, shall, once each week, travel and ex­
amine all the air courses and roads and all the
openings that give access to old workings or falls
and make a record of the condition of all places
where danger has been found, with ink, in the
book provided for that purpose.
In all mines, the mines foreman shall employ
a sufficient number of assistants to insure a visit
to each working place, either by himself or by his
assistants, once each day, while the employes are
at work, and in addition thereto shall give special
care, oversight, and attention to the men drawing
pillars, particularly when falls are thereby being
made. The mine foreman, or the assistant mine
foreman under instructions from the mine foreman,
shall direct that the holes for blasting be
properly placed and shall designate the angle and
depth of holes, which shall not be deeper than
the undercutting, center-cutting, top-cutting, or
shearing, and the maximum quantity of explosives
required for each hole and the method of charging
and tamping. Instructions shall be given
the men by the mine foreman, assistant mine
foreman, or mine boss, or other authorized person,
as to when, where, and how, timber shall be
placed, so as to avoid accidents from falls, and
also, in a general way, how to mine coal with
safety to themselves and others.
At the end of each shift, each assistant mine
foreman shall make a report, in a book provided
for that purpose, giving the general condition as
to safety of the working places visited by him
and shall make a note of any unusual occurrence
observed by him during the day. The mine foreman
shall read carefully the daily report of each
assistant mine foreman and shall sign the reports
with ink not later than the day following.
Section 11. The mini' foreman shall see that
every mine generating explosive gas is kept free
of standing gas in all working places and roadways.
Any accumulation of explosive gas or nox­
ious gases in the worked-out, or abandoned, portions
of any mine, shall be removed as soon as
possible after its discovery, if it is practicable
to remove it. No person who may be endangered
by the presence of said explosive gas, or noxious
gases, shall be allowed in that portion of the
mine until said gases have been removed. The
mine foreman shall direct and see that all dan­
gerous places and the entrance, or entrances, to
worked-out and abandoned places in all mines are
properly fenced off across the openings, so that
no person can enter, and that danger signals are
posted upon said fencing to warn persons of the
existing danger.
Section 12. In any mine where it has been
found impracticable to remove explosive gas from
the inaccessible top of a fall, it shall be the duty
of the mine foreman to make this fact known at
once, in writing, to the superintendent, who shall
immediately report the same to the inspector,
requesting him to make a prompt personal in­
vestigation. If the superintendent and the inspector
are unable to devise means to have said explosive
gas removed within a reasonable time, the
inspector shall direct that a bore hole, or bore
holes, not less than six inches in diameter, be
drilled from the surface to a high point on said
fall, in order to give the gas an opening to
escape to the surface.
Section 13. In every mine generating explosive
gas in quantities sufficient to be detected by an
approved safety lamp, where coal dust is being
carried in the air currents in quantities indicating
danger, the mine foreman shall see that no
person is employed to work in the mine until
he has given satisfactory proof that he can do
the work allotted to him without endangering the
lives of his co-employes, unless said person is put
to work with an experienced miner, whose duty
it shall be to instruct such inexperienced person
how to safely and properly perform his work.
Section 14. In such portions of a mine where
explosive gas is being generated in quantities
sufficient to be detected by an approved safety
lamp, and in which locked safety lamps are used,
the mine foreman shall employ a sufficient number
of competent persons who are able to speak
the English language to act as shot firers, whose
duty shall be to charge, tamp, and fire all holes
properly placed by the miners, and to refuse to
charge any holes not properly placed. No holes
shall be fired by any person other than a shot
firer. They shall use none but incombustible material
for tamping, which the mine foreman shall
see is provided for them at convenient places
inside the mine. Under no condition shall the
shot firer use coal dust or any other combustible
material for tamping. All such holes shall be
fired by an electric apparatus and no person other
than the shot firer shall connect the wires of, or
operate, said apparatus. Each shot firer shall
keep a record of, and report to the mine foreman,
every hole that he has refused to charge, every
blown-out shot, and every hole that has misfired.

It shall be the duty of shot firers and miners,
who are permitted by this act to fire their own
shots, to visit and examine the places where
shots have been fired before leaving the mine to
see that there is no fire or any other danger
existing.
In all mines in which coal is blasted from the
solid, all holes shall be fired when all the workmen
are out of the mine, except the shot firers
and other persons delegated by the mine foreman
to safeguard property.
No shot firer, or any other person, shall fire
a shot in any working place or in any mine, if
his safety lamp can detect explosive gas at the
roof. In gaseous, dusty mines, in which locked
safety lamps are used, he shall fire no holes
unless the entries and rooms, which are dry and
dusty, are so thoroughly wetted as to prevent
the existence of any dry dust for a distance of
not less than 80 feet from the hole to be fired;
Provided, however, that, in all mines wherein
the coal is being blasted from the solid, the mine
foreman shall direct and see that the provisions
of this section are fully complied with.
Section 15. When operations are temporarily
suspended in a mine, the superintendent and the
mine foreman shall see that danger signals are
placed across the mine entrances, which signals
shall be sufficient warning for persons not to
enter the mine. If the circulation of air through
the mine be stopped, each entrance to said mine
shall be fenced off in such a manner as will ordinarily
prevent persons from entering said mine,
and a danger signal shall be displayed upon said
fence at each entrance. The mine foreman shall
see that all danger signals used in the mine are
in good condition and if any become defective he
shall notify the superintendent.
Section 16. The mine foreman shall see that
the water is drained out of the working places
before the men enter and that the working places
are kept as free from water as practicable during
working hours.
Section 17. In any working place that is being
driven within supposedly dangerous proximity to
an abandoned mine, or portion of an abandoned
mine, suspected of containing explosive gas or
that may contain a dangerous accumulation of
water, the mine foreman shall see that at least
two bore holes shall be maintained not less than
12 feet in advance of the face, and, on each side
of such working place, bore holes of the same
depth shall be drilled diagonally not more than
eight feet apart, and any place driven to tap
water or gas shall not be more than eight feet
wide. No water or gas from an abandoned mine,
or portions of an abandoned mine, and no bore
hole from the surface, shall be tapped until the
employes, except those engaged at such work, are
out of the mine, and such work shall be done
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
under the immediate instruction and direction of
the mine foreman, with the use of locked safety
lamps.
Section IS. The mine foreman shall, each day,
enter plainly and sign with ink, in a book provided
for that purpose, a report of the condition
of the mine, which report shall clearly state any
danger that may have come under his observation
during the day or any danger reported to
him by his assistants or the fire bosses. The
report shall also state whether or not there is a
proper supply of material on hand for the safe
working of the mine and whether or not the
requirements of the law are complied with. He
shall also, once each week, enter plainly with ink
in said book, a true report of all air measurements
required by this act, designating the place,
the area of each cut-through and entry, separately
the velocity of the air in each cut-through and
entry, and the number of men employed in each
separate split of air, with the date when measurements
were taken. Said book shall at all
times be kept in the mine office, at the mine, for
examination by the inspector and by any person
working in the mine, in the presence of the mine
foreman.
The mine foreman shall also, each day, read
carefully, and countersign with ink, all reports
entered in the record book of the fire bosses.
Section 19. The mine foreman shall, once each
week, on blank forms provided i yr that purpose,
report to the inspector all fatal and serious accidents
that have occurred in or about the mines,
giving the age, nationality, and occupation of the
injured persons, together with facts as to the
families or dependents affected.
Section 20. The mine foreman shall employ a
sufficient number of fire bosses in order that each
mine can be examined in accordance with the
provisions of sections 1, 2 and 3 of article 5 of
this act. The mine foreman, or the assistant mine
foreman, shall see, as often as practicable, that
the fire boss has left his mark in places examined
or reported as examined.
Section 21. The mine foreman shall direct and
see that safety blocks, or some other device, are
constructed for the purpose of preventing cars
from falling into the shaft or slope or running
away on slopes and incline planes and safety
switches, drop logs, or other devices shall be used
on all slopes and incline planes, and the mine
foreman shall see that said safety blocks, safety
switches or other devices are maintained in good
working order.
Section 22. It shall be the duty of the mine
foreman to see that locked safety lamps are used
when and where required by this act.
The transportation of tools, in and out of the
mine, shall be under the direction of the mine
foreman or his assistant.

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Section 23. It shall be the duty of the mine
foreman to report immediately all violations of
this act to the inspector.
Section 24. When assistant mine foremen are
employed, their duty shall be to assist the mine
foreman in complying with the provisions of
this act, and, in the absence of the mine foreman,
they shall perform the duties of the mine
foreman and shall be liable to the same penalties
as the mine foreman for any violation of this act.
ARTICLE V.
DUTIES OF FIRE BOSS.
Section 1. In such portions of a mine wherein
explosive gas has been generated within one
year before the passage of this act, or shall be
generated after the passage of this act in sufficient
quantities to be detected by an approved
safety lamp, the mine foreman shall employ a
fire boss, or fire bosses, whose competency to
act as such shall be evidenced by a certificate of
qualification from the Department of Mines on
the recommendation of the Examining Board, as
provided for in section 6, article 24 of this act.
It shall be the duty of the fire boss to examine
carefully, before each shift enters the mine,
every working place without exception, all places
adjacent to live workings, every roadway and
every unfenced road to abandoned workings and
falls in the mine; but, before proceeding with
the examination, he shall see that the air current
is traveling in its proper course. In making
the examination he shall use no light other
than that enclosed in an approved safety lamp.
'The examination shall begin within three hours
prior to the appointed time for each shift to
enter the mine. The fire boss shall examine for
all dangers, in all portions of the mine under
his charge, and, after each examination, he shall
leave, at the face and side of every place examined,
the date of the examination as evidence
that he has performed his duty. He shall also
examine the entrance, or entrances, to all workedout
and abandoned portions adjacent to the roadways
and working places under his charge, where
explosive gas is likely to accumulate, and he
shall place a danger signal across the entrance
to every working place, and every other place,
wheie explosive gas is discovered, or where immediate
danger is found to exist from any other
cause, and said signal shall be sufficient warning
for persons not to enter. The meaning of
all danger signals shall be explained to the non
English speaking employes of the mine in their
several languages by the mine formena, assistant
mine foreman, or fire boss through an interpreter.
Section 2. A suitable record book shall be
kept at the mine office, on the surface, of every
mine wherein fire bosses are employed, and im­
mediately after the examination of such mine,
or any portion thereof by a fire boss whose duty
it is to make such examination, he shall enter
in said book, with ink, a record of such examination
and sign same. This record shall show the
time taken in making the examination, and, also,
clearly state the nature and location of any danger
that may have been discovered in any room
or entry or other place in the mine, and if any
danger or dangers have been discovered the fire
bosses shall immediately report the location
thereof to the mine foreman. No person shall
enter the mine until the fire bosses return to the
mine office on the surface or to a station located
in the intake entry of the mine (where a
record book as provided for in this section shall
be kept and signed by the person making the examination)
and report to the mine foreman or
the assistant mine foreman, by telephone or
otherwise, that the mine is in safe condition for
the men to enter. When a station is located in
any mine, it shall be the duty of the tire bosses
to sign, also, the report entered in the record
book in the mine office on the surface.
The record books of the fire bosses shall, at all
times during working hours, be accessible to the
inspector and the employes of the mine.
Section 3. A second examination by the same,
or other fire bosses, shall be made, during working
hours, of every working place where men are
employed.
Section 4. The mine foreman and the fire boss
shall, at or near the main entrance to the mine,
provide a permanent station with a proper danger
signal, designated by suitable letters and
colors placed thereon. In every mine generating
explosive gas in quantities sufficient to be detected
by an approved safety lamp, when the working
portions are one mile or more from the entrance
to the mine, or from the bottom of the shaft or
slope, a permanent station of suitable dimensions
may be erected by the mine foreman (provided
the location is approved by the inspector) for the
use of the fire bosses and in the said station a
fire-proof vault of ample strength shall be erected
of brick, stone, or concrete, in which the temporary
record book of the fire bosses, as described
in section 2 of this article, shall be kept. It shall
not be lawful for any person except the mine foreman,
and, in case of necessity, such other persons
as may be designated by him, to pass beyond
said permanent station and danger signal
until the mine has been examined by a fire boss,
as provided for in section 1 of this article, and
the mine or certain portions thereof reported by
him to be safe. The fire boss shall not allow any
other person or persons to enter, or remain, in
any portion of the mine through which a dangerous
accumulation of gas is being passed in
the ventilating current from any other part of

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
the mine. He shall report at once any violation feet and the distance between the openings to
of this article to the mine foreman.
the surface of slopes shall not be less than 150
Section 5. Any employe or other person, except feet, and the distance between drifts shall not
those hereinbefore provided for, who passes by be less than 50 feet; Provided, that the distances
any danger signal into the mine, or into any between said openings shall apply only to mines
portion of the mine, or removes such danger opened after the passage of this act, and, pro­
signal before the mine has been examined and vided, further, that the distances specified may
reported to be safe, or any employe or any other be less with the written consent of the inspector.
person who passes by any danger signal placed The passageways between said two shafts shall,
at the entrance to a working place, or any other at all times, be maintained in safe and available
place in the mine, or removes such danger signal condition for the employes to travel therein, and
without permission from the mine foreman, the the pillars in entries between said shafts shall
assistant mine foreman, or the fire boss, shall be not be removed without the consent of the in­
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and it shall be spector, in writing, to the superintendent.
the duty of the mine foreman having knowledge The foregoing requirements shall not apply to
of said violation (whether obtained personally or the openings of a new mine, or to the openings
otherwise) to notify the inspector at once in of a new entry of a mine that is being worked
writing and the inspector shall forthwith enter for the purpose of making connection between
proceedings against such persons, as provided for said two outlets, as long as not more than 20
in section 2 of article 26 of this act.
persons are employed, at any one time, in making
Any mine foreman who fails to notify the in­ the connection or driving the second opening;
spector forthwith of any violation of the provis­ nor shall said requirements apply to any mine in
ions of this article that has been reported to him, which the second opening has been rendered un­
or has come under his personal observation, shall available by reason of the final robbing, or re­
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
moving, of pillars, as long as not more than 20
Section 6. Any fire boss who neglects to com­ persons are employed therein, at any one time.
ply fully with the provisions of this article relat­ Section 2. The cage, or cages, or other safe
ing to his duties, or who shall make a false report means of egress, shall be available at all times
of the condition of any place in the portion of for the persons employed in any mine that has
the mine allotted to him for examination, shall no second outlet available.
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be Section 3. There shall be around the side, at
suspended by the mine foreman and his name the bottom of every hoisting shaft (and similarly
shall be given to the inspector for prosecution. around the side of such shaft at any intermediate
If he is found guilty, he shall return his certificate point where it intersects any entry), a passage­
of qualification as fire boss to the Department of way not less than five feet high and three feet
Mines; Provided, however, that he may again he wide, in the clear, which passageway shall be
an applicant for a certificate as fire boss at any either cut through the solid strata or constructed
regular examination after the expiration of six of masonry, and shall be kept open at all times
months, but if he is found guilty of a second so as to enable persons to pass around said shaft
offense, he shall return his certificate to the De­ in going from one side thereof to the other.
partment of Mines and cannot be an applicant Section 4. Every mine generating explosive gas
for re-examination.
in quantities sufficient to be detected by an ap­
Section 7. Nothing in this article shall prevent proved safety lamp, opened after the passage of
a first grade mine foreman or a first grade assist­ this act, shall have at least four main entries,
ant mine foreman from acting as tire boss, or a two of which shall lead from the main opening
regularly employed fire boss from acting, in an and two from the second opening into the body
emergency, as a first grade assistant mine fore­ of the mine; Provided, that, every new gaseous
man.
mine, where locked safety lamps are used ex­
ARTICLE VI.
clusively, projected to open up a large acreage,
SHAFTS. SLOPES, DRIFTS, OPENINGS AND OUTLETS. with main entries 5,000 feet or more in length,
Section 1. It shall not be lawful for the oper­ shall have at least five main entries, two of
ator, superintendent, or mine foreman of any which shall lead from the main opening and two
mine, to employ any person to work therein un­ from the second opening into the body of the
less there are at least two openings or outlets to mine, and the fifth (which may be connected with
the surface from every seam of coal actually an opening to the surface or with the intake air­
being worked, and available from every entry way at or near the main intake opening) shall
thereof, which openings, or outlets, shall have dis­ be used exclusively as a traveling way for the
tinct means of ingress and egress available at all employes.
times for the use of the employes. The distance Every non-gaseous mine, opened after the pass­
between two shafts shall not be less than 200 age of this act, shall have at least two main en-

54 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
tries, one of which shall lead from the main opening
and one from the second opening into the
body of the mine; Provided, that, in every new
non-gaseous mine, projected to open up a large
acreage, with main entries 5,000 feet or more in
length, the operator shall either haul the employes
into and out of the mine at the beginning
and end of each shift, or provide at least three
main entries, one of which shall lead from the
main opening and one from the second opening
into the body of the mine and one (which may
be connected with an opening to the surface or
with the intake airway at or near the main intake
opening) shall be used exclusively as a
traveling way for the employes.
Should any mine opened as a non-gaseous mine
become a gaseous mine, and in every gaseous mine
opened prior to the passage of this act, where
locked safety lamps are used exclusively, having
less than five main entries that have reached
5,000 feet or more in length, and are to be extended
2,000 feet or more, the superintendent
shall have a new opening of ample dimensions
made from the surface, if the inspector of the
district and two additional inspectors appointed
by the Chief of the Department of Mines shall
deem such additional opening necessary for the
proper ventilation of the mines or the safety of
the miners. The main entries and the traveling
way shall be extended from this opening to the
face of the workings. The operator may continue
to work said mine or mines under the provisions
and requirements of this act for a non-gaseous
mine until, by due diligence, the operator can
change conditions to meet the provisions and
requirements of this paragraph.
The intake and return entries shall be kept
drained and free from refuse and obstructions
of all kinds, so that persons may safely travel
therein throughout their whole length and have
a safe means of egress from workings in case of
emergency. Said entries shall be separated by
pillars of coal of sufficient strength and shall not
be driven more than 200 feet beyond the last
cut-through, except for exploratory purposes.
When the main entry of a non-gaseous mine,
or both main entries of a gaseous mine used for
intake for air, are also used for mechanical
haulage, a separate traveling way, leading into
the body of the mine, shall be provided for the
use of the employes in going to and from their
work, or the employes shall be hauled into and
out of the mine at the beginning and end of each
shift.
In all mines where the coal seam is less than
three and one-half feet in height such traveling
way shall be at least four and one-half feet in
height; in all mines where the coal seam is four
feet in height such traveling way shall be at
least five feet in height, and the width shall not
be less than six feet. All such traveling ways
shall be well drained, kept free from refuse of
all kinds, and free from smoke, noxious gases,
and electric wires, unless said wires are so placed
and protected as not to endanger life and are kept
in safe condition.
Section 5. In every slope, with workings on
both sides, an overcast, or an undercast, not less
than five feet wide and five feet high shall be
provided as a passageway for the use of the
employes to cross from one side of the slope to
the other. Said overcast or undercut shall connect
with available passageways leading to the
workings on both sides of said slope. The intervening
strata between the slope and the overcast,
or undercast, shall be of sufficient strength,
at all points, to insure safety to the employes;
Provided, however, that, if it is impracticable to
drive an overcast, or an undercast, in the solid,
an overcast, or an undercast, if substantially built
with masonry or other incombustible material,
will be deemed sufficient.
Section 6. In mines opened after the passage
of this act, if the opening or outlet, other than
the main opening, is a shaft not more than 100
feet in depth and is used by employes for the
purpose of ingress to or egress from the mine,
it shall be kept available and in safe condition
free from steam, dangerous gases and all obstructions,
and shall be fitted with safe and convenient
stairways, with steps of an average tread of 10
inches and a rise of nine inches, not less than
two feet in width, and not to exceed an angle of
45 degrees, with landings not less than 24 inches
in width and four feet in length at easy and
convenient distances. These stairways shall be
made safe by having hand rails of suitable material
placed on one side, or on both sides, when
requested by the inspector, and shall be inspected
every 24 hours by a competent person employed
for that purpose. Water that may come from
the surface or from the strata in the shaft shall
be conducted away so that it will not fall on the
stairways or on persons while descending or
ascending them.
Section 7. After the passage of this act, when
a mine is operated by a shaft more than 100
feet in depth, the persons employed therein shall
be lowered and hoisted by means of machinery
unless the second opening is a drift or a slope.
When the employes are lowered into, or hoisted
from, the mine at the main shaft opening, the
second opening, if a shaft, shall also be supplied
with a stairway constructed in the manner hereinbefore
designated in section 6 of this article,
or with suitable machinery for safely lowering
and hoisting persons in case of an emergency.
Section 8. At any mine where one of the
openings hereinbefore required is a slope and is
used as a means of ingress and egress by the

THE COM. TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
employes and where the angle of descent of said
slope exceeds 15 degrees and its length from the
mouth of the opening exceeds 1,000 feet, the
employes shall be lowered into and hoisted from
the mine at the beginning and end of each shift,
at a speed not to exceed six miles per hour, and
at every such mine where the angle of descent
of said slope averages from five to 15 degrees
and where its length exceeds 3,000 feet, the em­
ployes shall be lowered into and hoisted from
the mine at the beginning and end of each shift
at a speed not to exceed six miles per hour;
Provided, however, that, when a separate travel­
ing way is provided at any such slope, the owner
or operator may, at his, their, or its option, be
exempt from the requirements of this section, if
the angle of said traveling way does not exceed
20 degrees.
(TO UK CONTINUED AUGUST 1ST)
At a recent meeting of the directors of the
Brazil Block Coal Co. at Chicago, the following
officers were elected: President, H. H. Rhodes;
vice president, J. A. Carcia; treasurer, J. E.
Ford; secretary, L. W. Seneff; and assistant sec­
retary, J. H. McClelland. W. R. McGhee has
been appointed general sales agent of the com­
pany, with office in the McCormick Building,
Chicago.
I YOU CAN'T i :
C A N get you a large
clean core of all strata un­
der your land to be ex­
amined in broad daylight.
. No Guess Work. .
iTheJ. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
' Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
: Contractors (or DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FOB THE
COAL TRADE.
~Z PUBLISHERS OF £
\ The Coal Dealers' Blue Book I
\ Contains a Complete List for the United States and £
C Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
^ Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron >
C Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and :
z Coke in oar load lots, with capital and pay ratings. \
\ 550 Monon BulldRo Dearborn St.. '^* """"- \
? CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. \
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following recently granted patents of in­
terest to the coal trade, are reported expressly
for THE COAL TKADE BULLETIN, by J. M. Nesbit,
Patent Attorney, Park Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
from whom printed copies may be procured for
15 cents each:
Process of preventing explosions of coal dust
in coal mines, Mermann Kruskopf, Dortmund,
Germany, 995,261.
Automatic coal shaft basket, J. J. Nary, Harrisburg,
111., 995,892.
Safety appliance for mines, S. G. Bennett,
Chesterfield, Eng., 996,049.
Mine shaft lining, H. J. Wessinger, Duluth,
Minn., 996,178.
Miner's lamp, G. I. Rawson and L. B. Shultz,
St. Louis, Mo., 996,675.
Coke oven, G. E. Behr, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.,
996,829.
Tunneling Machine, G. A. Fowler, Denver,
Colo., 996,842.
Automatic mine door, James Taylor, Peoria,
111., 996,949.
Miner's acetylene lamp, James Taylor, Peoria,
111., 996,950.
HOW TO KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH
AFFAIRS.
Mines of information on every subject are at I
your disposal—Just say the word and we'll j
drive an entry for you - - - - - - - - ;
USE OUR
PRESS CLIPPINGS.
Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in the greatest s
Industrial Center of the World. >
We have two branches—
A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
Both are splendid aids to busy men.
Ask us for definite information
and rates.
The Central Press Bureau,
906 & 908 WABASH BUILDING.
T.l.phon. 2164 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.

ALABAMA INSPECTORS' WARNING CARD.
Chief Mine Inspector James Hillhouse, of Alabama,
has originated the following warning card
and had it posted in conspicuous places at the
coal mines. It was so instrumental in diminishing
accidents that the consuls and vice-consuls
of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy have adopted
it for translation, publication, and distribution
among miners of those nationalities in other
states.
WARNING!
TO ALL MINE EMPLOYES.
The subject of mine accidents is attracting a
great deal of attention throughout this state.
From the loss of life incurred thereby, the suffering
cannot be measured. The desolation and
want that follow the killed or crippled breadwinners
call forth much sympathy. In some of
these accidents the danger is unforeseen, but a
large majority could be avoided if the necessary
precautions are taken. This office suggests the
following:
That every coal mine worker familiarize himself
with the mining laws which are posted at
all coal mines.
THE MINER.
Don't forget to sound the roof on entering your
place to begin a day's work.
Don't forget to sound the roof after each blast.
Don't use short fuse, "skinner backs."
Don't use two different explosives in same hole.
Don't use coal for tamping.
Don't conclude the roof is safe in spite of
drummy sound.
Don't take lighted pipe or lamp to your powder
box.
Don't fire two holes at the same time.
Don't bore your holes beyond the mining.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
Don't hurry in order to get out early.
Don't risk your life to save labor.
Don't forget the miner is responsible for the
safety of the laborer.
THE LABORER.
Don't go into working place until the miner
has examined it and pronounced it safe.
Don't fire blasts for the miner nor in his absence.
Don't disregard the orders of the miner.
Don't forget to retreat to place of safety when
blasting.
DRIVERS.
Don't ride between cars.
Don't ride on side of cars.
Don't run cars on grades until you know the
road is clear below.
Don't forget to call driver boss' attention to
bad truck.
Don't take door boy away from his post to
drive your mule.
DOOR BOY.
Don't leave your door.
Don't allow your door to remain open longer
than necessary.
Don't play around or run after trip of cars.
ALL EMPLOYES.
Don't ride up and down the slope.
Don't pass over danger signals.
Don't roam through old workings.
Don't travel the slope; take the manway.
Don't smuggle dynamite in mines; and report
any one you see doing it.
THE MINE FOREMAN.
See that every working place is free of gas
before employe starts work.
See that all apparatus affecting safety of employes
is in good and safe condition.
See that the above suggestions are enforced.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
„ FAMOUj
TV
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C O ^ A V
PENNSYLVANIA.

58
FIRST SHIPMENT OF COAL TO PARAGUAY.
The first shipment of coal ever made to Paraguay
is now being delivered to the Paraguay Central
railway at Asuncion, writes Consul Cornelius
Ferris, Jr., of Asuncion. It consists of 3,000 tons'
of good steaming coal from Cardiff, and is being
delivered on board the cars of the raihvay at the
wharf at $12.S3 Argentine gold per ton. (One peso
in Argentine gold equals $0,965 in American gold).
This price is greater than the railway company
expected to pay.
If good steaming coal can be delivered at $10
to $10.50 per ton, Argentine gold, its use will be
continued. The officials of the railway are not
able to give the freight rate on the coal from Cardiff
to Buenos Aires, where it was transshipped,
but from Buenos Aires to Asuncion it was $3.08
Argentine gold per ton.
FOR SALE-
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909- IO.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A. bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes' up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full particulars,
analysis of coal, name, location and outfit
of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, IVi tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LIIMHER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.

Lilley Coal & Coke Co., California, Pa.; capital,
$200,000; incorporators, Thomas Lilley,
Thomas Elliott, J. B. Nixon, Jacob Elliott of
East Pike Run township, Washington county;
John H. Moffit, Charleroi, and S. A. Scott, of
MacDonald.
Long Dale Coal Co., Prudence, W. Va.; capital,
$250,000; incorporators, W. E. Deegans, John
Faulkner, John B. Hofmeier, Glen Jean, W. Va.;
C. W. Dillon, Fayetteville, W. Va., and E. S.
Dupy, Parrai, W. Va.
Smokeless Coal Co., Johnstown, Pa.; capital,
$60,000; incorporators, James P. Thomas, W. R.
Thomas, C. E. Thomas, Charles A. Owens, Josiah
T. Evans and F. D. Baker, Johnstown.
Buckingham Coal Mining Co., Clarion, Pa.;
capital, $20,000; incorporators, Chas. Miller,
Franklin, Pa.; John M. Curry, Clarion, Pa.; G.
W. Megeath, Omaha, Nebraska.
Victoria Coal Co., Norristown, Pa.; capital,
$20,000; incorporators, C. H. Alderfer, Freas
Styer, C. Henry Stinson, Joseph S. Rambo, J. T.
Ebbert, all of Norristown.
Coopers Creek Coal Co., Charleston, W. Va.;
capital, $10,000; incorporators, S. A. Moore, E.
M. Moore, of Phillip! and C. D. Strader, of Big
Chimney, W. Va.
W. P. Hubbs Coal Co., Toledo; capital, $30,000;
incorporators, W. P. Hubbs, A. W. Stark, A. R.
Heineman, Fred W. Haigh, David A. Martin.
Black Diamond Products Co., Fairmont, W.
Va.; capital, $100,000; incorporators, E. French,
J. C. Thompson, and others of Fairmont.
Standard Quemahoning Coal Co., Boswell, Pa.;
capital, $100,000; incorporators, Justus Volk,
Frank Fesse and F. D. Allen, Boswell.
Illinois Valley Coal Co., Sparland, 111., capital,
$50,000; incorporators, J. 1. Thompson, E. L.
Buchanan, F. F. Specht, Laoon.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 59
Mary Luck Coal Co., Prestonburg, Ky.
tal, $20.(Mi0; incorporators, C. B. Auxier
M. Spradin and B. 1'. Friend.
capi-
Alex.
Bessemer Block Coal Co., Clay City, W. Va.;
capital, $50,000; incorporators, M. T. Mogg, J. F
Pits and E. F. Cooke.
ITALIAN, AUSTRIAN AND SWISS
COAL IMPORTS SHOW INCREASE.
During 1910 there was imported by Italy 9,314,-
224 tons of coal, as compared with 9,303,500 during
the preceding year, an increase of 10,71S tons.
The tonnage of coal imported by Austro-Hungary
during 1910 fell somewhat short of the two
preceding years, 9,864.462 tons having been imported
last year against 10,842,264 during 1909 and
9,995,415 in 1908. The exports of this country
also showed a falling off as compared with the two
preceding years. In 1910 622,899 tons were ex
ported as against 633,253 tons in 1909, and 762,867
tons in 1908.
The coal imports of Switzerland also showed a
decrease as compared with the two preceding years,
1,700,924 tons having been imported last year as
against 1,S77,S65 tons in 1909, and 2,059,S11 tons
in 1908.
The total imports of these three countries together
amounts to 20,879,610 tons.
Announcement has been made that at the recent
examinations for the position of mine inspector
in the various districts of Luzerne county,
Pa., the following qualified by making a sufficiently
high percentage: David J. Roderick,
G. H. Price, David T. Davis, John J. Walsh,
Hugh McDonald, Thomas J. Evans and William
Jennings. The first six named constitute the
present board of inspectors and will be retained.
Mr. Jennings will be held as the extra man.
He is at present superintendent of the Pittston
collieries of the Erie Coal Co.
J. H- SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
ANALYSIS :
Moisture i53 BEST FOR STEAM AND
XSftJK* -------- SS DOMESTIC USES
( Ash 6.17
Sulphur - - - - I - " 0ffices. 1315 Park Building, PITTSBURGH.
( B. T. U. per pound of Dry Coal, 13544.3 "'
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Be„ phones> Grant 1822-1823-1824
( Tas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.
Illlllllf

60
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.

GOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, AUGUST 1, 1911 Nc
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STRAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon alt matters
relating to coal or coal production are invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
OPTIMISTS ARE IN THE MAJORITY IN THE COAL
TRADE just now and seem to have the pessimists
on the hip. The contentions of the optimists are
borne out largely by figures of production and by case.
shipments as shown by figures of rail and water
carriers, with the net result that, all over the
country, men prominent in the tiade are furbish­
ing up a smile with which to greet the return of
more tonnage at distinctly higher prices. This
latter phase of the situation is the one to bring
forth the smile quickly and that it is not far off
is established by the fact that reports of a 10-cent
increase in price come from different sections of
the country, where, heretofore, for several months
at least, the prices have been hanging on the
ragged edge of a slashing in order to keep mines at the anthracite convention when the president
going.
Taking a comprehensive glance at the trade as a
whole the bituminous branch apparently is best
off and has tne advantage over the anthracite and
coke branches although the anthracite shipments
in July exceeded those of the same months last
year.
The lake trade during the month just closed
has made considerable progress and those ship­
pers who control their own docks or are affiliated
with dock owning companies are sending coal for­
ward in goodly quantities, the reports from differ­
ent ports snowing that the total shipments for
July exceeded those of the same period of 1910,
a banner year in the trade. While coal is going
forward in quantities, sufficiently large to keep
lower lake docks active, the absorption of pro­
duction by consumers in the Northwest is said not
to be keeping pace with receipts, and if this be
the case, we can expect to hear, possibly in a
short time, of congestions and vessels held await­
ing a chance to unload. However, the approach
of cooler weather may cause a change and coal
will go forward faster. The action of the Cana­
dian government which has decided to admit coal
free of duty on account of the strike in Alberta,
is likely to hasten the clearing of the upper lake
docks earlier than otherwise, and to make tlie
final rush a more prolonged one than usually is the
The car situation is good, the latest report show­
ing a slight gain in idle cars, mostly coal carriers,
thus giving assurance of a plentiful supply for a
time at least.
The labor situation is not nearly so satisfactory
as it was a month ago. The Alberta strike is still
on, there aie a number of petty stoppages re­
ported, which more than offset the settlement of
differences elsewhere, and there is an undercur­
rent in the condition of affairs that bodes little
good. This undercurrent bad its first expression
urged tne men to present many demands to the
employers.
In the Pittsburgh district the condition of trade
seems satisfactory to the majority of the opera­
tors, although there is some grumbling by some
of the independent operators who have no affilia­
tions. Mines are working somewhat better and
probably 70 per cent, of capacity is a safe esti­
mate of tonnage produced. River shipping mines
are still up against a low river stage and the Pitts­
burgh harbor contains one of the largest consign­
ments of coal it has had for a long time. And

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
the prospect for a speedy iise in the rivers is
poor. But line mines seem, to make up for this
and more and longer trains on nearly all lines are
the rule. The turn of the road apparently has
been reached, and, in consequence, nearly every­
body is wearing a more cheerful look. With bet­
ter prospects in view producers are holding to
market quotations, which are: Run-of-mine coal,
$1.25 to $1.35; three-quarter coal, $1.35 to $1.45;
inch and one-quarter coal, $1.45 to $1.55; slack,
85 to 90 cents.
Coke manufacturers now begin to see the
speedy return of brisk demand and better prices.
During the last week for which reports are avail­
able, production showed an increase of about 12,000
tons, while the number of active ovens also in­
creased. There was a sharp demand for product
and it resulted in some coke being sold at about
10 cents per ton higher than had been paid for
spot coke a few days previous. Reports of addi­
tional furnaces going into blast were made and
this means increased consumption. A decidedly
good sign is tue fact that no coke is being stocked
and that the demand is sufficient to absorb all
coke manufactured. Prices are quoted at $1.75
to $1.85 for furnace coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for
foundry coke.
The anthracite coal trade is unchanged, though
weather conditions have improved deliveries and,
everything considered, the position is as good as
was expected at a time when general conditions
have settled down to midsummer routine. Con­
siderable restriction of production is going on.
The Lehigh Valley Coal Co., which has been a
heavy producer continuously for many months,
worked but half time during the past fortnight.
Other companies are also working but partial
time. Notwithstanding this the output of coal
was larger last month than in July of last year
when but little more than 4,000,000 tons of coal
were sent to market. The usual addition to the
price of the different grades was made, effective
this date and they are now within 10 cents of
winter figures. The demands the miners may
make next year are already attracting attention
in the trade.
* * *
EX-PRESIDENT T. L. LEWIS of the Mine Workers'
organization sees breakers of mountain high pro­
portions ahead of the craft controlling the des­
tinies of his fellow workmen. His statement of
conditions throughout the union mining fields,
originally published in the Industrial Index, and
reproduced in the current issue of THE COAL TRADE
BULLETIN, shows that very choppy water has al­
ready been reached and that the organization's
administrative ship must veer from its present
course or suffer the consequences.
After pointing out the conditions in the South­
west, riddled with local strikes innumerable and
its miners crying for work; in Illinois, where
thousands are idle and the leaders are alleged to
repudiate wage contracts; in Indiana, where weak
leadership has stirred up a hornet's nest of trouble
and brought about numerous contentions between
operators and miners; in his home state, Ohio,
where many useless lock-outs have tended to de­
moralize the mining industry; the unsatisfactory
outcome of the ill-advised Irwin field strike; open
rebellion in the Western and Central Pennsylvania
ranks, and general turmoil in evidence in other
sections, Mr. Lewis puts the issue squarely in
these words: "Can it be possible that the United
Mine Workers, as an organization, is in danger of
destruction?"
Nor does Mr. Lewis supply these facts without
attributing a cause. The conditions were brought
about by repudiation of contracts or the failure to
respect and enforce the terms of wage contracts
mutually agreed to and the violation of the law,
he broadly asserts.
Twenty-eight millions dollars increase in wages
in nine years looks good enough to stop all "monkeying"
with the instrument by which the increase
was secured.
* * *
It's a wonder President McAneny of the anthracite
miners didn't advise them to ask for the
deeds for the property when ne was at it.
* * *
Begins to look as if the United Mine Workers
are diiving their entries mighty close to the
boundary lines.
* * *
Senator Watson wants free coal, and he's making
a strenuous fight to get what he wants.
* * *
That Alberta strike seems to be "putting a
crimp" into the "Canuck" arbitration law.
* * *
The family furnace is ready for its annual overhauling

DEMANDS OF DISTRICT No. 1, ANTHRACITE
MINERS FORMULATED A T WILKES-
BARRE CONVENTION.
At the annual convention of District No. 1 (anthracite
field). United Mine Workers of America,
which opened at Wilkes-Barre, Monday, July 17,
the report of the resolutions committee relative
to demands to be made upon the operators for the
next agreement was adopted without a dissenting
vote. The demands call for the eight-hour day,
full recognition of the union, uniform wage scale,
better methods of settling grievances than now
obtains, pay by weight instead of by measure for
coal mined, and a substantial increase in the wage
rate, the specific amount to be decided by the tridistrict
convention. There was also a resolution
endorsed providing for insertion in the demands,
recognition of checkweighmen and check docking
bosses, as representatives of the men.
The report of the tellers showed John T. Dempsey,
of Scranton, Pa., as president-elect. He was
unopposed for the office, President Benjamin Mc-
Enaney, the incumbent during the past year, deciding
not to be a candidate. Dempsey's term of
office will begin April 1. All the other officers,
with the exception of Secretary-Treasurer John
Mack, of Kingston, Pa., are hold-overs. Peter
Dinoski, defeated candidate for vice president,
notified the convention that it was his intention
to protest the election. Dinoski contended that
several locals who were allowed to vote were not
entitled to the privilege owing to delinquency.
The tellers' report showed that he received 1,880%
votes for the office as against 2,947 for Adam
Ryscavage of Plymouth, who was declared the successful
candidate. The board members elected
were as follows: First district, Stephen Reap,
Olyphant; Second district, Michael H. Healey,
Scranton; Third district, Daniel McCue, Pittston;
Fourth district, Peter O'Donnell, Wilkes-Barre.
Martin Battle of Carbondale, Thomas Toole of
Minooka, and Richard Roberts of Scranton were
elected auditors.
President McEnaney in his annual address commented
on conditions among the miners in the
region and suggested what should be demanded of
the operators. He declared that the awards of the
Anthracite Strike Commission have outlived their
usefulness and have not been what the miners
wanted.
"We are in the last year of our present contract
which will expire April 1, 1912," he said,
"which date will mark the close of the ninth year
that the awards of the Anthracite Coal Strike
Commission have been in effect, with no material
changes.
"While the awards may have served many good
purposes at the time they were made and resulted
in many beneficial reforms in the coal mining in­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
dustry as well as higher wages for the mine workers,
nevertheless they were not what the mine
workers wanted then, they are not what we want
now, they have in a great measure outlived their
usefulness and they were never intended as a
perpetual contract, but rather as a basis from
which a common understanding might be reached
from time to time. In my opinion the time has
now come when it is imperative that improvements
be made and many of the obsolete methods for
adjusting differences contained in the awards obliterated,
and more modern ones adopted.
"It is unfair to expect the United Mine Workers'
organization to be any longer held responsible for
the maintenance of peace in the anthracite region,
unless it is dealt with as a party to future contracts,
and conceded the authority it should have
to enforce the observance of contracts when once
made.
"During the nine years just passed not a single
concession of any consequence has been granted
the mine workers, nor have our wages been increased,
notwithstanding the fact that cost of living
has increased more than double the advance in
wages granted by the award of the coal strike commission
in 1903.
"At the expiration of two contract periods during
this time, namely 1906 and 1909. we have been
asked by the operators to accept a renewal of the
award, the operators refusing absolutely to concede
anything in addition thereto without a fight.
"In a spirit of public welfare the mine workers
on those two occasions rather than plunge the region
into another industrial conflict because of the
obstinacy of the operators and their mad desire
for profits, at the expense of every other interest
in the state, decided to accept the ultimatum ot
the operators and renew for another period of
three years the awards of the coal strike commission.
"Now, firmly believing that we have done our
full duty in the interest of public welfare at a
sacrifice of our just demands, and that we have
acted our part during all these years as public
spirited citizens having the welfare of the community
at heart; we now declare that it is our
turn. We are entitled to a substantial increase
in wages next year and we sincerely trust that the
operators in the same spirit of justice and fair
dealing both to the mine workers and to the general
public will recognize the wisdom of granting
it without endangering the industrial peace of the
region."
While the leaders agreed with the men that
their demands should be made and advocate a
strike if the operators show no disposition to
recognize them, it was impressed on them that in
order to gain concessions, the union would have
to be strengthened considerable from a member-

'24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ship standpoint. There aie now some 80,000 mine
workers in the Wyoming-Lackawanna regions
while only about one-tenth that number are mem­
bers of the union. In fact, Secretary Dempsey's
report showed that the average monthly member­
ship for the year was less than 5,800.
THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
SHOWS ACTIVITY I N FEDERAL CON­
SERVATION WORK.
The midsummer work of the United States Geological
Survey shows no lessening in conservation
activities. During the month of June the land-
classification board of the Survey appraised 174,910
acres as coal land in the Western States, placing
a valuation thereon of $3,239,369. At the minimum
price under which these lands could have
been sold before the present regulations were in
force, this same area would have brought only $1,-
932,179. During June the Survey also classified
1,415,415 acres as non-coal land and transmitted
the findings to the General Land Office so that the
land might be restored to the public domain.
These classifications were based ou the field examinations
of the Survey geologists.
There have now been classified under the present
administration, in 40-acre tracts, 16,873,370 acres
as coal land, with the valuation of $711,992,537.
The valuation of these same lands at the minimum
prices would have been $266,652,431, the difference
in favor of the government under the present pol­
icy being therefore $445,340,106. During the same
period 39,251,844 acres have been classified as noncoal
land and restored to the public domain. In
June three new withdrawals of supposed coal land
were made in North Dakota and Wyoming, embracing
714,923 acres, and four restorations were
made in Idaho, Montana, Utah and Wyoming, aggregating
1,847,264 acres.
In connection with the classification of oil land.
the Secretary of the Interior withdrew in June
170,333 acres in Wyoming, making a total of 3.
970,429 acres of oil land now standing withdrawn
and awaiting needed legislation in tbe interests of
the conservation of the nation's extensive petroleum
deposits.
Suit for $2,500,000 damages for alleged conspir­
acy and fraud in acquiring 2,415 acres in the
Trinidad coal fields in southern Colorado, was
filed in the federal court late July 20 against the
American Smelting & Refining Co. In order that
innocent purchasers of the land might not suffer,
the action was brought in law for damages, and
not in equity to set aside the patents. The suit
is the culmination of several years' investigation
by special land agents.
OVER TWENTY-EIGHT MILLIONS MORE PAY
RECEIVED BY THE ANTHRACITE MINE
WORKERS UNDER SLIDING SCALE.
A computation has been made showing what the
anthracite mine workers have received as a result
of the sliding scale established by the Strike Com­
mission which President Roosevelt appointed in
19H2. The sum is $28,293,442. This is in addition
to the general 10 per cent, wage increase which
the commission granted. It is due to the automatic
advance in the pay of labor from every rise
above $4.50 a ton in the tidewater price of coal.
The commission, after granting the flat 10 per
cent, increase, decreed that, for every five-cent rise
in the price of coal above $4.50, the wages of the
mine workers should be further increased by 1
per cent. For example, if the average price is
$4.80 in September the men get a 6 per cent, increase
for that month. The advance is applied
to the pay of all classes of employes. The marketable
output of anthracite since the sliding scale
was established has amounted to 544,104,670 tons.
The average increase from the operation of the
scale has been 5.2 cents a ton, making a total of
$28,293,442.
IDLE RAILWAY CARS.
The Bulletin of the American Railway Associa­
tion states that on June 21 the net surplus of idle
cars on the lines of the United States and Canada
stood at 163,1711, compared with 166,970 two weeks
before. The difference is 3,800, or about 2.2 per
cent. Tbe number of idle cars, or gross surplus,
was 165,934 compared with 169,1106, while the shortage
increased from 2,036 to 2,764. There were
decided shortages on lines operating in the Vir­
ginias and Carolinas, and also on Canadian roads.
In the two weeks ended June 21 the surplus of
coal cars decreased from 73,462 to 72,885, while
the box car surplus increased from 2,251 to 53,208.
Both flat and miscellaneous cars showed substan­
tial decreases.
Winter wheat is beginning to move from the
southwest, and before very long there will be a
decided change in the idle car situation, which has
showed little variation during the spring months.
The surplus is about 40.000 ahead of last year.
A minor portion of this difference is due to the re­
ceipt of new cars from the makers.
Freight tariffs making advances on bituminous
coal and coal briquettes filed by the Cleveland,
Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis railway and con­
necting carriers have been suspended by the Interstate
Commerce Commission until November 16
next.

PITTSBURGH COAL COMPANY PLANS
MERGER OF RIVER COAL CORPORATION.
A plan for the merger of the Monongahela River
Consolidated Coal & Coke Co. by the Pittsburgh
Coal Co. was made public July 20, the proposition
being made first to Mr. John B. Finley, one of the
largest stockholders of the River Coal corporation,
by Chairman M. H. Taylor of the Pittsburgh
Coal Co. The details of the plan do not differ
materially from the earlier rumors.
The Pittsburgh Coal Co. has for some time
owned at least 300,000 of the 400,000 shares of
common stock of the River corporation and 50,000
of the 200,000 shares of its preferred stock, giving
it control. It now proposes to secure all the stock
outstanding of the River corporation by offering
in exchange one share of common stock of the
Pittsburgh Coal Co. for two shares of the preferred
stock of the River Coal Co. For 25 shares
of the River Coal preferred stock, a new debenture
5 per cent, bond of the Pittsburgh Coal Co.
will be exchanged. These bonds are of $500 and
$1.li00 denomination, dated July 1. 1911. They
are to mature in 20 years, the issue to not exceed
$6,350,000 and to provide for enforcement of bondholders'
rights in case of default of interest for
one year. Arrangements have been made for fractional
amounts of stock, through issuance of scrip,
to be redeemed in bonds at par when sufficient
scrip is held to entitle the holder to a bond. In
order to avail themselves of the privilege of exchange,
holders of odd lots of River Coal preferred
must either buy enough to make their holdings
readily exchangeable or else sell a portion. This
stock is held to a large extent in small holdings.
as it was regarded favorably as an investment.
The proposition is open for approval by stockholders
until October 1 and stock will be deposited
with the Union Trust Co. of Pittsburgh until that
date. It is provided that holders of 90 per cent.
of River stock must accept the proposition to put
the merger in force, and if this percentage of
stock is not deposited by October 1, the Trust Co.
will return the stock already deposited in return
for the negotiable receipts to be issued at the time
of deposit.
The stockholders who have approved the merger
plan and who recommend it to other holders are
Messrs. J. B. Finley, D. Leet Wilson, George W.
Theiss, Henry Buhl, Jr., R. H. Boggs, Charles G.
Mcllvain, J. Murray Clark, J. J. Fisher, Robert
Wardop, Harrison Nesbit and Charles E. Willock.
It was generally considered that the required
amount of stock would be deposited and the deal
ratified by River stockholders.
It is believed that the important industrial effect
of the merger will be to withdraw the energies of
the River Co. from the river-carrying trade and
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
place its big production in competition in the more
profitable markets reached by rail, in which the
Pittsburgh company is now a very powerful factor.
The river trade has long been an expensive one to
the River company. Serious losses have been
sustained by storms and accidents peculiar to the
trade and which would be eliminated by entrance
to the rail markets. Competition with Southern
coal fields, nearer the lower river markets, which
are able to undersell the River company's fuel, has
proved trying to the company and made the Southern
markets less profitable, even without losses by
accidents, than in the earlier years of the company's
existence. Its property investment in
steamers, barges and other expensive equipment
is necessarily heavy and for this reason withdrawal
from the river trade will be gradual, but
it is believed that in course of time this will be
one important effect of the merger of the two largest
bituminous coal companies in the country.
SENATOR WATSON WANTS FREE COAL.
Senalor C. W. Watson of West Virginia has
made an effort to have bituminous coal placed on
the free list in the pending tariff measure known
as the Farmers Free List bill. Soon after he was
elected to the Senate he expressed his belief that
coal should be free of duty and that if a reciprocal
agreement could be made between this country
and Canada by which coal from either country
would be admitted into the other free of duty,
the coal industry of the United States and especially
that of the southern part of tbe state of West
Virginia would be greatly benefited.
Following tbat statement. Senator Watson
offered an amendment to the reciprocity bill providing
ior the admission of coal from Canada free
of duty whenever Canada admits American coal
into that country free of duty. Being unable to
get an amendment to the Canadian reciprocity bill
which passed the Senate July 22 he will make
every endeavor to have the amendment adopted
when the Free List bill comes up for consideration
and amendment.
In the pending amendment to the Free List bill,
Senator Watson has gone considerably farther than
he had done in either of his previous amendments.
The amendment to the Free List which
he will ask to have adopted provides that all bitu
minous coal shall be added to the list of articles
enumerated in the Free List bill which are to be
admitted to the United States free of duty. This
means the placing of all coal from whatever country
on the free list and the abolition of all duty on
soft coal. The amendment provides, however, that
coal from Canada shall be admitted to this country
free of duty only when Canada shall admit
American coal free of duty.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
WESTMORELAND STRIKE CALLED OFF.
The International executive board of the United
Mine Workers having advised the calling off of
the strike in the Westmoreland county. Pa. (or,
as it is more generally known, the Irwin) field,
that had been a dead bird for more than a year,
Frank Feehan in making excuses sent out the following
circular:
We desire to officially notify you that the strike
of the Irwin field miners, which was inaugurated
March S, 1910, has been called off.
During the past several months there has been
a serious industrial depression and great numbers
of our members in the various districts and states
have been out of employment. At a meeting of
the international executive board held the week
commencing June 26 they found that the revenue
that was being received by the international organization
was insufficient to continue paying relief
to the large number of miners and their families
involved in the strike.
This industrial depression and the unscrupulous
methods practiced by the coal operators, the vicious
laws of the state of Pennsylvania, which have
been used to the serious disadvantage of the strikers,
coupled with the union-wrecking agencies
and the traitorous conduct of men who have done
all in their power to break this strike and destroy
the hopes of the miners and their families who had
engaged in this long and bitter struggle, have been
the principal obstacles in the way of meeting with
success.
This industrial conflict in Westmoreland county
between the mine workers and the coal corporations
will go down in history as the greatest battle
ever waged for human rights and industrial freedom.
At the request of the international executive
board a convention of the striking mine workers
was held in Greensburg, Pa., July 3. which was
attended by 74 delegates representing every mining
locality in that portion of our district affected
by the strike, and when the question of calling off
the strike was voted on 47 voted in the affirmative
and 17 voted in the negative. The delegates
adopted a resolution of thanks and appreciation to
the officers of the international and district organizations,
the general membership of our union,
the members of other craft organizations, the generous
public and others for the substantial financial
and moral assistance given them in their
struggle.
The heroes of this industrial war again returned
to work without securing at this time the prices
and working conditions which they so greatly deserved,
and although every one interested in the
outcome of this strike is greatly disappointed we
have no reason to feel discouraged. This battle
which has been waged for 15 months will in the
near future bring the desired results. The great
sacrifices required have not been made in vain.
These miners have demonstrated their ability to
fight, and unless improved conditions of employment
are conceded them voluntarily when they return
to work the fight will be renewed with greater
vigor until they are given their rights and justice.
The miners and their families who were engaged
in this strike have commanded the admiration
of every liberty-loving citizen for the courage
they displayed and the great sacrifices they have
made in this long, bitter conflict.
Those in our own ranks who refused to cooperate
with the strikers by giving what assistance
they could to the coal barons by misrepresenting
the strike in the public press, securing workingmen
to take the strikers' places and discouraging
union men from paying their assessment to aid
them in their struggle, have betrayed their class,
and it is to be regretted this kind of men represent
themselves as union men. This struggle has
compelled these traitors to expose themselves, and
their ability to injure our organization in strikes
that may take place in the future is greatly minimized.
The international organization has a well defined
plan for the future of the organization in
that portion of our district and will properly protect
the striking miners and theor families until
they secure employment.
In marked contrast to this verbose excuse was
the circular sent out b.v Robert Gibbons and his
associate district officers, who puts the blame
where it belongs and calls a "spade" a "spade."
It reads:
Pittsburgh, July 5, 1911.
To the Officers and Members of District No. 5,
U. M. W. of A.
Greetings: —
The miners throughout the Irwin-Greensburg
fields to-day held local meetings at which in every
case a vote was taken to call off the strike which
has lasted for sixteen months. This was compul
sory for these poor, misguided brothers, as the
International Executive Board in session at Indianapolis
headquarters last week voted to discontinue
paying strike benefits to them and directed
Francis Feehan to call their leaders and arrange
to have the strike terminated without any
recognition or concession whatever.
A meeting of these leaders was held in Greensburg
last Monday. International Board Members
A. R. Watkins of Ohio, George Dagger of Western
Pennsylvania and Thomas Haggerty of Central
Pennsylvania had been delegated to represent the
International LTnion.
Feehan admitted privately last spring that this
(Continued on Page 36.)

No. 1, 4.7 miles, Bellevue, Pa., Davis Island dam.
In operation.
No. 2, 9 miles, Glenfield, Pa., Neville Island dam.
In operation.
No. 3, 10.8 miles, Glen Osborne, Pa., near Sewickley.
In operation.
No. 4, 18.5 miles, Legionville, Pa. In operation.
No. 5, 23.8 miles, Freedom, Pa. In operation.
No. 6, 28.7 miles, Merrill, Pa., Beaver dam. In
operation.
No. 7, 37 miles, Midland, Pa. Under contract to
T. A. Gillespie Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Twenty per
cent, completed.
No. 8, 46 miles, Wellsville, O. In operation.
No. 9, 55.6 miles, New Cumberland, W. Va. Under
contract with National Contract Co., Evansville,
Ind. Thirty-five per cent, completed.
No. 10, 63.4 miles, Steubenville, O. Plans prepared
but construction not begun. Funds' available
only sufficient to purchase land and put up
some buildings.
No. 11, 76.3 miles, Wellsburg, W. Va. In operation.
No. 12, 87 miles, Wheeling, W. Va. Under contract
to Pneumatic Caisson Co., New York. One
per cent, completed.
No. 13, 95.8 miles, McMechen, W. Va. In operation.
No. 14, 114 miles, Woodland, W. Va. Contract
awarded May 10, 1911, to the Missouri Valley
Bridge & Iron Co., Leavenworth, Kan., for $862,091.
No. 15, 129 miles, two miles below New Martinsville,
W. Va. Contract awarded June 5, 1911, to
the Dravo Contracting Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., for
$742,451.
No. 16, 146.4 miles, 8V> miles' below Sistersville,
W. Va., near New Matamoras, Ohio. Funds not
yet available.
No. 17, 167.4 miles, two miles below Waverley,
W. Va. No funds yet available for construction.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
STATEMENT OF THE OHIO RIVER IMPROVE­ No. 18, 179.4 miles, Constitution, O., Marietta
MENTS SHOWS ELEVEN DAMS NOW IN Harbor, eight miles below Marietta, 0. In opera­
OPERATION.
tion.
No. 19, 191.4, Little Hocking, 0., Parkersburg
In connection with the recent trip of the Rivers harbor, eight miles below Parkersburg, W. Va.
and Harbors Committee of the national House of Pass completed in 1909-10. Balance of contract
Representatives from Oil City, Pa., to Cairo, 111., let to Pneumatic Caisson Co., New York.
with a view to obtaining first hand information No. 20, 201.4 miles, Belleville, W. Va. Contract
of the waterway needs of Pittsburgh and vicinity. awarded May 17, 1911, to Sheridan Kirk Construc­
it is interesting to note the progress made by the tion Co., Cincinnati, O., for $653,825.
government in developing the much hoped for No. 21, 213.7 miles'. Buffington Island, five miles
nine-foot stage of water from the Steel City to above Ravenswood, W. Va. No funds available
Cairo, where the Ohio river joins the Mississippi. for construction.
THE COAX TRADE BULLETIN prints below official No. 22, 220 miles, two miles below Ravenswood,
data showing the status of this work taken from W. Va. No funds available for construction.
the records of U. S. Engineer H. C. Newcomer. No. 23, 229.6 miles, 1% miles above Millwood,
The list below shows official number of dams, W. Va. No funds available for construction.
distances from Pittsburgh, nearest railroad station No. 24, 241.5 miles, one mile below Racine, O.
or town to site and status of work:
No funds available for construction.
No. 25, 260 miles, four miles below Point Pleasant,
W. Va. No funds available for construction.
No. 26, 274 miles, Hogsett, W. Va. Built by
government—will be finished during 1911.
No. 27, 288.4 miles, Crown City, Ohio. No funds
available for construction.
No. 28, 309 miles, two miles below Huntington,
W. Va. Work to be started by government during
1911.
No. 29, 320 miles, two miles below Ashland, Ky.
Contract awarded March 21, 1911, to Bates &
Rogers Construction Co., Chicago, 111., for $631,-
440.86.
No. 30, 338.9 miles, six miles below Greenup, Ky.;
No. 31, 358.3 miles', five miles below Portsmouth,
O.; No. 32, 383.7 miles, three miles below Concord,
Ky.; No. 33, 400.4 miles, four miles above
Maysville, Ky.; No. 34, 431 miles, Chilo, O. Sites
determined but contracts not let.
No. 35, 449.7 miles, four miles above New Richmond,
O.; No. 36, 460 miles, California, 0., six miles
above Cincinnati, O. Preliminary surveys only.
No. 37, 481.3 miles, Saylers Park, O., 12 miles
below Cincinnati, O., Cincinnati harbor. In operation.
No. 38, 401.3 miles, Rising Sun, Ind.; No. 39,
529.6 miles, three miles above Vevay, Ind. Site
determined but contract not let.
No. 40, 552.7 miles, Madison, Ind. Preliminar}
survey only.
No. 41. 604 miles, Louisville Canal, to be enlarged.
Contract to be placed during 1911.
No. 42, 623 miles, West Point. Ky.; No. 43, 652
miles, two miles below Amsterdam, Ind. Sites
determined but contracts not let.
No. 44, 660.2 miles, two miles below Leavenworth,
Ind. Preliminary survey only.
No. 45, 699.7 miles, five miles below Cloversport,
Ky.; No. 46, 749 miles, Owensboro, Ky.; No. 47,

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
771.3 miles, two miles below Newbury, Ind. Sites
determined but contracts not let.
No. 48, 804.1 miles, 10 miles below Henderson,
Ky., near Tobacco Patch. Contract to be let during
1911.
No. 49, 830.5 miles, one mile above Uniontown,
Ky.; No. 50, 839.6 miles, one mile above Caseyville,
Ky.; No. 51, 876.9 miles, Elizabethtown, 111.;
No. 52, 912.4 miles, eight miles above Paducah,
Ky., near Smithland, Ky. Sites determined but
contracts not let.
No. 53, 947.3 miles, 10 miles above Mound City,
111.; No. 54, 962 miles, three miles above Cairo,
111. Preliminary surveys only.
According to the Light List of the Fourteenth
Lighthouse District corrected to October 1, 1906,
measured according to channel, the distance from
Pittsburgh to larger cities is as follows: Wheeling,
W. Va., 90 miles; Parkersburg, W. Va., 183.5
miles; Point Pleasant, W. Va., 263.5 miles; Huntington,
W. Va., 306.5 miles; Portsmouth, W. Va.,
353.5 miles; Cincinnati, O., 466.5 miles; Louisville,
Ky., 598 miles; Evansville, Ind., 783 miles; Paducah,
Ky., 920 miles; Cairo, 111., 965 miles.
CORONOR'S JURY PLACES NO RESPONSI­
BILITY FOR SYKESVILLE MINE DISASTER.
The coroner's jury investigating the accident at
Cascade Coal & Coke Co.'s shaft, Sykesville, Pa.,
July 15, in which 21 miners lost their lives, in its
verdict stated that "the victims came to their
death from burns and asphyxiation as a result of
an explosion of gas and from the evidence submitted,
we are unable to place any responsibility."
The jury heard a mass of evidence from fire bosses
and inspectors and the fact was brought out that
gas had been detected from time to time but
not in dangerous quantities.
The official report of the inspectors narrated the
condition of the mine following the explosion, and
the following conclusions arrived at:
First—That the gas having accumulated in dangerous
quantities in the third right and parallel
entries, we are of opinion that a door on the
eighth left, used in conducting or directing ventilation
into said third right was left open.
Second—That the gas ignited by the flame of an
open lamp or the flame of a blast fired in the coal
at the face of the parallel entry to said third
right.
Owing to the fact that there was a considerable
quantity of explosive gas generating in the advance
workings on eighth and ninth left entries
rendering the mine unsafe, we recommend in order
to prevent the possibility of a recurrence of another
such accident, the following:
First—That all stoppings between inlet and re­
turn always be constructed of concrete, brick or
stone.
Second—That permissible explosive that has
passed the test of the Government Testing stations
be exclusively used hereafter for blasting purposes.
Third—That all shot holes be tamped with incombustible
material and all shots fired by electric
batteries in the hands of competent shot firers.
Fourth—That electric wire where installed be
kept on intake airways where locked safety lamps
are used.
Fifth—That all workings at face of south main
headings and all workings to left of south mains
be worked exclusively with locked safety lamps.
Respectfully yours,
C. P. BYRNE,
Inspector of Twelfth Bituminous District.
ELIAS PHILLIPS,
Inspector of Fourth Bituminous District.
JOSEPH KNAPPER,
Inspector of Eighth Bituminous District.
THOS. D. WILLIAMS,
Inspector of Sixth Bituminous District.
CHAS. P. MCGREGOR,
Inspector of Nineteenth Bituminous District.
Dated July 20, 1911.
MINERS' OFFICIALS JAILED.
Edward Doyle and William Crawford, officers of
the United Mine Workers, and 12 other miners,
were sentenced by Judge Whitford July 15 for
violating the injunction restraining the strikers
of the northern Colorado coal field from picketing.
Sentence of one year imprisonment for Doyle and
Crawford and fines for the others were imposed
and all were committed to jail pending payment
of the fines. In sentencing the men, the court
took opportunity to denounce the union, declaring
that the miners had maligned as well as attempted
to intimidate him. The miners committed to
jail have announced that they will not pay their
fines.
The tonnage of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. for the
six months ended June 30 was approximately 6,-
000,000 tons, a decrease of about 550,000 tons, or
7% per cent., from the corresponding period of
last year. This is a better showing than recent
reports of coal trade conditions have indicated.
Shipments so far in July make a better comparison
with July, 1910, than May and June did with
the corresponding months of last year.
The Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics reports
that the only coal field in the state where blasting
from the solid is still practiced is the Sangamon
county district. Elsewhere this method has been
abandoned as wasteful and dangerous.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
SMOKE PREVENTION IN PITTSBURGH
Pittsburgh's coal consumers are wrestling with
the proposed smoke prevention ordinance which
is up for discussion before city councils. Several
public hearings have been held by the councilmanic
committee on health and sanitation at
which all parties affected by its provisions were
given a chance to air their views. In addition,
practical tests showing what is possible in the
way of eliminating smoke are being provided by
the United States Bureau of Mines at the Arsenal
Testing Station. Experts connected with the
government bureau not only contend that the proposed
measure is reasonable in every detail but
tnat the requirements might even be more drastic
without working hardship on the coal burners.
The ordinance, which was drawn up by City
Solicitor Charles' A. O'Brien, with the aid of experts
on the subject, permits the emission of dense
black or gray smoke for eight minutes of each
hour. During the first hour in which fire is being
kindled under the cold boiler or furnace, the limit
is 30 minutes for dense smoke.
At the public hearing of the councilmanic committee
held Friday, July 14, all interested parties
were in attendance and discussed the possibilities
and requirements of the ordinance pro and con.
Mr. Herbert M. Wilson, chief engineer in charge
of the Arsenal Testing station, asserted positively
that a
LIMIT OF FOUR MINUTES
per hour for black smoke gives sufficient leeway,
supplementing this with the claim that a cold
boiler could be fired without producing black
smoke for a longer period than five minutes. He
suggested that an educational campaign be inaugurated
in which firemen could be instructed in
their duties.
Mr. Wilson stated that results in entire accord
with his claims were being obtained daily at the
Arsenal station and to prove his assertions invited
both sides of the controversy to attend a
test there Monday, July 17. At this time, with
the use of ordinary low grade slack coal from the
Pittsburgh seam, 50 pounds pressure was registered
on the steam gauge in about one hour. The
boiler, of 250 horsepower capacity, was equipped
with a chain grate stoker of the ordinary design.
Black smoke was not produced for a single instant
during the test. The density as measured by the
standard of a Ringlemann smoke scale never advanced
beyond No. 2 and averaged only a little
over No. 1.
A test of similar nature, with hand stoking, will
be held at the Arsenal station August 1. Mr.
Wilson claims that results almost equally as satisfactory
can be secured with this method of firing.
The ordinance, which is proving the bone of
contention, is appended below:
AN ORDINANCE.
Providing for the regulation of the production
or emission of smoke within the corporate limits
of the city of Pittsburgh, and prescribing penalties
for violation of the provisions hereof.
Section No. 1. Be it ordained and enacted by
the city of Pittsburgh, and Council assembled,
and it is hereby ordained and enacted by the authority
of the same, that no steam boiler, furnace
or other furnace shall be constructed within the
corporate limits of the city of Pittsburgh until
the owner, agent or lessee shall first make written
application at the office of the Chief Smoke
Inspector for a certificate for that purpose, and
shall furnish a written statement and drawings of
the style and dimensions of such boiler or furnace,
and height and size of stack or chimney,
and the method or device for preventing the emission
of dense black or dense grey smoke therefrom
for more than eight (8) minutes in any one
hour, and the Chief Smoke Inspector's approval
has been obtained: Provided, however, that no
discrimination shall be exercised for or against
any method which will and does now prevent the
emission of dense black or dense grey smoke, except
for eight (8) minutes in any one hour.
Section No. 2. Every boiler furnace or other
furnace used within the corporate limits of the
city of Pittsburgh, in which bituminous coal is
burned as fuel, shall be so constructed or altered
as to prevent the production and emission of dense
black or grey smoke therefrom, except for eight
(8) minutes in any one hour; and no person or
persons, associations or corporations being the
owner or lessee, or having control of any such
steam boiler or other furnace shall use or allow
the use of any steam boiler or other furnace which
shall not be so constructed, or if already constructed
at the time of the passage of this ordinance,
which shall not be so altered, or the
METHOD OF STOKING
De so regulated as to prevent the emission of dense
black or dense grey smoke for more than eight (8)
minutes in any one hour.
Section No. 3. The issuance and delivery by
the smoke inspector of any permit or certificate
for the construction or reconstruction, or any
permit for the alteration or repair of any plant
or chimney connected with the plant, shall not be
held to exempt any person or corporation to whom
any such permit has been issued or delivered, or
who is in possession of any such permit, from
prosecution on account of the emission or issu-

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ance of dense black or dense grey smoke caused
or permitted by any such person or corporation, in
violation of the terms of this ordinance.
Section No. 4. It shall be the duty of deputy
smoke inspectors personally to inspect all chimneys,
steam generating plants, and all other furnace
apparatus in use, and to make written reports
of the same to the Chief Smoke Inspector,
who shall keep a permanent record of all essential
facts relating thereto. The Chief Smoke Inspector
or his deputies shall have authority to inspect and
supervise all boilers or furnaces within the corporate
limits of the city of Pittsburgh and upon
the waters adjacent thereto, where such are within
the jurisdiction of the provisions' of this ordinance,
and shall further have authority to examine
and supervise the igniting, stoking, feeding
and attending to such boiler or other furnace fires,
and for that purpose, he or his duly appointed
assistants, shall also have authority to enter any
steam boiler or engine room, or any building from
which dense black or
DENSE GREY SMOKE
is being emitted and during the preceding twentyfour
(24) hours has been emitted; and any person
or persons hindering or obstructing them in the
performance of such duty shall be guilty of a violation
of this ordinance.
Section No. 5. If the escape of smoke is the
dense black or dense grey smoke which is prohibited
within the meaning of this ordinance, the
Chief Smoke Inspector shall make complaint to
the persons so offending, defining the offense. In
event that the cause thereof is unskillful stoking,
he shall make immediate complaint to the Director
of the Department of Public Health against any
and all such persons violating this ordinance. In
event that said offense is owing to the faulty construction
of the furnace, size or height of stack
connections, or other engineering details relating
to the boiler or other furnace construction or connection,
he shall make statement of the cause of
such offense and report to the owners or operators
as to the necessary changes, alterations or additions
to be made; and in such case such time for
such alterations or repairs in no instance shall
exceed four (4) months. In the event that it
should appear from the inspection of the Chief
Smoke Inspector that no change or alteration of
the furnace, furnace connections, stack or appurtenances
thereto would eradicate said offense, and
that said offense is owing to a plant being worked
to excess of its normal capacity, or for other organic
reason cannot be converted by such changes
into a plant whicn is not an offender within the
meaning of this ordinance, then he shall report
to the owners or operators as above mentioned
the conditions' of such plant and the required
changes or additions necessary therein, so that it
may not be operated as an offender. Not more
than six (6) months shall be allowed in which to
complete such changes. Notices as above shall
be in writing, and at the expiration of the time
allowance, the Chief Smoke Inspector shall investigate
and make report to the Director of the
Department of Public Health as to the
CONDITION OF THE PLANT.
who, in the event it is maintained as an offender
against the provisions of this ordinance, may cause
suit to be entered, as provided by law, against any
and all persons in charge who are violating this
ordinance.
Section 6. All accidents to furnaces or smoke
preventing devices in use shall be reported immediately
to the Chief Smoke Inspector, giving the
nature of the accident and the time required to
repair the same. Failure to make such report
shall constitute a violation of this ordinance.
Section 7. During the first hour in which a new
fire is being kindled in or under a cold boiler or
other furnace, thirty (30) minutes of dense black
or dense grey smoke issuing from the stack or
chimney thereof will not be a violation of this ordinance;
but during each succeeding hour that such
boiler or other furnace is in service, more than
eight (8) minutes of dense black or dense grey
smoke issuing from the chimney or stack thereof
in any one hour shall be and the same is a violation
of this ordinance.
Section 8. As an official chart to be used by
smoke inspectors for determining the density of
smoke in the city of Pittsburgh, "Ringlemann's"
Smoke Scale, as supplied by the United States
Geological Survey, shall be used.
Section 9. The owner or owners, the offenders,
managers or agents of any corporation owning,
LEASING OR OCCUPYING,
and any person operating or having charge or controlling
any furnace, boiler, heating or power or
manufacturing plant, any locomotive, portable engine,
or boiler, street roller, motor vehicle selfpropelled
on a public street, steamboat, stationary
engine or boiler, or any building or structure of
any description from which dense grey smoke is
emitted, excepting for a total of eight (8) minutes
in any one hour, shall be deemed guilty of
violating the provisions of this ordinance, and
upon conviction thereof before any alderman or
police magistrate he or they or any other person
being convicted of violating any of the provisions
of this ordinance before any alderman or police
magistrate shall be fined not less than ten ($10.00)
dollars, nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars,
and in default of the payment of said fine
and costs shall be committed to the Allegheny
County Workhouse for a period not exceeding
thirty (30) days for each offense, and each day in

which such smoke shall be emitted shall constitute
a separate and distinct offense.
Section 10. That any ordinance or part of ordinance
conflicting with the provisions of this ordinance
be and the same is hereby repealed, so far
as the same affects this ordinance.
Ordained and enacted into a law in Council,
this day of A. D., 1911.
LAKE COAL MOVEMENTS FOR 1911
WILL ESTABLISH NEW RECORD.
Reports issued by the superintendent of the
American and Canadian canals at Sault Ste. Marie
indicate that the coal movement for 1911 will exceed
all former figures. During the first three
months of navigation, April, May and June, 4,209,-
2ba tons of coal, including both hard and soft,
were moved, as against 3,992,712 tons in the same
period of 1910, an increase of 216,573 tons. The
increase is exclusively in soft coal as the movement
of hard coal is slightly behind that of 1910.
The total movement of coal through the canals
for the navigation season of 1910 was: Hard
coal, 1,658,844 tons, and soft coal, 11,854,383 tons,
as compared with 1,412,387 tons of hard coal and
8,527,639 tons of soft coal in 1909.
If the present gain continues the coal trade of
the great lakes will show a sensible increase over
that of 1910, because it must be borne in mind
that a very considerable movement goes through
the Straits of Mackinac, which must be added to
that passing through the canals at Sault Ste.
Marie to arrive at the total coal commerce of the
lakes. The total coal movement on the great
lakes for 1910 was 22,838,700 tons and from present
indication it will pass the 25,000,000 mark during
1911.
The coal movement tabulated for the present
year is as follows:
Soft Coal. 1910. 1911.
Tons. Tons.
April 360,337 286,468
May 1.218,897 1,505,856
June 1,770,805 1,896,958
Total 3,350,039 3,689,282
Hard Coal. 1910. 1911.
Tons. Tons.
April • 179,596 52,932
May 287,446 213,879
June 175,628 253,178
Total 642,670 520,000
It will be noted that the coal movement during
April, 1910, was greater than that of April, 1911,
but this is accounted for by the fact that navigation
opened earlier in April, 1910, and very few
ships were moving in April of the present year.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
PERSONAL l:i
Mr. A. de Gennes, for a number of years general
representative of the Sullivan Machinery Co. at
Paris, France, has retired from business. The
company has appointed as his successor, Mr. Hart
O. Berg, whose address is 30 Rue des Champs
Elysees, Paris, and who will be in charge of the
business in France under the general direction of
the European branch office at London, 814 Salisbury
House, Mr. H. T. Walsh, manager. Sullivan
diamond drills, rock drills, hammer drills, air
compressors, and their parts, will lie carried in
stock at Paris as heretofore.
Mr. James H. Price of Pittsburgh has been engaged
to assume the position of manager for the
Washington Coal & Coke Co. in place of Mr. J. H.
Wurtz, who died over a year ago. The new manager
will take charge about August 1 and will
move his family to Dawson. He will also be associated
with the Dawson and Perryopolis banks.
Mr. Price was formerly district manager for the
American Steel & Wire Co. in Pennsylvania and
has more recently up to the present time been
associated with the Pittsburg-Buffalo Coal Co.
At the summer meeting of the Appalachian Engineering
Association, composed of prominent civil
and mining engineers, coal operators and superintendents
of the Appalachian coal field, Mr. Baird
Halberstadt, F. G. S., Pottsville, Pa., was made
an honorary member of the association, "in recognition
of his high standing in his profession, his
valuable researches in and contributions to
science."
Mr. Joseph Black Campbell, treasurer of the
Duncan-Spangler Coal Co., was married at Philadelphia
recently and is now enjoying a month's
vacation trip in the northern part of New York,
visiting Lake George and Lake Champlain, as well
as Montreal and other outlying points.
Mr. WTIliam E. Tissue, of Bellevernon, Pa., river
shipper for the Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co.. has accepted a similar position
with the New River Co., at MacDonald, W. Va.
A deal was closed July 15 in which Mr. H. L.
Duniap, of Waynesburg, Pa., became the owner
of 100 acres of coal land in Center township,
Washington county, for which he paid $175 per
acre. The deal was made by Mr. F. W. Meighen,
of Waynesburg. The coal under the James
Church farm was purchased from Messrs. D. L.
Headley, A. J. Dye and F. W. Meighen, all of
Waynesburg. Messrs. Headley, Dye and Meighen
purchased the coal one year ago from Messrs.
Harry Taylor and Charles Shirk at $140 per acre.

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS TO HAVE
NEW OUTLET FOR LAKE TRADE.
A deal is now pending for the purchase of the
Coal & Coke railroad by the Pittsburgh & Lake
Erie railroad which if consummated will give that
section of the West Virginia coal fields a direct
connection with the Great Lakes, via Pittsburgh,
and the Eastern markets, via the Western Maryland
at Connellsville. Col. J. M. Schoonmaker,
vice president of the P. & L. E., accompanied by
a party of eastern railroad officials, made a tour
of inspection of the Coal & Coke line July 20.
The visit was doubly significant owing to the fact
that the Lake Erie is interested in the Buckhannon

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
j METHODS ADOPTED BY THE WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES
TO LESSEN THE NUMBER OF FATALITIES IN THE STATE*
) By Charles Connor, Charleston. W. Va 1
West Virginia, since coming to the front as a
coal mining state, has had an unenviable reputation
on account of the inadequate precautionary
measures which have been thrown around the miners
to protect their health and lives. The number
of lives that have been lost during the past
years has been appalling to the whole world.
In the early stage of the coal development cf
the state, those engaged in the operation of mines,
did not fully realize the importance of the character
of the dangers that were to be associated
with the mining business, and consequently their
did not fully realize the importance or the character,
due in a large measure to the fact that the
coal was easy of access and required no great expenditure
in mechanical appliances, or ability in
mining methods. As a result of this, people entered
into the development of the coal resources
of the state with a limited knowledge, either as
to the requirements of the economical production
of coal, or the dangers that are to be overcome,
to give adequate protection to the lives and health
of the persons employed in the mines. To these
two causes, in a large measure, can be attributed
a large percentage of accidents, both fatal and nonfatal,
that have occurred in the state.
As the mining industry increased in magnitude
and the number of fatalities kept pace with the
growth, it became evident to the general public
that some protection should be afforded to safeguard
the health and lives of persons engaged in
the mines.
This duty fell upon the state and an inspection
system was inaugurated with a view to the enforcement
of rules and regulations which were
formulated for the purpose of securing a greater
degree of safety to life and limb in the state.
The mining law and system of inspection, however,
at the time was like the
SYSTEM OF MINING
operations in the state—of a crude and rudimentary
character—and to a large extent was dominated
over by political influence, and because of
this fact, it failed to accomplish the good that it
was intended to accomplish. Mine inspectors,
who were appointed to enforce the law, were
bound by political affiliations and obligations that
hampered and impeded them in the discharge of
their duties.
After some years of experimenting along these
lines it was round that not much better security
to life and health was obtained. It was then found
»paper read before the Annual Meeting of the Coal Mine
Inspectors Institute of the United States. Chicago. June. 1910.
necessary, in order to keep pace with the increased
development, and the greater dangers that were
encountered in the mines by the more extensive
application of modern methods, along with the
large number of disasters that had occurred with
the resulting loss of life, to change the system of
inspection and its mode of application and divorce
it irom all political domination, and bring the
standard of efficiency of the inspecting force up
to such a degree as would guarantee that its personnel'
were men of ability, experience and perfectly
competent to cope with any or all of the
various phases of danger that might arise from
any cause whatever.
To secure this standard of efficiency it was
deemed necessary to hold examinations at which
candidates for the office of mine inspectors would
qualify and show, by reason of their experience,
technical knowledge and mining ability, that they
could be given a certificate certifying that they
had the requisite qualifications to discharge the
duties of an inspector efficiently, and give assurance,
that by reason of these qualifications, that
the health and lives of persons engaged in the
mines would be protected.
This has been done and a reorganization of the
Mine Department has been effected, which has resulted
in securing a higher
STANDARD OF EFFICIENCY.
It has also been freed from political influence with
the resulting good which has been accomplished
in the state, especially during the past year.
West Virginia has had a number of explosions
in the past, far more than it should have had if
the necessary precautions had been exercised to
prevent them.
In all of the explosions of any magnitude, which
have occurred in recent years, the cause has been
attributed to the ignition of coal dust, caused by
the promiscuous use of high flaming powder, or
being ignited by a gas explosion.
By referring to accompanying table A, one can
see the number of lives that have been sacrificed
by explosions during five years In the state.
The explosions at the Lick Branch mine in December.
1908, and January, 1909, were the last resulting
from these errors, and since that time not
a man has been killed either from a gas or dust
explosion in the state.
To prevent gas explosions from occurring the essential
requisite is the introduction of abundant
ventilation into the mine along with exercising
proper vigilance in its distribution to dilute, carry

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
off and render harmless, as well as preventing the
accumulation of the explosive gases.
The prevention of dust explosions' was not found
so easy a task, for wherever it is present in any
quantity, great care must be exercised to prevent
the projection of any flame into it, either from a
blown-out shot with black powder or a small gas
explosion.
There have been in the state men in charge of
mines who did not believe that coal dust was explosive,
or that the permissible explosives in use
were more safe to be fired in the
PRESENCE OF COAL
dust than the high flaming black powder which
was in use; nor did they see the necessity of regulating
the use of black powder so that the least
danger would result from it.
There is a law in the state which says that all
accumulations of dust must be prevented as far as
•d
c
W ©
u tr>
si
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
to
present
time
ui
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nearly all of the mines of the state that are considered
gaseous or dusty and the rules enforced
compelling the miners to cut and shoot their coal
properly. The results have shown that they have
become more efficient and skillful miners, who
turn out a better grade of coal for their employers,
that nets them greater earnings in return along
with promoting a greater degree of safety within
the mines.
For some years West Virginia has been the only
coal mining state of importance in which there
were no certified foremen. Section 15 of our
mine law reads: "In order to better secure the
proper ventilation of every mine and promote the
health and safety of persons employed therein the
operator or agent shall employ a competent and
practical inside overseer, to be called mine foreman,
who shall be a citizen of the state and an
experienced coal miner, or any person having five
years experience in a coal mine."
While this law does not say that mine foremen
shall be certified, the Department of Mines has inaugurated
a system of examining mine foremen
and fire bosses, and if found competent they are
granted a certificate.
In holding those examinations and granting certificates
to those who are considered competent
there is enough law on our statute books to warrant
doing what has been done, and examinations
have been held throughout the state during the
past year.
Having an incompetent mine foreman or fire
boss employed in a mine is considered a most dangerous
practice. The Department of Mines has a
right, under the law, to see that dangerous practices
are not tolerated and they have taken this
means of determining whether or not a man is
competent for the position.
The examinations which were held have been
taken by all the mine
FOREMEN AND FIRE BOSSES
in the state and the operators are showing a desire
to employ only those who can successfully pass the
examination as mine foreman and fire boss.
The holding of those examinations has also set
up a great educational movement within the state,
and as education is one of the greatest preventatives
of mine accidents', the good that this alone
will do is easily foreseen.
The inspectors of our state have been much benefited
by meetings that are held every three months
with the governor of the state and the chief of the
Department of Mines for the purpose of going over
with them any trouble which they may be encountering
in the discharge of their official duties;
it also enables each to know what the other is
doing to bring about the results which each is
seeking to obtain—greater safety in the mines of
the state.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
With the knowledge the chief of the Department
of Mines has of the mines that are considered the
most dangerous he has concentrated the action of
the department on those mines, with frequent inspections
by two or more members, during the
time of year when it most expects danger. It is
safe to say that the mines that are considered dangerous,
either from gas or dust, have been inspected
at least four or five times during the past
cold season.
The inspectors of the state have, by a conscientious
and efficient discharge of duties, done much
to bring about a greater degree of safety within
the mines of the state, and from the fact that no
serious accidents have occurred for some time past,
and from the confidence that has been inspired,
we have received the hearty support of the people
of the state in accomplishing what we have with
laws that were thought to be inadequate to bring
about the desired results.
The mining people of the state are banded together
to promote the mining industry in the
safest manner possible.
We have a healthy growing Coal Mining Institute,
whose object is to advance the coal mining
industry, to encourage education in practical and
scientific mining and to promote study and research
into mining problems.
On the whole there has been a great awakening
in West Virginia during the past year, and the
people who are engaged in mining are striving
hard to make it both the safest and most productive
coal mining state in the Union.
NEW YORKER TAKES TRIP ABROAD
IN INTEREST OF AMERICAN COAL.
Mr. John C. Martin of New York City sailed
Wednesday, July 19. on the Lusitania for Europe
and Asia where he intends making a study of the
industries of these countries with a view to developing
interest in American coal. Mr. Martin is
of the opinion that the day Is not far distant
when the fuel product of this country will be disposed
of in immense quantities to the countries
which are now supplied from England, Belgium,
Russia and Japan. The price of the Cardiff and
Belgium coal and the cost of importing the Russian
and Japanese product is rapidly creeping up
and it is predicted that this will give American
operators an opportunity to bid for the foreign
trade. Mr. Martin went direct to London from
New York and from there will go to Belgium and
thence to Marseilles. He will travel in Europe
principally via automobile. After traversing the
Mediterranean coast he will proceed to Japan for
the purpose of studying the methods used in mining
coal in the islands of that country. He will
be absent from America from four to six months.

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Supplement No. 2 containing descriptions of important
additions and improvements to the various
O-B materials listed in Railway catalogue No. S,
Mine Catalogue No. 9. Catenary Catalogue No. 20
and O-B Hi-Tension Insulator Catalogue No. 10
has just been distributed by the Ohio Brass Co.,
Mansfield, Ohio. The line of mine materials
manufactured by the O-B Company has been especially
strengthened by improvements and additions.
The new Modoc Trolley Clamp, Form 1,
is described for the first time. This clamp is
especially designed for supporting trolley wires
in mines. It is possible to attach it to a trolley
wire just tight enough to hold the wire in position
until it has been stretched. The clamp can then,
by one operation, be permanently tightened upon
the trolley wire and the hanger, thus eliminating
loose joints between the clamp and hand hanger
which it is often impossible to do with other styles
of clamps.
The Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, is distributing
its new pamphlet entitled "Steel Derricks and
Drilling Rigs" which is just off the press. Three
types of derrick are described—the Woodworth
Standard, the Woodworth Oklahoma and the Yorke
Standard—all of which have their respective advantages.
These derricks are all alike in the
use of structural steel angles for the legs, in the
arrangement of crown blocks and the make-up of
ladders. The design differs in the forms of bracing
and bolting at joints. The steel used in construction
of these derricks and drilling rigs is
that employed generally in bridge and building
construction to manufacturers' standard specifications
and the loads are figured on a factor of safety
of four used in structural steel work generally.
All the stresses are taken care of within the structure
itself and no guy lines or other extraneous
means of support are necessary.
In the June issue of the "Engineering Review"
mention was made of a fan 32 feet high handling
20,000,000 cubic feet per hour as being one
of the largest fans ever built. But there is a
"Sirocco" fan only 13 feet 5 inches in diameter
which delivered on test 36,000,000 cubic feet per
hour—nearly double the capacity and less than
half the size. This "Sirocco" fan ventilates the
pit "Clydach Vale" of the Cambrian Collieries,
Ltd., Glamorganshire, South Wales.
Bulletin No. 135 issued by the American Blower
Co., Detroit, Mich., described the "Ventura" Disc
Ventilating fans, their latest development in
curved blade disc fan design and construction.
This fan delivers large volumes of air with a
power consumption much below that ordinarily
required. The well known "A.B.C." fans for exhausting,
conveying and ventilating are also
treated in a brochure recently published by the
manufacturers.
The Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, has issued
an interesting brochure on pneumatic hammer
drills for quarrying, stone dressing and mining
purposes. All these tools are of the type in
which the cutting bit remains against the surface
which is being worked on, and is driven by rapid
blows on the shank from an independent hammer
or piston.
Westmoreland Strike Called Off.
(Continued from Page 26.)
strike was lost. Mother Jones told the International
Board at Indianapolis that it had been a
lost cause since last summer. But Feehan continued
it despite his own conviction that he could
not win, so that he could draw on our National
Union for funds to support the army of his followers
in the field. The result has been the loss of
eighteen lives and the useless and wanton expenditure
of a million dollars of the miners' money,
besides large donations from many of our people
and others in sympathy.
Feehan kept this strike going so that in last
December he could count the votes of the strikers
to continue himself in office. His entire administration
has been a repetition of wild, useless and
lost strikes, including the loss of the Mercer-
Butler field. John P. White and the present
national administration are alike culpable in this
pitiable failure. It adds to their record of letting
the Nova Scotia men go back to work at a 10 per
cent, reduction and the Tuscarawas strikers to re
turn at the operators' terms.
Fraternally yours,
(Signed) ROBERT R. GIBBONS. President.
ABE KEPHART. Vice-President.
ANDREW PU.SKAR. Secretary-Treas.
The Milwaukee-Western Fuel Co., Milwaukee.
Wis., has awarded contracts to the Heyl-Patterson
Co. of Pittsburgh which will give Milwaukee harbor
one of the most modern coal unloading docks
on the Great Lakes. The contract calls for equipment
to cost $500,000 and the old hoisting apparatus
at the foot of Washington street will be torn
down to make way for the new structure. The
dock will be 900 feet long with two 400-feet cranes
running the entire length. The hoists will operate
five-ton grab buckets, and will have a capacity of
300 tons an hour.

PRESIDENT WHITE OF MINERS ADDRESSES
THE COAL RETAILERS CONVENTION.
At the annual convention of the Northwestern
Retail Coal Dealers' Association at Minneapolis
July 10, 11, 12, President John P. White of the
United Mine Workers of America, delivered an
address. Among other things, he said:
"Scarcely half of the men employed in mining
coal are working, while the other half are roaming
over the eountry in search of work. This is
indeed a sad state of affairs and merits the attention
of every person whose pride of country and
love of humanity have not been destroyed by selfish
desires. In dealing with problems of social
progress in all tnat the term implies, we should
confine ourselves to the immediate and future needs
of the people. Destitution in a country noted
for its vast resources is indicative of a defective
social system. The unemployed problem arises
directly from the gradual industrial evolution.
This process continues incessantly, and consequently
the number of idle workers is increasing.
Now, to solve this complex problem, our attention
should be diverted from the question of supplying
foreign markets, and devoted to supplying the
immediate needs of the people at home. It is
indeed a sad commentary upon society that we
are shipping food and raiment to the extent of
millions of dollars in value to foreign countries'
when poverty and starvation exist in our midst.
"The problem of production has been solved. If
we can produce for foreign markets, there is no
reason why we should not be able to satisfy our
own wants. And we are. But the necessities
are not equitably distributed. The laborer does
not receive a just reward for his toil. Therefore,
in the final analysis, we find that it is the unequal
distribution that is the primary cause of
idleness, poverty and the social unrest. That is
the real problem—the only one. In the face of
this chaotic state of affairs, and the clamor for
relief, is it any wonder that reflective men in public
life are urging the adoption of expedients,
some of which have been pronounced impracticable.
"The miners' organization, composed of nearly
350,000 men, has proven of inestimable value, to
its membership. It has had to contend at times
against great odds to maintain its standing, and
has engaged in strike and strife throughout the
years of its existence; it has' extended its power
and influence to such an extent that coal mining
in the United States could not be conducted without
reckoning with this institution. It has shortened
the hours of labor; increased the wages; improved
the conditions of the workers and has influenced
legislation for the safeguarding of human
life, and has maintained an uncompromising stand
against the employment of child labor in the mines.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
Through its success and growth, it has minimized
industrial disputes by instituting and arranging
the joint wage contract now governing nearly all
of the leading coal producing states of our country.
"The benefits derived from this joint method of
arranging wage contracts have not only been helpful
to the miner but to the operator as well. There
is more stability in the mining industry by reason
of this joint bargaining, and while at times problems
confront both that seem insurmountable, yet
the miners' organization has persevered and
adopted such policies from time to time as would
best conserve their interests."
# RETAIL TRADE NOTES, »
The sixteenth annual convention of the Illinois
and Wisconsin Retail Coal Dealers' Association
was held at Milwaukee commencing Thursday,
June 20, and continuing for the balance of the
week. The register at the Plankinton Hotel,
where headquarters were maintained, showed 300
in attendance. The opening sessions were taken
up with addresses of welcome and reports of officers.
Secretary Frank E. Lukens' report showed
that the association had 1,042 regular and 65 associate
members, a total of 1,107, showing a net
gain of 64 over the previous year. Friday's sessions
were devoted to round table discussions.
Milwaukee shippers provided an automobile trip
to Whitefish Bay, where a whitefish dinner was
the feature.
The Delaware & Hudson Co. is about to erect a
retail distributing plant at Schenectady, N. Y.,
similar to those maintained by the D. & H. and
other producing interests in certain eastern cities.
It is announced that Edward B. Ashton, the well
known Saratoga coal man, will probably be placed
in charge of the Schenectady pocket.
The dealers at Danbury, Conn., have evidently
decided that it does not pay to take low-priced
public contracts. This year only one of them bid
on the contract to supply fuel to the schools of
that city, and he named a price 68 cents a ton
higher than was paid last year. At that, he only
asked $6.75 for anthracite.
The dealers of Paducah, Ky., have decided to do
business on a cash basis and it is stated that they
have all entered into a hard and fast agreement
not to extend credit to any one.
The Gardiner Coal & Supply Co. has embarked
in business at Gardiner, Me., having made a considerable
preliminary outlay in fitting up a dock,
building a storage plant, etc.

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
fl CONSTRUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
A deal in coal lands has been consummated at
Pineville, Ky., by which the Pioneer Coal Co., composed
of Louisville parties, purchased the Edgewood
Coal Co.'s property, situated on the right
fork of Straight Creek, consisting of 5,000 acres of
coal lands. The company also secured the leases
of the East Tennessee Coal Co., which had already
begun opening mines and had driven four entries.
The Louisville & Nashville built a railroad to this
property last year and the new owners expect to
be in full operation by October 1. The Louisville
people who are behind the deal are J. B. Speed,
F. M. Sackett, R. P. Barnard, W. S. Speed, M. M.
Bardwell and C. S. Neil.
The Interstate Commerce Commission, through
a special examiner, will begin an investigation of
coal rates in southern Utah. Independent coal
companies have asked the commission to establish
joint and through rates and to fix new routings
whereby "prohibitive freight charges" and "discriminatory
operations" may be abolished. Twenty-six
railroads are made defendants. The action
is brought by the Consolidated Fuel Co. and the
Castle Valley Coal Co., who urge that railroad rates
be fixed from their mines and not from intermediate
shipping points.
Indictments were returned July 26 by the Mineral
county (W. Va.) grand jury after a session
of two days spent in an investigation of the Elk
Garden mine horror, on April 24, when an explosion
at Ott mine, No. 20, cost the lives of 23 miners,
against the Davis Coal & Coke Co. and Mine
Foreman John Kinney. The evidence showed
there was an accumulation of coal dust and gas
and lack of proper and lawful mining facilities
and that the fans had not been in operation from
Friday night until Monday morning, the day of the
catastrophe.
Plans for the $65,000 building, which will be
erected upon the campus of the State School of
Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla, Mo., were discussed
at a meeting of the executive committee of the
Board of Curators at the Marquette Hotel, St. Louis,
recently. The building will contain quarters for
the school's library, an auditorium seating 800 persons,
and administrative offices. T. J. Wornall
of Liberty, Mo., is chairman of the committee and
the other members are: P. E. Burton of Joplin,
Mo., and Doctor S. L. Bayslinger of Rolla.
an output of 762 tons per man.
With the revival of the coal trade in Westmoreland
county. Pa., comes the report that the Yukon
branch railroad will be extended from its present
terminus in Sewickley township to the western
part of the county. The line now terminates at
Wyano, a mining town, and begins at Hunker.
The proposed extension would take the road
through Yukon, Waltz's Mills and terminate at
Mendon.
The Lehigh Valley Coal Co., which has in course
of erection a mammoth concrete breaker, between
Buck Mountain and Vulcan, near Mahanoy City,
Pa., is now engaged in the erection of dwellings in
close proximity to the breaker. It is said that
the company intends to erect homes for at least 50
families, included in which will be the colliery
officials.
At the request of prospectors in the southern
Illinois coal fields, officials of the Burlington road
are planning the construction of a spur to West
Frankfort, Franklin county, 111. Several new
mine properties are being developed there. The
Chicago & Eastern Illinois railroad has long controlled
the traffic in that section.
Engineers of the H. C. Frick Coke Co. are making
surveys of a portion of the coal land recently
acquired from the Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co., near Charleroi, Pa., and it is reported
the block of coal is to be developed.
The Western Maryland railway has decided to
build one additional pier at its Port Covington
terminal. The pier will probably be one for gen­
eral freight, and will be followed with the construction
of another for coal.
The Davis Coal & Coke Co. has sunk two more
shafts between Thomas and Williams, W. Va. The
company will also erect a number of new dwelling
houses at these points for employes.
The Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. announces
that it will build a $100,000 coal washer
in the vicinity of its No. 13 mines.
MONTANA'S RECORD COAL OUTPUT.
Montana broke all her former records of coal
production in 1910, according to the United States
Geological Survey. The coal mined amounted to
2,920,970 short tons, with a spot value of $5,329,-
322. The increase in the total value of the coal
produced during the year was less marked than the
tonnage increase, the average price for the year
having been lower than in 1909; nevertheless the
total value was the greatest in the history of coal
mining in the state. The coal mines gave employment
during the year to 3,817 men, indicating
The Crucible Coal Co. of Pittsburgh has notified
the state department of Pennsylvania that it will
issue $1,000,000 in bonds.

CONGRESSIONAL RIVERS AND HARBORS
COMMITTEE MAKE IMPORTANT IN­
SPECTION TRIP.
Members of the Rivers and Harbors Committee
of the national House of Representatives, headed
by Congressman Stephen M. Sparkman, of Florida,
chairman, paid a visit to the Pittsburgh industrial
region during the fortnight which is expected
to have much weight in securing improved
waterways and the nine-foot stage on the Ohio
river from the Steel City to Cairo, 111.
The party traveled from Washington, D. C, to
Oil City, Pa., where they were met by the Pittsburgh
contingent, composed of prominent representatives
of the community's civic and industrial
interests. Proceeding to Pittsburgh by rail, the
visitors were entertained several days viewing the
sights of the foremost manufacturing city in the
country. Owing to low water, the party went
to Wheeling, W. Va., from Pittsburgh via railroad,
and embarked on the Kanawha, a boat
specially fitted up for the occasion, for the trip
down the Ohio river to Cairo, 111.
Other projects which were Drought to the attention
of the Congressional committee were the proposed
Lake Erie and Pittsburgh ship canal, for
which the counties lying in the upper Ohio valley
and in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia
propose to supply the money provided Congress
will direct the government engineers to
supervise the work, and the construction of immense
reservoirs along the headwaters of the
Allegheny river for flood prevention purposes and
for retaining flood waters in order to supply a
uniform transportation stage at times of extreme
drought.
All these projects are of vital interest to the
coal trade in several respects. Better waterways
mean greater business activities and increased
fuel demands. The competitive feature between
rail and waterways is also important as lower
transportation rates invariably result.
WESTERN STATES SHOW ADVANCE
IN COAL OUTPUT IN 1910.
The statistics of production of coal in the states
of the Rocky Mountain region in 1910, according
to Mr. Edward W. Parker, of the United States
Geological Survey, show that the year was, for
that region, one of unusual prosperity for the coal
operators. It is "an ill wind that blows no good,"
and the closing down of most of the mines in the
Mississippi Valley States by the six months' strike
of 1910 created a strong demand on the coal mines
of Colorado. Montana, New Mexico and Wyoming.
Even Utah, more remote than the other states,
made substantial gains in production. Lignite
production fell off a little in North Dakota, and
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
Idaho's always small optput was somewhat smaller,
but these coals do not enter the same fields of use
fulness as those from the other states, and moreover
the decreases were insignificant. The principal
demands for the Rocky Mountain coals came
from the railroads running between Mississippi
Valley points and the Rocky Mountains, the usual
railroad fuel from the mines of Illinois, Kansas,
Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma having been
cut off by the strike. There was also a good domestic
demand for Rocky Mountain coals throughout
the year.
In 1910 the seven states comprised in the Rocky
Mountain region produced 28,857,413 short tons
of coal, valued at $43,776,715, compared with 25,-
158,612 tons, valued at $37,265,957, in 1909. The
increase in 1910 was 3,698,801 short tons, or 14.7
per cent., in quantity, and $6,510,758. or 17.47 per
cent., in value. The largest increase in tonnage
was made by Colorado, though all the other states,
except Utah, that showed increases outclassed
Colorado in the percentage of increase. Colorado's
production increased from 10,716,936 to 11,973,736
short tons, or 11.73 per cent. In the Geological
Survey's preliminary review of the coal trade in
1910, published January 3, 1911, it was stated that
Colorado's iiroduction would approximate 12,000,-
000 short tons. The value of the product increased
$2,730,922, or 19.1 per cent.
Montana's coal production increased from 2,553,-
940 short tons, valued at $5,036,942, to 2,920,970
tons, valued at $5,329,322, the gains being therefore
14.37 per cent, in quantity and 5.8 per cent.
in value.
New Mexico's' output increased 25.25 per cent.
in quantity and 34.74 per cent, in value, from 2,-
801,128 tons, valued at $3,619,744, to 3.508,321 tons,
valued at $4,877,151.
Utah's production in 1910 was 2,517,S09 short
tons, valued at $4,224,556, against 2,266,899 tons.
valued at $3,751,810, in 1909, an increase of 11.07
per cent, in quantity and of 12.6 per cent, in value.
Wyoming increased her production from 6,393,-
109 tons, valued at $9,896,848, to 7,533,088 tons,
valued at $11,706.1S7, gaining 17.83 per cent, in
quantity and 18.28 per cent, in value. Colorado
and Wyoming together made up nearly two-thirds
of the total increase.
There were 34,652 men employed in the Rocky
Mountain coal mines in 1910, and the average time
made was 245 days.
Prof. R. W. Brock, director of the Canadian Geological
Survey, reports that the mining operations
at Frank, Alberta, have weakened the surface formation
of a mountain which overhangs the town
and that further excavation of the coal deposits
may lead to a disastrous landslide.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
IS THE MINERS' ORGANIZATION TOTTERING?
By T. L. Lewis, in "Industrial Index." Columbus. Ohio.
The United Mine Workers of America is known
to be, numerically, the greatest labor union in the
world. It has made great progress in advancing
the cause of the mine workers of the country.
Wages have been increased from time to time,
with the working hours being reduced, and the
conditions of employment have been very much
improved.
The miners' organization has been a power that
has commanded the respect, if not the good-will,
of some of the bitterest enemies of the labor movement.
The United Mine Workers has attracted
the attention and received encouragement from
many of the most intelligent and eminent men
representing the legislative, executive and judicial
branches of the United States government. While
the organization adhered to its principles as outlined
in the international constitution, it steadily
defended the interests and promoted the welfare of
the wage-earners in the mining industry.
Every mine worker of the country should consider
it a duty, as well as an honor, to be an active
member of the United Mine Workers and defend
its principles. Every mine worker of the country
has been the beneficiary of the splendid work of
the organization. With its splendid record of
work well done in the interest of humanity and
the mining industry, why should it be permitted
to be torn asunder by internal strife and dissension?
There is something wrong, and it is the
duty of every mine worker to investigate for himself
the cause of the terrible condition that exists
in so many of the mining districts.
It would not be so much a "monumental blunder"
as it would be
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE
to permit the United Mine Workers to go to wreck
on the rocks of stupidity, repudiation of contracts,
violation of law and an insane desire to retain
official position in the organization. Stupidity is
an evidence of a lack of understanding of the
awful crisis through which the United Mine Workers
is now passing. The question that every man
should ask himself is, "Will we as an organization
survive the storm?" The other question we
should ask ourselves is, "What am I doing to save
the old craft and steer her into a harbor of
safety?" We must not wait for someone else to
do the work that each of us should be doing.
Can it be possible that the United Mine Workers,
as an organization, is in danger of destruction?
What are the conditions in the different mining
districts? In the Southwest district poor work
and local strikes in violation of existing contracts.
In District 13, Iowa, an attempt to prevent colored
men from joining the miners' union. In Illinois
many thousands of miners idle and a disposition
of the leaders to repudiate wage contracts. In
Indiana many miners on strike on account of
weakness of leadership. In Ohio, poor work,
many useless local strikes and the unsatisfactory
settlement of the Tuscarawas district strike. In
Western Pennsylvania, the open rebellion of the
miners against the methods of the former district
president, who insists on retaining an office. In
the Irwin district, the acknowledgment of those in
charge that there was really no strike in that section.
In Central Pennsylvania, the attempt of the
district officers to disfranchise the members and
establish a paternal institution. Inactivity in the
anthracite region and the absence of organizers in
the non-union mining districts. This briefly is
the condition, and what is the cause?
Repudiation of contracts or the failure to respect
and enforce the terms of wage contracts mutually
agreed to, and the violation of the laws, are the
causes of the most of the trouble within the ranks
of the miners' organization. When miners' and
operators' representatives enter into contract relations
and the
TERMS OF SUCH CONTRACTS
are ignored or repudiated, there can be but one
sequel: the refusal of those interested to negotiate
any contracts. The miners of Kansas and
the Southwest are now paying the penalty for the
stupidity of their district president in the Osage
controversy. The miners of Illinois and Indiana
are paying the penalty of the unwise methods
pursued by their leaders during the past few years.
Ohio miners have lost many valuable conditions of
employment because they have permitted themselves
to be deceived. Western Pennsylvania miners
are suffering because the international officers
are supporting a repudiated district officer and
Central Pennsylvania miners are suffering because
the international constitution has been ignored
and set aside by the district officers and this action
endorsed by the international officers.
This rather peculiar condition within our ranks
is due to the desire of a few men to retain official
position regardless of the tremendous cost it may
mean to the miners of the country next year. It
is not alone the annoyance to the operators whose
mines are closed in violation of contract and the
loss to the miners who believe in respecting the
laws of the organization that causes us the greatest
harm. Think of the impression being left in the
minds of the operators in the non-union mining
districts. As an organization we are judged hy
what we do and not by what we claim we will do.

We appeal to the sympathy and respect of other
people in proportion to our efforts to enforce and
carry into effect our declarations.
What we first need, as members, is a thorough
KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAWS
of the United Mine Workers and the terms of the
wage contracts under which the mines are operated
and we are employed. When we have this
knowledge, we should be firm in our position that
contracts should be complied with by both operator
and employe. We ought to be able to demonstrate
our ability to avoid a suspension of the
operation of the mines to settle a dispute. We
should insist on our official representatives doing
their duty promptly and fearlessly. If we commit
an error or a wrong, we ought to compliment
our officers for showing us we had done wrong.
We should just as quickly tell them in a plain and
intelligent manner.
Remember our contracts expire next year. As a
contracting party we will be largely judged by our
conduct at the present time. What will be the
price of our indifference? Who can tell the outcome
next year unless there is a prompt reuniting
of our forces, coupled with a determination that
the laws of the union must be respected by officers
and members and that contracts can be complied
with and strikes eliminated if we but do our duty.
Mine workers of the country, it is time you investigate
your surroundings and the cause. Prepare
for the future and rescue the organization from the
control of demagogues and make it a real business
institution.
The Mansfield mine of the Pittsburgh Coal Co.
at Glendale, near Carnegie, Pa., was forced to
close for several days on account of serious trouble
which broke out July 24 between the rival forces
of Robert R. Gibbons and Francis Feehan, claimants
of the District No. 5 presidency. A riot
occurred on that day when foreign speaking supporters
of Feehan attempted to prevent miners
who were friendly to the Gibbons wing from going
to work. All the agitators of the trouble were
arrested and jailed and it is believed that no further
outbreak will occur.
The situation in Eastern British Columbia and
Southern Alberta, where about 6,000 coal miners
have been on strike since April 1, is unchanged
and the men are apparently determined to "stand
pat" on their higher wage demands. A conference
was held July 25 between representatives of
the contending forces and the boards of trade of
the sections affected but it failed to accomplish
any results leading toward a settlement. The
business representatives approved the majority
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
report of the arbitration board, which was repudiated
by the union, but the miners still refused
to compromise. To relieve the situation, the
Dominion government, it is said, will remove duty
on coal from the United States for a period of six
months. The Canadian Pacific Railway will also
be asked to grant special reduced rates on coal
from Vancouver Island mines. The strike has
completely demoralized business in the strike zone
and a serious fuel famine in the Northwest is
imminent.
Dispatches from London state that the miners
of the Northumberland coal district have finished
their ballot on the question of a strike to end the
three-shift system. The vote was two-thirds in
favor of the strike, which was the requisite majority.
As a result of this vote the Miners' Federation
will be asked to call a conference to discuss
the question of a national stoppage of work
at the coal mines.
Ben Davis, president of district No. 17, U. M.
W. of A., resigned his office effective July 15,
being succeeded by Luke Lanham, former vice
president of the district. Mr. Davis, in a state^
ment issued at the time of his resignation, claimed
that he could not do justice to the office in view
of the unjust attacks made upon him and that his
action was taken for the purpose of promoting harmony
in the ranks.
As a, result of demands from Illinois miners to
know why a large number of votes cast in the
state were not counted in the national election of
the United Mine Workers of America held December
13, 1910, a recount of the votes was held last
week at the Indianapolis headquarters. It is
stated that the personnel of the national officers
will not be changed by this action.
By an agreement reached at Terre Haute, July
25, 1,000 miners on strike at the Wabash mines
in Vigo and Green counties for several weeks will
return to work. The final settlement of the dispute
which arose over the distribution of "places"
will be left to President John P. White of the
Mine Workers and President H. M. Taylor of the
Illinois Operators' Association.
At a conference of the three district presidents
of the U. M. W. of A. held at Wilkes-Barre July
24 it was decided not to issue a call for the tridistrict
convention until President John P. White
could be present. This will probably be the latter
part of October or early in November.
A strike at Arnold No. 1 mine of the Pittsburgh
Coal Co. near Fayette City, Pa., resulting over the
election of a checkweighman, tied up those workings
for several days. It was finally settled June
19.

42
JUNE LAKE LEVELS.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The United States Lake Survey reports the stages
of the Great Lakes for the month of June, 1911,
as follows:
Feet above tide-
Lakes, water. New York.
Superior 601.34
Michigan-Huron 579.98
Erie 571.90
Ontario 245.66
Lake Superior is 0.44 foot higher than last
month, 0.56 foot lower than a year ago, 1.20 feet
below the average stage of June of the last 10
years, 2.09 feet below the high stage of June, 1876,
and 0.10 foot above the low stage of June, 1879.
It will probably rise 0.2 foot during July.
Lakes Michigan-Huron are 0.28 foot higher than
last month, 0.57 foot lower than a year ago, 1.12
feet below the average stage of June of the last
10 years, 3.62 feet below the high stage of June,
1886, and 0.08 foot above the low stage of June,
1896. They will probably rise 0.1 foot during July.
Lake Erie is 0.03 foot higher than last month,
0.71 foot lower than a year ago, 0.96 foot below
the average stage of June of the last 10 years, 2.62
feet below the high stage of June, 1876, and 0.33
foot above the low stage of June, 1905. It will
probably remain about stationary during July.
Lake Ontario is 0.06 foot higher than last month,
0.80 foot lower than a year ago. 1.18 feet lower
than the average stage of June of the last 10
years, 2.97 feet below the high stage of June, 1870,
and 0.77 foot above the low stage of June, 1895.
It will probably remain about stationary during
July.
The examinations, which were held for mine
foremen and other responsible positions about the
mines, by the state mining department, have resulted
in the following being granted certificgates:
First class mine foremen—J. W. Curd, L. S. Mellown,
A. R. Houston, C. A. Love, V. B. Millwee,
R. F. Dickinson, W. A. Wathley, John Galimore,
G. C. Whatley, Milton H. Fies, Earl Moore, Henry
Henderson, John W. Davis, Timothy Vandiver, W.
M. Lacey, J. J. Beaver, R. S. Wildsmith, J. A. Delozier.
J. D. Vernon, J. P. Warnick, J. F. Brown,
J. P. Codey, J. C. Laird, W. P. Crane. George W.
Piper, James Holmes, W. J. Harrison, Reuben
Fancher, John E. Liddell, A. J. Price, James
Isaacs, George W. Postell, Robert Hayes, J. A.
Fox. and Hemy Watkins. Second class mine
foremen—L. A. Lightfoot of Drifton. Ala.; J. A.
Edmonds of Lynn; W. T. Hinz of Blocton; D. A.
Stocks, J. T. Cook, W. W. Dearson, William B.
Sims. Fire boss—T. Docherty. V. Bieletz, D. J.
Evans, D. Rose. J. L. Bryson, E. J. Pitts. Alfred
Lloyd, Timothy Griffith. John Carlin, J. T. Rose,
James Kerr, Clyde C. Scott, W. H. Broadhead,
Tom Lawrence, A. B. Hull, R. M. Barmett, F. J.
Rivers, G. H. Ross, R. H. Wood, W. Lewis, Jake
Fletcher, J. S. Kelly, Hugh Guthrie, James Waugh,
E. Reed, Henry Gray, George Cook, Tom Carnes,
William Docherty, J. B. Carlin, G. T. Main, James
Grat, Tom Fancher, R. B. Harrison, H. C. Wood,
M. F. Bell, Robert Davidson, J. T. Coshatt, Henry
Ellis, Tom Clark, B. Moshner, Sumpter Allen, A.
D. Cranse. Patrick Campbell, A. H. Reed, C. Moore,
P. P. Green, J. J. Craig.
Mr. Charles Lanier, the banker, who has been
away for three months motoring in Europe, returned
July 19 on the steamship Olympic. Mr.
I>anier said that he found prosperity general, especially
in France and Belgium. "In Belgium,"
he said, "I found their system of mining coal to
be the best in the world. They pile up the coal
in large quantities outside and use it from the
bottom of the pile so that there is never any
great rush in getting coal from the shafts to the
cars. The coal mining system in Belgium is the
cleanest I ever saw."
Mr. W. G. Simpson, of Bellaire, O., receiver of
the J. W. Gorrell Coal Co., operating a mine at
Big Run, a few miles south of Wheeling, W. Va„
sold the property July 20 for $154,000. The
Mound City Coal Co. of Moundsville bought the
property and equipment for $150,000, while the
personal property went to Mr. J. W. Gorrell for
$4,000. Tiie property contains about 1,000 acres
of coal, and was appraised at $133,873. The
Mound City Coal Co. is controlled by Pittsburgh
capital.
In order that miners in every section of the
Pennsylvania bituminous coal region may be made
familiar with the provisions of the "soft coal code"
passed by the recent legislature, 10.000 copies of
the act will be printed, divided among nine different
languages. The greater number will be printed
in English. The others will be in Slavonian,
Russian, Polish, Hungarian, German, Lithunian,
Swedish and Italian.
The Iowa Board of Control contracted for 96,000
tons of coal last week for the use of state institutions.
The bulk of the business went to Iowa
concerns, although Illinois producers will furnish
some of the tonnage.
The Bessemer Coke Co. has let to Tony Colando,
of Latrobe, the contract to build 200 rectangular
or "push" coke ovens at Masontown, Pa., the total
amount involved being $45,000.
The Birch Coal & Coke Co., of Sutton, W. Va.,
and of which Mr. John D. Sutton is president, has
increased its authorized capital from $100,000 to
$200,000.

ORE SHIPMENTS DURING JUNE.
Iron ore shipments during June were 4,826,505
gross tons as against 7,316,592 gross tons for June,
1910, a decrease of 2,490,087 gross tons. The
movement to July 1 of the present year was 8,842.-
908 gross tons as against 14,918,258 gross tons for
the corresponding period last year, a decrease of
6,075,350 tons. It will of course not be difficult
to overtake this lead if conditions of trade improve.
Conditions are improving slowly, as
noted by the fact that the June movement was 1,-
141,686 tons greater than the May movement,
when 3,684,819 tons were moved. Following are
the ore shipments by ports:
Port. June, 191U. June, 1911.
Escanaba 767,618 538,168
Marquette 533,358 314,807
Ashland 708,24S 394,555
Superior 1,321,877 1,635,651
Duluth 2,567,077 1,102,979
Two Harbors 1,418,414 840,345
Total 7,316,592 4,826,505
1911 decrease 2,490,087
To July 1, To July 1,
Port. 1910. 1911.
Escanaba 1,739,735 1,067,708
Marquette 1,150,244 533,738
Ashland . .'. 1,515,555 662,412
Superior 2,632,835 2,951,490
Duluth 5,097,262 2,050,134
Two Harbors 2,782,627 1,577,426
Total 14.918,258 8,842,908
1911 decrease 6,075,350
KOKOAL'S NEW OFFICERS.
At the recent annual powwow of the Order Ko-
Koal, in Minneapolis, the following eleven imperial
sentries were chosen:
Imperial Modoc, Arthur M. Hull, Chicago; Imperial
Baron, Daniel Howard, Clarksburg. Va.;
Imperial Baronel, E. E. Springer, Spokane, Wash.;
Imperial Baronet, Arch Coleman, Minneapolis;
Imperial Pictor, Charles E. Lester, Philadelphia;
Imperial Mazuma, John Craig, Assumption, 111.;
Imperial Gazook, C. K. Skull, Philadelphia; Imperial
Pit Boss, J. S. Van Epps, Cleveland, O.;
Imperial Acolyte, A. L. Snow, Omaha; Imperial
Swatta, W. H. Terrell, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Imperial
Spotta, Homer H. Allen, Erie, Pa.
The report of Imperial Pictor Charles E. Lester
showed that 221 new members were received during
the year and that 18 deaths occurred. The
balance on hand after all bills had been paid was
$350.97. The location of the next powwow city
was left to the sentries.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
Mr. Francis M. Osborne, of Cleveland, O., died
at 6 o'clock July 15, in St. Vincent's Hospital, Toledo,
O., after he had collapsed on a Lake Shore
train. Mr. Osborne dropped unconscious in a
Pullman drawing room at 11.30 o'clock P. M.,
July 14, three-quarters of an hour after he had
left Cleveland with his wife. He did not recover
consciousness and a physician and ambulance met
the train at Toledo. He was hurried to the hospital
from the train. His death was caused by a
cerebral hemorrhage. Mrs. Osborne was on her
way west to visit her sister, Mrs. R. G. Miller,
whose home is at 1940 East Eighty-second street,
Colorado Springs, Col., and her husband was to
have taken her as far as Chicago. After he collapsed
his wife called aid and accompanied him
to the hospital, where she remained until he died.
In addition to his widow he is survived by two
daughters, Mildred and Dorothy, now touring in
France. He was born at Girard, Trumbull county,
Ohio, March 12, 1855, and was a first cousin of
President William McKinley. The mothers of Osborne
and McKinley were sisters, members of the
Allison family. As a boy Mr. Osborne worked
around the steel mills at Girard and in a coal mine
at Palmyra, O., going to Cleveland as a bookkeeper
in the late seventies. He branched out into the
coal business for himself, first by operating a
small mine at Palmyra. Gradually the interests
of Mr. Osborne spread out. In the nineties he
had begun to rank with the larger operators and in
1898, at a time when he was operating the West
Newton (Pa.) mines, he was instrumental in forming
the Pittsburgh Coal Co. He was first president
of that company and served two years, until
he resigned to form the $1,500,000 Youghiogheny
& Ohio Coal Co., of which he was president. Six
years ago Mr. Osborne was one of the founders of
the Pittsburgh Vein Operators' Association, of
which he was president until he resigned six
months ago. At the time of his death Mr. Osborne
was president of 12 corporations and director in
nearly as many more. He was at the head of the
Youghiogheny & Ohio Co., the Beaver Dam Coal
Co.. the Big Vein Coal Co., the E. N. Boggs Coal
Co., the Gilchrist Transportation Co., the Globe
Steamship Co., the Lake Shore Transit Co., the
Lisbon Coal Co., the Lorain Steamship Co. and the
Trumbull & Mahoning Water Co.
Capt. Alfred M. Ogle, Sr., a prominent Indiana
coal operator, and president of the Vandalia Coal
Co.. one of the largest in the state, died at Indianapolis,
Ind., July 22, after an illness of about two
months. Mr. Ogle was a graduate of West Point
Military Academy and had seen service in the regular
army. He was engaged in the coal business

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
for over 25 years, organizing the Island Coal Co.
in 1884. Mr. Ogle was president of that company
until 1905, when he retired to accept the
presidency of the Vandalia Coal Co. Mr. Ogle
is survived by six sons, the oldest, Alfred M., Jr.,
being vice president of the Monon Coal Co., with
headquarters at Terre Haute, Ind.
William W. White, son of the founder of the
coal firm of John R. White & Son, Providence, R.
I., died in that city July 19 at the age of 70. He
had been identified with the local trade for almost
50 years.
New Central Coal Co., New York City; capital,
$1,000,000; incorporators, Frank W. Cumminsky
and Alexander Campbell, of Brooklyn; William
Fairlie, Newark, N. J.; Duncan Sinclair, Fairmont,
and Malcolm Baxter, New York.
Crown Coal & Coke Co., Logan, W. Va., to develop
coal lands and manufacture coke; capital, $50,000;
incorporators, John Lax, Fred Raybould, Plummer
Lax, Eliza Lax and Maud Raybould, all of Nelsonville,
Ohio.
Coopers Creek Coal Co., Charleston, W. Va.;
capital, $10,000; incorporators, S. A. Moore, C. F.
Teter and E. M. Moore, of Philippi, W. Va.; and
Grant Copenhaver and O. D. Strader, of Big Chimney,
W. Va.
The Murray & Hemlock Coal Co., Murray City.
O.; capital, $20,000; incorporators, George W. Van
Sickle, George H. Brooker, Fred Sanborn, Charles
Seidenfeld and Louis N. Seidenfeld.
Clear Fork Coal & Land Co., Beckley, W. Va.;
capital, $50,000; incorporators, W. H. File, I. E.
Stansbury, F. W. File, M. R. Dougherty and Ashton
File, all of Beckley, W. Va.
Victoria Coal Co., Norristown, Pa.; capital, $20,-
000; incorporators, C. H. Aldorfer, Freas Styer,
C. Henry Stenson, Joseph S. Ramba, and J. F.
Ebert, all of Norristown, Pa.
Raridan & East Brady Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.;
capital, $5,000; incorporators, J. H. Thompson and
James C. Gray, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Ray Rose,
Sewickley, Pa.
Star Pressed Fuel Manufacturing Co., Arizona;
capital, $300,0110; certified in Indiana for $10,000;
to manufacture coal briquettes; Robert M. Engle,
president.
Mr. William M. Smith, aged 61 years, vice president
and general manager of the Commercial Coal
Electric. Coal & Mining Co., McAlester, Okla.;
Mining Co., and one of the best known coal men
capital, $10(1,000; incorporators, J. E. LeBosquet,
Henry LeBosquet and \\~. H. H. Clayton, Jr., all of
in Cambria county. Pa., died very suddenly July
20 at his home at Ebensburg, Pa. Paralysis was
McAlester.
the immediate cause of his death. Mr. Smith American Timber & Coal Co., Cincinnati; capi­
was for many years connected with the Mitchell tal, $1,000,000; incorporators, E. C. Buck, Thomas
Coal & Coke Co. He was a recognized authority M. Stewart, and George H. Black, all of Cincinnati.
on Cambria county coal lands.
North Somerville Coal Co., Somerville and Medford,
Mass.; capital, $5,000; incorporators, John
Hinds, Edward F. Welch, Michael E. Hussey.
Deep Fourth Vein Coal Co., West Terre Haute,
Ind.; capital, $10,000; producers; directors, John
R. Connelly, J. W. Manson and R. J. Smith.
Higgins-Martin Coal Co., Terre Haute, Ind.;
Mrs. Stineman, wife of ex-Senator J. C. Stinecapital,
$20,000; producers; directors, J. J. Higman,
and mother of Mr. W. I. Stineman, of South gins, O. H. Martin and G. W. Higgins.
Fork, Pa., died suddenly at her home recently. Sorento Colliery Co., Chicago, 111.; capital, $2,-
The interment was at South Fork.
500; coal and fuel; incorporators, W. R. Tapper,
T. J. Hudson and George Erickson.
The Warrick County Coal Co., Evansville, Ind.;
capital, $10,000; directors, Henry Korff, Sr., Walter
Korff and others.
Millie Bell Coal Co., Monticello, Ky.; capital, $7,-
500; incorporators, Rex G. Carpenter, F. L. Baker
and John A. Veach.
Rock Run Coal Co., Coshocton, O.; capital, $15,-
000; incorporators, J. A. Hanlon and others.
The Pittsburgh & Western Coal Co., of Akron,
O., changes its name to the Acorn Coal Co.
Mine rescue carcue car No. 7 of the U. S. Bureau
of Mines carrying a number of experts is on a
tour through the Western Pennsylvania region.
Demonstrations and instructions in first aid and
rescue work are being given to the miners. The
car is being followed by an expert first aid man
who is visiting the towns in which the car stopped
for the purpose of organizing and training men in
this work. The schedule called for the trip to
extend from July 19 to August 1. The following
towns were visited: Smithton, West Newton, Whitsett,
McDonald and Carnegie.
J. Blair Kennerly of Philadelphia aas purchased
1,790 of the 2,000 shares of the Valley Coal & Stone
Co., Johnstown, Pa., and has completely reorganized
the company. The mines of the company last
year produced 179,789 tons of coal.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
TEXT OF NEW BITUMINOUS MINING CODE OF PENNSYLVANIA
PASSED BY THE LEGISLATIVE SESSION OF 1911.
(CONTINUED FROM ISSUE OF JULY 15)
ARTICLE VII.
SINKING OF SHAFTS.
Section 1. The operator, superintendent, or
contractor, shall erect over every shaft that is
being sunk, or shall hereafter be sunk, a safe and
substantial structure, to sustain sheaves or pulleys,
ropes and loads at a height of not less
than 20 feet above the tipping place and the top
of such shaft and landing platform shall be ar
ranged in such a manner that no material can
fall into the shaft while the bucket is being
emptied. The said structure shall be erected as
soon as substantial foundation is obtained and
in no case shall a shaft be sunk to a depth of
more than 50 feet without such structure.
Section 2. If provisions are made to land the
bucket on a truck, the said truck and platform
shall be so constructed that material cannot fall
into the shaft.
Section 3. Rock and coal from shafts that are
being sunk shall not be raised except in a
bucket or on a cage, and said bucket or cage
must be connected with the rope by a safety
hook clevis or other safe attachment. The rope
shall be fastened to the side of the drum and
not less than three coils of rope shah always remain
on the drum. If said shafts are 100 feet
or more in depth, they shall be provided with
guides and guide attachments applied in such a
manner as to prevent the bucket from swinging
while being lowered or hoisted, and said guides
and guide attachments shall be maintained at a
distance of not more than 75 fet from the bottom
of the shaft.
Section 4. It shall be the duty of the person
in charge of shaft-sinking for the contractor or
company to see that the sides of all shafts are
properly secured for safety and that no loose rock
or material is allowed to remain on any timber
on top, or on any timber in the shaft after each
blast. Where explosive gas is encountered, the
person in charge shall see that the shaft is examined
before each shift and before the men descend
after each blast, and, also that the place is safe.
In sinking shafts, all blasts must be exploded by
electric battery. Provision must also be made for
the proper ventilation of shafts while being sunk.
Section 5. An efficient brake shall be attached
to every drum of an engine used for sinking
shafts and all machinery, ropes, and chains connected
therewith shall be examined once every
12 hours.
Section 6. Not more than four persons shall
be lowered or hoisted in or on a bucket in any
shaft at one time and no person shall ride on a
loaded bucket.
ARTICLE VIII.
SIGNALING APPARATUS, SAFETY CATCHES, HOISTING
MACHINERY, ROPES. BOILERS AND CONNECTIONS.
Secton 1. The operator, or the superintendent,
shall provide, and hereafter maintain, in good
condition, from the toil to the bottom of every
shaft or slope where persons or material are
lowered or hoisted, a telephone or metal tube of
proper diameter suitably adapted to the free passage
of sound through which conversation may be
held and understood between persons at the top
and the bottom of said shaft or slope, and he
shall also provide means of signaling from the
top to the bottom and from the bottom to the
top of said shaft or slope. The same provisions
shall apply to inside planes, whereon coal is
lowered and persons have to travel, when required
by the inspector. In all gaseous mines
telephone connections shall be made from the
surface to the main section of the mine. All
signaling apparatus and telephone connections
shall be kept in good condition and shall be always
available for service.
The operator, or the superintendent, shall provide
every cage, used for lowering or hoisting
persons, with hand rails at sides or overhead
and with chain bar or gate at ends, and with a
sufficient covering overhead to protect persons
thereon, and shall also provide, for each said
cage, efficient safety catches, which shall be tested
once every two months, and a record of each test
shall be sent to the inspector and to the superintendent
and also recorded, with ink, in a book
kept at the mine office for that purpose. The
ropes shall be securely attached to the sides of
the drum of every machine that is used for lowering
and hoisting persons or material into and
out of the mine and the flanges shall have a
clearance of not less than four inches when the
whole of the rope is wound on the drum, and
adequate brakes shall be attached to the drum
so that the speed thereof can be controlled when
men are being lowered or hoisted. An efficient
indicator, that shall show the position of the
cages in the shaft, shall be attached to the
hoisting apparatus and an efficient safety device
that will prevent overwinding shall be attached
to every engine used for lowering and hoisting
persons.
All shafts shall be provided with safety gates
controlled by the cage at the top and intermediate
landings, said gates to be approved by the
inspector.

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Section 2. The main coupling chain attached
to the socket of the wire rope of every shaft
shall be made of the best quality of iron and
shall be tested by weights or otherwise to the
satisfaction of the inspector, the manner of testing
and the result obtained to be entered in a
book, with ink, with the day and date of the
inspection; and bridle chains of the same quality
of iron shall be attached to the main hoisting
rope three feet above the socket, from the top
cross-piece of the cage, so that no single chain
shall be used for lowering or hoisting persons
into or out of the mine.
Section 3. In shafts where coal is hoisted and
employes lowered into or hoisted from the mine,
the ropes, links, and chains shall be of ample
strength, with a factor of safety of not less than
five to one of the maximum load. In shafts used
exclusively for lowering or hoisting employes and
material, the factor of safety of ropes, links, and
chains shall not be less than 10 to one of the
maximum load. All such ropes, links, and chains
shall be carefully examined at least once every
24 hours by a competent person, delegated for
that purpose by the superintendent, and any defect
therein found by which life and limb may
be endangered shall be reported at once, in writing,
to the superintendent, who shall immediately
proceed to remedy the defect, and until that is
accomplished he shall prohibit any person from
being lowered into, or hoisted from, the mine
by the defective apparatus. The person making
said examination shall keep a daily record of
each inspection, in ink, in a book kept at the
mine office for that purpose, and he shall send a
copy thereof each day to the superintendent.
Section 4. All machinery in and about the
mines, from which any accident would be liable
to occur, shall be properly fenced off by suitable
guard railing.
Section 5. No greater number of persons shall
be lowered or hoisted at any one time than may
be permitted by the inspector, and notice of the
number so allowed to be lowered or hoisted at
any one time shall be kept posted by the operator,
or the superintendent, in conspicuous places
at the top and the bottom of the shaft. The
aforesaid notice shall be signed by the inspector.
The speed of the cage, when lowering or hoisting
persons, shall not exceed 900 feet a minute.
Section 6. All boilers, used for generating
steam in and about the mines, shall be kept in
good condition and the superintendent shall have
them examined and inspected by a duly qualified
person once every six months and the report of
said inspection shall be posted at the mine office.
Section 7. Each boiler shall be provided with
a safety valve of sufficient area for the steam to
escape and with weights or springs properly
adjusted.
Section 8. No boiler used for generating steam
shall be placed, or allowed to remain, inside of
any mine without the consent of the inspector,
which shall be given, in writing, to the superintendent,
and if the inspector allows said boiler
to be placed inside the mine it shall be enclosed
in a fire-proof building within 50 feet of the
bottom of an upcast shaft, which shaft shall not
be less than 35 square feet in area.
Section 9. Every boiler house shall be provided
with a sufficient number of steam gauges,
which shall be properly connected with the boilers,
to indicate the pressure of steam to the firemen,
outside foreman, or superintendent, and
another steam gauge shall be attached to the
main steam pipe in the engine house, so that
the hoisting engineer can readily examine it.
ARTICLE IX.
VENTILATION.
Section 1. The operator, or the superintendent,
of every mine shall provide and maintain ample
means of ventilation to furnish a constant and adequate
supply of pure air for the employes. In a
non-gaseous mine the minimum quantity of air
shall not be less than 150 cubic feet per minute for
each person employed. In a mine wherein explosive
gas is being generated in such quantities
that it can be detected by an approved safety lamp,
the minimum quantity of air shall not be less than
200 cubic feet per minute for each person employed
therein, and as much more in either case
as one or more of the inspectors may deem requisite.
The return air from each split, where from
70 to 90 persons are employed, shall be conducted
by an overcast, or an undercast. into the return
airway, which shall lead to the main outlet.
The ventilation shall be conducted through the
main entries, cross entries, and to the working
faces of all working places in the mine, in sufficient
quantities to dilute, carry off, and render
harmless, the smoke and the noxious and dangerous
gases generated therein to such an extent that
all working places and traveling roads shall be in
a safe and healthy condition for the persons working
and traveling therein.
No permanent door shall be erected or allowed to
remain in the main entry in any mine, unless its
removal shall be deemed impracticable by the inspector.
Section 2. Where five, or more, persons are employed
at any one time in a mine, it shall be the
duty of the oiierator, or the superintendent, to
provide ample ventilation in accordance with section
1 of this article: Provided, that, it shall not
be lawful to use a furnace for ventilating any mine
wherein explosive gas is being generated.
Six months after the passage of this act, not
more than 70 persons shall be permitted to work
in the same continuous air current, unless, in the

judgment of the inspector of the district, it is
impracticable to comply with this requirement, in
which case a larger number, not exceeding 90 persons,
may be permitted to work therein.
Section 3. The mine foreman shall see that
proper cut-throughs are made in all the room pillars,
at such distances apart as, in the judgment
of the inspector, may be deemed requisite, not
more than 35. nor less than 16, yards each for the
purpose of ventilation.
Section 4. The quantity of air passing a given
point shall be ascertained by an anemometer, the
measurements to be taken by the mine foreman
once every week, at, or near, the main inlet and
outlet airway in the mine, and, also, at the last
cut-through in the last room and in the entry
beyond the last room turned. Said measurements
shall be taken on days when the men are at work.
Section 5. In all mines, all new stoppings in
cut-throughs between the main intake and return
airways shall be substantially built of masonry,
concrete, or other incornbustible material, and
shall be of ample strength; and in mines generating
explosive gas all new stoppings and renewals
of old stoppings in cross entries shall be built of
masonry, concrete, or other incombustible material.
Stoppings in cross entries in non-gaseous mines
may be built of timber. All stoppings shall be
kept in good condition so as to keep the air up
to the working faces. Temporary stoppings shall
be erected in cut-throughs in rooms to conduct the
ventilation to the face of each room and such
stoppings may be constructed of timber or brattice
cloth.
Section 6. Every ventilating fan at non-gaseous
mines shall be kept in operation continuously, day
and night, unless operations are definitely sus-
\ " pended, except when written permission is given
.--:---:•• by the inspector to stop it. The said permission,
or a copy thereof, shall be posted by the mine
foreman in a conspicuous place at the entrance,
or entrances, to the mine and shall state the particular
hours the fan may be stopped. The inspector
shall have tbe power to withdraw', or modify,
such permission at any time and in any manner
he may deem best. In all cases, however, the
fan shall be started two hours before the time to
begin work. Every ventilating fan at gaseous
mines shall be kept in operation continuously,
day and night, unless operations are definitely suspended:
Provided, that, should it at any time
become necessary to stop the fan at any mine
(gaseous or non-gaseous) on account of accident
to part of the machinery connected therewith, or
by reason of any other unavoidable cause, it shall
then be the duty of the mine foreman, or the
assistant mine foreman, in charge, after first
having provided for the safety of the persons em­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
ployed in the mine, to order said fan stopped for
necessary repairs.
Every ventilating fan shall be provided with a
recording instrument by which the number of
revolutions, or the effective ventilating pressure,
of the fan shall be registered and the registration
for each day, with the date thereof, shall be kept
in the office at the mine, for future reference, for
one year.
No main or principal ventilating fan shall be
placed inside of any mine. No auxiliary fan, unless
driven by electricity or compressed air, shall
be placed in any mine. If the fan be electrically
driven, the motor shall be placed in the intake
airway.
Every ventilating furnace in a mine shall be
properly attended to and operated by a competent
person employed by the mine foreman for that
purpose for two hours before the appointed time
to begin work, and constantly thereafter during
working hours.
Section 7. In every mine, all new air bridges,
overcasts, or undercasts, shall be substantially
built of masonry, concrete, or other incombustible
material of ample strength, or shall be driven
through the solid strata. It shall be the duty of
the mine foreman to see that these bridges are
properly built and are of ample strength.
Section 8. In every mine, the doors used for
guiding and directing the ventilation shall be so
hung and adjusted that they will close of themselves,
or shall be supplied with springs ir pulleys
so that they cannot remain open. All principal
doors shall be so placed that, when one door
is open, another which has the same effect upon
the same current, shall be closed and remain
closed to prevent any stoppage of the air current.
An attendant shall be employed at each principal
door (that is the door that controls the main air
current in the entries) through which cars are
hauled for the purpose of opening and closing it
for the employes and cars to pass in and out from
the workings, unless a self-acting door approved
by the inspector is used. A hole for shelter shall
De provided at each door to protect the attendant
from danger from cars while performing his duties.
Persons employed for this purpose shall remain at
the doors at all times during working hours: Provided,
that, the same attendant may attend two
doors, if his absence from the first door does not
endanger the safety of the employes. At every
door, on any incline plane, or road whereon haulage
is .done by machinery, an attendant shall always
be on duty during working hours and at
every door on said plane, or road, an extra door
shall be provided for use in case of necessity.
Wherever a principal door is placed, an extra door
shall also be provided to be used in case of necessity.

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Section 9. No product of petroleum or alcohol
or any compound, that, in the opinion of the inspector,
will contaminate the air to such an extent
as to be injurious to the health of the miner,
shall be used as motive power in any mine.
Section 10. If any person shall construct, or
cause to be constructed, or used, or permit to be
used, from and after the date of the passage of
this act, any sewer, or other method of drainage,
from any building, or dwelling house, for the
carrying of sewage offal, refuse, or other offensive
matter into any operating mine, or any entry way,
passage, or room in any mine (such entry way,
passage or room being used for ventilating or
drainage purposes or for a traveling way), such
person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and,
upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to a
fine not exceeding $1,000 and undergo an imprisonment
not exceeding one year, either or both at the
discretion of the court.
ARTICLE X.
LOCKED SAFETY LAMPS AND OPEN LIGHTS; DEFINING
WHEN EITHER, OR BOTn, CAN BE USED.
Section 1. The use of open lights is prohibited
,n any entry, airway, traveling way, room, or any
other working place, where explosive gas is being
generated in such quantity as can be detected by
an approved safety lamp; also, in pillar workings
where a sudden inflow of explosive gas is likely
to be encountered, and all such places' shall be
worked exclusively with locked safety lamps. The
use of open lights is also prohibited in all working
places, roadways, or other portions of the
mine, through which explosive gas might be carried
in the air current in quantities indicating
danger: Provided, however, that, if the inspector
is of the opinion that any mine, or any portion of
any mine, should be operated by the use of locked
safety lamps exclusively, he shall have the right to
petition the Chief of the Department of Mines in
writing, setting forth such opinion and his reasons
therefor. Whereupon, the said Chief shall,
forthwith, instruct two or more other inspectors
to accompany the inspector of the district to make
a further thorough examination into the matter
in dispute and of all workings of said mine,
whether in active operation or not. The said
committee of inspectors' shall, within seven days
of their appointment, make a report, in writing,
to the Chief of the Department of Mines and to
the superintendent, general manager, operator, or
owner of said mine, giving the conclusions arrived
at, with their reasons therefor; and the decision
of said committee shall be final and conclusive,
unless the superintendent, general manager,
operator, or owner shall, within seven days
of the receipt thereof, appeal from such decision
to the court of quarter sessions of the county in
which the mine is located. Whereupon, the court,
or a judge of said court in chambers, shall forthwith
appoint four practical, reputable, and competent
persons, two of whom shall be recommended
by the superintendent, general manager, operator,
or owner, and the other two by the Chief of the
Department of Mines, and the four persons thus
recommended shall name a fifth person, who also
must be practical, reputable, and equally competent,
and the five persons so named, none of whom
shall be in the employ of the operator, operating
company, or any of its officers, or of the State Department
of Mines, shall constitute a commission
to investigate and report on the matter in dispute:
Provided, however, in case any or all of said four
persons' are not recommended by a writing filed in
said court within seven days after the appeal is
filed, that, then the said court shall fill the vacancy,
or vacancies, by the appointment of a practical,
reputable, and competent person, or persons,
and, in case the four persons thus chosen
shall not agree, in writing, upon the fifth person
of this commission within five days after they
nave received notice of their appointment, then
the said court shall appoint the said fifth person
on this commission. The duty of said commission
of five persons shall be, under the instruction
of the court, to forthwith examine said mine, or
a portion thereof, and report under oath, within
10 days after their appointment, the facts' as they
exist and the conditions pertaining thereto, and,
based upon such conditions and facts, the decision
of a majority on the matter in dispute and
their report and decision shall be final and conclusive,
unless exceptions thereto shall be filed by
tne superintendent, general manager, operator or
owner, or the Chief of the Department of Mines,
within seven days of the filing of said commission's
report. If exceptions are filed the court
shall at once hear, and, upon testimony taken
thereon, determine them and enter a decree in
accordance with such determination: Provided,
that, the superintendent, general manager, operator,
owner or Chief of the Department of Mines
shall thereafter have the right to have the record
and proceedings removed to the supreme court for
review by appeal or writ of error.
Section 2. If said court of quarter sessions sustains
the decision of the committee of inspectors
and said court's decree is not appealed from, or,
if, on appeal, the supreme court finally sustains
the decision of the inspectors, then the appellant
from said decision of the committee of inspectors
shall pay all costs of such proceedings, but, if the
said court of quarter sessions or the supreme
court, shall not sustain the decision of the committee
of inspectors, then all costs shall be paid
by the Commonwealth: Provided, however, that,
any and all appeals from any decision made by
the committee of inspectors, or made by the com-

mittee appointed by the court of quarter sessions,
shall work as a supersedeas to such decision during
the pendency of such appeal, either to the
court of quarter sessions or to the supreme court.
Section 3. The use of open lights is strictly prohibited
in the return air current of any portion of
a mine that is ventilated by the same continuous
air current that ventilates any other portion of
said mine in which locked safety lamps are used.
The provisions of this section shall not apply to
any mine wherein explosive gas is generated only
at the face of active entries.
Section 4. If, at any time, one portion of a
mine is worked by the use of locked safety lamps,
while another portion is worked by the use of
open lights, the return air from the gaseous portion
shall be conducted directly into a return airway
leading to the fan or to the outlet: Provided,
that, when a portion of a mine is worked by the
use of locked safety lamps and other portions are
worked by the use of open lights, it shall be the
duty of the mine foreman to provide a suitable
danger station, with an attendant on duty at all
times during working hours, day and night, whose
duty it shall be to see that the employes from the
open light portion are not allowed to enter the
locked safety lamp portion unless they are provided
with locked safety lamps by said attendant.
Section 5. The employes of a gaseous mine, or
any portion thereof, are strictly prohibited from
traveling into or out of the mine in tne return air
current, if explosive gas can be detected by an
approved safety lamp in said air current.
Section 6. When safety lamps are used, the position
of the lamp station for lighting or relighting
shall not he in the return air current.
Section 7. Nothing in this article shall interfere
with the discretionary powers of inspectors,
as provided for in article 20.
Section 8. Whenever safety lamps are used in
a mine by fire bosses, or other persons, they shall
be so constructed that they may be safely carried
against the air current ordinarily prevailing in
that portion of the mine in which the lamps' are
being used.
Section 9. All safety lamps used for examining
mines, or for working therein, shall be the property
of the operator and shall be in the care of
the mine foreman, assistant mine foreman, fire
boss, or some other competent person, or persons,
appointed by the mine foreman, whose duty it
shall be to clean, fill, trim, examine, light, and
deliver them, locked and in a safe condition, to the
men when entering the mine, and to receive the
lamps' from the men when returning from work,
for which services a charge, not exceeding the
actual cost of labor and material, may be made by
the operator. At any mine wherein explosive
gas was generated within one year before the
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
passage of this act, in sufficient quantities to be
detected by an approved safety lamp, a sufficient
number of safety lamps, not less than one-fourth
of the number of safety lamps in use, shall be
kept in a convenient place and in good condition
for use in case of emergency. It shall be the
duty of every person who knows that his safety
lamp is injured or defective, to return it immediately
and report such fact to the person authorized
to receive and care for said lamp, who shall
report the matter to the mine foreman, assistant
mine foreman, or fire boss, as soon as practicable.
ARTICLE XI.
SPECIAL RULES FOR THE INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICITY.
The following rules shall be observed, as far as
is reasonably practicable, in the mines:
DEFINITIONS.
Potential—The terms "Potential" and "Voltage"
are synonymous and mean electrical pressure.
Difference of Potential—The expression "Difference
of Potential" means the difference of electrical
pressure existing between any two points of
an electrical system or between any point of such
a system and the earth as determined by a volt
meter.
Potential of a Circuit—The potential or voltage
of a circuit machine or any piece of electrical apparatus
is the potential normally existing between
the conductors of such circuit or the terminals
of such machine or apparatus.
(a) Where the conditions of the supply of electricity
are such that the difference in potential between
any points of the circuit cannot exceed 300
volts' the supply shall be deemed a low voltage
supply.
(b) Where the conditions of the supply of electricity
are such that the difference of the potential
between any two points in the circuit may at any
time exceed 300 volts, but cannot exceed 650 volts,
the supply shall be deemed a medium voltage supply.
(c) Where the conditions of the supply of electricity
are such that the difference of potential between
any two points in the circuit may at any
time exceed 650 volts the supply shall be deemed
a high voltage supply.
Grounding—Grounding any part of an electric
system shall consist in so connecting such part to
the earth that there shall be no difference of potential
between them.
Explosion or Flame Proof—Explosion or flame
proof casings, or enclosures, are those which, w.hen
completely filled with a mixture of methane and
air, and the same exploded, are capable of either
entirely confining the products of such explosion
within the casing or of so discharging them from
the casing that they cannot ignite a mixture of
methane and air combined in proportions most
sensitive to ignition and entirely surrounding the

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
points of discharge and in most intimate proximity
therewith.
Underground Station—An underground station
is herein considered as any place where electrical
machinery is permanently installed.
Section 1.—General Capacity, Installation, et
cetera.
1. All electrical apparatus and conductors shall
be sufficient in size and power for the work they
may be called upon to do, and, as hereinafter prescribed,
efficiently covered or safeguarded and so
installed, worked, and maintained as to reduce
danger from accidental shock or fire to the minimum,
and shall be of such construction and so
worked that the rise in temperature caused by
ordinary working will not injure the insulating
materials.
2. For work underground, when supplied wdth
current at a voltage higher than medium voltage,
no transformer shall have a normal capacity of
less than five kilowatts, nor shall a motor have a
normal capacity of less than 15 brake horse power.
Grounding—
3. All metallic coverings, armoring of cables,
other than trailing cables, and, where installed
underground, the frames and bed plates of generators,
transformers, and motors, other than low
voltage portable motors, shall be efficiently
grounded as shall also the neutral wire of threewire
continuous current systems.
Voltage Restrictions—
4. Motors of coal cutting and other portable
machines and of electric locomotives shall not be
used at a voltage higher than medium voltage.
5. No higher voltage than medium voltage shall
be used underground except for transmission, or
for application to transformers, or other apparatus,
in which the whole of the high voltage circuit
is stationary.
6. In gaseous mines, high voltage transmission
cables shall be installed in the intake airways
only, and high voltage motors and transformers
shall be installed only in suitable chambers ventilated
by the intake air which has not passed
through or by a gaseous district.
7. All high voltage machines, apparatus', and
lines shall be so marked as to clearly indicate that
they are dangerous, by the use of the word, "Danger,"
placed at frequent intervals.
Ground Detectors—
S. All underground systems of distribution that
are completely insulated from earth shall be equipped
with properly installed ground detectors of
suitable design.
The condition of such system as indicated by the
ground detector shall be noted each day by the per
son in charge of the underground wiring, or by
another competent person, who shall immediately
report to him the occurrence of a ground.
Switchboards—
9. Main and distribution switch and fuse boards
shall be made of incombustible insulating material,
such as marble or slate, free from metallic
veins and be fixed in as dry a situation as practicable.
Precaution Against Shock—
10. Gloves, or mats of rubber, or other suitable
insulating material, shall be provided and used by
persons so engaged, when repairs are made to the
live parts of any electrical apparatus or when the
live parts' of electrical apparatus have to be handled
for the purpose of adjustment.
Electrician—
11. At every mine where electricity is used below
ground for power, there shall be employed a
competent mine electrician, who shall have full
charge of the electrical apparatus in the mine, but
shall be subject to the authority of the mine foreman.
12. Any person who shall wilfully damage, or
without authority alter, or make connections, to
any portion of a mine electrical system shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor.
Restoration from Shock—
13. Instructions shall be posted in every generating,
transforming, and motor room, and at
entrance to the mine, containing directions as to
the restoration of persons suffering from electric
snock and all employes working in connection with
electrical apparatus shall be familiar with, and
know how to carry out these instructions.
Plan of Electrical System—
14. A plan shall be kept at the mine showing
the location of all stationary electrical apparatus
in connection with the mine electrical system, including
permanent cables, conductors, lights,
switches, and trolley lines. The plan shall be of
sufficient size to show clearly the position of such
apparatus and the scale shall not be less than 200
feet per inch. There shall be stated, on the plan,
the capacity, in horse power, of each motor, and,
in kilowatts, of each generator or transformer and
the nature of its duty. Such plans shall be corrected
as often as may be necessary to keep them
up to date, at intervals not exceeding six months.
Report of Defective Equipment—
15. In the event of a breakdown or of damage
or injury to any portion of the electrical equipment
in a mine, or of overheating, or of the appearance
of sparks or arcs outside of enclosing casings',
or in the event of any portion of the equipment,
not a part of the electrical circuit, becoming alive.
every such occurrence shall be promptly reported
to the person in charge of electrical equipment.
Section 2.—Underground Stations and Transformer
Rooms.
Switchboards—•
16. All switches, circuit breakers, rheostats',

fuses, and instruments, used in connection with
underground motor-generators, rotary converters,
high voltage motors, transformers, and low and
medium voltage motors of more than 50 horse
power capacity, shall be installed upon a suitable
switchboard. Similar equipment for low and medium
voltage motors of 50 horse power and less,
may be separately installed if mounted upon insulating
bases of slate or equivalent insulating material.
17. In underground stations where switchboards
are installed, there shall be a passageway in front
of the switchboard not less than three feet in
width, and, if there are any high voltage connec
tions at the back of the switchboard, any passageway
behind the switchboard shall not be less than
three feet clear.
18. The space at the back of the switchboards
shall be properly floored, accessible from each end,
and, in the case of high voltage switchboards, shall
be kept locked up, but the lock shall allow of the
door being opened from the inside without the use
of a key. The floor at the back of high voltage
boards shall be incombustible.
19. Where the supply is at a voltage exceeding
the limits of medium voltage, there shall be no
live metal work on the front of the main switchboard
within seven feet of the floor, or platform,
and ihe space provided under rule 17 of this section
shall not be less than four feet in the clear.
Insulating floors, or mats, shall be provided for
medium voltage boards where live metal work is
on the front.
Protection of Circuits Leading Underground—
20. In every completely insulated feeder circuit
in excess of 25 kilowatts capacity leading underground
and operating at a potential not exceeding
the limits of medium voltage, there shall be
provided above ground a switch on each pole and
an automatic overload circuit breaker on at least
one pole, in the case of direct current circuits, and
on at least two poles of polyphase alternating current
circuits. In case of ground return direct
current circuits, a switch and circuit breaker
shall be installed in the undergrounded side of the
circuit, but may be omitted from the return side.
Fuses may be substituted for circuit breakers in
circuits transmitting 25 kilowatts or less. Each
circuit leading underground shall be provided with
a suitable ammeter.
21. Every alternating current feeder circuit
leading underground and operating at a potential
exceeding the limits of medium voltage, shall be
provided above ground with an oil break switch
on each pole; such switch, or switches, to be
equipped with an automatic overload trip. Each
such circuit shall also be provided with a suitable
ammeter.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
Transformer Rooms—
22. Transformer rooms shall be of fire-proof
construction.
23. Where the potential of circuits entering or
leaving a transformer exceeds the limits of medium
voltage, they shall be protected by an oil
break switch on each pole; each such switch or
switches to be equipped with an automatic overload
trip.
24. Where the potential of circuits entering or
leaving a transformer does not exceed the limits
of medium voltage, they shall be protected by a
switch and an automatic circuit breaker on each
pole, except that fuses may be substituted foi the
circuit breakers in the case of lightning circuits
and in the case of power circuits transmitting 25
kilowatts or less.
25. All transformers shall be provided with
suitable ammeter in either the primary or secondary
circuits.
Protection of Machine Terminals—
26. All terminals on machines over medium
voltage underground shall be protected with insulating
covers or with metal covers connected to
earth.
Unauthorized Persons—
27. No person, other than one authorized by the
mine foreman, shall enter a station or transformer
room or interfere with the working of any apparatus
connected therewith.
Fire Buckets—
28. Fire buckets filled with clean dry sand shall
be kept in electrical stations and transformer
rooms ready for immediate use in extinguishing
fires.
Section 3.—Transmission Circuits and Conductors.
Power and Light Circuits—
29. All high pressure wires used inside of the
mines shall be in the form of insulated, lead-covered,
or armored, conductors, subject to insulation
tests and with carrying capacity according to the
rules of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.
Medium or low pressure conductors may be
bare, except in gaseous portions of mines no bare
conductors shall be used in rooms or beyond the
last cut-through in intake entries.
30. All underground cables and wires, other
than trailing cables, unless provided with grounded
metallic covering, shall be supported by means of
efficient insulators. The conductor connecting
lamp to the power supply shall, in all cases, be insulated.
Main Circuits—
31. Every main circuit, coming from generating
or transformer stations, shall there be provided
with switches, fuses, and circuit breakers, as described
in section 2, rules 20 and 21 and rules 23
to 25, inclusive.

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
32. If tlie transmission lines of low or medium
voltage from the generating station are overhead,
there shall be lightning arresters installed in connection
therewith at the generating station. If
the distance from the generating station to the
point where the lines enter the mine is more than
500 feet an additional arrester shall be installed at
this point, and, in no case, shall the arresters be
more than 1,000 feet apart.
33. In any gaseous mine or gaseous portions
of a mine, the electrical supply shall be brought
underground only through such portions of the
mine as are ventilated by the intake air.
Branch Circuits—
34. Every branch circuit shall be provided, at
the point where it leaves the main circuit, with a
switch of not less than 100 ampere capacity on
each pole.
Size of Conductors—
35. The size of all conductors shall be determined,
with regard to the maximum amount of
current which they are to carry, by reference to
the table provided by the National Board of Fire
Underwriters, which shows maximum current carrying
capacities of copper conductors.
Grounded Circuits—
36. One side of grounded circuits shall be very
efficiently insulated from earth.
Overhead Circuits above Ground—
37. Overhead bare wires above ground shall be
supported upon insulators which shall be adequate
in quality, size, and design for voltage transmitted.
Underground Trolley—
38. In underground roads, the trolley wires
shall be installed as far to one side of the passageway
as is practicable and securely supported upon
hangers efficiently insulated and placed at such intervals
that the sag between points of support shall
not exceed three inches. The sag between points
of support can exceed three inches if the height
of the trolley wire above the rail is five feet or
more and does not touch the roof when the trolley
passes under.
39. All other wires, except telephone, shot firing,
and signal wires, shall be on the same side
of the road as the trolley wire.
40. At all landings and partings, where men are
required to regularly work or pass under trolley
or other bare power wires which are placed less
than six and one-half feet above top rail, a suitable
protection shall be provided. This protection
may consist of channeling the roof, placing boards
along tne wire which shall extend below it, or the
use of other approved devices that afford protection.
41. All branch trolley lines shall be fitted with
an automatic trolley switch, or section insulator
and line switch, or some other device that will
allow the current to be shut off from such branch
headings.
42. It is recommended that, where air or water
pipes parallel the grounded return of power circuits,
the return be securely bonded to such pipes
at frequent intervals to eliminate the possibility
of a difference of potential between rails and pipes
and to prevent electrolysis of the pipes. The rail
return shall be of sufficient capacity for the current
used, independent of the capacity of the pipes.
On main haulage roads both rails shall be bonded
and cross bonds shall be placed at points' not to
exceed 200 feet apart.
Lightning Circuits—
43. Where wires for electric incandescent lamps
are connected to the trolley the lug of the trolley
hanger, to which connection is made, shall be
drilled to receive the lighting wire and provided
with a set screw for securing same in place. Lighting
wires shall not be wrapped or tied about the
stems or studs of trolley hangers. The ground
conection for lighting wires, taken off the trolley
circuit, must be made to the track circuit.
44. Wires for all lighting circuits shall be covered
with an insulation adequate for the voltage
of the circuit and strung on porcelain or glass insulators,
unless they are encased in pipes or other
metallic covering. If separate uncased wires are
used, they shall be kept at least three inches apart,
except where they enter the fittings. If metallic
casings are used they shall be grounded efficiently.
Joints in Conductors—
45. All joints in conductors shall be mechanically
and electrically efficient, and, wherever it is
possible to do so, they shall be soldered. Wherever
the conductors cannot be soldered together,
suitable screw clamps, or connectors, shall be used.
All points in insulated wire shall, after the joint
is complete, be reinsulated to at least the same
extent as the remainder of the wire.
Insulation and Covering—
46. All high voltage conductors inside of the
mines shall be in the form of insulated, leadcovered,
or armored cables, subject to approved
insulation tests and having carrying capacities in
accordance with rule 35, section 3.
47. Where lead-covered or armored cable is
used, the lead or armor shall be electrically continuous
throughout and shall be efficiently
grounded.
Cables Entering Fittings—
48. The exposed ends' of cables, where they enter
fittings of any description, shall he so protected
and finished off that moisture cannot enter
the cabie or the insulating material, if of an oily
or viscous nature, leak.
49. Where unarmored cables or wires pass
through metal frames or into boxes or motor casings,
the holes shall be substantially bushed with

insulating bushings, and, where necessary, with
gastignt bushings which cannot readily become
displaced.
Joints in Cables—
50. Where cables, other than signal cables, are
joined, suitable junction boxes shall be used or
the joints shall be soldered and the insulation armoring
or lead covering replaced in at least as
good condition as it was originally.
Power Wires and Cables in Shafts—
51. All power wires and cables in hoisting
shafts or manway compartments shall be highly
insulated and substantially fixed in position.
Shaft cables, whose conductors or covering are
not capable of sustaining their own weight, shall
be supported at intervals not to exceed 25 feet by
suitable grips, which cannot cause abrasion of the
covering or insulation, but shall so support the
cable that no grip shall carry more than the weight
of the cable between any two successive grips.
Where the cables are not completely boxed in and
protected from falling material, space shall be left
between them and the side of the shaft that they
may yield and so lessen a blow given by falling
material.
Cables in Haulage Roads—
52. Where the cables or feed wires, other than
trolley wires, in main haulage roads cannot be
kept at least 12 inches from any part of the mine
car or locomotive, they shall be specially protected
by proper guards.
53. Cables and wires, unless provided with metallic
coverings, shall not be fixed to walls or timbers
by means of uninsulated fastenings.
Protection During Blasting, Et Cetera—
54. When main or other roads are being repaired
or blasting is being carried on, suitable
temporary protection from damage shall be given
the cables.
Trailing Cables—
55. Trailing cables for portable machines shall
be specially flexible, heavily insulated, and protected
with extra stout braiding hose pipes or
other equally effective covering.
56. Each trailing cable in use shall be daily
examined by the machine operator for abrasions
and other defects, and he shall also be required to
carefully observe the trailing cable while in use
and shall at once report any defect to the person
in charge of electrical equipment.
57. In the event of the trailing cable in service
breaking down, or becoming damaged in any way,
or of its inflicting a shock upon any person, it
shall be at once put out of service. The faulty
cable shall not again be used until it has been repaired
and tested by a properly authorized person.
58. The trailing cable shall be divided at the
motor, but only for such length as is necessary for
making connection to the motor, and the cable,
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 63
with its outer covering complete, shall be securely
clamped to the motor frame in such a manner as
to protect the cable from injury and to prevent any
mechanical strain being borne by the single ends
that make electrical connection to the motor.
59. In gaseous portions of mines a fixed terminal
box shall be provided at the points where
trailing cables are attached at the power supply.
This terminal box shall be flame-proof and shall
contain a switch and fuse on each pole of the circuit.
The switch shall be so arranged that it can
only be operated from without the box when the
latter is completely closed, and the switch shall
also be so constructed that the trailing cables cannot
be attached or removed when the switch is
closed.
Section 4.—Switches, Fuses' and Circuit Breakers.
Operation and Capacity—•
60. Fuses and automatic circuit breakers shall
be so constructed as effectually to interrupt the
current on short circuit or when the current
through them exceeds a predetermined value.
Open type fuses shall be provided with terminals.
Circuit breakers shall be adjustable to trip at
from 50 per centum to 150 per centum of their
normal rated capacity, and provided with an indicator
which shall show at what current the circuit
breaker is set to trip.
61. Fuses shall be stamped or marked, or shall
have a label attached, indicating the maximum
current which they are intended to carry- Fuses
shall only be adjusted or replaced by a competent
person authorized by the mine foreman.
Feeder Circuit-Breakers—
62. Circuit breakers, used to protect feeder circuits,
shall be set to trip when the current exceeds
by more than 50 per centum the current
carrying capacity of the feeder. In ease the
feeder is subjected to over-loads sufficient to trip
the circuit breaker, but of short duration, the circuit
breaker may be equipped with a device which
will prevent its acting unless the overload persists
for a longer period than 10 seconds.
Feeder Fuses—
63. Fuses used to protect feeders' shall have a
less current rating than the feeder.
Bases—•
64. All switches, circuit breakers, and fuses
shall have incombustible bases.
Switches—
65. All points, at which a circuit, other than a
signal circuit, has to be made or broken, shall be
provided with proper switches. The use of hooks
or other makeshifts is prohibited, except that connection
for gathering locomotives or locomotives
and machines used in driving headings or rooms
may be made to the trolley by means of suitable
hooks; switches shall be so installed that they cannot
be closed by gravity. In any gaseous por-

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
tion of a mine switches, circuit-breakers, or fuses,
shall not be of the open type, but must be inclosed
in explosion proof casings or break under oil.
Section 5.—Motors.
Stationary Motors—
66. Every stationary motor underground, together
with its starting resistance, shall be protected
by a fuse on each pole or circuit breaking
device, on at least one pole for direct current, and
two poles for alternating current motors, and by
switches arranged to entirely cut off the power
from the motor. The above devices shall be installed
in a convenient position near the motor
and every stationary underground motor of 100
brake horse power, or over, shall be provided with
a suitable meter to indicate the load on the machine.
Motors' in Gaseous Mines—
67. In any gaseous portion of a mine all motors,
unless placed in such rooms as are separately
ventilated with intake air, shall have all
their current carrying parts, also their starters,
terminals, and connections, completely enclosed
in explosion-proof enclosures' made of non-inflammable
material. These enclosures shall not be
opened, except by an authorized person, and then
only when the power is switched off. The power
shall not be switched on while the enclosures are
open.
Underground Stationary Motors in Non-Gaseous
Mines—
68. Motors used for operating fans in nongaseous
mines, where they are so situated that
they are not under constant supervision of a competent
man, shall be totally enclosed (not necessarily
explosion-proof), unless placed in a chamber
or passageway completely lined with incombustible
material and the chamber or passageway
itself free from combustible material.
Detection of Gas—
69. In working places where gas is likely to be
encountered, a safety lamp, or other suitable apparatus
for the detection of fire damp, shall be
provided for use with each machine when working,
and, should any indication of fire damp appear
on the flame of the safety lamp, or other apparatus
used for the detection of fire damp, the person
in charge shall immediately stop the machine, cut
off the current at the nearest switch, and report
the matter to the mine foreman.
Enclosed Motors—
70. All enclosed motors used underground shall
he opened and thoroughly inspected by the person
in charge of electrical equipment, or his assistant,
at least once a week, and, where necessary.
shall then be cleaned and repaired. Enclosed
switches shall be opened and inspected at least
once a month.
Electric Coal-Cutting Machines—
71. No man shall be placed in charge of a coalcutting
machine in any gaseous portion of a mine
who is not a competent person, capable of determining
the safety of the roof and sides of the
working place and detecting the presence of explosive
gas.
72. In any gaseous portion of a mine a coalcutting
machine shall not be brought within the
least break-through next the working face until the
machine man shall have made an inspection for
gas, in the place where the machine is to work,
unless such examination is then made by some
other competent person, authorized or appointed
for that purpose by the mine foreman. If any
explosive gas is found in the place, the machine
shall not be taken in.
73. No coal-cutting machine shall be continued
in operation in a gaseous portion of a mine for a
longer period than half an hour without an examination,
as above described, being made for gas,
and, if gas is found, the current shall at once be
switched off the machine and the trailing cable
shall forthwith be disconnected from the power
supply.
74. The person finding gas shall at once report
the fact to the fire boss or mine foreman and the
machine shall not again be started in such place
until the fire boss, or a person duly authorized by
the mine foreman, has examined it and pronounced
it safe.
75. The person in charge of a coal-cutter, or
drilling machine, shall not leave the machine while
it is working and shall, before leaving the working
place, see that the current is cut off from the
trailing cables.
76. In any gaseous portion of a mine, if any
electric sparking or arc be produced outside a
coal-cutting, or other portable motor, or by the
cables or rails, the machine shall be stopped and
not be worked again until the defect is repaired,
and the occurrence shall be reported to an official
of the mine.
Section 6.—Electric Locomotives.
Trolley Sysiem—
77. Electric haulage by locomotives operated
from a trolley wire is not permissible in any
gaseous portions of mines, except upon the intake
air, fresh from the outside.
78. In no case shall the potential used in the
trolley system be higher than medium voltage.
Storage Battery System—
79. Storage battery locomotives shall be used
in gaseous mines only when the boxes containing
the cells and all electrical parts are enclosed in
flame and explosion-proof casings. (For regulations
covering the installation of the trolley wire,
see section 3, rules 38 to 42, inclusive.
(Continued on Page 56.)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
QAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Text of New Bituminous Mining Code of Pennsylvania
(Continued from Page 54.)
Section 7.—Electric Lighting.
Arc Lamps—
SO. Arc lamps shall not lie used in gaseous
mines except under conditions where trolley loco­
motives are allowable.
81. If arc lamps are used underground, in coal
mines, they shall be of the enclosed arc type and
shall not be used in situations where there is
likely to lie danger from the presence of coal dust.
Incandescent Lamps—
82. In all mines the sockets of fixed incandes­
cent lamps shall lie of the so-called "weather proof"
type, the exterior of which shall be entirely non-
metallic. Flexible lamp cord connections are pro­
hibited, except for portable lamps, as covered by
rule 85.
S3. In any gaseous portions of a mine, except
where ventilated by fresh intake air, incandescent
lamps shall be protected by gastight fittings of
strong glass, except that lamps of 220 volts or
higher and of not more than eight candle power
and without tips need not lie so protected.
S4. Incandescent lamps shall be so placed that
they cannot come in contact with combustible ma­
terial.
85. Portable incandescent lamps, otlier than
battery lamps, shall not be used except in connec­
YOU CAN'T
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. No Guess Work. .
| The J. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
\ Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
! Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
i Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING. OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FOR THE
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
\ The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
\ Contains a Complete List for the L) nited States and
C Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
^ Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
£ Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
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-• „-.. » ,.J, Roon ?.« „ .. ... 1438 SO. PENN SQUARE,
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CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA.
tion with the repair and inspection of machines
and equipment, and then only in non-gaseous
portions of mines. When so used they shall be
protected by a heavy wire cage, completely en­
closing both lamp and socket, and shall be pro­
vided witn a handle to which both cage and socket
are firmly attached and through which the lead-in
wires are carried.
86. Electric lamps shall be replaced by a com­
petent person only, and, in gaseous portions of a
mine, only after an examination for gas has been
made with a safety lamp.
For other regulations regarding electric light­
ing circuits see section 3. rules 43 to 45, inclusive.
Section 8.—Shot Firing by Electricity.
Shot Firing Circuits—
87. Electricity from any grounded circuit shall
not be used for firing shots.
SS. When shot-firing cables or wires are used
in the vicinity of power or lighting conductors,
special precaution shall be taken to prevent the
shot-firing cables or wires from coming in contact
with the light, power or any other circuits.
Shot Firers—
89. Only competent persons, who have the neces­
sary training and skill and who have been prop­
erly instructed in the work and duly authorized
by the mine foreman, shall be allowed to fire shots
electrically in any mine.
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) Mines of information on every subject are at j
t your disposal—Just say the word and we'll )
drive an entry for you
USE OUR
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Both are splendid aids to busy men.
Ask us for definite information
and rates.
The Central Press Bureau,
90S & 908 WABASH BUILDING.
T.l.phont 2164 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.

Electric Detonators—
90. All electric detonators, aud leads thereto,
shall he suitable for the conditions under which
the blasting is carried on and shall he of a type
approved by the Testing Station of the Federal
Bureau of Mines. Detonators shall be kept in a
dry place and never stored with any other explosive.
Portable Firing Machines and Batteries—
91. Portable shot firing machines, sometimes
called generators, shall be enclosed in a tightly
constructed case when employed in any portion of
the mine. All contacts, when made or broken,
shall be within the case, except that the bindingposts
for making connections to the firing leads
may be outside.
92. Primary or secondary batteries used for
shot firing shall be provided with a suitable case
covered by rule 91. The batteries shall be constructed
so that if the wires of a detonator or
leads should accidentally, or otherwise, come in
contact with the binding posts, no current will be
discharged. They shall be provided with a detachable
handle, plug, or key, without which the current
cannot be closed, or provided with one or
more safety contact buttons, which are well countersunk
or protected by a non-conducting housing.
The plugs, handles, or keys, shall be detached
when not actually in use for firing a shot and shall
not, under any circumstances, pass from the personal
custody of the person commissioned to fire
the shots while on duty.
93. All portable devices for generating, or supplying,
electricity for shot filing, when in a mine,
shall be in charge of the person commissioned to
fire the shots.
94. No firing machine or battery shall be connected
to the shot firing leads until all other steps
preparatory to the firing of a shot have been com­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
pleted and all persons have moved to a place of
safety, and no person other than the shot firer
shall make such connection.
Disconnecting of Leads—
95. Immediately after the firing of a shot the
firing leads shall be disconnected from the supply,
or source, of electricity, and no person shall approach
a shot which has failed to explode until
the firing leads have been so disconnected by the
shot firer from the device, and an interval of five
minutes has elapsed since the last attempt to fire
the shot.
Tests of Generators 1 and Batteries—
96. Frequent tests shall be made of all devices
covered ny rule 93 to insure that their capacity has
not been decreased by use or accident.
Special Systems—
97. The use of special electrical shot firing systems
or equipment not covered by the foregoing,
shall receive the approval of the Testing Station
of the Federal Bureau of Mines.
Section 9.—Electric Signaling.
Precautions—
98. All proper precautions shall be taken to
prevent electric signal and telephone wires from
coming into contact with other electric conductors,
whether insulated or not.
Character of Equipment—
99. Bells, wires, insulators, contact-makers, and
other apparatus, used in connection with electric
signaling underground, shall be of suitable design,
of substantial and reliable construction, and
erected in such a manner as to reduce the liability
of failures or false signals to a minimum.
Maximum Potential—
100. fn any gaseous portion of a mine the potential
used for signal purposes shall not exceed
L'4 volts and bare wires shall not be used for signal
circuits except in haulage roads. •
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
„ FAMOUj
TT ww »
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C O ^ A V
PENNSYLVANIA.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Telephones—
101. It is recommended that telephonic communication
be established between the outside of
the mine and the principal points of operation underground.
Section 10.—Electric Relighting of Safety Lamps.
102. If in any place or portion of a mine in
which safety lamps are used, they are relighted
underground by electricity, the mine foreman shall
select a suitable station or stations not being in
the return airway and where there is not likely to
be any accumulation of inflammable gas and no
electric relighting apparatus shall he used in any
other place. All electrical relighting apparatus
shal be securely locked and shall not be available
for use except by persons authorized by the mine
foreman to relight safety lamps, and such persons
shall examine all safety lamps brought for relighting
before they are reissued.
(TO V.E CONTINUED IX ISSUE OF AUGUST 15)
The Keystone Smokeless Coal Co. of Beaver,
Pa., has been incorporated with a capital stock of
$15,000 to operate 1,500 acres of developed coal
property at Castleman, Somerset county. The
mine is situated advantageously on the Baltimore
& Ohio railroad, and further, has a four to sixfoot
vein of high class fire clay underlying the
coal seam. The company will produce and market
this in conjunction with mining the coal. The
incorporators are: Messrs. Edward J. Allison,
David A. Nelson, Ira W. Logan, Thomas Donahoe
and F. O. Brandt. Officers of the company are:
Mr. Thomas Donahoe, president; Mr. David A.
Nelson, treasurer, and Mr. F. O. Brandt, secretary.
An office has been opened in the Oliver building,
Pittsburgh.
The report of Deputy Customs Collector William
Honecker shows that during June, 9S boats entered
the port at Lorain, O., carrying 423.000 tons of
ore and 107 boats cleared, carrying 520,000 tons of
coal. Coal shipments showed an increase, 20,000
being shipped to foreign ports. The coal business
at this port is equal to that of a year ago.
A record for the first 20 days in July showed
200,000 tons of coal loaded.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full particulars,
analysis of coal, name, location and outfit
of mine, ete.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, IY tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER Co.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
FOR SALE-
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909-10.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 59
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
J. II- SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
ANALYSIS :
Moisture . . . . . 153 BEST FOR STEAM AND
Volatile Matter - - - - 35.96 . _ _ „ „
Fixed Carbon - - - - 56.34 DOMESTIC USES
Ash . . . . . . 6.17
Sulphur - - - - - 1.79
B. T. U. per pound of Dry Coal, 13544.3 ° fficeS : ' 3 ' 5 Park BM & PITTSBURGH.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Bell phQneS) QrMt 1822_1823_1824
Jas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.
WESTMORELAND COAL CO.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE,
224 South Third Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
COLLIERY OWNERS, MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
THE STANDARD
WESTMORELAND COAL
MINES LOCATED IN WESTMORELAND COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA.
This Coal is unexcelled for gas-making, both in illuminating and for producer work.
For brick and terra cotta manufacture, locomotive use, steam threshers, high-pressure
steaming, and in all places where a strong and pure fuel is required, it has no equal.

60 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
(6~ ^
G. C. WEITZELL. President. Columbus. O. G. Z. HOSACK. V. Pres.. Pittsburgh. Pa.
H. R. BEESON. Secy and Treas.. Columbus. O. H. S. MERVIN. Auditor. Columbus. O.
INCORPORATED 1886.
(Heal (Eompang
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
GENUINE
HOCKING VALLEY COAL
MINES
FROM THE HEART OF THE HOCKING DISTRICT.
POWELL'S RUN, CAWTHORNE, MURRAY CITY, GREENDALE.
SHIPPING DOCKS
GENERAL OFFICES
EQUATOR. KITTANNING, NEW MONARCH.
ALL UPPER AND LOWER LAKE PORTS.
50 E. Broad St., COLUMBUS, OHIO.
BRANCH OFFICES
CHICAGO DETROIT
yq 9>

GOALJRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, AUGUST 15, 1911 No. 6
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. E. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STRAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
relating to coal or coal production are invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBUBOH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
PROSPECTS LOOK ISKTTER THAN- THEY HAVE FOR
MONTHS in the coal trade, and the reports from
all sections of the country indicate that mine own­
ers and operators are beginning to see more and
more of the silver lining to the cloud that has
been hovering over the trade. Actual improve­
ments in conditions are not so great as to cause
excitement, but rather have been of a conservative
nature, with a little gain noted here and an­
other there, all tending to make things look
brighter for the industry. The report for the
first half of the year, just recently made public
by the government bureaus, shows that the trade
must make a more decided improvement if the
figures for 1910 are to be equaled when tonnage
reports ior the year become due. That the trade
hopes the remaining four months of the year may
partially recoup the decreased tonnage of the first
half year goes without saying.
The reported putting into blast of additional
iron furnaces is looked upon as one of the par­
ticularly good features of the industrial situation,
as it means additional fuel requirements, and, con­
sequently, more activity in the bituminous and
coke branches of the trade. In addition to the
furnaces going into blast, reports of mills increas­
ing their running time and of starting up after
an idleness add to the industrial outlook, and are
bound to reflect favorably on the coal trade.
The lake trade is going forward steadily and
shipments are increasing each week, with the out­
look for a decided boom in the near future one
of the favorable phases. Product is going for­
ward in larger quantities from upper lake docks.
The failure to settle the strike in the Canadian
Northwest has helped matters, as some consider­
able tonnage has been contracted for by the larger
consumers in that section and this coal is now
being shipped to destination.
Labor conditions throughout the country have
improved during the past fortnight, as the local
strikes in the Indiana fields have been settled
satisfactorily, the differences between the rival
factions of Mine Workers in the Central Pennsyl­
vania field have been settled and troubles in the
Southwest are disposed of. This leaves the Colo­
rado and Canadian stoppages the only ones of im­
portance, although petty little strikes arise in
different sections almost daily, to be settled as
quickly as they start.
In the Pittsburgh district mines are going stead­
ily at approximately 75 per cent, of capacity, with
a brighter future in view. The announcement
that the Carnegie Steel Co. will put all its fur­
naces in blast has had a heartening effect on the
trade, even if it has not resulted in immediate
increases in tonnage. River shippers are still
in the throes of a low water period with coal accu­
mulating in the harbors each day until now there
is probably a larger amount loaded and awaiting
shipment than has been the case for more than a
year. The district has profited by the contracting
for coal by Canadian consumers whose former
source of supply is cut off by labor troubles, and
this tonnage is commencing to go forward. With
these conditions existing the tone of the trade is
firmer and producers are less inclined to make
any sacrifice to obtain trade. Prices, in conse-

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
quence, are firm and quotations are: Run-of-mine
coal, $1.25 to $1.35; three-quarter coal, $1.35 to
$1.45; inch and one-quarter coal, $1.45 to $1.55;
slack. 75 to 85 cents.
Coke production is once more on the upgrade,
and it is probable that, when the figures are
available, ihe production for the week ending
August 12 will show a total of over three hundred
thousand tons for the first time in three months.
The largest furnace interest has ordered a large
number of ovens in blast, the announcement fol­
lowing close on that of furnaces becoming active,
and this is looked upon as indicating the long
looked for activity in the trade. With the favor­
able outlook the manufacturers have put a little
more backbone in their prices and the bargain
hunter isn't meeting with much success. Prices
are held at $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace coke and
$2.00 to $2.25 for foundry coke.
The anthracite trade is going along in the even
tenor of its way, apparently, and is getting out
large tonnages, the figures for July being record
breaking ones, while the present month advance
reports show it to be holding its own, when com­
pared with other years. There are reports of
collieries closing but these do not seem to have
much effect on the total output as other mines ap­
parently make up the difference. Prices are still
at final summer figures.
* * *
STRAIGHT TO THE POIXT IS THE ANSWER, as
amended, filed by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.
in the suit by the government to compel it to
divorce itself from the Lehigh Valley Coal Co.
The answer admits that the railroad owns coal
company stock, but emphatically denies that its
officers dictate the action of the coal company
officials. It also says it will continue to haul
the product of the coal company because no law
has been violated. Evidently the company intends
to make a decided stand and make the present
case the final one in the effort of government to
establish a "trust" and then "bust" it.
LOSING ITS IDENTITY doesn't look good to the
Western Federation of Miners, evidently, judging
from the vote on merging with the United Mine
Workers. Neither does the recall feature insofar
as it applies to its own officers.
THE VAUNTED SUPERIORITY OF FOREIGN COALS was
given a setback within a short time, due to the
record made by the battleship Delaware, this na­
tion's representative at the naval pageant attend­
ing the coronation of King George V of England.
Taking on a cargo of coal before she left home
ports the big battleship went lo England, remained
for the ceremonies and returned with enough coal
in her bunkers to steam a long distance. The
coal made a splendid record for evaporating water,
thus keeping up the necessary steam pressure at
a low consumption. English naval officers and
others expressed surprise that no coal would be
needed for the return voyage and were still fur­
ther surprised at the efficiency of the fuel carried
by the Delaware.
Nine coal men out of ten caught with a paper
in their hands these days aren't hunting trade
news. Not on your life! It's a case of hunting
the score.
The crickets and katydids are abroad. Also
the wind is blowing over the oats stubble. That
spells "fall" and increased sales, Mr. Coal Man.
* * *
The Delaware steamed right over, turned around
and steamed right back again. And she didn't
need anything but American coal to do it on.
The Lehigh Valley says it will haul coal after
"trust busting" goes into the "gob." That pre­
diction looks good.
* * *
Noticed lately, Mr. Operator, the inquiries for
coal from abroad? Rather a wide market to cap­
ture, so get busy.
* * *
More miners' fences have been fixed up. There
are still some that are badly wrecked.
* * *
Idle cars again show a decrease. It's a sign
that has "horseshoes" on it.
E. M. Williams, a dealer of Frankfort, Ky., has
filed 63 suits against the Louisville & Nashville
railroad to recover payment for coal lost in transit.

PITTSBURGH MINERS REFER THEIR FIGHT
TO INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE BOARD.
Through action taken at a three-day conference
of the Gibbons and Feehan forces of District No. 5,
U. M. W. of A., held in Pittsburgh commencing
August 10, an agreement was reached looking to
a final settlement of the bitter factional fight in
the district which has been in progress for about
one year. International President John P. White,
realizing the necessity of establishing complete
harmony in the miners' ranks in view of the coming
wage scale conferences with the operators,
called for the joint meeting between the so-called
regulars and insurgents. International Vice President
Frank J. Hayes and President Patrick Gilday
and International Board Member Thomas Haggerty
of District No. 2 were also present.
Under the text of the agreement, all questions
in dispute will be referred to the International
Executive Board for settlement. That body will
convene in Pittsburgh August 24 at 10 o'clock A.
M. for the purpose of reviewing the evidence presented
by both sides. According to the agreement,
any decision reached will be final and binding.
The complete agreement, signed by Gibbons,
Feehan and the members of the two district executive
boards, as well as by Messrs. White. Hayes
and Haggerty, is given below:
We, the undersigned parties to this agreement,
beg leave to state that we fully realize the necessity
of peace and unity within our ranks, and the
urgent need of a common understanding, if the
rights of our fellow mine workers are to be fully
protected, and, believing that the disputes that are
now dividing the membership in this district
should be given an early hearing in the courts of
our own making, in order that justice might be
secured and our organization preserved, we hereby
agree to the following terms:
First—We agree to refer all questions in dispute
to the international executive board, whose decision
shall be final and binding.
Second—It is understood and agreed that the international
executive board will be notified to meet
in Pittsburgh on Thursday, August 24, at 10 A. M.,
at the Labor Temple, for the special purpose of
determining all points at issue between both parties
to this controversy.
Third—All charges to be preferred against any
official or officials on either side to be presented
to the board in writing.
Fourth—In view of the fact that the international
executive board is called upon to decide this
controversy, it is understood and agreed that both
sides to this dispute devote their efforts to a restoration
of peace and tranquility in the district pending
a final decision by the international executive
board.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
Fifth—We, the undersigned, request the international
executive board to decide the merits of the
controversy in question on an aye and nay vote,
and be it further agreed that the bill in equity now
in court be withdrawn.
We, the undersigned, agree to the above proposition.
Signed this 13th day of August. 1911, by the
executive boards representing both factions to this
controversy and official representatives of the international
organization.
Robert R. Gibbons, Abe Kephart, Andrew Puskar,
William P. Friday, James Brown, E. D. Reed,
Thomas Sheehan. James Sabin, Fred Sample, Otto
Slater. Francis Feehan. Van Bittner, Tim Donovan,
F. P. Hanaway, William McKay, James Charlton,
John O'Leary, William Hargest, Sidney Davis,
George Dagger, John P. White, Frank J. Hays,
Thomas Haggerty.
CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY'S MARY­
LAND COAL MAKES GOOD RECORD.
The United States new battleship Delaware,
which attended the recent coronation ceremonies
in England, made a new record from the point of
coal consumption. The Delaware went to England
and returned without taking on coal on the
other side, and had enough coal left in her bunkers
when she got back to take her 1,500 miles farther.
On the recent trip of the Delaware, which was
sent by the government to England to represent
this country at the coronation, the coal supplied
was Big Vein. Cumberland, George's Creek, mined
by the Consolidation Coal Co., in Maryland, and
loaded by this company on the battleship in New
York harbor. The Delaware left New York on
June 4 with 2,412 tons of coal and 282 tons of
fuel oil. She arrived at Tor Bay, England, June
16, and at Spithead June 19. She left Spithead
June 28 and arrived at Boston July 9. She had
over 600 tons of coal in her bunkers when she
reached Boston, or an ample supply to take her
to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
The collier Neptune recently took 13,000 tons
cargo and 2,200 tons bunker coal from the Consolidation
Coal Co., at Curtis Bay Piers, Baltimore.
The Neptune is the newest and largest
collier in the navy service. The cargo taken on
at Baltimore will be used by the Atlantic fleet,
distribution to be made following the Neptune's
trials on the course off Rockland, Maine. The
loading of 15,000 tons of coal on the Neptune in
one day, breaks the record for dumping coal at the
Baltimore piers.

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
MINERS' CONTROVERSY IN CENTRAL
PENNSYLVANIA ADJUSTED.
At a conference held at Altoona, Pa., August 2,
attended by International President John P. White
of the United Mine Workers of America, the long
prolonged controversy between the officers of Dis­
trict No. 2 and the insurgent sub-district No. 3
was amicably adjusted.
The following agreement was signed by the con­
tending parties:
First—That the organization known as Sub-District
No. 3 will be abolished from this date and all
officers in the said sub-district now holding official
position shall relinquish their offices on and after
the above date.
Second—That all local unions in dispute shall
commence to pay all taxes from July 1, 1911, and
comply with the national and district constitutions
in all their provisions.
Third—That all members of the local unions in
dispute will be placed in good standing from July
1, 1911. in accordance with the provisions of the
district constitution. (Left to the decision of the
national president).
Fourth—In the settlement of the back debts in
dispute this matter shall be left entirely in the
hands of the international executive board and
their decision upon the amount of money to be
paid to the district organization by the local unions
snail be final, and upon payment of the amount of
money so designated to the district organization
it shall be considered a complete cancellation of
all back debts.
Fifth—That all motions or resolutions on the
minute books of any of the local unions in dis­
pute debarring any of the district representatives
from admittance or from speaking in the said
local unions shall be canceled immediately, and
that the district organization shall have full
power to audit all hooks and documents belonging
to said local unions at any time they may deem
necessary, in accordance with the provisions of the
district constitution in conjunction with the national
organization. And the following proposi­
tion is further presented: that if any of the said
local unions in dispute desire nt any time, after
the settlement of this dispute has been completed.
to audit the books of tiie district, the district's
books are open for the period covered during the
entire centralization period, the time covered by
this dispute, providing that the representatives
from the local unions shall pay all expenses incurred
and that they are accompanied by some
representative of the national organization.
Sixtli—It is also agreed that the district execu­
tive board will cancel the resolution suspending
certain members of these local unions for a period
of five years as soon as the terms of this agree­
ment have been complied with.
Seventh—In reference to the question raised
about taxes on the Portage Branch the entire mat­
ter to be left in the hands of the international
officers for adjustment.
President White's ruling on clause three was that
all members of the local unions in dispute shall be
placed in good standing and be entitled to all
rights and privileges accorded members under the
district constitution.
VIRGINIA BREAKS RECORD BY OUTPUT
OF 6,507,997 TONS DURING 1910.
Virginia's coal production is steadily increasing.
The total output of the state in 1910 was 6.507,997
short tons, with a spot value of $5,S77,486, accord­
ing to Edward W. Parker, coal statistician of the
United States Geological Survey.
Virginia established two new records in the
statistics of her coal production in 1910; first, in
quantity of coal produced, and second, in the
amount and percentage of increase over the pre­
ceding year. The production in 1909. 4,752,217
short tons, had exceeded all previous records, but
this was beaten in 1910 by the unprecedented in­
crease of 1,755,780 tons, nearly 37 per cent. The
value increased $1,626,430. or 38 per cent., from
$4,251,056 to $5,S77.4S6. Although little if any
of the Virginia product was shipped to the West
to make up the deficiency caused by the pro­
longed strike in the mines of the Missis­
sippi Valley States, the shortage in those states
was the indirect cause of the remarkable increase
in Virginia's tonnage. The strike in the Middle-
West naturally created an unusual demand upon
the coal mines of West Virginia, and a large part
of the production of that state, customarily sent
to the seaboard, was diverted to the temporarily
more profitable markets in the West. This de­
mand in turn gave opportunity for a larger out­
let to the seaboard for Virginia coals, an oppor­
tunity of which the Virginia coal men were not
slow to take advantage.
Virginia stands well up among the states in the
quantity of coal produced for each man employed.
In 1910 tlie number of men employed was 7.264.
who worked an average of 241 days. The average
production per man was 896 tons for the year,
and 3.72 tons for each day. Both of these aver­
ages are better than those shown in the majority
ot the coal producing states. Most of the miners
in the state work 10 hours a day. Of the 7,264
men employed in 1910, 5,710 worked 10 hours and
1,(121 worked 9 hours. Only one mine was re­
ported as working S hours.

GOVERNMENT ENTERS SUIT AGAINST SIX
RAILROADS AND THREE COAL COM­
PANIES.
Suit was filed by the United States government
in the Federal Circuit Court at Columbus, O.. on
August 4 against six railroad companies and three
coal mining concerns charging a combination in
restraint of trade and asking that the combination
be enjoined from continuing business.
The defendant companies are: Lake Shore &
Michigan Southern railroad. Chesapeake & Ohio
railroad, Hocking Valley railroad, Toledo & Ohio
Central railroad. Kanawha & Michigan railroad,
Zanesville & Western railroad, Sunday Creek Co..
Continental Coal Co., Kanawha & Hocking Coal &
Coke Co.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The government's petition alleges that the com
bination thus formed affects four coal mining
fields; namely, the Pittsburgh, the West Virginia,
the Kanawha Valley and the Hocking Valley.
It is alleged that the six railroads are affiliated
and that the three coal companies also are affiliated,
not only among themselves, but with the
railroad companies.
The Hocking Valley, the Toledo & Ohio Central,
the Kanawha & Michigan and the Zanesville &
Western until recently were under control of the
"Trunk Line Syndicate."
The Sunday Creek Co. is a holding company,
controlling the Continental Coal Co. and other
companies owning properties in Virginia, West
Virginia and Ohio.
The government's purpose is to prevent the
change of ownership agreed on last year, when
the Trunk Line Syndicate turned over the four
railroads and their affiliated coal companies to
the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern and the
Chesapeake & Ohio, the latter taking charge of
the Hocking Valley, which is the principal of the
four roads.
LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD
DENIES VIOLATING THE LAW.
Formal answer was made August 9 by the Lehigh
Valley Railroad Co. to the amended bill of
complaint of the United States government, which
seeks to enjoin the railroad from conducting the
business and transporting the shipments of the
Lehigh Valley Coal Co.
While denying that the officers and directors of
the coal company are identical with those of the
railroad company, it is admitted, in the answer,
that the railroad company owns the entire capital
stock of the coal company, and is able to determine
the selection of its officers.
25
It is asserted, however, that the railroad makes
no effort to elect or appoint officers and employes
of the coal company. Such officers and employes,
it. is declared, do not hold their offices subject to
the control or dictation of the railroad company.
It is averred that separate offices are maintained
by the two companies, and it is denied that the
officers, directors and committeemen of the coal
company "act. in reality for. or on behalf of. or
under the direction of the railroad company."
Denial is also entered to the allegation that the
railroad exercises a supervision over the coal
mined. In conclusion, it is asserted that the railroad
will continue its transportation of coal on the
ground that no law is being violated by such
action.
IDLE CARS SHOW BIG DECREASE.
The fortnightly bulletin of the American Railway
Association states that on August 2 the net
surplus of idle cars on the railroads of the United
States and Canada stood at 128,091 compared with
149,072 two weeks before. The difference is 20.-
981, or 14 per cent. The number of idle cars or
the gross surplus was 130,136 compared with 150.-
433. while the shortage increased from 1,361 to
2,(145. In the two weeks ended August 2 the surplus
of coal cars decreased from 62.6S9 to 47.SS2,
while the box car surplus decreased from 46,675
to 43,004. Both flat and miscellaneous cars
showed some reductions in surpluses.
In this latest report a material decrease in the
car surplus of the country was to be expected.
The time is here for a continuous procession of
decreases for the next two months at least; that is,
if precedent be a competent guide. By far the
largest activity must have been on the lines operating
in the Middle Atlantic States, where the surplus
of idle cars fell off about 100 per cent, compared
with two weeks ago. A heavy demand for
coal cars characterized traffic, movements in that
section of the country. Traffic features were similar
in the Middle West, although the reduction in
the surplus was not nearly as large. This improvement
in these two very important sections
nas been evident for a month. In the Virginias
and tlie Carolinas a substantial decrease in the
car surplus was evidenced. Canadian lines had
tlie lowest number of cars on hand since the middle
of last January.
Mr. C. A. Reynolds, a civil engineer in the employ
of the Boomer Coal & Coke Co., was drowned
in the Kanawha river near Boomer, W. Va., Aug.
7, while in bathing with several companions. Mr.
Reynolds was 25 years of age and has been in the
employ of the Boomer Coal & Coke Co. for tlie past
year. His home was in Orange, Va.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
BIG ATTENDANCE EXPECTED AT THE MINE
SAFETY DEMONSTRATION IN PITTS­
BURGH, OCTOBER 26 AND 27.
Thirty thousand miners are expieted to attend
the Mine Safety demonstration to lie held in Pitts­
burgh, October 26 and 27 under the auspices of
the Federal Bureau of Mines, the American Red
Cross, the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association
and the United Mine Workers of America.
President Taft will make an address and will
present, souvenir prizes to the miners taking part
in the first-aid-to-the-iujured and rescue work exhibitions.
Waiter L. Fisher, Secretary of the
Interior, Governor Tener of Pennsylvania, and Dr.
Joseph A. Holmes, director of the Bureau of
Mines also will be present. The general arrangements
for the demonstration are in charge of H.
M. Wilson, engineer-in-charge of the Bureau of
Mines.
The demonstration, the purpose of which is to
teach greater safety in mining, will begin the
morning of October 26, at the experiment station
of the Bureau of Mines, Fortieth and Butler
streets. The first day will be devoted to the
interests of the mine operators, mine owners, mining
engineers and superintendents of mines.
There will be an explosion of coal dust in tlie
experiment gallery and tests of mine safety lamps
in gas. The dangers of electric sparks in gas and
coal dust will also be shown in one of the galleries.
A class of miners will be trained in the use of
the oxygen helmet which permits breathing in
poisonous gases for a period of two hours.
In the afternoon, the operators, engineers and
superintendents will witness an actual mine ex
plosion in the experimental mine of the Bureau
at Bruceton, Pa., 12 miles from Pittsburgh. Coal
dust will be allowed to accumulate in the mine
and black powdfr, the use of which is strongly
urged against, by the bureau, in mines where there
are dangerous conditions, will be used. In other
words, the bureau's experts will carry out in this
mine all the bad practices which they believe lead
to explosions.
October 27, the demonstration will take place on
Forbes field, in the presence of the President and
other distinguished visitors. A temporary steel
gallery will lie erected on tlie playing field and the
cause of the recent great explosions in coal mines
will lie dramatically shown in an explosion of coal
dust. Immediately following the explosion, members
of one of the rescue corps of the bureau, in
their oxygen helmets, will rush into the smokefilled
gallery and go through the work of rescue.
Supposed victims of the explosion will be brought
forth and given first-aid-to-the-injured.
Expert rescue teams from the principal coal
mines of the country will give friendly exhibitions
and then the miners will pass in review of the
President. The parade of the miners will con­
tinue downtown to the river front where a special
pier has been assigned them to witness the marine
parade in honor of the centenary of the beginning
of steam navigation on the Ohio river. The miners'
demonstration will conclude at noon and the
remainder of the day will be taken up with the
river centennial.
JULY ANTHRACITE SHIPMENT.
The shipments of anthracite coal for the month
of July by companies as compared with those of
July. 1910, were:
Companies. 1911. 1910.
Philadelphia & Reading 825,309 673,703
Lehigh Valley S54.391 759,426
Jersey Central 545,158 565,050
Delaware, Lacka. & Western 776,013 672,844
Delaware & Hudson 483,217 396,334
Pennsylvania 40S.291 309,601
Erie 720,221 567,339
N. Y., Ontario & Western.. 191,465 227,262
Total 4,804,065 4,202,059
The shipments by months for the year, as com­
pared with 1910, were:
1911. 1910.
January 5,904,117 5,306,618
February 5,070,948 5,031,784
March 5,996,894 5,174,166
April 5,804,915 6,224,396
May 6,317.352 5,679,661
June 6.215,357 5.398,123
July 4,8(14,065 4,202,059
August 4,996,044
September 4,967,516
October 5,622,095
November 6,071,746
December 6,231,578
Total 40,113.648 64,905,786
Enoch L. Filer, one of the best known coal
operators in the Butler-Mercer field, is dead in his
late home. Greenville, Pa. He was the son of
Enoch Filer, of Sharon, a pioneer coal operator,
and was born 50 years ago. He was twice married,
his second wife being Mary Crawford, of
Grove City. Mr. Filer was a member of St.
Clement's Episcopal Church and of the Elks. The
following children, with his widow, survive: Mrs.
Maud Aspery, of Cleveland; Mrs. L. R. Stone, of
Lrreenville, and Carl, Paul, Enoch and Mary, of
Greenville.

SIX MONTHS COAL TRADE SHOWS A
DECREASE OVER PREVIOUS YEAR.
A considerable increase in the anthracite coal
tonnage, a slight decrease in the bituminous coal
tonnage and a heavy decline in the coke tonnage
of the leading eastern railroads during the first
six months of the present year are shown by the
June figures of internal commerce, recently made
public by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department
of Commerce and Labor. Inasmuch as
bituminous coal is used primarily for industrial
purposes, while coke is consumed chiefly by smelting
furnaces, the figures would seem to indicate
that the present depression in the iron trade is
shared to a much smaller extent by other coalusing
industries.
The six months' shipments of bituminous coal
by eight leading eastern coal roads for the first
half of the present year aggregated 55,489,425 short
tons, compared with 57.475,998 short tons for the
same period in 1910 and 46,673,084 short tons for
1909. The larger roads, such as the Pennsylvania
Lines East of Pittsburgh, the Baltimore &
Ohio, the New York Central and the Pittsburgh
& Lake Erie, show slightly smaller totals than a
year ago, while the tonnage figures of the Buffalo,
Rochester & Pittsburgh and the Norfolk & Western
show a larger volume of coal traffic than in 1910.
The shipments of bituminous coal by water at
the five leading Atlantic ports for the six months
of the present year are stated as 13,012,896 long
tons, compared with 12,497,812 long tons for the
corresponding period of the past year. The domestic
lake shipments of soft coal for the same
period, 5,008,S53 short tons, show the largest relative
decline from the corresponding figures of 5,-
913,177 short tons. Coastwise receipts of soft coal
at Boston for the six months of the present year,
1,983,176 long tons, compare favorably with the
corresponding 1910 figures of 1,934,140 long tons,
while coal receipts at St. Louis show a decline
from 3,921,551 short tons for the first half of 1910
to 3,404,765 short tons for the six months of the
present year.
The quantities of soft coal moved by river for
the six months of the present year show a large
increase over the quantities thus moved in 1910.
In particular, the coal traffic on the Monongahela
river is given as 5,107,962 short tons for the six
months of the present year, compared with 4,936,-
464 short tons for the first six months in 1910.
The quantities of soft coal passing Davis Island
dam during the first half of the present year are
stated as 1,880,990 short tons, compared with 1,-
377,685 short tons in 1910. The amount of coal
carried by way of the Louisville and Portland
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
canal and falls of the Ohio river during the present
year was 968,262 short tons, compared with 828,-
641 short tons in 1910.
The foreign demand for soft coal during tlie
first half of the present year shows a considerable
increase, as may be seen from the domestic exports
of this article, which grew from 4,522,812
long tons in 1910 to 5,577,672 long tons for the
first six months of the present year. The quantities
of coal used for bunkering vessels in the
foreign trade at all ports of the country show an
increase from 3,235,350 long tons in 1910 to 3,276,-
171 long tons for the first half of the present year.
The quantities of bunker coal furnished to vessels
in the foreign trade at the port of New York alone
were 1,939,740 long tons for the first six months
of the present year, compared with 1,915,282 long
tons supplied during the first half of the past year.
The coke traffic during the first half of the present
year shows a more unfavorable development.
owing to the slackened demand in the iron and
steel trades. Thus the estimated production of
the Connellsville region shows a decline of almost
30 per cent, from 11,289,569 short tons for the
first 26 weeks in 1910 to 8,026,923 short tons for the
same period of the present year. The coke traffic
of eight leading eastern railroads shows about
the same relative decline from 15,019,444 short
tons in 1910 to 11,010,019 short tons in 1911. The
iron ore shipments from upper lake ports show
the largest decline, the 1911 figures. 8,675,624 long
tons, falling over 40 per cent, short of the corresponding
1910 figures. The pig iron output for
the first half of the present year is stated as 11,-
471,054 long tons, or about 22 per cent, less than
the corresponding total in 1910, the Chicago district
showing the largest curtailment of production.
MINE RUN LAW STILL IN FORCE
SAYS ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL.
Attorney General William H. Stead of Illinois
was asked to give an opinion as to whether the
Illinois mine-run law had been repealed and his
written opinion in the matter is as follows:
Hon. David Ross, Secretary Commissioner of Labor,
Springfield, 111.:
Dear Sir—In your letter of the 6th inst. you
refer to an act entitled. "An Act to revise the laws
in relation to coal mines and subjects relating
thereto, and providing for the health and safety of
persons employed therein," approved June 6, 1911,
in force July 1, 1911, and submit for my opinion
the question as to whether "An Act to provide for
the payment of coal miners for all coal mined by

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
them, and providing additional duties for mine inspectors."
approved June 3, 1897, was in force
July 1, 1911.
In reply thereto, I would state that on April 5,
1906, I rendered you an opinion to the effect that
the act of 1899, entitled "An Act to revise the laws
in relation to coal mines and subjects relating
thereto, and providing for the health and safety
of persons employed therein," did not repeal, either
expressly or by implication, the said act of June 3,
1897. After referring to the act of June 3, 1897, I
stated that said act "has reference solely to the
manner in which miners shall be paid for their
sei vices. The provisions of the revision act of
1899 are not repugnant to. nor in conflict with,
said last named act of 1897, and 1 am of the opinion
that the same is not repealed by implication,
but is still in force."
Under a re-examination of the matter I am still
of the opinion that the act of 1899 did not repeal
by implication the said act of June 3, 1S97.
I further am of the opinion for the reasons given
in my letter of April 5, 1906, that the revision of
the mining act, approved June 6, 1911, did not repeal
the said act of June 3, 1S97, either expressly
or by implication. In other words, in my opinion,
the said act of June 3, 1897, is still in force.
Very respectfully,
WM. H. STEAD. Attorney General.
ASSIGN TERRITORY TO
ELEVEN IMPERIAL SENTRIES.
To further the activities of the Order Ko-Koal
the coming year in the various sections the Imperial
Modoc has assigned various territories to
come under the jurisdiction of the members of the
Imperial Eleven Sentries as follows:
Arthur H. Hull, Imperial Modoc, Chicago, 111..
to have supervision over Northern Illinois, Southern
Wisconsin. Kentucky, Missouri. Oklahoma,
Texas, Georgia and other unassigned territory.
Daniel Howard, Imperial Baron, Clarksburg, W.
Va., over West Virginia, Virginia, North and
South Carolina.
E. E. Springer, Imperial Baronel, Spokane,
Wash., over Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho
and Western Canada.
Arch Coleman, Imperial Baronet, Minneapolis.
Minn., over Minnesota. Northern Wisconsin, North
and South Dakota.
Charles E. Lester, Imperial Pictor, New York
City, over Eastern New York and New England.
John H. Craig, Imperial Mazumer, Assumption,
111., over Southern Illinois and Eastern Iowa.
Charles K. Scull, Imperial Gazook, Philadelphia,
Pa., over Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland and District of Columbia.
John S. Van Epps, Imperial Pit Boss, Cleveland,
Ohio, over Ohio, Michigan and Indiana.
A. L. Snow, Imperial Acolyte, Omaha, Neb., over
Nebraska, Easiern Iowa, Kansas and Wyoming.
Homer H. Allen, Imperial Spotta, Erie, Pa..
over Western Pennsylvania, Western New York
and Ontario.
Under this arrangement each member of the
Imperial Eleven Sentries has specific territory and
he has the definite honor of being the highest
Ko-Koal officer in that section and is the active
head of all Ko-Koal affairs. Under his jurisdiction
come the local Breakers which are established
in the larger cities, the Skouts who have charge
in prescribed districts and the Sachems who are
the Ko-Koal leaders in towns or cities where local
Breakers have not been formally established.
The new Imperial Sentries have already taken
hold with enthusiasm and it is expected that the
full complement of Skouts and Sachems to complete
the organization for the coming year will be
announced during the coining month.
The present Imperial Sentries have also decided
to make an earnest recommendation to the next
annual pow wow advising that a precedent be
established of honoring with an election to the
imperial Board those Skouts and Sachems who
do good work in promoting the Ko-Koal principles
in their respective territories. In other
words, it is the general idea that where there are
only eleven of the highest positions of honor out
of a total membership of between four and five
thousand, that preference should be given to those
who have taken the most active interest in helping
to build up the fundamental square deal doctrine
of "Come On and Lift."
The Grand Trunk railway has raised most of its
anthracite coal rates, effective September 1. About
two-thirds of the principal points are affected by
the increase. To partially offset this raise, there
are lower rates on bituminous coal to about 20
stations, but the reductions are of very small account.
Previous to this the road has classified
its coal rates in one tariff, but now there are separate
tariffs for hard and soft coal, and also one
for coke.
The Department of Mines of West Virginia will
hold an examination for mine foremen and fire
bosses at Clarksburg, W. Va., August 17 and in
Wheeling August 23 and 24. L. D. Vaughn, district
mine inspector, will be in charge.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
LOSS OF LIFE IN COAL MINES COMPARED WITH OTHER
HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS*
By Jesse K. Johnston, General Superintendent Charleroi Coal Works.
The American workingman can and does better
work in any given time than any other workingman
in any country in the world, and this fact
has been proven by the Westinghouse Electric Co.
becoming dissatisfied with the slow work of the
British workingmen during the erection of their
British plant and importing American bricklayers
in order that the work might be rapidly accomplished.
When work was started on the great
Assouan dam on the River Nile, contracts were
asked from all over thhe world for structural iron
work and the contract was awarded to the American
contractors because they agreed to furnish
material and perform their work quicker than any
contractors from any other part of the world.
The employes inside of American coal mines are
producing almost double the coal of the employes
of the mines in any European country, man
for man and hour for hour, and are also earning
more money. In Great Britain in 1909 the number
of tons produced per inside employe was 322
tons, in Pennsylvania bituminous mines 893 tons.
This speaks well not only for the introduction of
modern mining machinery, but the energy and
activity of our miners. The average for two
years 1908-1909 shows that for 1,000.000 tons of
coal produced in Great Britain 4.71 lives were lost;
and for every 1,000,000 tons produced in
THE BITUMINOUS MINES
of Pennsylvania 4.13 lives were lost, a result somewhat
favorable to Pennsylvania.
It is not the purpose of this paper to burden its
hearers with a mass of statistics, which are always
uninteresting at best, but to draw some conclusions
and comparisons with other hazardous occupations
and see if the fatal and non-fatal accidents
have causes and reasons similar to those of the
coal industry, and find out if there is any remedy
for their prevention.
The coal operators of Pennsylvania have been
the subject of much unjust criticism indulged in
by the people at a distance, and by a portion of
the public press, on account of mine disasters and
the great loss of life inside of the mines. In a
recent issue of Pearson's Magazine there appeared
an article on the danger of electricity in the mines
of Southwestern Pennsylvania, and charged the
officials of the mines with the deliberate murder of
the miners. The writer of this article not only
insulted every coal operator, superintendent, mine
foreman and fire boss, but he allowed prejudice
"Paper read before the Mid-Summer Meeting of the Coal
Mining Institute. Data Compiled From Pennsylvania State
Mine Reports, Interstate Commerce Commission. State Factory
Inspector Reports.
to outweigh analysis, and fancy to outstrip facts,
and in answer to this article, it might be well
to quote from the actual reports furnished by the
mine inspectors to the chief of the Department
of Mines for a period of thirty-three (33) years.
Inside. Percentage.
by falls of coal, slate and roof 59.38
By mine cars 14.09
By explosions of gas and dust 16.33
By explosions of powder and dynamite.... 1.03
By explosions of blasts 1.2S
By falling into shafts and slopes 1.55
By mules .25
Suffocation by gas .49
By machinery .64
By electricity 1.73
Miscellaneous causes 3.23
100.00
Electricity as a cause of accidents, while small
in percentage, has slowly increased. In 1892
nothing; in 1909, 4.63 per cent.; in 1910. 0.3 per
cent.
It is a much easier task to fight a raging fire in
a coal mine with tongue or pen at a distance,
than to
BRAVE THE DANGERS
of poisonous gases and perform the actual work at
close quarters. There is no comparison between
a fire in the 24th story of a skyscraper and fire
down in a shaft mine 1,000 feet below the surface.
There is also a vast difference between discipline
in an army, where disobedience brings the
severest penalty, and discipline in a coal mine,
where the breaking of the law sometimes results
in the discharge and prosecution of the evil doer
only to receive protection from the labor organization
to which he belongs. The best thoughts of
most officials in the bituminous mine industry are
being given to the invention and adoption of
safety appliances and other means that will insure
greater safety to the thousands of persons
employed in the coal mines, and it is hoped that
the loss of life, deplorable as it is, will, through
their efforts, show a decrease for the future.
The three great subjects of history. War. Famine,
and Pestilence, meet on common ground with
the killed, maimed and shattered beings resulting
from the operation of the American railroads.
It is estimated that fifty millions of dollars is
the price that must be paid for the safety of persons
traveling or working on railways. In spite
of all the block signal systems, air-brakes, self

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
couplers, standardization of cars, and other safety
regulations, one trainman is wounded in eight
every year. Taking the period 1900 to 1909—
95,864 persons were killed and 823,615 wounded.
The
LOSS IS FAR GREATER
in the aggregate killed and wounded than in all
battles of all wars fought by the English speaking
people on the continent since the discovery of
America by Columbus.
To be more explicit, take the killed and wounded
in all the battles of the French and Indian War,
Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War,
all Indian wars. War of Rebellion, Spanish-
American War, they amount to less than
the killed and wounded in the last ten
years by the American railroads, and then you
have a wounded loss of 259,000 by the railroads
not included in this estimate.
By making an examination we find that the
causes for deaths and accidents are due to the
breaking of train orders by conductors and engineers,
causing collisions, that nearly one-third of
the total number of passengers killed resulted
from jumping off or on trains, and that in the
year 1909, 4,944 persons were killed and 5,759
injured while trespassing at the time of the accident.
During the years 190S-1909, the total loss
of life in all the mines of the United States
amounted to 4.862—less than the number killed
while trespassing alone during the year 1909.
We have other causes such as coupling and uncoupling,
derailments, parting of trains, overhead
obstructions. It is gratifying to know that
the year 1909 shows some improvement, due
to the raising of the quality of the personnel of
the men, and a better understanding between the
railroad officials and the regulations of the Interstate
Commerce Commission. Comparisons of
the returns of the passengers injured during the
year with the previous year will show a decrease of
1,500, and of the employes killed and wounded,
will show.
A VERY MATERIAL DECREASE.
It is very gratifying to know that the principal
railway lines are insisting that their operating
forces shall be strictly temperate, and during the
year 1908, four railroads—Pennsylvania, Burlington,
Northwestern and Santa Fe—went through
the twelve months without a passenger being
killed. Quite a number of things contributed to
the safe carrying of the hundred million passengers
who traveled over these lines: automatic
block signals, safety devices on cars, and other
appliances, but as much as or more patent than
any of these was the superior discipline and efficiency
of the operating forces, due to the temperate
habits of the employes. Along these lines the
bituminous coal operators can take some lessons,
in view of the fact that we have 26 coal companies
with yearly productions varying from 2,730,355
tons down to 291,927 tons, who have operated their
mines for 10 years, without a fatal accident. This
is indeed a remarkable record, and shows a high
personnel of the superintendents and foremen, who
for their skill and care, deserve the highest praise
for this record. It certainly strikes me that we,
who are not in this honored list, should take an
inventory of the habits of our superintendents,
mine foremen and fire bosses and see if they measure
up to the best of standards.
The safest place in the world is claimed to be
on a first-class vessel at sea. Some years ago statistics
were compiled tending to prove that in proportion
to numbers carried there were less casualties
at sea than on land. About the same time
the Massachusetts authorities published figures
covering a year, showing that there were
MORE FATAL STREET ACCIDENTS
in the city of Boston alone than on all the railroads
of the state combined, thus easing the minds
of those who were inclined to believe they were
taking their lives in their hands when they set
out on a journey by rail. It has long been a
subject of remark that a sailor never considers
himself out of danger until he finds himself safely
aboard ship far out at sea. But the ordinary
"landlubber" imagines that he is in peril when
the shores disappear in the distance.
In the Gloucester fisheries, a most hazardous occupation,
we find since 1830 to date, the total lives
lost amount to 5,372. Gloucester has at present
4,500 to 6,000 fishermen employed, and during the
last 10 years that death rate has been materially
decreased, only 21 lives lost in 1910, due in great
measure to the advance and more seaworthy type
of vessels in general use and a better grade of
seamen.
In the iron and steel mills, shops, machine
shops, we find the loss of life due to reckless
manipulation of cranes and hoists, the hasty and
faulty hooking of heavy weights, the slipping of
furnaces, overturning of ladles filled with molten
metal, the speeding of engines and cars without
lights, bell or flagman through the yards of large
establishments thronged with busy workmen, the
ordering of employes to work on rotten scaffoldings,
the employment of foreigners ignorant of
our language and habits in dangerous occupations
without words of caution and without proper oversight,
are crimes against humanity that call for
drastic legislation. Ninety per cent, of the accidents
occur in and about
ROLLING MILLS AND BLAST FURNACES,
and 75 per cent, of the employes are foreign born.
It would seem in view of all that has been done

to safeguard employes, that the accidents should
be fewer each year; however, if men will place
ladders upon overhead shafting and climb them to
oil machinery in motion, if they will crawl between
the upper and lower parts of a swiftly moving
belt, if they will jump on and off elevators in
motion, if they will brush their fingers against
revolving machines, if they will persist in removing
safety devices, then accidents will not materially
lessen in number.
With all the legislation that has been enacted.
there conies the report from the Internal Revenue
Bureau that the last year has been marked by the
greatest consumption of liquors ever known in
this country. For many years we have been
gathering to ourselves a vast foreign population.
For the last half decade, our annual immigration
has averaged three-quarters of a million at the
port of New York alone, and Pennsylvania gets 26
per cent, of this foreign immigration. The big
army of new comers has brought with it the drinking
customs of the Old World and it will not be
until the second generation that they can be
hopefully converted to a modern scientific temperance
view
One of the great drawbacks to a general improvement
of the coal industry has been the low
selling price of coal. For a period of 10 years,
from 1900 to 1910, there has been an increase in
miners' wages in the Pittsburgh district of 55
per cent., while the selling price for the same
period has only advanced about 9 per cent. With
the production of
SOFT COAL INCREASING
at the rate of more than 40,000,000 tons a year,
it is safe to say that within a short time the coal
carrying roads' capacity will be taxed to the utmost
and that coal will not be a drug in the future.
This problem is based on the fact that many railroads
are close to their carrying capacity, while
a larger number of other roads are retrenching
rather than increasing their capacity for future
traffic.
The chief obstacles that confront the operator
are the indifference and carelessness of some of the
officials in direct charge of the mines, and a passive
resistance to safety devices which has been
clearly demonstrated by practical and scientific
facts. On the other hand, the miners frequently
violate the laws, because they have become accustomed
to the dangers that surround them and are
consequently indifferent to the results that may
follow their failure to exercise care and discretion.
They make cartridges while lights are
burning on their caps, thaw dynamite on a shovel
over a lamp, work under overhanging slate in
imminent danger of being crushed or maimed and
continue to load cars before setting the necessary
props and timbers. They are injured by not
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
taking proper precautions for setting brakes
and sprags on cars and by being caught
between pillars and ribs where there is not
clearance for moving cars and locomotives.
The very large percentage of the employes
in coal mines who are foreigners, unfamiliar
with the English language, unable to read
the rules of the mines, and frequently unable to
comprehend the instructions and advice given
them, are a constant menace to life, especially in
gaseous mines. In this state, where mine management
has reached a
HIGH DEGREE OF PERFCTION,
where state supervision is constant and capable,
where equipment is generally the best and modern,
one would naturally expect the number of casualties
correspondingly, but unfortunately, this has
not been the case. The conditions that tend to
safety are generally nullified by carelessness, incompetency
and the chance taker, and no great
improvement can be hoped for until the foreign
element are educated sufficiently to work more intelligently
with more regard for their physical
welfare, not only for themselves, but for their
fellow workmen.
In the last 33 years in Pennsylvania, 73 per cent.
of the loss of lives in coal mines have been due to
carelessness on the part of miners, while 27 per
cent, have been due to negligence of the operators.
Surely there is something wrong somewhere in
a civilization that presents such a spectacle to
the eyes of tatesmen, humanitarians and philosophers,
and whatever the wrong, its remedy has
not been found in legislation, enacted or suggested.
The real remedy doubtless lies in a reconstruction
of the present economic methods, a reconstruction
that will reorganize and abide by the prinples
promulgated by the sermon on the Mount
for the guidance of all generations, and an improvement
of the living conditions, and a general
IMPROVEMENT BROUGHT ABOUT
by educational methods. Just think how long
the world has stood still and then recall that practically
everything we have learned within a hundred
years. We have really just begun to solve
the mysterious questions, relative to mine disasters,
and what we know now is just an atom
of what there is to know. The most wonderful
changes are coming, changes that will bring about
more safety, more economy, more profit, better
social conditions to the employe, and a better understanding
between capital and labor. The operators
of Pennsylvania can carry out every section
of the drastic Roderick mine law passed by the
last legislature, they can introduce every safety
appliance known inside of their mines, but after
all, the safety of the mine depends more on the

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
intelligent effort of every official and miner inside
of the mine, and this means education.
If the railroads in this country, employing 1,-
500,000 people, by raising the quality of the men,
can see hope for a reduction of the fatal accidents,
there is certainly hope for a betterment in the
mining industry. With proposed pension funds,
with the great work of investigation in the Department
of Mines, withh the mining schools and
institutes, the Y. M. C. A. work, we are bound to
improve the quality of our men. break down prejudices
and bigotry, and the eventual result will
be reduction of the fatal accidents in the mine industry.
BY-PRODUCT COKE SHOWS BIG INCREASE
AND HUGE SAVING OF MATERIALS.
For many years the valuable material constituting
the by-products in the manufacture of coke
was absolutely wasted; even to-day there is great
extravagance in coke making, through the continued
use by the majority of manufacturers of
the old beehive type of coke oven, rather than
the by-product oven. The United States is far
behind Germany and other foreign countries in
adopting the economies resulting from the coking
of coal in by-product ovens. In what is known
as the beehive oven, so called because of its similarity
in shape to the conventional beehive, the
coal is only partly consumed, or, to speak more
properly, the volatile combustible constituents, the
gas. tar and ammonia—everything except the
fixed carbon, which is left behind as coke—is
wasted. In the by-product ovens these are recovered
and used. In Germany little or no coke
is now made except in retort or by-product ovens.
Hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of these
valuable by-products have been wasted by American
coke producers, but it is gratifying to note
that the improved by-product oven is replacing the
wasteful beehive with considerable rapidity.
The first ovens of the by-product type in the
United States were built in 1893 at Syracuse, N.
Y. From this one plant there has been an increase
to 4,078 by-product ovens in 1910, all but
27 of which were in active operation. This is an
increase of 164 over the number in operation in
1909 and 399 more than were in operation in 1908.
During 1909 and 1910, according to E. W. Parker,
of the United States Geological Survey, there
was more activity in the construction of by-product
recovery coking plants than at any time since 1903.
At the close of 109 there were 649 by-product ovens
in course of construction, with 300 more contracted
for. Of the 649 ovens started in 1909, there
were 99 completed and put in blast in 1910. Work
on the 300 ovens contracted for in 1909 was begun
in 1910.
The production of coke in by-product ovens in
1910 amounted to 7,138,734 short tons, against 6,-
254,644 tons in 1909 and 4,201.226 tons in 1908.
The increase in 1910 over 1909 was 14.13 per cent.,
whereas the total production of beehive coke increased
from 33,060,421 short tons to 34,570,076, a
gain of 1,509,655 tons, or only 4.57 per cent. The
coke made in by-product ovens in 1910 was 17.12
per cent, of the total production.
The efficiency of by-product ovens is shown by
the fact that while the beehive ovens in 1910 produced
34,570,076 short tons of coke in a consumption
of 53,559,285 short tons of coal, or 64.54 per
cent., the retort ovens in the same year produced
7,138,734 short tons of coke on a consumption of
9,529,042 short tons of coal, or 74.9 per cent.
The figures compiled 'by the Geological Survey
show that the average cost of the coal consumed
in the by-product ovens in 1910 was $2.18 a ton,
against $1.01 a ton for that used in the beehive
ovens, but the difference in these values is due to
the fact that in beehive practice the transportation
charges are borne by the coke, and as retort oven
plants are located at a distance from the mines,
the freight item is charged to the value of the
coal used in them. If. however, the expense of
transportation on beehive coke from the ovens to
the points of consumption is added to the value
of the coke it will probably be found that the cost
of the beehive coke at the furnace has exceeded
that of the by-product oven coke.
The total value of the by-products obtained from
the manufacture of coke in retort ovens in 1910
was $8,479,557, or a little more than one-third of
the value of the coke produced—$24,793,016. In
1909 the value of the by-products amounted to
$8,073,948, and in 1908 to $7,382,299. The byproducts
recovered in 1910 consisted of 27,692,858
cubic feet of surplus gas. valued at $3,017,908;
66,303,214 gallons of tar, valued at $1,599,453; 70,-
247,543 pounds of ammonium sulphate, or its
equivalent, valued at $1,841,062; 20,229,421 pounds
of anhydrous ammonia, valued at $1,725,266, and
4,654,282 gallons of ammonia liquor, valued at $295,-
868. In addition to these, there is a quantity of
light and secondary oil and small quantities of
coke breeze recovered, with an estimated value of
$400,000. The value of the recoverable but wasted
contents of the coal made into coke in beehive
ovens would, at the prices obtained in 1910, have
been between $35,000,000 and $40,000,000.
If all of the coke made in the United States were
produced in retort ovens, says Mr. Parker, probably
not more than half of the number of ovens
would be required, say, for 1910, 45.000 ovens.
These would yield in gas, over and above that required
for the regeneration of the ovens, without
by-product recovery, approximately a million horsepower
per hour for every day in the year.

USE AND CARE OF MINE-RESCUE
BREATHING APPARATUS.
With the rapid development of mine rescue work
in the United States in the last two years and the
increasing use of the mine-breathing apparatus
there has come to the Federal Bureau of Mines a
demand for information concerning this apparatus
and how it should be properly used. In response
the Bureau of Mines has issued Miners' Circular
No. 4. on "The Use and Care of Mine-Rescue
Breathing Apparatus," by James W. Paul, who has
general charge of the rescue work. Mr. Paul
makes the statement that the use of such apparatus
for rescue work in mines is no longer an experiment,
but has become an important factor in
lessening loss of life and property from fires and
explosions.
The circular describes the various types of apparatus
used by the bureau and gives careful in
struction as to the care this apparatus should receive
when not in use. Then the author passes
upon the qualifications of rescue men at the mines.
Mr. Paul says: "Mine men 22 to 45 years old, in
good physical condition who are temperate in
the'r habits and naturally calm and deliberate are
best suited for mine rescue work. Before a man
undergoes training in the use of breathing apparatus
he should be examined by a physician to
ascertain his physical condition, especially the
action of his heart and lungs and any defects of
the nose or throat. Unless a man has a physician's
certificate stating that his physical condition
is good, he should not be permitted to take
rescue training nor to attempt rescue work in a
mine.
"A rescue party should have not less than five,
and better not less than six members. Only such
persons should be allowed to join the party as
have already been trained in the use of the apparatus
and are equipped with rescue apparatus
in good order and have agreed to follow the directions
of the leader, who must have full charge.
While working in unbreathable gases within a
mine the men should keep close to one another and
not separate under any condition.
"To be efficient and successful a party must
take every precaution for its own safety. If one
person in a party faints or receives an injury he
becomes a burden instead of a help, for the entire
party must at once conduit him to the surface or
to fresh air. One or two stretchers should always
be at hand.
"A relief station or base of operations should be
established at the end of the good air and a relief
crew with knapsacks should be stationed there
ready to put on their apparatus and start at a mo­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
ment's notice. A patrol of all brattices and doors
leading up to the relief station should be maintained
to protect the relief crew from harm.
"At each large mine there should be at least
four crews, two outside and two inside crews, each
of six men. including a captain and a lieutenant,
and these crews should have practice once a week.
"While working in dense smoke the members
of a crew should hold a rope which leads to fresh
air.
"In case of total failure of an apparatus to suplily
breathable air, the wearer of the apparatus
can throw away all parts but the oxygen cylinder,
and breathe from the cylinder through his mouth
while endeavoring to reach fresh air with the rest
of the crew.
"Apparatus for giving oxygen to one who has
been overcome with gases is an essential part of
the equipment of a rescue party.
"A telephone helmet is a convenience for shaft
work, and its presence lends much confidence to a
rescue party. Electric lamps, safety lamps, gasanalysis
apparatus, thermometers, a pocket compass,
and a map of the mine are necessary parts
of the equipment.
"At each training station a record should be
kept showing the work done by the men and the
difficulties encountered. A record of each apparatus
should be kept also. If an apparatus
fails to give proper service it should be subjected
to the regular tests unless some injury is seen by
inspection.
"The United States Bureau of Mines has established
a regular course of training in the use of
mine-rescue breathing apparatus. This training
is designed to give miners or other persons connected
with mining a knowledge of breathing apparatus
in general, and a confident familiarity
with those types of apparatus that are most apt
to be used in this country.
"The purpose of the Bureau of Mines in establishing
this system of training is to facilitate investigative
work within mines in which disasters
have occurred, and to make mine owners and miners
acquainted with the value of breathing apparatus
for rescue operations after mine disasters.
It is hoped that, as a result of this work by the
Federal Government in the near future, men familiar
with such apparatus will be scattered
ihroughout the coal mining centers of the country,
and be available on short notice to assist in
rescue operations. After a disaster, valuable time
is often lost in training men at the mine before
rescue parties can be organized. Furthermore,
a man cannot work efficiently unless he has thorough
confidence in the apparatus. To give a

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
man this confidence, the course of training has
been planned in such a way that he must do work
in poisonous or unbreathable gases for periods
of one and two hours at a time."
BRITISH PATENT-FUEL INDUSTRY.
The manufacture of coal briquets, or "patent
fuel." has been thoroughly established at Swansea
for many years, reports Consul C. Ludlow Livingston
of Swansea, Wales, and this industry is
closely connected with the trade of the port.
There are more patent-fuel works in Swansea than
in any other industrial center of the United Kingdom.
There are six modern works there which
involve a capital of $750,000, whose combined annual
output, or "make," averages about 650,000
tons, although their capacity is easily double that
quantity. Practically the whole output is exported.
The best customers are the European and
South American railways. Large quantities are
shipped regularly to Algeria, Egypt, Mexico, South
America, and the West Indies.
The table below shows the quantity of coal used
in the manufacture of briquets in England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales in 1909: also the tons
of briquets manufactured therefrom and the value
of the same:
Tons of Briquets Produced.
Counties. Coal. Tons. Value.
England:
Derby, Devon, Essex,
and Hants 9,731 10.645 $36,197
Lancaster 1,562 1,695 4,126
Monmouth and Gloucester
127,2S5 139,685 457,047
Nottingham. Somerset,
and Stafford. 14,898 16.577 48.757
York 8,890 9,293 21,943
Wales:
Glamorgan 1.189,268 1,270.235 3,948,590
Scotland:
Aberdeen, Ayr, and
Lanark 39,124 42,620 144,885
Ireland:
Antrim, Cork, Down,
and Dublin 19,392 20,895 100,313
Total 1,410.150 1,511,645 4,761,85S
Total in 1908 1,471,448 1,604,649 5,721,310
The coal comprises 1,307.391 long tons of steam
coal, 91,495 tons of household coal, 8,890 tons of
coking coal, and 2.374 tons of various kinds mixed.
The values given indicate in each instance the
price at which the briquets were sold at the place
where they were manufactured.
WEST VIRGINIA'S COKE OUTPUT.
In the quantity of coke produced West Virginia
has for several years held second place among the
states but is outranked by Alabama in the value
of the product, according to Edward W. Parker,
of the United States Geological Survey. The reason
for this lies in the fact that the output of
Alabama has in the iron manufacturing center of
Birmingham and vicinity a local consumptive market,
whereas practically all of the West Virginia
coke is shipped to furnaces outside of the state.
In reaching for these markets not only does the
coke of West Virginia have to meet in competition
the product from other states, but each district
in the state becomes a rival with the other West
Virginia districts and the result is exhibited in
the statistics of production and value. Alabama
ranks third in output of coke, her production in
1910 being smaller than that of West Virginia by
more than 550,000 tons, but the value of Alabama's
product exceeded that of West Virginia by over
$1,800,000. The quantity of coke produced in
West Virginia in 1910 was 3,803,S81 short tons.
valued at $7,355,233. Alabama's production was
3,249,027 short tons, valued at $9,165,821. In quality
the West Virginia coke is better than that of
Alabama, but the average price of Alabama coke
in 1910 was $2.82 a ton and that of West Virginia
coke was $1.93.
Next to Pennsylvania West Virginia possesses
larger supplies of coking and other high grade
coals than any other state in the Union, but so
long as both the coal and the coke continue to be
shipped out of the state, West Virginia will not
attain the posiuon she should occupy as a manufacturing
state, nor will the miners of coal and
makers of coke receive a just return for these
products. At the present time, ranking second
as a producer of coal and coke, West Virginia
stands thirty-fourth in the value of her manufactured
products. The principal beneficiaries of
tne coal mining and coke making industries in
the state are the transportation companies.
In most of the coke producing states the output
in 1910 exceeded that of 1909. West Virginia
was one of the exceptions, with a decrease of 140,-
067 short tons, or 3.55 per cent. The value decreased
$170,689, or 2.27 per cent. The numher
of establishments was reduced from 138 in 1909
to 135 in 1910, and the number of coke ovens from
20,283 to 19.912, and the number of idle ovens increased
from 2,274 to 2,590. The abandoned
plants and mos- of the idle ovens were in the
Upper Monongahela district. Witn the exception
of 120 Semet-Solvay ovens at Benwood, all the
ovens in the state are of the beehive type and no
attempt is made to utilize the heat generated in
the process.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM RECENT MINE DISASTERS"
By John Verner. Chariton. Iowa.
While each mine disaster teaches a valuable
lesson peculiar to itself, it may prove a seriou.9
mistake to form general and final conclusions
from apparently good evidence of any one disaster
and then to apply these conclusions to prescribe
remedies for the future prevention of calamities of
a similar nature; and the possibility of wrong conclusions
based upon an investigation limited to one
particular case, and the necessity and advantage of
a comparative study of mine disasters of a similar
kind so that the combined lessons of all may
be used to bring into harmony apparently discrepant
results, can be readily established, as the
following will show.
Looking over the report of one of the recent explosions,
I found that it ceased on reaching an
extended wet area in the mine, and it was assumed
that the presence of moisture was the reason
why it stopped in that particular place. Turning
to the report of another explosion it was
shown that the application of moisture and the
damp condition of the dust neither prevented the
occurrence of the explosion nor stopped it after
it had started. Again, looking up another report
I found that the explosion ceased to advance
in the presence of an abundant supply of dry coal
dust. The Elk Garden explosion may be taken
as an example of the first case. As an example
of the second case, I will quote from Miners' Circular
3, recently issued by the Bureau of Mines:
"In a recent mine disaster in this country, the
explosion traveled 1,500 feet along a slope that
had been washed down with hose just before the
explosion and even had a wet floor after the explosion.
The
EXPLOSION BURST FORTH
from the slope mouth in a great flame and deposited
much coked dust on the timbers of the
trestle." To present an occurrence covering the
third case I will give the essential part of the
report of the mine inspector of New Mexico relating
to an explosion that occurred in the Weaver
mine on March 6, 1910: "At the place where
the blown-out shot initiated the explosion, apart
from the combustion of the crushed coal and dust
from the blown-out shot, all conditions were such
as to prevent or retard a dust explosion. The
explosion traveled outward to the parting on No.
3M> seam, about 500 feet distance. About 15
feet inside of the parting a driver was severely
burned, and the two mules he was driving were so
badly burned as to cause their death. Indications
of the explosion were trivial beyond this
•Paper read at the meeting of the Mine Inspectors of
America, Charleston. W. Va.. June 13-16. 1911.
point, although conditions were far more favorable
for a violent dust explosion than in the locality
where the explosive condition was maintained.
Where the explosion ceased, at the parting where
empty mine cars are delivered from the surface
and loaded cars put on the rope to be transported
to the surface, the roadways were covered with
coal dust and were quite dry. The area was
large, air comparatively fresh, and conditions
favorable to the extension of the explosion, but
it ceased at this point."
Now. if the first case is considered by itself, it
may permit the conclusion that the presence of
moisture stops an explosion, if the second case
is taken as the sole criterion for basing judgment,
there is very strong evidence that the presence
of moisture does not stop an explosion, while the
consideration of the third case alone might bring
the conclusion that the presence of
DRY COAL DUST
is not a dangerous factor. But when the matter
is investigated on a broader scope and a careful
comparison of all conditions surrounding recent
explosions is made, it appears that the larger lesson
so presented shows fairly conclusively that
the presence of dry dust is a dangerous factor,
although not the dominating factor in determining
either an explosion's extent or the degree of
destructiveness produced by it, and the lesson
further justifies the definite conclusion that the
moistening of the coal dust as a preventive of
explosions is of uncertain value of itself and unreliable
to produce the expected results. It is
granted that, other conditions being identical, a
sprinkled, sprayed or otherwise moistened mine
may be considered less dangerous than a dry and
dusty mine, but the margin of possible safety is
too narrow and too uncertain to justify the claim,
in view of the proofs to the contrary, that a mine
can be rendered immune from explosions under
any conditions by the application of moisture.
I said at the beginning that it may prove a
serious mistake to attempt to prescribe remedies
for the prevention of explosions suggested by conclusions
based upon narrow and superficial investigation
of the subject, and the possible injurious
consequences of such a mistake become all the
more threatening when men with good intentions
but evidently knowing little of the principles governing
explosions, and therefore incompetent to
give good advice, can prevail on the members of
a state legislature to make mandatory by law the
use of an alleged remedy that cannot possibly pro-

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
vide even a small proportion of the safety for the
mine workers which the proposers and
MAKERS OF THE LAW
expected to secure. For instance, in Indiana the
law provides that roadways and entries (rooms,
crosscuts, etc., apparently exempt) in any mine
shall be regularly and thoroughly sprinkled when
they are so dry that the air becomes charged with
dust. The law also permits the use of six pounds
of blasting powder to the shot as a presumably
safe charge. A dust explosion occurred in a
mine in Indiana, causing loss of life. Suit was
brought against the company and the Supreme
Court of that state found that "the failure to
sprinkle may be charged as the proximate and
direct cause of the explosion." I have no fault
to find with the decision under the circumstances,
but it shows the futility and possible injustice of
an extremely faulty law that, in a manner, compels
the court to fix the cause of an explosion according
to its letter rather than according to the
true facts in the case. Such a law should be
repealed at the earliest opportunity, for it is really
a legal obstruction to safety and its possibilities
for future harm are great. From the nature of
the experiments recently made in England and
France to discover a reliable preventive of dust
explosions, it appears that the use of water is not
considered adequate or satisfactory in those countries.
The men engaged in making these experiments
are evidently of the opinion that the use
of stone dust in dry mines can subdue an explosion
more effectively and quickly than the application
of water, but even should the superior effectiveness
of stone dust be established beyond a
doubt, the present Indiana law would prevent the
coal operators of that state from using this proved
safeguard and thus providing an increased
MEASURE OF PROTECTION
for the men in the mines, because the effectiveness
of the stone dust would be destroyed by the compulsory
use of water.
There is no law for compulsory watering of
mines in Belgium, yet the Belgian mines with
their great depth, their dryness and the presence
of gas show a remarkable and pleasing record of
freedom from explosions. There should be hesitation
about hastily enacting laws in the mining
states of this country for the compulsory application
of water because it is not only of doubtful
value but it carries with it a promise of safety
that may not be redeemed when the test comes.
Case after case could be cited to prove this and
it is only hindering the final solution of the explosion
problem to present excuses why the application
of water failed to produce the desired effects
in this or that explosion, instead of fairly facing
the fact that they were not prevented by the
method in use, although the method as employed,
for instance in the slope mentioned in Miners'
Circular 3 of the Bureau of Mines and in the
Banner mine in Alabama, was as near perfect as
man could be reasonably expected to make it.
The value of the lesson of a mine disaster to
be of practical use as a guide for devising means
of prevention of a possible occurrence of similar
nature does not depend on painting the calamity
in vivid colors or in giving in harrowing detail
all the suffering and horrors caused by it, or in
heaping blame, deserved or otherwise, on state
and mine officials, but rather upon a careful, fair
and full inquiry by competent men, including
miners, into all the
CAUSES OF THE DISASTER
and upon a well considered presentation of the influence
of each. After the Cherry fire nearly all
these things were done, but there was evidently
one mistake made that, in my judgment, impaired
the future value of the disaster's lesson materially.
While the presence of the torch with its burning
drops of oil falling on the hay was given a prominent
place as the main cause of the fire and was
denounced as a great menace and blunder, although
the use of such torches at shaft bottoms
was fairly general in the mines of this country,
the fact that the great draft playing on the incipient
blaze was really the most powerful and determining
cause in this great disaster was almost
entirely ignored. Had this feature of the Cherry
lesson, showing the influence of a great draft passing
through the shafts and entries as through a
large blowpipe, forcing the rapid development of a
small initial flame and producing the most intense
concentration of heat, been given the prominence
and emphasis it deserved, so that its import
could have been correctly appreciated and
understood by mine managers and mine employes,
it is probable that, had the knowledge so gained
been put to proper use in the Delagua and Pancoast
mines, the great loss of life in them would
not have occurred. Miners and men in charge
of mines generally see only the beneficial effects
of a strong air current sweeping" through the underground
passages and workings and they do not
realize, as they should, that while ordinarily a
large air volume is highly desirable aud necessary
as a health and safety promoting agency, in conjunction
with even a
VERY INSIGNIFICANT BLAZE,
it becomes the most potential force in the destruction
of life.
The Delagua mine fire, that first killed 33 men
by smoke and then caused a dust explosion killing
46 more, was evidently started by a piece of
smouldering lamp cotton or by burning tobacco
thrown away by one of a number of drivers who
had been eating their dinner in the return end
of a crosscut closed by an unused door. A large

volume of air was passing along the intake and
its pressure on the door was considerable with
the result that jets of air were driven with great
force through the cracks under and around the
door from the intake into the return and the
smouldering fire. Under the forceful impinging
of the air the fire gained rapidly and as soon as
it had partially destroyed the door the air was
short-circuited, tne crosscut and vicinity became
a roaring furnace, the air rushing into it with
such great force as to violently stir up the coal
dust and carry it to the fire in such quantities as
to cause the subsequent explosion. This disaster
would not have occurred if the driver, who passed
the crosscut after the men had left it and who
noticed some smoke there, had stopped and put
out the yet insignificant fire. No doubt, this
driver had read or heard all about the sensational
features of the Cherry calamity, but this reprenensible
and culpable neglect to investigate and
promptly extinguish the fire showed that he knew
nothing of the instructive features of the Cherry
lesson. It is possibly unjust to condemn this
man too severely and a large share of the moral
responsibility for the accident must lie assumed
Dy the mine management, if it can be shown that
the management, with a
GREAT LESSON BEFORE IT,
neglected to profit by it and failed to make such
preventive plans and arrangements as the lesson
may suggest.
The fire in the Price-Pancoast colliery started
in an underground engine room while the engineer
was temporarily absent, and its exact cause has
not been established. A brisk air current was
passing through the engine room. The management
of the mine evidently recognized the possible
danger from fire, for pipe lines were laid to
different parts of the workings to provide a ready
water supply in case of need and a tap was placed
in the engine room. The arrangement, however,
while commendable in a general way, proved not
as effective for checking the fire as it should have
been. A tap with hose attached located at the
center or at the return end of a mine stable where
the air flow is always in the same direction, with
the air entering at one end and going out at the
other, would be useless in fighting a fire that had
started near the intake of the stable, and so it was
a mistake to locate the tap in the interior of the
engine room in the Pancoast mine where it could
not be reached, when most needed, on account of
fire and smoke. The logical location for the tap,
if intended for available fire protection of the
engine room, would have been at its intake opening
near the sheave wheel. From the report I
have regarding the fire it appears that in this
case, as in the Cherry and Delagua cases, the combustible
material present and burned was only a
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
factor of secondary importance and that the most
powerful and dangerous factor in spreading the
fire so quickly was the strong draft passing
through the engine room. The danger of this
draft could have been greatly decreased by the
ERECTION' OF A DOOR
in the cross heading (the air outlet), connecting
the engine room with the turn out. The engineer,
whenever required to leave the room for a
few minutes, could then have closed this door and
there would have been no excessive draft available
to start a dangerous conflagration during his short
absence and, if on his return he found tlie engine
room on fire, the tap at its entrance would have
provided a ready water supply for instant and
effective use.
The recent legislation in Illinois and Pennsylvania
covering the fire proofing of shaft bottoms,
underground stables, engine rooms, etc., is commendable,
but at best it can only affect very small
parts of any mine, parts, too, that by reason of
location and through the advantage of having
almost constant supervision, already have a
greater measure of protection against fire than the
less frequented interior mine workings and passages.
The use of more or less timber and wood
in mines cannot practically be dispensed with and
an air current of high velocity must often traverse
some parts of the mine in order to render
other parts healthful and safe, and under such
conditions there will still be danger which specificlegislation
like the above cannot be depended on
to remove. Coal mines, the natural storage
places of a vast fuel supply, cannot be made fire
proof, but that does not mean, notwithstanding the
occurrence of three disastrous mine fires in less
than two years, that they are fire traps, for I
believe I am justified in saying that there is less
danger to life from fire in the ordinary mine,
having fair care, than in many factory buildings
The most impressive and valuable feature of the
combined lesson of the three mine fires is the
fact brought out that forethought, preparedness
and timely action on the part of man constitute
the best and most reliable safeguard against the
occurrence of disastrous mine fires in the future,
and the lesson also shows plainly the necessity
and advantage of instruction and training for the
mine worker to make him a dependable factor,
and to accomplish this I suggest the enactment
of a general law that, in addition to requiring
the providing of certain safeguards of known
merit, will direct that mandatory frequent instruction
be given the mine employes regarding the
causes of mine fires, their danger, their prevention,
the manner of dealing with them promptly
and effectively, and the arrangements for the notification
and withdrawal of the mine workers in
case of danger.

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
PROGRAM OF ANNUAL SESSION OF
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS.
The program of the American Mining Congress,
which will be in session at Chicago on September
26, 27, 28 and 29, has been announced as follows:
TUESDAY. SEPTEMBER 26.
10 A. M.—Welcome address by Charles S. Deneen,
Governor of Illinois.
Welcome address by Mayor Carter H. Harrison,
of Chicago.
Response on the part of governors of three or
hve big mining states.
2 P. M.—Discussion of various phases of workmen's
compensation, participated in by Judge E.
H. Gary, George W. Perkins, Senator Sutherland
and John Mitchell.
S P. M.—Discussion of various phases of the
coal situation.
A pictorial presentation of the coal problem by
Dr. Joseph A. Holmes.
Economics of the soft coal industary by Lawrence
Johnson, John Mitchell and Senator Cummins.
WEDNESDAY, 27TII.
10 A. M.—A continuation of the discussion of
the coal situation.
Addresses by John P. White, president of the
U. M. W.; Frederick A. Delano, president of the
Wabash Railroad; Mr. Kirby. president of the
Kirby Manufacturing Co., of Dayton, Ohio, and
president of the National Manufacturers' Association,
and by Carl Scholz, vice president of the
Consolidated Indiana Coal Co.
2 P. M.—A discussion of the public land situation
and the mining industry.
8 P. M.—Discussion of the Alaskan mining situation
and its influence.
THURSDAY, 28TH.
10 A. M.—Addresses by the Minister of Mines of
Mexico, by the Minister of Mines of Canada, by
Walter L. Fisher and President Taft.
2 P. M.—Report of the committee on resolutions
and other business of the congress.
8 P. M.—Address of the president of the American
Mining Congress.
Discussion of the relation of the congress to the
mining industry by Hon. Dr. Foster, chairman
of the committee on mines and mining, and by
other members of the same committee.
FRIDAY, 29TH.
9:30 A. M.— A trip to the niills of the United
States Steel Corporation at Gary, Ind.
SHAFT SINKING WAS RAPID.
Remarkably rapid shaft-sinking in hard rock was
achieved last month in the shaft work just east
of the Hudson River crossing of the new Catskill
Aqueduct for New York City, says the Engineering
News of April 15. The Dravo Contracting Co.
is doing the work; Walter Steenburgh was the superintendent
in immediate charge. The shaft is
in a difficult location on the west slope of Breakneck
Mountain near Storm King station of the
New York Central, on the east bank of the Hudson
river. It will be the east uptake of the tunnel
which is to be the river crossing of the aqueduct.
The diameter of the waterway of the shaft (inside
of lining) will be 14 feet; the excavation averages
about 16 feet 2 inches diamtere. On March 8
the shaft had reached a depth of 272 feet, and had
been lined to a depth of 251 feet. The month
beginning at this point showed the record-breaking
advance of 183 feet, or about 6-';i feet per working
day (27 working days). The schedule of
working was continuous, three 8-hour shifts each
day except Sundays. One shift drilled a round,
and the other two shot and mucked it. The material
penetrated was a hard, granitic gneiss, which
required no timbering; the shaft was dry and was
clear of all obstruction. The spoil was handled
in buckets running free without guides, by an airdriven
hoist. The figure of 183 feet is the best
made on the aqueduct. A depth of 177 feet in a
month was made at shaft 1 of the Moodna siphon,
under the same contractor; this was in Hudson
river shale.
The Nellie Coal Co., Butler, Pa., owned by H. K.
Wick of Youngstown, 0., is receiving estimates on
the new colliery to be erected at Argentine, to replace
the one burned May 24. The company will
equip the colliery at a cost of $15,000 to $20,000.
Gasoline motors will be used, with a capacity of
lifting seven tons.
The board of directors of the Consolidation Coal
Co., Baltimore, Md., recently met and declared a
quarterly dividend of 1% per cent, on its capital
stock, and one of 1% per cent, on the subscription
receipts for stock carrying dividends declared
after January 31, 1911. Checks are being mailed
stockholders.
Pump boat No. 78, belonging to the Monongahela
River Consolidated Coal & Coke.Co. and moored
in the Pittsburgh harbor, burneaAugust 4, causing
a loss of $5,000.
The coal wharf and storage plant of the Connell
Anthracite Coal Co. at Montreal, Can., were partially
destroyed by fire a few days ago.

An agreement has been reached in Indiana
whereby the Vigo and Greene county miners who
had been on strike returned to work pending the
final settlement of their grievances at the hands
of President White of the U. M. W. and President
Taylor of the Illinois Coal Operators' Association,
who were appointed to act as arbiters. The miners
returned to work August 10, as the result of a
settlement of the disputes made by International
President John P. White of the United Mine Workers
of America and President H. N. Taylor of the
Illinois coal mine operators, who were selected to
act as arbitrators.
By a vote of 200 to 95 the Western Federation
of Miners, in session at Butte, Mont., defeated a
resolution favoring the surrender of the charter of
the Western Federation, and, as a whole, going
into the United Mine Workers' organization.
President Mover declared that a vote for that resolution
would be a vote to disband the federation.
The convention adopted the initiative, referendum
and recall for their executive board by a large majority
vote. This action will go to a referendum
vote of the membership. The recall may be instituted
by Ui per cent, of the entire membership,
from at least 10 local unions.
According to a report of the miners council of
District No. 18 to which all the coal miners on
strike in Eastern British Columbia and Southern
Alberta belong, the vote taken recently shows that
the miners are adverse to accepting the majority
report of the conciliation board for a settlement ot
the strike, 90 per cent, of them voting to continue
the strike.
Michael O'Brien, mine foreman of the Cincinnati
mine of the Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co., has been arrested on a charge of
violating the mining law of Pennsylvania, by permitting
men to enter the mine before the fire
bosses had made an examination and declared the
mine safe.
President White of the IT. M. W. was in the
Southwest recently and succeeded in patching up
the differences which have kept a number of
mines in Arkansas and Oklahoma idle for a long
time. Arrangements are now under way for early
resumption of work at the plants affected.
Miners in the employ of Jos. E. Thropp in the
Broad Top field are out on strike because of an
alleged wage reduction. Two mines are closed
and a third has but a partial force working.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
For their work during the month of July, 1911,
the mine workers in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania
receive an increase of 3 per cent, on the
rate of wages fixed by the Anthracite Strike Commission
of 1902.
Frank Feehan has been arrested on a charge of
inciting to riot and has been held under $1,000
bail to await a hearing before a justice of the
peace at Carnegie. Pa.
!
INDUSTRIAL NOTES
The Goodman Manufacturing Co. of Chicago
has recently arranged, through its Pittsburgh
office, with .Mr. James R. Cameron to represent
its well known line of electrical coal mining
machines and locomotives in Northern West Virginia.
Mr. Cameron's headquarters will be at
Fairmont. W. Va. Mr. Cameron is a brother of
Mr. John R. Cameron, long associated in the coal
mining industry, and is thoroughly versed in the
application of electrical machinery for coal mining
purposes, and this, with his acquaintance
among the operators in that section, will make
his services a valuable asset of the sales department
of the Goodman Company and will also enable
him to be of assistance to the operators in
this section with whom he conies in contact.
The Ingersoll-Rand Co., of New York, was one
of the exhibitors in the machine tools and machinery
section of the American exhibit at the
Brussels. Belgium, exposition of 1901, and the report
of the U. S. government commissioner shows
that the company was one of those on whom a
grand prix certificate was bestowed.
Technical paper No. 3, Bureau of Mines, just
issued, is on "Specifications for the Purchase of
Fuel Oil for the Government, with Directions for
Sampling Oil and Natural Gas," and is prepared
by Irving C. Allen.
A big vein of coal was unearthed on the property
of the Wootten Land & Fuel Co. at Trinidad,
Col., August 9. This concern is owned almost
entirely by J. Pierpont Morgan of New York. The
coal vein is reported to outcrop for a distance of a
mile toward the hills, where it runs so deep under
cover that further proof is impracticable. The
opening of the coal measure will be less than 200
feet from the tipple of the Turner mine, and all
facilities of the modern coal mine can be brought
to bear. Expert coal men say the discovery will
yield millions to the owner.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
PROGRAM FOR CONVENTION OF NATIONAL
COMMISSARY MANAGERS' ASSOCIATION.
The following is the program for the convention
of the National Commissary Managers' Association
at St. Ixmis, Mo., August 21-24:
MONDAY. AUGUST 21.
3:00 P. M.—Preliminary meeting of the Advisory
Board.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 22.
10:00 A. M.—Registration of those in attendance.
Call to Order: President B. M. Lebby.
Address of Welcome: Mayor Frederick H. Kreisniann,
St. Louis.
Response: Albert Evans, Champion Lumber Co.,
Orvisburg, Miss.
Address of Welcome on behalf of St. Louis Merchants:
George W. Simmons, Simmons Hardware
Co., St. Louis.
Response: E. L. Harley, Fourche River Lumber
Co.. Bigelow, Ark.
Annual Reports of President and Secretary.
Appointment of Auditing, Constitution and By-
Laws, Nominating and Resolutions Committees.
11:00 A. M.—"Work of the Association"— S. A.
Clemons. American Lumberman, Chicago.
General Discussion of the Address.
12:30 P. M.—Adjournment for Luncheon.
2:00 P. M.—"Relations of Industrial Companies
to their Commissary Stores"—Speaker to be announced
later.
3:00 P. M.—"The Commissary Manager of
Twenty Years Ago"—R. H. Bond, McCormick &
Co., Baltimore, Md.
"Wooden Boxes Against Substitute Packages"—
Charles E. Brower, National Classification Committee,
Mempiiis. Tenn.
"Freedom in Buying"—Harry C. Wood, Roberts,
Johnson & Rand Shoe Co., St. Louis.
7:30 P. M.—Banquet at Southern Hotel (Ladies
and Gentlemen), followed by visit to Made-in-St.
Louis Show at Coliseum.
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 23.
10:00 A. M— "Good Morning"—S. M. Wilson.
Oldest Commissary Manager in the World, Inverness,
Fla.
"Problems I Have Met"—Led by Six Commissary
Managers, followed by Experience Meeting.
Stereopticon Talk: "The Modern Commissary
and Its Management"—T. H. Bourland, Graysonia-
Nashville Lumber Co., Nashville, Ark.
12:30 P. M.—Adjournment for Luncheon.
2:00 P. M.—"Parcels Post"—Captain Robert E.
Lee, Auto Review, St. Louis.
Question Box and General Discussion.
"Publicity"—I. H. Sawyer, Brown Shoe Co., St.
Louis.
"The Mission of the Traveling Man"—A. C. Benners.
Birmingham, Ala.
"Soda Water in the Commissary Store"—R. R.
Shuman, Liquid Carbonic Co., Chicago.
"Use of Cash Registers in Commissary Stores"—
R. H. Grant, National Cash Register Co., Dayton, 0.
4:30 P. M.—Ladies' Reception, by Ladies' Committee
of St. Louis, followed by automobile ride to
University City.
8:00 P. M— Theater Party (Ladies and Gentlemen
).
THURSDAY, AUGUST 24.
10:00 A. M.—General Discussion and Question
Box, led by active Commissary Managers (names
to be announced later) on following subjects:
How to sell more goods.
How can our members make greater profits for
their respective Commissaries?
Comparisons of Credit and Cash Systems.
Arrangement of goods and display of stock.
New schemes to move goods.
New lines that sell quickly and yield good profits.
Advantages of frequent inventories.
Cost of doing business.
Benefits to be derived from organization.
Opportunities for the Association in 1912.
Disposing of old stock at a profit.
Mail order competition.
Salesmanship and advertising.
12:30 P. M.—Adjournment for Luncheon.
2:00 P. M.—Reports of Committees.
New Business.
Election of Officers.
Selection of time and place of 1912 Convention.
Adjournment.
PITTSBURGERS ORGANIZE COAL COMPANY.
For the purpose of dealing in coal, timber, oil
and gas lands and mining coal, manufacturing coke
and lumber, a charter has been issued by the Secretary
of State to the Mifflin Coal Co. of West Virginia.
The authorized capital is $100,000, all of
which has been subscribed and $10,000 paid.
The incorporators are William I. Berryman, Samuel
A. Taylor, Charles F. Taylor. J. M. Taylor and
James W. Hamilton, all of Pittsburgh.
Latrobe has been designated as the headquarters
for the Second Bituminous district of Pennsylvania,
by Chief James H. Roderick of the State
Department of Mines and in accordance with orders
issued by him, Chauncey B. Ross, the inspector
for the Second district, will remove to Latrobe
from Greensburg, where he has been located for
years.

HOCKING VALLEY RAILROAD TO
BUILD $500,000 DOCK AT TOLEDO.
A new concrete dock costing approximately $500,-
000 and to occupy much of the river front at To­
ledo will be started this fall. Information to this
effect was given out during the fortnight by a rep­
resentative of the Hocking Valley railway.
An application has been made to the war depart­
ment at Washington for establishing the dock
lines, and plans for the structure are now at the
headquarters of the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad,
which owns the Hocking Valley.
The representative of the Hocking Valley says
that the new docks will be complete in time for
the opening of the 1912 navigation season. Be­
sides constructing the dock the company will build
a network of tracks for the transportation of lake
coal from the mines of West Virginia and Ohio
and the handling of ore from the Lake Superior
regions.
It is expected that when the new docks have
been completed a deal will be entered into whereby
the Pennsylvania railroad will take over the Hooking
Valley's interest in the docks on the west side
of the river. The contemplated improvement is
of vast importance to Toledo, as it will mean the
expansion of the coal shipping business of the port
and the line will bid for an increased ore tonnage.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
WILL DEVELOP TRACT OF COAL.
A coal deal was consummated b.v Holmes A.
Davis, of Brownsville. Pa., August 12. when the
W. H. Warner Coal Co., of Cleveland, purchaser]
200 acres of coal on the Levi Stephens farm, near
Fayette City, Pa., for $360,000. It is the intention
of the purchasing company to erect at once a modern
coal plant at a cost of $100,000. At the rate
of purchase the coal brought $1,900 an acre, which
is believed to be the highest price ever paid in the
district.
The construction of the plant will be begun at
once. It will be necessary for the Pittsburgh &
I^ake Erie railroad to build a mile and a quarter of
siding to reach the new works, which will he on
Little Redstone creek. The new cut-off to be
built between the Monongahela and Youghiogheny
valleys by the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie to connect
with the Western Maryland in Connellsville will
not come within this distance of the new works.
The additional tracks necessary will cost about
$40,000. The plant will employ about 400 men
and will have a daily output of 1,500 tons. None
of the coal will be coked at the new works. Tbe
output will be shipped to Cleveland and other Ohio
cities.
The West Virginia Pocahontas Coal Sales Co.,
Mr. W. A. Lathrop. president, has moved its general
offices from Bluefield, W. Va., to Norfolk, Va.
MOVEMENT OF COAL AND COKE OVER VARIOUS RAILROADS, RIVERS, AND CANALS
FOR FIVE MONTHS AND MAY, 1910 AND 1911.
RAILROADS.
Baltimore and Ohio*
Buffalo. Rochester and Pittsburgh
Buffalo and Susquehanna
Chesapeake and Ohiot
Huntingdon and Broadtop Mountain* ....
New York Central and Hudson River • • -
Norfolk and Western*
Pennsylvania (east of Pittsburg and Erie)* •
Pittsburg and Lake Erie ...
Pittsburg. Shawmut and Northern
Southern Railway!
Virginian Railway
RIVERS AND CANALS.
Barren River, Lock No. 1 ...
Black Warrior River. Lock No. 12
Canal and Falls at Louisville - • •
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal •
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ....
Davis Island Dam
Green River. Lock No. 1
Great Kanawha River
Kentucky River. Lock No. 1 . • • •
Monongahela River •
MONTH OF MAY-
Tons
3.095.471
668.795
161.316
1.334,845
100.373
601,183
1.767.549
5.257.111
1.479,430
101.935
325.347
77,347
160
1,706
90.972
12.158
25.578
102.275
3.516
136,780
6.600
935.028
1911
2.948.461
639.744
164.429
1.166.318
76.345
725.135
1.663,082
4.883,950
1.263,005
123.061
290.636
203.971
152
1.052
68.210
8.915
22.625
102.320
2.736
106.440
7.800
824.633
FIVE MONTHS—
1910
Tons.
14.581.471
3.110,710
599.299
5.426.078
556.496
3.403.410
8.243.677
28.050.212
6.724,420
461.016
1.405.558
471.768
1.166
1,863
554,754
36.749
47,462
999.405
15,023
590.400
30.400
3.947,481 l
Tons
13.267.930
3,234.357
815.470
4.870.086
466.592
3.440.440
7.759.972
25.994.571
5.714.643
608.827
1,260.732
970.057
* Includes coal received from connecting lines. t April and four months figures.
878
1. 725
951.133
42.283
45.712
1.825.950
14.678
648.580
45.900
4.627.590

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
LAKE ORE SHIPMENTS.
Shipments of Lake Superior iron ore down the
lakes through July 31 and for entire seasons have
been as follows, in gross tons:
Through July 31. Season.
19H5 10,038,674 34,384,116
1906 17.0(14,368 38,565,762
1907 17,534,741 42,266,668
190S 7,235,281 26,014,987
1909 15,395,35(1 42,586,869
1910 21,863,549 43,442,397
1911 14,004,291
ln the six years from 1905 to 1910 inclusive, tbe
shipments through July comprised, on an average,
42 per cent, of the shipments in the entire season,
The present year appears to be practically a normal
one as to changes in the outlook. Nothing
important has occurred to change, and so the rule
of percentage may be applied with some prospect
of its making a good forecast. In some previous
years the rule would have worked very badly, but
with the current year it promises to work well.
Assuming, then, that the lake shipments through
July constitute 42 per cent, of what the season's
total is going to be, we find a total of 33,500,000
tons. It is likely that the season will come out
within a very few million tons of this figure. This
WEST VIRGINIA DELEGATES NAMED.
Gov. W. E. Glasscock, of West Virginia, has
named the 10 delegates to represent that state at
the fourteenth annual session of the American
Mining Congress, wdiich will meet in Chicago September
26 to 29. In the list of delegates are some
of the best known operators, mining engineers and
practical miners in the state. The delegates are:
C. A. Cabell, general manager Carbon Coal Co.,
of Carbon; Thomas Nichol, general manager Mc-
Kell Coal & Coke Co.. of Glen Jean; H. H. Bertolet,
general manager New River & Pocahontas
Consolidated Coal Co., of Gentry; J. E. Barlow,
general manager Monitor Coal & Coke Co., of Logan;
Daniel Howard, president Central Fairmont
Coal Co., of Clarksburg; Frank Haas, consulting
engineer Consolidation Coal Co., of Fairmont; Edward
Cooper, general manager Mill Creek Coal &
Coke Co., of Bramwell: L. F. Lanham. president
District 17. United Mine Workers of America, of
Charleston; Thomas Cairns of Charleston and
B. F. Morris of East Bank, both members of the
executive committee. United Mine Workers of
America.
A new coal vein is said to have been found by
drillers on the property of C. W. Hoffa, Bernice,
Pa.
• PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS •
The extension of the Quemahoning branch of
the B. & O. railroad from the former terminal at
Acosta to Somerset by way of Husband has been
completed and opened for traffic. This opens a
shorter route and easier grade for the shipment
of coal from the present mines at Boswell, Jenner,
Belmont and Acosta. Over 100 cars of coal
passed over the new line on the opening day. and
shipment from the new shaft at Husband and
other new openings will soon begin and add greatly
to the traffic. Passenger service will begin later.
A 4-foot vein of coal has been discovered about
7 feet below the surface on the Chambers farm,
east of Linton, Ind. The discovery was made by
some men working on the farm repairing tile
drains. The coal is said to be equal to the best
coal found in the district. Mr. Chambers proposes
to remove the surface earth by means of a
steam shovel, and, if the vein appears extensive,
machinery will be installed.
The Westmoreland Coal Co. will re-open its
Southside mine, near Irwin, Pa., which has been
closed nearly 20 years. It is said to be good for
would be 11 >-2 per cent, less than the average move­ 30 years' supply. New houses, a store and a club
ment in the past six years, which has been 37,900,house
will be erected, along with a new tipple and
000 tons per season.
gasoline haulage. It is the intention to make a
model town, giving employment to 250 men. Work
has already been started.
Robert Peed, Alex. Adams, H. C. Mann, H. G.
Gardner and L. C. Pruther, of Salyersville, Magoffin
county, Ky., sold 60,000 acres of mineral
land near the line of the Louisville & Nashville
extension, to Col. C. E. Edwards, of Charleston,
W. Va., and George F. Miller, of Huntington, W.
Va., for $600,000. Developments of the property
will begin at once.
A company of Michigan men, headed by John
Snyder, has leased a large tract of land near Staunton,
Ind., and will at once begin drilling for coal
and clay. If the desired quality of clay is found
the company will build a clay plant in addition
to sinking a coal shaft.
The coal department of the Missouri, Kansas &
Texas railway has begun the sinking of a new
shaft at Colgate, Okla., which it is said will be
one of the largest and best equipped operations in
the Southwest.
The Pittsburgh & Erie Coal Co. started with
August 1 in its new offices on the third floor of
the House building, Pittsburgh, having moved from
its old location in the Lewis block to gain addi-
Uonal office space.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
THE MINING INDUSTRY AND THE PUBLIC LANDS—NECESSARY
AMENDMENTS TO THE MINERAL LAWS*
By George Otis Smith. Director of the United States Geological Survey.
The increasing share which the United States
Geological Survey has been asked to take in the
public land administration by the Interior Department
has brought many of the problems connected
with the public land laws more directly to the
attention of those charged with the work of this
bureau. For over 30 years, however, these problems
have interested the Survey geologists who
have had exceptional opportunities for first-hand
observation in nearly all the important mining districts
of the country, and for almost as long a
period the engineers of the Survey have been in
touch with the irrigation and power developments
in the public land states. This intimate experience
with both field conditions and administrative
problems justifies an expression of opinion which
may be appropriate to this occasion.
The objects to be sought by amendment of the
public land laws are, first, purposeful and economical
development of resources for which there
is present demand with retention of such control
as may insure against unnecessary waste or excessive
charges to the consumer, and second, the
reservation of title in the people of all resources
the utilization of which is conjectural, or the need
of which at least is not immediate. The means that
are essential to the attainment of these objects
are, first, the classification of the public lands,
second, the separation of surface and mineral
rights, and third, the disposition of the lands on
terms that will secure the highest use, enforce
development and protect the public interest. Legislation
based on these principles will not only
secure the positive benefits of immediate utilization
but will also avoid the evils of speculative
holdings of lands by fictitious use or by admitted
non-use, for the future enjoyment of the unearned
increment or of the profits of monopolization.
With actual development made a condition of possession,
and with land classification and separation
of estates made preliminaries of disposition,
the present day utilization by individuals or corporations
and the reservation to the people for
future use become at once possible without conflict
of interests.
The classification of the public land is essential
to the administration of not only such laws as
express the principle of separation but also of
those whose purpose is to promote the highest use
of the land. Land classification is first of all
the determination of the best use to which each
particular portion of the public domain can be
•Address delivered at the Twenty-first Anniversary of the
Michigan School of Mines. Houghton. Mich., August 9, 1911.
put, and by the organic act of March 3, 1879, this
duty was specifically imposed upon the Director of
the Geological Survey.
Under the withdrawal act of June 25, 1910, classification
is made possible in advance of disposition
and disposition can be postponed to await
needed legislation.
The second step, both in principle and practice,
appears to be that of making possible by legislation
the separation of surface and mineral rights
whenever the two estates have values which can be
separately utilized. A notable advance in public
land legislation was the passage of the acts of
March 3, 1909, and June 22, 1910, which provide
that patents issued thereunder grant title to the
surface of the land only and thus permit the agricultural
development while at the same time the
United States retains title to the underlying coal
deposits.
On the subject of water-power legislation the position
of the Geological Survey is essentially that
set forth in January of this year in a report addressed
to the Secretaries of the Interior and of
Agriculture by a joint committee representing the
two departments. The legislation there outlined
would provide for lease of public and reserved
lands of the United States valuable for waterpower
development for a fixed term, not to exceed
50 years, with moderate charges for use and occupancy
of the land, and revocable only upon breach
of conditions or on account of the charge of excessive
rates to consumers. These leases should
be identical in terms, whatever the department
under which they are granted, with joint and uniform
regulations governing all matters relating to
water-power development of land belonging to the
United States. Provision should also be made
for periodic and equitable readjustment of charges,
transfer of leases, preferential rights to renewal,
and compensation for improvements at the termination
of the leasehold. The law should specifically
recognize water-power use as dominant and
both insure to the lessee undisturbed occupancy
of the land needed for such use and reserve for
future utilization all the land believed to possess
value for water-power development, these lands to
be designated by the President but to be open to
other entry subject to this reserved right wherever
separation of the water-power use and other use
is possible.
The chief advantage of land withdrawal and classification
lies in the essential relation to the principle
of proper disposition of the public domain,

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
the real purpose of public land administration
being to secure such reservation or disposal of the
people's land as will assure its highest use. The
question of amendment of the present laws relat­
ing'to the disposition of coal, oil. gas and phosphate
deposits on tlie public domain is recognized as
fairly before the public by the specific mention of
these minerals in the Withdrawal Act.
The coal land law is unquestionably the most satisfactory
of the present mineral land laws in that it
admits of the placing of an adequate valuation
upon the deposits, and in the administration of
this law the purpose is not only to base the appraisal
price upon the quantity and quality of the
coal present and to give consideration to every
known physical and commercial factor affecting
the value of the deposits but also to make the selling
price approach as nearly as possible the present
purchase of a royalty under a leasehold.
Thereby it is intended to permit purchase for immediate
development and at the same time to prevent
or at least discourage purchase for longtime
investment or for monopolization. So many
factors, however, require consideration that an
ideal adjustment of the values is well nigh unattainable
for many if not tor most coal lands,
and on this account a strong argument may be
made for support of the lease over the sale system.
Under leasehold it would be comparatively
easy so to adjust the relationship between ground
rental and royalty as to prevent the acquisition
of coal deposits until such time as their development
should be profitable. On the other hand, it
is possible, under the present law. and it is the
policy in its administration, to readjust the prices
from time to time, either by reduction to encourage
development in special cases or, more commonly,
by raising the price on account of increased
value due to new discoveries or to changed
commercial conditions. Hardly less important.
moreover, is the better control possible under a
lease system, although against the advantage of
such control must be weighed the cost of Federal
management and the possibilities of inefficient administration
or even maladministration. The pres­
ent coal land law. however, has one serious defect,
which should be remedied if a leasing law is
not enacted. The restriction of area that may
legally be acquired to a maximum of 160 acres for
an individual and 640 acres for an association is
not in accord with good mining practice. The
fixed charges on the cost of a modern coal mine,
provided with the up-to-date equipment necessary
to conserve life and property and to assure maxi­
mum recovery are too high to be assessed against
the tonnage of so limited a tract, especially if the
coal seam is of moderate thickness. A law designed
to promote the practical utilization of coal
deposits, whether the system contemplates sale or
lease, must provide for the holding of a large
enough unit to permit the opening and equipment
of a modern mine and to warrant its operation on
an economical scale. Without such provision for
commercial operation too great an advantage is
secured to the laud-grant railroads and large coal
companies already in possession of considerable
areas of high-grade coal.
The present uncertainty wdiether the phosphate
rock of the public land should be entered under
the lode law or under the placer law is conclusive
evidence of the need of legislation. As a matter
of fact neither of these laws is more applicable
to the acquisition of beds of phosphate-bearing
limestone than it would be to that of coal beds.
The realization that the phosphate deposits are
more extensive than was known or suspected when
the Survey geologists began land classification
work in Idaho and Wyoming does not lessen but
rather increases the urgency for a leasing law
which will provide for the utilization of this large
supply of mineral fertilizer, so as to meet both
present and future needs.
The most urgent need of legislation for the
disposition of mineral deposits is in the case of
oil and gas. It is most apparent that the placer
law, which is none too well adapted to meet
modern conditions in mining placer gold, is wholly
inadequate as a method of dealing with public oil
lands, inasmuch as the discovery of oil is a late
stage in the exploration and development of the
land claimed under the law. Thus, large expenditures,
extending over several months, if not years,
are necessary before any right is acquired against
the Government, and during all this time there is
lacking any legal protection of the oil prospector
against unscrupulous claimants or competitors
better backed by capital. The need for remedial
oil legislation is somewhat less acute than it was
a year ago, by reason of the passage of the act
approved March 2, 1911, the effect of which is to
validate a class of claims which, while clouded by
the construction which the department was forced
to place upon the misfit placer law, under which
title to oil lands must now be made, were bona
fide in that the inception of their development
antedated the oil land withdrawals. This enactment
was in accord with the spirit of the withdrawal
act, which provides for the protection of
equities already established.
The need for a better law is, however, imperative
and the legislative action demanded by the
situation should not be limited to an attempt to
revamp the general placer law but should be the
enactment of an altogether new measure, especially
adapted to provide for the sane and equitable
development of this industry in the future.
First, the new law should authorize the issue of
exploratory permits, granting to individuals or

associations the exclusive privilege of occupation,
the sole condition of such a grant being diligent
and adequate prosecution of development work,
measured by the expenditure of fixed sums within
certain periods, with possibly the payment of a
small fee to the Government in lieu of such expenditure
during the first six months. The issue
of this permit should preferably be limited to one
to each citizen or association of citizens, although
after the lapse or surrender of such a permit the
former holder should be allowed to again apply
for an exploratory permit. In the second place,
the law should provide that upon discovery, the
holder of the permit be given a leasehold title
with a royalty varied to meet local and actual
conditions. The "wild-catter," or prospector in unproved
country, whether such unproved territory
is classified on geological evidence as oil land or
not, should be given special privilege to offset his
greater risk. This privilege might take the form
of an increased acreage, held both under permit
and under lease, or a practical exemption from the
payment of royalty, merely a nominal rental being
charged under the lease. The chief advantage of
the leasehold for oil over a fee simple title lies
in the prevention of monopolization through large
holdings. Such large holdings without production
would be guarded against by a ground rental
sufficiently high to discourage the acquisition of
lands except for immediate and continued development,
although provision should also be made in
the lease for surrender under terms which would
protect the Government. This indirect control of
development would be preferable to the direct enforcement,
by forfeiture, of continuous production,
which should be avoided because of the danger
of disturbing the delicate equilibrium between
supply and demand. Transfers of interest, under
either permit or lease, should be permitted because
of the absolute necessity in most instances
of securing capital for both drilling and operating
an oil well. The law, however, should set forth
the purpose of such control of transfer, which
would be to provide protection for the original
locators, most of them men of small means, and
more especially to secure the prohibition of too
large holdings of Government leases by big companies.
Proposed amendments of the well established
laws relating to metalliferous minerals always
raise the warmest discussion. With the opinion
of mining men in general favoring revision of
the mining laws of the United States and with
commission after commission appointed by various
bodies to suggest improvements, the statutes
have remained practically unchanged for nearly
40 years, while the geology of ore deposits and
the technology of metal mining have made mar­
velous progress.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
The law of the apex has proved more productive
of expensive litigation than of economical
mining. In many of the more recently established
and more progressive mining districts this statute
has been made inoperative by either common
agreement or compromise between adjoining owners.
Its repeal could not affect established equities
under patents already granted but would render
Iiossible more certain property rights in large
mining districts as yet undiscovered, where new
and valuable claims will be located 100 years from
now. The unit of disposition should be the claim,
preferably square, limited on its four sides by
vertical planes, and of a size sufficient to allow
the miner occupying two contiguous claims to
follow the vein or lode to considerable depth, even
if its dip is only 45 degrees. Such definition of a
mining claim is found practicable in both Mexico
and British Columbia, and in the latter country
the change from the apex law was affected without
trouble or confusion.
The same knowledge of natural conditions that
leads to the suggestion of a repeal of the law of
the apex forces the further suggestion that discovery
of ore in place can not be made universally
a prerequisite to the location of a mining claim.
Geologic study of ore deposits has furnished examples
in a number of regions where the present
law can not be complied with, although rich deposits
exist underground and their extent can be
more definitely surmised than in most cases where
ore is discovered at the surface. To meet such
actual conditons the law should provide for the
acquisition of metalliferous mineral land classified
as such upon the basis of adequate geologic
evidence, whether actual outcrops are present or
not.
Most important, perhaps, in any amended mining
law would be provision for enforced development,
a principle expressed, it is true, in the present
law, but not effective in its workings. A
requirement of actual use as a condition of occupancy
of mineral land can not be regarded as
either novel or radical. As regards the large
acreage of undeveloped land in many mining
camps to which patent has already been issued,
it is perhaps true that the situation is without
relief, unless the Western Australia plan is
adopted, whereby the Government steps in and
permits mining under a lease, the proceeds of
which are assessed, collected, and paid over to the
owner. The principle invoked seems to be that
no property owner can rightfully oppose the development
of the state.
In the case of unpatented claims, a remedy
should' be sought for what has been termed "the
paralysis of mining districts," and the rigid requirement
of annual assessment work should be
made actual and effective by inspection and super-

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
vision, in order to put an end to the present
procedure of allowing a claim to lie idle for
practically two years after its location, not to
mention the many localities where claims are
held year after year with only perfunctory compliance,
or even without any performance of assessment
work,—a type of local disregard for law
that is in striking contrast to the observations
accorded to the district customs and regulations
of earlier days, whereby the right of possession
was made absolutely dependent upon continuous
operation.
The remedy, then, for the existing evil of idle
mining property must be sought either in the
adoption of leasehold, under which the Government
can enforce operation, a system which fully
attains the desired end of promoting mining development
in Australia and New Zealand according
to the report made in 1907 by Geologist Veatch
of this survey to the President, or in the thorough
revision of the existing system. Radical amendment
to the present law would be necessary in
order to secure something more nearly approaching
equality of opportunity. Some limitation
should be put on the number of claims which an
individual can locate in each mining district, and
the prevention of monopolization would be furthered
by the rigid enforcement of assessment
development. The record of claims kept by a local
official elected by the miners should be reported
promptly to the nearest land office in order to
furnish the Federal Government with a notice of
the intention of the claimant, and thus to initiate
the operation of effective inspection, the purpose
of which would be to enforce the use and development
of mineral land as contemplated in the law.
Whatever the details that may characterize this
or that amendment to the public land laws, the
essentials to be sought are development of those
resources for which there is present need and
the protection of the other resources for which
there is no immediate demand. To this end the
lawmakers, in my opinion, should concern themselves
more in retaining such control as will prevent
either non-use on the one hand or waste on
the other, than in devising means of increasing
the public land receipts by heavy royalties on the
producing coal mine or hydro-electric plant. Tax
instead the idle property. Through the full
development of the mineral industry, the nation
can secure indirect benefits far in excess of any
direct profits in the form of fees or royalties.
C. K. Spragg, W. H. Spragg and S. K. Strosnider,
all of Waynesburg, Pa., have sold to M. A.
.lolliffe of Fairmont, W. Va., 150 acres of coal
near Mannington, W. Va., for $50,000.
IDLE CAR STATEMENT.
The bulletin of the American Railway Association
states that on July 5 the net surplus of idle
cars on the lines of the United States and Canada
stood at 163,621, compared with 163,170 two weeks
before. The difference is 451, or not quite threetenths
of one per cent., an almost infinitesimal
change. The number of idle cars or the gross
surplus was 165,508, compared with 165,934, while
the shortage decreased from 2,764 to 1,887. It
was this decrease in the shortage that brought the
net surplus ahead of a fortnight ago.
In the two weeks ended July 5, the surplus of
coal cars decreased from 72,885 to 70,363, while the
box car surplus decreased from 53,208 to 52,875.
Both flat and miscellaneous cars showed considerable
increases, which almost offset the decrease
in the gross surpluses of the two principal classes
of cars, coal and box.
Following is a table showing the surpluses and
shortages at various recent dates:
Date.
July 5. 1911. . 165.508
June 21
June 7
Mav 24
Mav 10
April 26
April 12
March 29
March 15
*Decrease.
Sur­
plus.
. 165,934
. 169,006
. 168,233
. 188,847
. 189,524
. 187,219
. 196,217
. 208,527
Short­
age.
1.887
2,764
2,086
835
1,569
2,518
1.166
1.330
1,266
Net
Surplus. crease.
163,621
163.170
166,970
167,398
187.278
187,006
186,053
194,887
207.527
In­
451
*3,800
*428
*19,880
272
953
*8,834
*12,640
17,611
J. V. Thompson and W. J. and Alexander Sherrard,
of Uniontown, Pa., have purchased 530 acres
of coal land from Moses Little and his sister, Mrs.
Margaret Melvin, near Washington. Pa. The
price was $375 an acre.
Mr. D. B. Zimmerman, a well known coal operator
of Somerset, Pa., was attacked by Tony Sicilian,
an Italian, on August 4, and was badly cut
by his assailant. Sicilian wanted to put a store
on Mr. Zimmerman's property but was refused
permission and the attack followed.
Mr. Howard D. Mannington has resigned as secretary
of the Ohio Coal Operators' Association
and the Michigan-Ohio-Indiana Coal Dealers' Association
and has come to Pittsburgh, where he
has become affiliated with the Pittsburgh operators'
association.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
TEXT OF NEW BITUMINOUS MINING CODE OF PENNSYLVANIA
PASSED BY THE LEGISLATIVE SESSION OF 1911.
(CONTINUED FROM ISSUE OF AUGUST 1)
ARTICLE XII.
OPENING KOR DRAINAGE, ET CETERA, ON OTHER LANDS.
Section 1. If any person, firm of corporation is,
or shall hereafter, be, seized in his or their own
right of coal lands, or shall hold such lands under
lease and shall have opened, or shall desire to
open, a coal mine on said land, and it shall not be
practicable to drain or ventilate such mines or to
comply with the requirements of this act as to
ways of ingress and egress or traveling ways by
means of openings on lands owned or held under
lease by him, them, or it, and the same can be
done by means of openings on adjacent lands, he,
they or it may apply, by petition, to the court of
quarter sessions of the proper county, after 10
days' notice to the owner or owners, their agents
or attorney, setting forth the facts under oath or
affirmation, particularly describing the place, or
places, where such opening, or openings, can be
made and the pillars of coal or other material
necessary for the support of such passageway and
the right of way necessary to any public road as
may be needed in connection with such opening,
and that he or they cannot agree with the owner
or owners of the land as to the amount to be paid
for the privilege of making such opening or openings,
whereupon the said court shall appoint three
disinterested and competent citizens of the country
to view the ground designated and lay out from
the point, or points, mentioned in such petition, a
passage, or passages, not more than 80 feet in area
by either drift, shaft or slope, or by a combination
of any of said methods, by any practicable and convenient
route to the coal of such person, firm or
corporation, preferring in all cases an opening
through the coal strata where the same is practicable.
The said viewers shall, at the same time,
assess the damages to be paid by the petitioner or
petitioners to the owner or owners of such lands
for the coal or other valuable material to be removed
in the excavation and construction of said
passage, also, for such coal or other valuable material
necessary to support the said passage, as
well as for a right of way not exceeding 15 feet
in width from any such opening to any public
road, to enable persons to gain entrance
to the mine through such opening, or to
provide therefrom, upon the surface, a water
course of suitable dimensions to a natural
water stream. to enable the operator to
discharge the water from said mine, if such right
of way shall be desired by the petitioner or peti­
47
tioners, which damages shall be fully paid before
such opening is made. The proceedings shall be
recorded in the road docket of the proper county
and the pay of the viewers shall be the same as in
road cases. If exceptions be filed they shall be
disposed of by the court as speedily as possible
and both parties shall have the right to take
depositions as in road cases. If, however, the petitioner
desires to make such openings, or roads,
or waterways, before the final disposition of such
exceptions, he shall have the right to do so by
giving bond, to be approved by the court, securing
the damages as provided by law in the ease of
lateral railroads.
Section 2. It shall be compulsory upon the part
of the mine owner or operator to exercise the
powers granted by the provisions of the last preceding
section for the procuring of a right of way
on the surface from the opening of a coal mine to
a public road, or public roads, upon the request.
in writing, of 50 miners employed in the mine or
mines of such owner or operator. Provided, however,
That, with such request, satisfactory security
be deposited with the mine owner or operator by
said petitioners (being coal miners) to fully and
sufficiently pay all costs, damages and expenses
caused by such proceedings and in paying for such
right of way.
Section 3. In any mine, or mines, or portions
thereof, wherein water may have been allowed to
accumulate in large and dangerous quantities, putting
in danger the adjoining or adjacent mines and
the lives of the miners working therein, and when
such can be tapped and set free and flow by its
own gravity to any point of drainage, it shall be
lawful for any operator or person having mines so
endangered, with the approval of the inspector of
the district, to proceed to remove the said danger
by driving a drift or drifts, protected by bore
holes, as provided for by this act. and in removing
said danger it shall be lawful to drive across
property lines if needful.
And it shall be unlawful for any person to dam
or. in any way, obstruct the flow of any stream
from said mine, or portions thereof, when so set
free on any part of its passage to point of drainage.
Section 4. From and after the passage of this
act it shall and may be lawful for any person or
persons, company or companies, now or hereafter
to be incorporated in this commonwealth, to drive
headings and construct entryways, tramways and
mine tracks, with one or more tracks under the

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
surface, or partly under and partly over the surface,
through or over, any intervening lands, not
exceeding one mile in length, to or from any coal
and connect the same with any entryways, headings,
tramways or railroads belonging to any individual
or individuals, company or companies, now
or hereafter to be incorporated in this state, and
also with any highway or public improvement:
Provided, That the parties interested shall be subject
to the same proceedings required in section
1 of this article. And, provided, further, That no
such entryway, heading, tramway, mine track or
railroad shall be constructed through or over such
intervening lands where the same would injure
or interfere with he existing mining operations of
any other person or company or where the same
would endanger the safety of the employes therein.
ARTICLE XIII.
AMBULANCES AND STRETCHERS, RESCUE APPLIANCES
AND EMERGENCY HOSPITALS.
Section 1. The operator or the superintendent
of every mine, in which 50 or more persons are
employed inside, shall provide and keep in good
condition at the principal entrance of the mine,
or at such other place as the superintendent and
inspector may determine and designate, one ambulance
and at least two stretchers, for conveying
to his place of abode any person that may be injured
while in the discharge of his duties, and
also woolen and waterproof blankets: Provided,
that, if the places of abode of 90 per centum of the
workmen at any mine are within a radius of one
mile from the principal entrance to the mine, an
ambulance shall not be required. Provided, further,
that, where two or more mines are located
within one mile of each other, or where the ambulance
is located within one mile of each mine,
only one ambulance as aforesaid shall be required,
if such mines have ready and quick means of communication
by telegraph or telephone.
Section 2. The ambulance shall be constructed
upon good, substantial, easy springs. It shall
be covered and closed and shall have windows on
the sides or ends, and shall be provided with spring
mattresses, or other comfortable bedding, to be
placed on roller frames, together with sufficient
covering and protection for the convenient movement
of the injured. It shall be of sufficient size
to convey at least two injured persons and two
attendants at one time and shall be provided with
seats for the attendants.
The stretchers shall be constructed of such material
and in such a manner as to insure ease and
comfort in the carriage of the injured persons.
At all mines there shall be provided bandages,
splints and other medical supplies, to render first
aid and relief to employes who may be injured.
These supplies shall be kept in a suitable room.
The room shall be located near the entrance to,
or inside of, the mine and shall be sufficiently
large to accommodate the injured employes while
they are receiving temporary medical attention.
Section 3. Whenever any person employed in or
about any mine shall receive such an injury, by
accident or otherwise, as to render him unable to
walk to his place of abode, the operator or the
superintendent shall immediately have said person
removed to his place of abode or to a hospital as
the case may require.
Section 4. If the conditions are such that the
person injured can be conveyed to his home or to
the hospital more conveniently and more quickly
by railroad, trolley road, or other conveyance, such
mode of conveyance shall be permitted and no
ambulance required, but in such cases the conveyance
must be under cover and the comfort of
the injured person must be provided for.
ARTICLE XIV.
WASH HOUSES.
Section 1. When the clothing or wearing apparel
of the employes in any mine becomes wet
by reason of working in wet places therein, it
shall be the duty of the operator or superintendent
of said mine, at the request, in writing, of the inspector,
who shall make such request upon the
petition of any 10 employes working in the aforesaid
wet places, to provide a suitable building convenient
to the principal entrances of such mine
for the use of the persons employed in wet places
therein, for the purpose of washing themselves
and changing their clothes when entering the
mine and returning therefrom. The said building
shall be maintained in good order and be
properly lighted and heated and shall be provided
with hot and cold water and facilities for persons
to wash. Any operator, superintendent or inspector,
who shall neglect or fail to comply with
the provisions of this article, or any person who
shall maliciously injure or destroy, or cause to be
injured or destroyed, the said building, or any
part thereof, or any of the appliances or fittings
used therein, or do any act tending to the injury
or destruction thereof, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor.
ARTICLE XV.
INSIDE STAPLES.
Section 1. It shall not be lawful for the superintendent
or mine foreman to provide a horse or a
mule stable inside of any mine, unless space for
said stable is excavated in solid strata of rock.
slate or coal. If excavated in the coal seam, the
wall shall be built of brick, stone or concrete, not
less than 12 inches in thickness, and said wall

shall be built from the bottom slate to the roof.
Wood or other combustible material shall be used
in the smallest practicable quantity in the construction
of the inside of said stable. The air
current used for the ventilation of said stable
shall not be intermixed with the air current used
for ventilating any other portion of the mine, but
shall be conveyed directly to the return air current.
No open light shall be permitted in any
stable in any mine.
No hay or straw r shall be taken into any mine
unless pressed and made up into compact bales,
which shall be kept in a storehouse built apart
from the stable and in the same manner as the
stable. Under no circumstances shall the hay
be stored in the stable.
ARTICLE XVI.
REGULATIONS FOR POWDER AND DETONATORS.
Section 1. No powder or high explosive shall be
stored in any mine and no more of either article
shall be taken into any mine at one time, by any
one person, than is required in one shift. The
quantity shall not exceed 5 pounds: Provided, that,
in a mine where shot firers are employed, the shot
firers shall have the right to take a sufficient quantity
to complete their work.
Black powder for use in mines shall be put up
in 5. 10, 15 and 25 pound metallic cans, or canisters,
or receptacles of equally safe material.
No black powder, high explosives or detonators
shall be hauled on any electric motor trip in any
mine, unless the same are encased in non-conductive
boxes or receptacles.
Section 2. In such portions of dry and dusty
mines wherein explosive gas is being generated, in
quantities sufficient to be detected by an approved
safety lamp, no explosives shall be used except
"permissible" explosives as designated by the Testing
Station of the Federal Bureau of Mines. Each
charge shall consist of only one kind of explosive.
The Department of Mines shall forward to the
operators, upon application, the names of all explosives
on the permissible list.
No "permissible" explosive shall be sold for use
in bituminous mines unless the name of the manufacturer,
name of explosive, method of handling.
and full instruction for use, are conspicuously displayed
on or in the package containing the explosive.
Section 3. Detonators shall, at all times, be
kept in securely locked cases, separate and apart
from other explosives, until required for use.
The Chief of the Department of Mines, when satisfied
by tests, that any permissible explosive has
deteriorated from the standard established by the
Testing Station of the Federal Bureau of Mines
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
and thereby becomes dangerous, may prohibit the
use thereof either absolutely or subject to conditions.
ARTICLE XVII.
REGULATIONS FOR OIL.
Section 1. The oiling or greasing of cars inside
of any mine is strictly prohibited, unless the place
where said oil or grease is used is thoroughly
cleaned at least once every day, to prevent the accumulation
of waste oil or grease on the roads or
in the drains at that point. Not more than one
barrel of lubricating oil shall be permitted in any
mine at one time and it shall be kept in a fireproof
building, cut out of solid rock or made of masonry
or concrete of sufficient thickness to insure safety
in case of fire.
Section 2. No explosive oil shall be taken into
or used in any mine for lighting purposes, except
when used in safety lamps and shall not be taken
into or stored in any mine in quantities exceeding
five gallons. Said oil, when stored in a mine, shall
be kept in a fireproof vault made of masonry or
concrete.
Section 3. All oils, or materials used in open
lamps, shall be non-explosive and free from odors
and fumes deleterious to health and shall have a
burning point not lower than 300 degrees and
must not produce over eleven one-hundredths of
1 per centum of their weight of soot when burned
in a miner's lamp with a flame 1% inches high,
the determination of the percentage of soot to be
by tests specified by the Department of Mines.
Section 4. Paraffine wax used in mines shall
not contain over 3 per centum of oil.
Section 5. All illuminants sold, to be used in
open lamps in mines, shall have branded conspicuously
on the barrel or package containing the same,
the name of the manufacturer, date of shipment
and percentage of soot.
Section 6. Any employe who shall use, or any
mine foreman who shall permit to be used, or any
person who shall sell for use in any mine, any
oil or any other material for illuminating purposes,
other than that prescribed in this article
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor: Provided, however,
that any illuminant that is found not detrimental
to health and safety, after the proper tests
specified by the Department of Mines, can be used
in any mine with the consent of the inspector.
Section 7. It shall be the duty of the inspector,
whenever he has reason to believe that an illuminant
is being used, or sold, or offered for sale, in
violation of the provisions of this article, to take
samples of the same and have them tested under
the direction of the Depaitment of Mines.

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ARTICLE XVIII.
EMPLOYMENT OF BOYS AND FEMALES.
Section 1. No boy under the age of 14 years.
and no woman or girl of any age, shall be employed,
permitted or suffered to work in or about
any mine, and no boy under the age of 18 years
shall be permitted to mine or load coal in any
room, entry or other working place, unless in company
with an experienced person over 18 years of
age.
No boy under the age of 16 years shall be employed
in or about any mine unless, during the
entire period that said boy is so employed, there
is on file in the office of said mine, and accessible
to the inspector, an employment certificate issued
by the city, borough, township or county superintendent
of public schools, or by the secretary of
the school board of the township, borough or city,
or by a principal of a parochial school, or by such
superintendent's, secretary's or principal's duly
appointed deputy or assistant, reciting the age of
said boy as it appears on any record that the person
who issues said certificate has reason to believe
to be true and correct; or if such record of
age be lacking, reciting the age of said boy according
to an affidavit taken by his parent, guardian
or custodian and attached to said certificate and
said certificate and the affidavit, if any. shall, for
the purposes of this act, be conclusive evidence of
the age of said boy.
Nothing in this section shall be held to forbid
the employment of a girl between the ages of 14
and 16 years in the office of a mine, provided, that,
during the entire period of said employment there
is, in like manner, on file for said girl in said
office an employment certificate of the character
hereinbefore provided for as a prerequisite to the
employment of boys under the age of 16 years inside
any mine.
Section 2. Any superintendent or mine foreman,
who fails to comply with the provisions of
this article, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and it shall be the duty of the inspector,
or any other person who knows that the superintendent
or mine foreman has violated any of the
provisions of this article, to prosecute said superintendent
or said mine foreman in accordance
with section 2 of article 26 of this act, and any
person who shall falsely certify or swear to the
age of any boy or girl in the certificate and affidavit
described and required by section 1 of this
article, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
ARTICLE XIX.
MINE INSPECTORS' EXAMINING BOARD, APPOINTMENT
AND DUTIES, MINE INSPECTORS, THEIR APPOINT­
MENT, OUTIES AND POWERS.
Section 1. The Governor shall appoint during
the month of January, 1913, and every four years
thereafter, five citizens of this Commonwealth, of
good repute, to be known as the Mine Inspectors'
Examining Board, whose duty it shall be to examine
applicants for the office of inspector in the
bituminous coal region of this Commonwealth.
Two of the members of said board shall be mining
engineers and three of the members shall have
passed successful examinations qualifying them
to act as inspectors or mine foremen in bituminous
mines generating explosive gas and shall have
had at least five years' practical experience as
miners in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania.
Applicants for apiiointment on the said Examining
Board shall be at least 30 years of age.
Each member of the Examining Board shall receive
the sum of $10 a day for each day actually
employed, and all necessary expenses incurred in
carrying out the provisions of this article, which
shall be paid out of the State Treasury on warrant
of the Auditor General, issued upon presentation
of vouchers properly made out and sworn to by
each member of the board and approved by the
Chief of the Department of Mines. The Examining
Board is hereby authorized to engage the
services of a clerk who shall be a stenographer.
Any vacancy that may occur in the membership
of the Examining Board shall be filled by the
Governor according to the provisions of this section.
Section 2. The said Examining Board shall meet
on the first Tuesday in March, following its appointment,
in the city of Pittsburgh, to examine
applicants for the office of inspector. Two weeks
previous to the aforesaid time, the board shall
meet to prepare questions and formulate rules for
conducting the examination. The board may also
be convened by the Governor at any other time
for the purpose of filling vacancies or performing
any other necessary work.
The board, after being duly organized, shall
take and subscribe to, before any officer authorized
to administer the same, the following oath,
namely:
"We, the undersigned, do solemnly swear tor
affirm) that we will perform the duties of examiners
of applicants for appointment as inspector of
mines to the best of our ability and that, in recommending
or rejecting said applicants, we will be
governed by the evidence of their qualifications to
fill the position and not by any consideration of
political or personal favor and that we will certify
all whom we may find qualified according to the
true intent and meaning of this act and none
other." The oaths of the members of the Examining
Board shall be filed in the Department of
Mines.

Section 3. The qualifications of candidates for
the office of inspector shall be certified to the Examining
Board and shall be as follows:
The candidates shall be citizens of Pennsylvania,
of temperate habits, of good repute as men
of personal integrity, in good physical condition,
and shall be between the ages of 30 and 50 years:
Provided, however, that any inspector appointed
under the provisions of the act of May 15, 1893,
or under the provisions of this act, shall be eligible
for reappointment even if beyond 50 years
of age if in good physical condition. The candidates
shall have a knowledge of the different systems
of working coal seams and shall have had at
least 10 years' practical experience in bituminous
mines, five years of which, immediately preceding
their examination, shall have been in bituminous
mines of this Commonwealth, and shall also have
had practical experience with explosive gas and
other dangerous gases found in coal mines, and,
upon examination, shall give evidence of such
theoretical as well as practical knowledge and
general intelligence iespecting mines and mining
and the working and ventilation of mines as will
satisfy the Examining Board of their capability
and fitness for the duties imposed upon inspectors
of mines by the provisions of this act.
Section 4. The principal examioation shall be
in writing and each applicant shall also undergo
an oral examination pertaining to explosive gas,
safety lamps, methods of ventilation, and mine
management. The questions, and answers thereto,
in the oral examination, shall be reported \ erbatim
by an expert stenographer and typewritten fully
to assist the board in the work of rating the qualifications
of the candidats. Candidates who shall
make a general average of at least 90 per centum
shall be deemed successful. The manuscripts and
other papers of all applicants in the principal examination,
together with the tally sheets and the
correct solution of each question as prepared b.v
the Examining Board, and also the stenographer's
report of the oral examination, shall be filed in
the Department of Mines. The Examining Board,
or at least four members thereof, shall certify to
the Governor, and also to the Department of
Mines, the names and percentages of all successful
candidates who are properly qualified under the
provisions of this article to fill the office of inspector.
A certificate of qualification prepared
by the Chief of the Department of Mines shall be
issued to each successful candidate.
The Examining Board shall, as soon as practicable
after the examination, furnish to each applicant
on printed slips of paper a copy of all questions
(oral and written) given at the examination
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
marked solved right, imperfect, or wrong, as the
case may be.
Section 5. The Governor shall, from the names
certified to him by the Examining Board, commission
one person to be inspector for each district in
pursuance of this act, whose commission shall be
for a full term of four years from the 15th day of
May following the regular examinations. Each
inspector appointed under the provisions of the
act of May 15, 1893, may continue in office until
May 15, 1913.
After the passage of this act, the Chief of the
Department of Mines shall have the right to assign
the inspectors to the districts for which, in his
opinion, they are best fitted.
Section 6. When a vacancy occurs in said office
of inspector, the Governor shall commission for
the unexpired term, from the names on file in the
Department of Mines, a person who has received
an average of at least 90 per centum. When the
number of candidates who have received an average
of at least 90 per centum shall be exhausted,
the Governor shall cause the aforesaid Examining
Board to meet for a special examination and examine
the persons who may present themselves for
examination in accordance with section 3 of this
article and the board shall certify to the Governor,
and also to the Chief of the Department of Mines,
the names of all applicants who have made a general
average of at least 90 per centum in said examination,
as provided for in section 4 of this
article, one of whom shall be commissioned by the
Governor according to the provisions of section 5
of this article for the office of inspector for the unexpired
term. In conducting the said special examination,
the board shall comply with all the requirements
of sections 3 and 4 of this article.
Section 7. After the passage of this act the
salary of the inspectors shall be $3,000 a year, to
be paid quarterly by the State Treasurer, on warrant
of the Auditor General, issued upon the presentation
of voucher approved by the Chief of
the Department of Mines. Each inspector may
also incur traveling expenses and such other expenses
as may be necessary for the proper discharge
of his duties, under the provisions of this
act, which shall be paid quarterly by the State
Treasurer, on warrant of the Auditor General,
issued upon presentation of vouchers properly
made out and sworn to by the inspector and approved
by the Chief of the Department of Mines.
Each inspector shall have an office in his district,
which may be at bis place of residence; provided,
that a suitable room, approved by the Chief of the
Department of Mines, be set apart for that purpose.
The Chief of the Department of Mines shall
have authority to procure for the inspectors, on

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
their request, furniture, instruments, chemicals,
typewriters, stationery and all other necessary
supplies, which shall be paid for by the State
Treasurer, on warrant of the Auditor General,
issued upon presentation of vouchers approved by
the Chief of the Department of Mines. All furniture,
instruments, plans, books, memoranda, notes,
and other materials, pertaining to the office of inspector,
shall be the property of the state and shall
be delivered by the inspector to his successor in
office.
Section 8. The inspectors shall be allowed all
necessary expenses incurred by them in enforcing
the several provisions of this act in the respective
courts of this Commonwealth (provided they have
the consent of the Department of Mines before
such expense is incurred), the same to be paid by
the State Treasurer, on warrant of the Auditor
General, issued upon presentation of itemized
vouchers approved by the court before which the
proceedings were instituted and also by the Chief
of the Department of Mines.
Section 9. Each inspector shall, before entering
upon the discharge of his duties, give bond in
the sum of $5,000 with sureties to be approved by
the president judge of the district in which he resides,
conditional for the faithful discharge of
his duties, and shall take an oath, or make affirmation,
that he will discharge his duties with impartiality
and fidelity to the best of his knowledge
and ability. But no person, who Is acting as
manager or agent of any coal mine, or as mining
engineer, or who is interested in operating any
coal mine, shall at the same time act as inspector
under this act.
Section 10. In case the inspector becomes incapacitated
to perform the duties of his office, or
is granted a leave of absence by the Chief of the
Department of Mines, it shall be the duty of the
Governor, at the request of the Chief of the Department
of Mines, to appoint temporarily to the
office, a person on the eligible list of applicants
filed in the Department of Mines. The temporary
inspector shall act until the regular inspector is
able to resume the duties of his office and shall
be paid in the same manner as hereinbefore provided
for the payment of the regular inspector.
Section 11. Each inspector shall devote the
whole of his time to the duties of his office. It
shall be his duty to thoroughly examine each mine
in his district as often as possible (but at least
once every four months), giving special attention
to all.mines generating explosive gas and to other
mines where unusual dangers may be suspected to
exist, and to see that all the provisions of this
act are observed and strictly carried out, especially
those that demand that the air current be
carried to the working faces. He shall keep, in
his office, a record of all examinations of mines,
showing the condition in which he finds them,
especially with reference to ventilation and drainage,
the number of persons employed inside of
each mine, the extent to which the law is obeyed,
and the progress made in the improvement of
mines. He shall keep a record of all serious accidents,
showing the nature and causes thereof,
and the number of deaths resulting therefrom.
Section 12. It shall be the duty of the inspector,
after the final examination of any mine,
to make out a written or partly written and partly
printed report of the condition in which he finds
it and to post the said report, immediately after
the final examination, in the office at the mine or
in some other conspicuous place, where it shall
remain for one year open to examination by any
person employed in or about the said mine. The
report shall show the date of the inspection, the
number of cubic feet of air in circulation, where
the measurement of the air was made, and the
quantity of air as measured at the last cut-through
iu each split, together with the number of persons
employed in each split, and, also, at any othei
place requested by the Chief of the Department
of Mines. The report shall contain such other
information as the inspector may deem necessary.
If the inspector discovers any room, entry, airway,
or other working places, being driven in advance
of the air current, contrary to the requirements
of this act, he shall order the workmen in
such places to cease work at once until the law is
complied with.
Section 13. To enable the inspector to perform
the duties imposed upon him by this act, he shall
have the right, at all times, to enter any mine
in his district, or any mine in any other district,
when directed to do so by the Chief of the Department
of Mines, to make examinations or obtain information
and upon the discovery of any violation
of this act, or upon being informed of any violation
of the act, he shall institute proceedings
against the person or persons at fault, under the
provisions of section 2 of article 26 of this act.
In case any mine or portion of a mine is, in the
judgment of the inspector, in so dangerous a con
dition from any cause as to jeopardize life and
health, he shall at once notify the Chief of the
Department of Mines, who shall immediately direct
two or more of the other inspectors to accompany,
promptly, the said inspector to the mine wherein
said dangerous condition is alleged to exist. The
inspectors shall make a full investigation, and,
if they shall agree that there is immediate danger,
they shall direct the superintendent of the mine,
in writing, to remove forthwith said dangerous

condition. If the superintendent fails to do so,
the inspectors shall immediately apply, in the
name of the Commonwealth, to the court of common
pleas of the county in which said mine is
located, or to a judge of said court in chambers,
for a writ of injunction to enjoin the operation of
all work in and about said mine. Whereupon
said court or judge shall at once proceed to hear
and determine the case and if the cause appear to
be sufficient, after hearing the parties and their
evidence as in like cases, shall issue its writ to
restrain the working of said mine until all cause
of danger is removed, and the costs of said proceedings
shall be borne by the owner, lessee, or
agent of the mine: Provided, that, if said court
shall (ind the cause not sufficient, then the case
shall be dismissed and the costs shall be borne by
the county wherein said mine is located. Provided,
also, that, should any inspector find, during
his inspection of a mine or portion of a mine,
such dangerous conditions existing therein that,
in his opinion, any delay in removing the workmen
from such dangerous places might cause loss
of life or serious personal injury to the employes.
the said inspector shall have the right to temporarily
withdraw all persons from such dangerous
places until the foregoing provisions of this section
can be carried into effect.
Section 14. Each inspector shall make the following
reports to the Chief of the Department of
Mines on blank forms provided for that purpose:
Not later than the tenth of each month he shall
make a report of all fatal and serious non-fatal
accidents that have occurred in his district during
the preceding month, stating the date, nature
and cause of each accident, and placing the responsibility
therefor, together with the name, age,
occupation, aud nationality of each person killed
or injured, and whether married or single, and
the number of widows and orphans left, which
report shall be recorded and filed in the Department
of Mines and included (or a synopsis of the
same) in the annual report of said Department.
Not later than the sixth of each month he shall
make a report giving the name of operator and
the name and location of each mine inspected during
the preceding month, with date of inspection,
condition of mine, quantity of air in circulation,
at all points required by the Chief of the Department
of Mines, and the number of persons employed
in each split of air. Not later than the
20th of February of each year he shall make an
annual report which shall briefly recapitulate the
duties performed by him during the preceding
year and briefly describe the condition of the
mines in his district relative to ventilation, drainage,
and general sanitary arrangements, as relat­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 63
ing to the health, safety and welfare of the employes,
and which shall also contain such suggestions
or information of importance as he may deem
necessary or as required by ihe Chief of the Department
of Mines.
ARTICLE XX.
DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF INSPECTORS, ARBITRATION.
Section 1. The inspector shall exercise sound
discretion in the performance of his duties under
the provisions of this act and if the operator,
superintendent, mine foreman, or other person
employed in or about any mine, shall be dissatisfied
with any decision the inspector has given in
the discharge of his duties, which decision shall
be in writing, it shall be the duty of the dissatisfied
person to appeal from said decision to the
Chief of the Department of Mines, who shall at
once direct two or more of the other inspectors
to accompany, promptly, the inspector of the district
to make further examination into the matter
in dispute. If the said inspectors shall agree
with the decision of the inspector of the district,
their decision shall be final unless the dissatis.
fied person shall, within seven days of the receipt
of the decision of the committee of inspectors,
appeal therefrom to the court of quarter sessions
of the county in which said mine is situated.
Section 2. Whereupon the court, or the judges
of said court in chambers, shall forthwith appoint
a commission of five persons as required by article
10 of this act, and thereafter the proceedings had
shall be as prescribed by sections 1 and 2 of said
article 10.
ARTICLE XXI.
NEGLECT OR MALFEASANCE OF INSPECTORS.
Section 1. The court of common pleas in any
county or district upon a petition signed by not
less than 15 reputable citizens, who shall be miners
or operators of mines, and with the affidavit
of one or more of said petitioners attached, setting
forth that any inspector of mines is neglectful
of, or is incompetent to, perform the duties
of his office, or that he is guilty of malfeasance in
office, shall issue a citation, in the name of the
Commonwealth, to the said inspector to appear on
not less than 15 days' notice, upon a day fixed,
before said court at which time the court shall
proceed to inquire into and investigate the allegations
of the said petitioners: Provided, however,
that the citation shall not issue until the petitioners
shall file a bond in said court, with sufficient
sureties to be approved by the court, conditioned
that the petitioners shall pay all the costs of the
proceedings in case the charges are not sustained.
Section 2. If the court finds that the said inspector
is neglectful of, or is incompetent to, perform
the duties of his office or that he is guilty

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
of malfeasance in office, the court shall certify the
same to the Governor, who shall declare the office
of said inspector vacant and proceed in compliance
with the provisions of this act to fill the
vacancy.
The costs of said investigation shall, if the
charges are sustained, be imposed upon the inspector,
but if the charges are not sustained, they
shall lie imposed upon the petitioners.
ARTICLE XXII.
INSPECTION DISTRICTS.
Section 1. Under this act the bituminous counties
of the Commonwealth shall be arranged by
the Chief of the Department of Mines into 25 inspection
districts, and it shall be the duty of the
Chief of the Department ol Mines to assign the
inspectors to tlieir respective districts. He shall
also designate their places of abode, at points as
convenient as iiossible to the mines ot their districts.
Section 2. With the consent of the Governor,
the Chief of the Department of Mines may, at
any time, redistrict the bituminous districts and
add to the number of inspectors if, in his judgment,
the number should be increased.
(TO BE CONTINI ED IN ISSUE OF SEPTEMBER 1)
CERTIFIED MINE MANAGERS,
EXAMINERS AND ENGINEERS.
The following are the successful candidates who
recently passed the Illinois State Mining Board:
Hoisting Engineers—Joseph E. Beeby, Springfield;
Fred Sexton, Benton; Lawrence Seets, Herrin;
John J. Redman, Witt; Leonard Pease, Wyoming;
Leonard Keay, Seatonville; Deside Arnold,
Seatonville; Vance MacDonald, Staunton; 0. W.
Walker, Staunton.
Mine Managers (first class)—Joseph Wood. Benton;
Benj. Firth, Gillespie; Alex. Adams, Carterville;
Claude Little. West Frankfort; Geo. Dickinson,
Eldorado; Harry Adams Kane, Farmington;
Alexander Jones, LaSalle; James Love, Benton;
Wm. Medill. W. Frankfort; M. J. Carraher, Benton;
James McMillan, Lincoln; John J. Jeremiah,
Christopher; Robert Crofts, Cardiff; James Towal,
Benton; W. B. Miller, Carterville; Joseph Farrimond,
Williamson; G. W. Shanahan, Gillespie.
Mine Managers (second class)—John Kucera,
Dorsey; R. A. Brackett, Exeter; R. L Wilson, Catlin;
E. E. Rining, Arenzville: M. J. Norton, Milan;
Geo. Northrop, Alsey; James Conn. Ipava; L. P.
Brown, Marion.
Mine Examiners—Eugene Maule, Shiloh; Albeit
Goodman, Harrisburg; John Catlin, Elmwood;
John Campbell, Benton; Thos. L. Wood, Pinckney-
ville; John Frazer, Gillespie; Mike Priddy, Herrin;
Jos, W. Johnson, Murphvsboro; John C. Wilson,
Lockport; M. F. Pittman, Carterville; John
Day, Gillespie; M. F. Cummings, Springfield;
Frank Fullerton, Girard; Benson King, West
Frankfort; John E. Byron, Springfield; Wm. J.
Cummings, Springfield; Geo. Stille, Staunton; Geo.
N. Luke, Benton; John Taylor, Lincoln; Chas.
Roth, Virden; Thos. Eddy, Dorrisville; Edmund
Hunsinger, Staunton; Walter Eddy, Dorrisville;
Thos. Ferguson, Sawyerville; Richard Davis, Harrisburg;
Peter Kasavage, Johnston City; Pearl T.
Wilber, Hillsboro; John W. Benson, Benton.
LAKE COMMERCE DURING JUNE, 1911.
A decline since last year of almost 25 per cent.
in the monthly volume of the domestic lake shipments
is shown by the June figures of trade movements
on the Great Lakes just made public by the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce
and Labor.
The June shipments of soft coal, 2,231,632 short
tons, for the first time in the present year likewise
show a considerable decline from the 1910
shipments of 2,806,963 short tons, the heaviest
losses affecting some of the largest coal ports
such as Ashtabula and Cleveland. The six months'
shipments of this article, 5,008.853 short tons, indicate
a loss of about 15 per cent, from the 1910
record. Of the 4,715,989 short tons unloaded during
the first half of the present year, 2,537,170
short tons are credited to Lake Superior ports,
1,965,410 short tons to Lake Michigan ports and
over 200,000 tons to ports on the other Great Lakes,
Milwaukee being the only port which shows a larger
quantity of soft coal received during the
month and six months' period as compared with
last year. The June shipments of anthracite coal,
725,277 short tons, proceeding mainly from Buffalo,
compare favorably with the quantities shipped last
year, 628,026 short tons. Owing to lighter shipments
during the earlier month, the total for the
first half of the present year. 1,372,039 short tons,
shows some decrease as compared with the corresponding
1910 figures. About 60 per cent, of the
hard coal shipped during the first half of the present
year was destined for Lake Michigan ports and
slightly over 27 per cent, to Lake Superior ports.
The O'Gara Coal Co. has renewed its contract
with the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie
road, but this year the tonnage bought considerably
exceeds that of last year, amounting to nearly
250,000 tons. The coal comes from the Harrisburg
or Saline county, 111., field. The excess sold
this year over last season displaces dock coal.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK ti KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA,
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
OHIO TAX COMMISSION CERTIFIES $17,850,623
OF COAL LANDS IN NINETEEN COUN­
TIES.
Coal land valuations, aggregating $17,S50,623,
have just been certified by the Tax Commission
of Ohio to County Auditors in the counties where
this mineral abounds. This represents only the
coal valuation where the mineral right is separate
from the land title and the coal is separately listed
and assessed.
The certificates by counties were:
Monroe $1,(142,416
Gallia 70,940
Lawrence 156,030
Carroll 85,382
Columbiana 144,350
Morgan 241,035
Coshocton 49,387
Washington 19.72S
Hocking 256,7S5
Noble 424,150
Harrison 539,704
Guernsey 845.000
Belmont 6,649,794
Athens 1,727,604
Tuscarawas 529,877
Muskingum 146,335
Perry 1,491,733
Jefferson 3.036,232
Meigs 394.141
Total $17,850,623
For months the Commission has had a mineral
land expert attached to its staff and has develope 1
a great deal of coal land that had not heretofore
been on the duplicate. It has also caused to be
separately listed a great deal of coal land that was
being overlooked by the assessors. Additions
have had to be made in several counties in order
that assessments might be uniform. In Athens
county it was necessary to add 25 per cent, to all
the townships. Ten per cent, was added to three
townships in Monroe county. In Columbiana
county an increase of 10 per cent, was made in all
~ LOOK INTO THE j
YOU CAN'T EARTH, but WE
CAN get you a large
clean core of all strata un- 5
der your land to be ex- j
amined in broad daylight.
townships except Fairfield, Liverpool and Madison.
In the latter 15% per cent, was added and
in the other two townships no addition was made.
In Noble county the Commission made a straight
12\u per cent, raise in all townships. Monroe
township of Harrison county is raised 50 per cent.,
Washington township 25 and Green and Short
Creek 20 per cent.
Guernsey county gets a straight 10 per cent.
raise, while the increase in Belmont county runs
from 20 to 60 per cent.
To Rush township of Tuscarawas county is
added 25 per cent. Several deductions were made
in Jefferson county, one in Springfield township
amounting to 33% per cent.
When starting on this work the Commission requested
the coal companies to make reports to it
of all of their properties. The coal operators demurred
at first, but soon saw that the Commission's
intention was not only to see that the coal
was properly listed and assessed, but that it was
listed and assessed uniformly. The operators
aided the Commission materially in getting the
whole subject straightened out. There was a
good deal of work in getting back to the County
Auditors the valuations of coal whose owners had
reported it direct to the Commission—coal that
had never before been listed. Some of this work
is uncompleted and the valuations will be certified
later.
John .1. Davis, a former state mine inspector,
and father of Mrs. J. R. Davidson, died August 6
at the Davidson residence, Connellsville, Pa. Had
he lived until the 29th of August Mr. Davis would
have celebrated his 82nd birthday anniversary.
Death was due to the infirmities of old age. Mr.
Davis was born in Wales and was a son of John
and Margaret Davis. He married Miss Margaret
Morgan and the greater part of their married life
was spent in Pittsburgh. Te was state mine inspector
for 12 years, but for the past 20 years had
lived a retired life. He is survived by four daughters.
The death is announced of Mr. B. M. Libby,
president of the National Commissary Managers'
Association, which occurred at his home in Dutton.
Fla., on July 28.
. No Guess Work. . Freight tariffs making advances on bituminous
The J. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO. coal and coal briquets filed by the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway and connect­
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA. j ing carriers were suspended by the Interstate Com­
: Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING. OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING ; merce Commission until November 16 next.

Paragon Colliery Co., Macdonald. W. Va.; capital,
$100,000; incorporators, P. M. Snyder, Mt.
Hope, W. Va.; W. E. Deegans, Glen Jean. W. Va.;
A. G. Kirtley, J. W. Wilson and L. E. Yoder, Macdonald,
W. Va.
Michaels Coal Co., Clarksburg, W. Va.; capital,
$50,000; incorporators, A. J. Michaels, of Dola,
W. Va.; H. W. Heavner. M. J. Francis, W. Guy
Tetrick and E. Ferd Rogers, all of Clarksburg,
W. Va.
Smokeless Coal Co., Johnstown, Pa.; capital,
$60,000; incorporators, James P. Thomas, Josiah
T. Evans, William R. Thomas. Frank D. Baker,
Charles A. Owen, Charles E. Thomas, all of Johnstown.
Murray & Hemlock Coal Co.. Murray City, O.;
capital, $20,000; incorporators, George W. Van
Sickle, George H. Brooker, Fred Sanborn, Charles
Seidenfeld and Louis N. Siedenfeld.
Crown Coal & Coke Co.. Logan, W. Va.; capital,
$50,000; incorporators, John Lax, Fred Raybould,
Plummer Lax. Eliza Lax and Maud Raybould. all
of Nelsonville, O.
Shelby Coal Mining Co., Warren. O.: capital,
$50,000; incorporators, J. H. Price, Jos. M. Aubel,
M. A. Pierce. Wm. A. Gebhart and T. H. Whitehouse.
J. B. Arpin Coal Co.. Brazil, Ind.; capital, $30,-
000; incorporators, J. B. Arpin, J. B. Nash, G. O.
Babcock, J. J. Looze and R. C. Forbes, all of Brazil.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
Williams Branch Land & Coal Co.. Pikeville,
Ky.; capital, $20,000; incorporators, R. C. Ford,
W. T. Murray. M. J. Moses and John H. Wilson.
Deep Fourth Vein Coal Co., West Terre Haute,
Ind.; capital, $11),Odd; incorporators, John R. Connelly,
J. \V. Manson and R. J. Smith.
Little Mud Cannel Coal Co., Catlettsburg, Ky.;
capital, $60,000; incorporators, Frank Stafford,
Fred Stafford and C. M. Preston.
Higgins-Martin Coal Co., Terre Haute. Ind.;
capital, $20,000; incorporators, J. J. Higgins, O. H.
.Martin and G. W. Higgins.
NEW INSPECTORS NAMED.
The four new bituminous coal mine inspectors
have been appointed by Governor Tener of Pennsylvania
in accordance with the standing of the
men after examinations.
Chief of Mines James E. Roderick will assign
the districts and they will probably go as follows:
Richard Maize, Ivanhoe, Somerset region; Edward
E. Gired, Brownsville, Masontown region;
Thomas A. Mather, Jr., Johnstown, Tyrone region,
and Thomas D. Furniss, Johnstown, Punxsutawney
region.
In this connection the Twelfth Bituminous district,
with headquarters at Punxsutawney, has
been divided and part of it erected into the
Twenty-fifth district. Inspector Thomas S. Lowther
has been transferred from the Eighteenth
district at Tyrone, to the new Twenty-fifth district.
Inspector C. P. Byrne of the old Twelfth
district has been transferred to the new Twentysecond
district at McKeesport.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
FAMOUj
TT
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
O A
PENNSYLVANIA.

58
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following patents recently granted of interest
to the coal trade, are reported expressly
for THE COAT, TRADE BULLETIN, by J. M. Nesbit,
Patent Attorney, Park Building, Pittsburgh, Pa„
from whom printed copies may be procured for 15
cents each:
Drill mounting, Wm. Prellwitz, Easton. Pa., as
signor to Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York; 997,509.
Oilless car wheel, A. E. Domville, Philadelphia,
Pa.; 997,655.
Mining machine, Ernest Penberthy, Painesdale,
Mich.; 997,698.
Mining machine, W. H. Rains, Hartford, Ark.;
997,699.
Process of obtaining ammonia from coal, H. I.
Doherty, New York; 997.908.
Apparatus for washing coal, Joseph Dodds, Rutherglen,
Scotland; 998,163.
Lightning attachment for miners' lamps, John
Chevallard, Millersburg, Ohio; 90S,466.
Coke quenching machine, John W. Seaver, Cleveland
Heights, and J. E. A. Moore, East Cleveland,
Ohio; 998,556.
Coking furnace, L. L. Summers, Chicago, 111.,
assignor to Continuous Process Coke Co., same
place, (reissue); 13,274.
Coal and ore washer or separator, J. M. Draper,
and Charles Hamilton, Manchester, England; 998,-
606.
Coal mining machine, John Sutch and W. M.
Claik, Somerset, Colo.; 998,654.
Chute coal wagon, J. E. Townsend, Philadelphia,
assignor to Peoples Wagon Co., same place;
998,724.
Mine car wheel, William Young, Kayford, W.
Va.; 998,731.
Miner's lamp, Josef Johnszta, Silesia. Austria-
Hungary; 998,778.
Coke oven, Carl Schroeter, Chicago, 111.; 998,805.
Weighing pan for coal tipples, H. E. Miller,
Ford City, Pa.; 998,918.
Miner's tool, H. R. Taylor, Copperton, N. Mex.;
999,133.
A geological survey report just issued by the
Canadian Geological Survey on the Big Horn coal
basin in Alberta estimates that there are 6,600,-
000,000 tons of workable coal in a single area of
about 187 miles. The Big Horn basin is about
85 miles northwest of Banff, 140 miles southwest
of Edmonton and 70 miles south of the Grand
Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern railroad,
surveyed routes.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
FOR. SALE.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis' of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
For Sale or Lease.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

GOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, SEPTEMBER 1, 1911 Nc
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN;
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STBAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matter*
relating to coal or coal production are Invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDINO, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
BETTER CONDITIONS EXIST IN THE COAL TRADE as
September opens than have been the case for
some time. That this is true is not due so much
to a big spurt in any way as it is to the fact that
rises in the rivers have enabled river shippers in
Pennsylvania and Ohio and West Virginia to get
product to market thereby removing a stagnation
that has existed for some time. In addition to
this somewhat cooler weather and the continued
stoppage in the Canadian Northwest have added
to the activity with the result that improvement
is shown all along the line.
The decided decrease in the number of idle cars
throughout the United States is another factor
indicative of better things, for it means more
motive power is in use and more raw materials
and finished products are moving, and in conse­
quence the fuel requirements of railroads are cor­
respondingly larger. With orders for fabricated
materials increasing in the iron and steel trade
this condition is reasonably sure to continue, and,
in all probability, to show a still further increase
as the colder weather approaches.
From all parts of the country come reports of
better working time in the mines—save of course
those places where strikes exist—and a better out­
put and firmer prices. These increases in output
are particularly noticeable in the anthracite and
coke branches of the trade.
While it is early in the game the leaders of the
miners are hard at work strengthening tlie organi­
zation and tiie most activity seems to be displayed
in the anthracite fields. Aside from the Colorado
strike, some petty little strikes, and the attempt
to adjust -factional differences in the Pittsburgh
district, this oiganizing activity is the only fea­
ture of the labor situation. No report of a scar­
city of men is heard, and on the other hand, there
are places where the men are warned to stay away
as tbe mines are full.
In the Pittsburgh district the closing of August
was featured by a good rise in the rivers that en­
abled the river shipping concerns to get away to
market approximately 8,000,000 bushels of coal.
This movement is the first for months and relieves
a congested condition in the Pittsburgh harbor
that has been noticeable for some time. In addi­
tion to getting this coal to market by river there
is a steady increase of all rail shipments toward
lower lake ports that has helped the trade in the
district considerably. Predictions of a heavy
rush in the period between now and the close of
navigation are heard, and the general opinion
seems to be the predictions will be fulfilled. Mines
in the district are working probably 85 per cent.
of capacity with the prospect of a still further
increase now that the river mines will get some
empty craft to load, and that colder weather is in
sight. Nothing is heard of changes in the matter
of prices, and all grades of product are holding
firm with the exception of slack, which is in plen­
tiful supply and which is causing some few opera­
tors a little disquietude. Because of the better
conditions card prices prevail as follows: Run-
of-mine coal, $1.25 to $1.35; three-quarter inch
coal, $1.35 to $1.15; inch and one-quarter coal,
$1.15 to $1.55; slack, 75 to 85 cents.
The up curve in the coke trade is a little more
pronounced just now than it has been at any time
since the low point was passed about the middle
of June. The last available report of tonnage

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
shows that the week for wdiich it was compiled
was the best since the latter part of March, and
this fact is very encouraging to the manufacturers.
Shipments show an increase commensurate with
production, and in the face of all this prices nat­
urally show more back bone and are firmer. Fur-
nace ovens in the two Connellsville regions are
more active than are merchant plants, but the
latter are securing their share of the better times
tnat seem to be at hand and manufacturers are
not in any way anxious to close contracts save
at increased prices. Spot buyers are having more
difficulty in getting their orders filled because of
this and there is nothing to bring joy to bargain
hunters. With heavier demand, and prospects
growing brighter manufacturers are holding prices
firm at $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace coke and $2.00
to $2.25 for foundry coke.
Activity marks the anthracite trade generally
and orders have gone out for steady operation of
collieries by the larger producing companies;
which orders, it is said, will remain in force until
the spring of 1912. Newspaper reports are abroad
that storage of product has started by some of the
more important concerns, and that this will spread
as the weeks roll around. These reports are heard
in connection with those of increased membership
in the miners' organization and of the demands
the men will make next spring in the way of
wage conditions, but the probabilities are the coal
is being stored to meet the heavy demand that is
bound to come when the wintry winds whistle
along the streets and over the hills and valleys.
With this date the final addition is made to prices
and quotations now are at winter figures.
* * #
DETAILED STATISTICS OF THE COKE PRODUCTION for
1910 will be found on another page of THE COAL
TRADE BULLETIN'. They show that the average
price of the product during the year was some­
what better than during the previous year, and
also show that the coke produced was greater per
ton of coal in the preceding year. Both of these
conditions are exceedingly gratifying and the bet­
ter knowledge of manufacturers along with the
adoption of improved methods and plants probably
had much to do with the results.
* * *
CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA OPERATORS HAVE MADE
COMPLAINT anent the districting of mines in force
by the railroads, and have asked the Interstate
Commerce Commission for relief. Their conten­
tion seems to hinge on the Latrobe-Irwin fields
rating, and the outcome will be watched with in­
terest by the trade.
* * *
TROUBLES OF THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT MINERS
are now being considered by the International
officers of the organization, and, from all reports,
the job isn't an easy one. Testimony of a con­
flicting nature has been offered, and it is up to
the officers to sift the matter out. It seems these
factional differences always are knotty problems to
unravel and this case is not different from others
of its ilk.
FLUSHING REFUSE INTO MINES TO PREVENT SUBSI­
DENCE is practiced to a certain extent in the an­
thracite fields of Pennsylvania, with some degree
of success. In line with this same practice is
the hydraulic method being tried in Germany,
with the result that not only is the mine kept
from caving, but it has been found possible to
recover an additional large amount of coal from
the mines in the shape of pillar and rib coal.
The practice at least deserves study and considera­
tion.
Now, Mr. Coal Man, you've had your vacation,
so get down to "cutting coal" and don't take too
long a time to each "bord" at that.
Anthracite miners are busy organizing and preparing
demands. Incidentally they are digging
coal.
* * *
An ounce of prevention would have been useful
in the Pittsburgh miners' organization at one
time.
Wonder what they were hunting when they
found that 1,000 (?| foot vein of coal in Canada?
* * *
Official figures for 1910 tonnage are about due.
'Tis said they will be a big surprise when sprung.
The river coal man just now wears a ten by
twelve smile that grows broader each day.
* * *
Seven million bushels of coal makes a pretty
husky shipment, thank you.
* * *
Less idle cars means less idle mines, so here's
hoping we have both.

THE MINERS INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE
BOARD WORKING ON PITTSBURGH DIS­
TRICT CONTROVERSY.
Both sides have submitted their cases to the
Board in writing, witnesses to support the claims
contained therein being later summoned before the
body. A mass of charges were presented by the
two sides which gave the Board some idea of the
muddled state of affairs in the district. It is
claimed that unless some compromise agreement
is reached, the Board will have to remain in session
an interminable length of time in order to
sift out the many claims and counter-claims which
have been placed before them.
The Gibbons wing assert that the Board cannot
consistently overlook the sworn charges of misconduct
in handling the affairs of the district which
have been made against Feehan and his associates
and are confident of the outcome. Feehan, on the
other hand, is equally optimistic, it is said, and
predicts that the so-called "progressives" will be
effectually squelched by the Executive Board.
Sentiment among members of the Board seems
to be that peace and harmony can only be secured
by holding another election of officers. This election
would have to be held under the direction of
the International Board in order to insure fair
treatment for both sides.
President John P. White is said to be extremely
anxious to bring about a settlement of the civil
war in the district which has been waging for over
a year. The Pittsburgh district is one of the
union's strongholds and the chances of a satisfactory
out"ome in the wage scale conference with
tlie operators, it is pointed out. will be decidedly
slim if the district remains divided and rent from
stem to stern hy these factional contentions.
Mr. Thomas J. Mitchell has resigned his position
as manager of the W. J. Rainey Coke Co.
plants and will devote his time to his private
affairs.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
T. L. LEWIS MAKES CLEAR HIS POSITION
REGARDING CANDIDACY FOR OFFICE.
The following announcement sent to the editor
of the Industrial Index is self-explanatory:
The International Executive Board of the Uni­
To correct a number of inspired newspaper reted
Mine Workers of America convened in tlie
ports and to clearly define my position since 1
Labor Temple, Pittsburgh, at 1(1 A. M., Thursday,
retired from official position in the United Mine
August 24, for the purpose of hearing the facts in
Workers' organization on April 1 of this year, I
the controversy between the Gibbons and Feehan
desire to state that at no time either publicly or
factions of District No. 5. It was still in session
privately, have 1 expressed an opinion that I
when THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN went to press. A
would be a candidate for a district office or an
full attendance of the Board is present, with Presi­
International office of the United Mine Workers.
dent John P. White occupying the chair. The
Neither have I said at any time that I would not
meeting was called in accordance with the terms
be a candidate. At no time since April 1 have I
of the agreement signed by both contingents at a
expressed any opinion in regard to any official
joint meeting held in Pittsburgh with President
position in the United Mine Workers' organization.
White and several other members of the International
organization August 10-13.
If the Mine Workers of the country are to be
protected in their rights next year, they better
get active. It will take more than trying to be
a good fellow to extend the organization into the
non-union districts of the country and get for our
people improvements in the wage contracts that
will mean better wages.
With as keen an interest as ever in the success
of the United Mine Workers of America and the
success of the membership, I remain,
Yours truly,
T. L. LEWIS, Miner.
MARYLAND'S COAL OUTPUT
IN 1910 SHOWS BIG INCREASE.
The production of coal in Maryland in 1910 was
5.217,125 short tons, with a spot value of $5,835,-
05S, according to statistics collected by the United
States Geological Survey in co-operation with the
Maryland Geological Survey. Maryland, like Virginia,
benefited indirectly from the six months'
strike among the miners in the Central or Mississippi
Valley States.
Maryland's coal iiroduction, which because of
the approaching exhaustion of the famous "Big
vein," had been showing a declining tendency for
the last two years, was also given an impetus by
the trade conditions in 1910 and increased from
that of 1909 by 1,193,884 tons, or 29.67 per cent.
The value increased $1,363,327. or 30.5 per cent.
The coal mines of Maryland gave employment in
1910 to 5.809 men, who worked the unusually high
average of 270 days, and although 97 per cent, of
Maryland's tonnage is hand mined the average
productive efficiency of the miners is considerably
above the mean average for all the states. In
1910 the average production for each man employed
was 898 short tons for the year and 3.33
tons for each working day. No labor troubles
were reported in the coal mines of Maryland in
1910. The mines are operated 10 hours a day.

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ENORMOUS COAL VALUATION.
Under the present scheme of classifying govern­
ment coal land 56,089,214 acres of withdrawn land
had been, on August 1, examined in geologic de­
tail and classified by the United States Geological
Survey. The lands found to contain workable
coal beds aggregated 16,873.37b acres. These
lands, in 40-acre tracts, have been appraised by
the Survey at a total valuation of $711,992,537, in
prices ranging from the minimum figure stated in
the coal law—$10 or $20 an acre, according to
whether the land is located within 15 miles of the
railroad—to figures of over $400 an acre where the
thickness of the coal beds may aggregate 60, 80,
or 100 feet, or even more. The government valuations
accord in a general way with the market
values of private coal lands in tlie West, although
as a matter of fact they are somewhat more liberal
to tlie purchaser. Four hundred dollars an acre
may seem a high price for Uncle Sam's coal land,
which a few years ago might have been bought
for $20 an acre. However, the Geological Sur­
vey's plan of classification and valuation contemplates
that the government should receive at least
a reasonable return for its coal, admittedly the
most useful rock mineral in its possession. When
it is understood that an acre with. say. a 40-foot
coal bed or seam contains approximately 72.000
tons of coal and an acre with 100 feet of coal
contains 180,000 tons, the price asked by the
government, instead of being exorbitant, seems,
on the other hand, hardly sufficient. On land
having a thickness of SO feet of coal $400 an acre
would be less than 3 cents a ton. In reality,
under the Survey regulations which consider depth
of the coal, number of beds, quality, and other
physical details, the prices asked for many areas
containing 80 feet of coal are equivalent to nearer
2 than 3 cents a ton.
At the minimum prices which were in effect
before the government withdrawals of coal lands.
the 16,873.370 acres above referred to would have
been priced at only $266,652,431. the difference in
favor of the public revenue at the new prices being
therefore $445,340,106. Under the provisions of
the national irrigation law the proceeds from all
sales of coal land are credited to the "reclama­
tion fund," so that government irrigation has, as
it were, a considerable trust fund for future operations.
NEW PRICE CARD.
The New Pittsburgh Coal Co. has issued the following
price card, effective this date: Domestic
lump, $1.50; %-inch screened lump, $1.35; run-ofmine,
$1.15; domestic nut. $1.15. Coal in box
cars, 10 cents per ton additional.
The annual convention of Sub-district No. 1 of
District 7, United Mine Workers of America, was
held at Lansford, Pa„ August 25, the body going
on record as being opposed to a renewal of the
present anthracite agreement unless the officers
of the union nave the right to defend the men
and to take up grievances with the operators direct.
Other resolutions adopted declared for the
check-off system, an 8-hour workday and an increase
of wages, 30 per cent, for outside and 20
per cent, for inside men.
George Hartlein, general organizer of the United
.Mine Workers of America, and formerly secretarytreasurer
of District No. 9, comprising the coun­
ties of Northumberland, Schuylkill, Columbia and
Dauphin, Pa., was arrested Aug. 19, charged hy
President John Fahey of the district with having
embezzled $1,600 belonging to the organization,
and mutilating records. Hartlein entered bail for
a further hearing. He denied the charges.
The Oklahoma State Federation of Labor has
elected these officers: President, C. C. Ziegler;
vice presidents, Fred F. Price (miner), Alex
Mount (miner), Samuel Allans, W. T. Maxwell,
G. W. Lindsay (miner); secretary. J. L. Langs­
ton; auditors. Alex Bayoris I miner), D. N. Ferguson
and A. W. Bennett: legislative committee.
Lee Payne (miner).
Fourteen striking coal miners of Lafayette and
Louisville. Col., members of the United Mine
Workers of America, who were on trial on charges
of contempt in disregarding the court's injunction
against violence and intimidation, were found
guilty by Judge Whitford and were given sentences
ranging from one year to fines of $250 and costs.
John T. Dempsey, of Scranton, Pa., recently
elected president of District No. 1. X T . M. W.. vice
Benjamin McEnaney, has also succeeded Mr. Mc­
Enaney as a member of the Anthracite Conciliation
Board.
Luke Lanham is the new president of District 17,
West Virginia, United Mine Workers of America.
He has been the vice president of the district for
a number of years.
The United Mine Workers of the Monongahela
and Youghiogheny valleys will hold a big reunion
at Olympia park, McKeesport. Pa., on Sept. 28.
It's a sight good for sore eyes to see loaded coal
trains moving lakeward.

BIG COAL SHIPMENTS MADE BY
RIVER FROM PITTSBURGH.
Almost 7,000,000 bushels of coal left Pittsburgh
August 30 bound down river, on a stage of about
12 feet. The rise is said by rivermen to be the
first at this time of the year since 1898. The
news that the water would finally reach Pittsburgh
on August 30 aroused all of the rivermen, and the
wharf, Water street and the coal offices were
crowded with scurrying people, all bent on getting
everything prepared for what is said to be the
largest shipment out of this city in years. Most
id' the coal companies have more loaded coal than
their towlioats can take out.
The rise on which the coal companies relied
most is that from the Allegheny, but heavy rains
fell over the headwaters of the Monongahela and
the weather office predicted that the Monongahela
would give out its rise just about in time to back
up the Allegheny's rise.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
All of the boats in the fifth and sixth pools,
down the Ohio, cleared first and most of the big
coal fleet in the harbor cleared later in the day.
The fleet of tne Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co. tied up in the lower pools, got
away first, as follows: The James Moren, with
15 coal boats, two model barges, two barges and
three fuels, assisted by the Rover; the Coal City,
with 21 barges, one model barge and four fuels,
assisted by the J. C. Risher; the Charley Brown,
with 22 barges and four fuels, assisted by the
Volunteer; the Exporter, with 22 barges and four
fuels, assisted by the Fallie: the Jim Wood, with
22 barges and three fuels, assisted by the Cruiser;
the Ironsides, with 22 barges and four fuels, assisted
by the Rival; the Sam Clark, with 22 barges
and five fuels, assisted by the Voyager, and
the Valiant, with 22 barges and three fuels, assisted
by the Little Fred.
The following towboats tied up in Pittsburgh
harbor cleared the same day: The Alice Brown.
with 15 coal boats, two models and two barges:
the Boaz, with two models, two barges and 15 coal
boats: the Duquesne, with 22 barges and two
models: the Raymond Horner and the Thomas
Dodsworth will each tow 17 coal boats, two barges
and two models. The Diamond Coal Co. fleet included
the Monitor, at Safe Harbor, with 17 barges:
the A. R. Budd. with 17 barges; the Volcano,
with 14 barges, and the Diamond with 14 barges.
The Peoples Coal Co. sent out the Charley Jutte,
with 10 barges, followed by the P. M. Pflel, with
seven barges. The Pflel will turn her tow over
to the Jutte at Bellaire. The G. W Thomas.
also of the Peoples company, cleared from the
Kanawha river with a tow bound for Cincinnati.
25
The United Coal Co. sent out the Helen White and
22 barges bound for Cincinnati, Louisville, Memphis
and New Orleans. The last coal shipment
Irom here was made the latter part of last April,
and it was small.
CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA OPERATORS
FILE COMPLAINT ON DISTRICTING.
The Association of Bituminous Coal Operators
of Central Pennsylvania has complained to the
Interstate Commerce Commission of classification
of localities in that district naming the Pennsylvania
Railroad Co. as the only defendant.
The Commission was asked to incorporate the
sub-district of Latrobe in the Greensburg district
and to apply reasonable rates on bituminous coal
from shipping points in the Clearfield district, excluding
sub-district of Latrobe, Pa., to South Amnoy.
N. J.
WILL HOLD EXAMINATION.
The State Civil Service Commission of Illinois
has announced the date for the holding of an examination
for state mine inspector. The salary
of the inspector is $1,800 per year, with an allowance
foi' traveling and other necessary expenses
not to exceed $100 per month. The examination
is open to citizens of the state between the ages
of 30 and 55 years, and who have had a practical
mining experience of 10 years. The written examination
will take place in the State house, in
Springfield. Tuesday, September 12, commencing
at 9 o'clock. Applicants will be given the oral
examinations on Wednesday, September 13.
OPPOSES RECONSIGNMENT CHARGE.
The Detroit Board of Commerce has filed a complaint
of alleged discrimination against Detroit in
the matter of the reconsignment of cars. It appears
from the complaint that reconsignment is
free on all points south of Malinta. Ohio, while on
all coal cars reaching Detroit or places contiguous
to Detroit, the charge of $2 a car applies. The
Wheeling & Lake Erie tariff allows free reconsignment
of cars in transit, provided they are
stopped in time on that road, to any new destination
beyond or directly intermediate to the original
destination. This matter will probably come
before the Interstate Commerce Commission some
time in September, when the question of reconsignment
will come up for a rehearing.
Mr. Harry P. Thomas, of Newlyn, W. Va., head
of the Newlyn Coal Co. and the Meadow Fork Coal
Co., was married recently to Miss Mamie Binns of
the same town.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
LAKE COMMERCE DURING JULY.
A slight improvement in the lake commerce
situation is marked by the figures of merchandise
shipments between domestic lake ports during the
month of July, just made public by the Bureau
of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and
Labor. These shipments totaled 11,424.669 short
tons, over a million tons in excess of the June
tonnage, though as compared with the July figures
for 1910 and 1909—12.7S9,158 and 12,398,550 short
tons—a considerable decline is shown. Domestic
lake shipments since the beginning of the year
aggregated 33,941,243 short tons, compared with
43,237,223 short tons in 1910, and 31,989,231 short
tons two years ago.
The iron ore shipments during July, 5,056,620
long tons, were heavier than during the preceding
month. The rate of decrease since 1910 was
about 25 per cent, for July as against 35 per cent.
in June, though it should lie noted that during the
preceding year the July shipments of iron ore
were smaller than during the earlier month.
Iron ore shipments since the beginning of the
year, 13,732,244 long tons, were about 36 per cent.
less than in 1910, as against a simultaneous decrease
of about 20 per cent, in the pig iron output
for the territory served by the lake ore. Of
the total iron ore landed since January—10.565,117
long tons are credited to Lake Erie ports and
2,412,562 long tons to Lake Michigan ports,
chiefly Chicago, Indiana Harbor and Gary.
The July shipments of soft coal. 2,767,087 short
tons, show a considerable gain over the June shipments,
being also larger in volume than in July,
1910, when 2.735,263 short tons were loaded. Shipments
for the 7 months of the present year—7.-
775,940 short tons—fell about 10 per cent, short
of the 1910 record. Cleveland and Lorain showing
the largest losses. It is noteworthy that receipts
of soft coal at the largest receiving ports, Duluth-
Superior and Milwaukee, show but little change
since last year, the main losses affecting smaller
ports, such as Manitowoc, Ashland and Green Bay.
The hard coal shipments for the month—801,685
short tons—were unusually heavy, raising the
seven months' record to the unprecedented total
of 2,173,724 short tons.
The Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co.
officials issued orders August 25 that all their collieries
would work five days next week. It is
semi-officially announced that full time will commence
this date, not alone with the above company,
but the Lehigh Valley, the Thomas and the
Susquehanna companies and all the individual
collieries and washeries. This news will make
many homes happy and cause a general revival in
business. "v
T (
5 T !
• PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS •
At the miners' international congress in London
two resolutions were introduced by delegates from
Belgium and France in favor of the nationalization
of all mines. Representatives from France
endorsed the resolution. The English representative
advocated the state ownership of mines,
and a representative from Austria stated that the
conditions in the private mines in Austria were
better than those in the state mines, a fact which
he said should militate against any fresh nationalization
movement. An amendment to the resolution
was introduced by a representative from
Germany, wdiich declared: "This congress is of
the opinion that the wealth of the subsoil belongs
to the nation, and that, therefore, it ought not to
be conceded to private capitalists for exploitation."
Officials of several of the anthracite companies
have instructed the heads of their mine rescue
and first-aid corps to prepare teams to take part
in the national exhibition to be held at Pittsburgh
in October, in the presence of President Taft and
other distinguished visitors. The teams will be
composed of men wdio make the best showing in
competitive tests which each company wdll hold
in the course of the next few weeks.
The barn of the Pittsburgh & Southwestern Coal
Co. at Avella. Pa., was burned recently, entailing
a loss of $4,(100. The live stock had been removed
from the barn a short time before the fire.
C. S. Duvall, of Monessen, Pa., has been appointed
trustee in bankruptcy representing the
creditors of the Zundel Coal Co. and D. L. Zundel
individually.
The Rich Hill Coal Co., James H. Allport, president,
Hastings, Pa., will develop a new mine near
that town. The mine wdien opened, wdll employ
300 men.
The No. 1 mine of the Latrobe Coal Co., at
Lloydsville, near Latrobe. Pa., is to be put on full
time. A force of men is at work clearing up the
mine.
The Marsh Creek Splint & Gas Coal Co., Charleston,
W. Va., is to develop 2,740 acres of coal in
West Virginia and is in the market for a new steel
tipple.
The T. M. Dodson Co., of Pottsville, Pa., has sol
its Kaska William colliery near that place to the
Alliance Coal Co.
"Let me see some ladies' hosiery."
"For your wife or do you want something more
expensive?"

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
COKE PRODUCTION BY STATES
The coke production of the United States for the
year 1910, as ascertained by the United States
Geological Survey and summarized by E. W. Par­
ker, statistician, appeared in THE COAL TRADE BUL-
State Estabor
lish-
Territory. ments.
Alabama 43
Colorado * .. 16
Georgia
2
Illinois
5
Kansas
6
Kentucky ... 6
Missouri
1
New Mexico. . 4
Ohio
7
Oklahoma . . . 5
Pennsylvania 283
Tennessee ... 16
Utah
2
Virginia Washington . . . 19 6
West Virginia. . 138
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts ..
Michigan
Minnesota
Montana
20
New Jersey
New York
Wisconsin
Total 579
Alabama 43
Colorado * 16
Georgia 2
Illinois 5
Kentucky 6
Missouri 1
New Mexico. ... 4
Ohio 8
Pennsylvania . . 288
Tennessee 16
Utah 2
Virginia 18
Washington ... 6
West Virginia. . 135
Indiana
Kansas
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan ....
Minnesota ,28
Montana
New Jersey. ..
New York....
Oklahoma ....
Wisconsin
Ov
Built.
10,061
3,846
350
468
67
494
4
1,030
447
536
54,506
2,729
854
5,469
285
20,283
2,553
03,982
10,132
3,611
350
508
495
4
1,030
496
55,656
2,792
854
5,589
285
19,912
2,926
ens.
\
Building.
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
49
0
2,072
0
0
100
0
126
Coal used
(short
tons).
1909
5,080,764
1,984,985
86,290
1,682,122
0
89,083
0
694,390
340,735
0
36,983,568
493,283
t
2,060,518
69,708
6,361,759
LETIN of July 1, on page 36\ Since that time the
survey has published the statistics of production
in 1909 and 1910 by states and territories, in the
following table:
Yield
of coal
in coke
(per cent).
60.7
63.1
53.8
75.9
52.0
53.9
65.4
67.3
53.1
65.4
61.7
62.0
Coke produced
(short
tons).
3,085,824
1,251,805
46,385
1,276,956
0
46,371
0
373,967
222 711
0
24,905,525
261,808
t
1,347.478
42,981
3,943,948
Total
value
of coke.
$8,068,267
4,135,931
159,334
5,361,510
0
101,257
0
1,099,694
683.155
0
50,377,035
667,723
t
2,415,769
240,604
7,525,922
563 3,427,732 73.3 2,509,306 9,129,282
2,950
341)
()
0
0
o
(l
0
0
1,334
0
0
10(1
0
230
59,354,937
1910.
5.272,322
2,069,266
80,019
1,972,955
104,103
0
651,494
413,059
39,455.785
597,658
j.
i
2,310,742
94,223
6.226,234
66.2
61.6
65.1
54.8
76.8
51.7
61.6
68.3
66.7
54.0
64.6
63.0
61.1
39,315,065
3,249,027
1,346.211
43,814
1,514,504
53,857
0
401.646
282,315
26,315,607
322,756
t
1,493.655
59,337
3,803,850
89,965,483
$9,165,821
4,273,579
173,049
6,712,550
120,554
0
1,306,136
911,987
55,254,599
959,104
2,731,348
347,540
7.354,039
563 3,840,467 73.5 2,822,231 10,432.395
Price
of coke
ton.
$2.61
3.30
3.44
4.20
2.18
2.94
3.07
2.02
2.55
1.79
5.60
1.91
3.64
2.29
$2.82
3.17
3.95
4.43
2.24
Total 578 104.440 ,567 63,088,327 66.1 41,708,810 99,742,701 .39
*Includes the production of Utah.
tProduction included with Colorado.
3.25
3.23
2.10
2.97
1.83
5.86
1.93
3.70

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
In addition to these figures the total quantity
and value of the coal consumed in the manufacture
of coke in 1909 and 1910, with the quantity and
Coal used
State or Territory. (short
tons I.
Alabama 5,080,764
Colorado * 1,984,985
Georgia 86,290
Illinois 1,682,122
Kentucky 89,083
New Mexico 694,390
Ohio 340,735
Pennsylvania 36.983,568
Tennessee 493,283
Virginia 2,060,518
Washington 69,708
West Virginia 6,361,759
Other States 3,4.27,732
Total 59,354,937
1910.
Alabama 5,272,322
Colorado * 2.069,266
Georgia SO.019
Illinois 1.972,955
Kentucky 104,103
New Mexico 651,494
Ohio 413.059
Pennsylvania 39,455.785
Tennessee 597,658
Virginia 2,310.742
Washington 94.223
West Virginia 6,226,234
OtheF States t 3.S40.467
Total 63,OSS,327
1909.
value of the coal consumed per ton of coke produced,
by states and territories, is shown in the
following tables:
Total
value
of coal.
$6,167,268
2,467,403
104,899
4,812,850
72,983
650,876
619,221
32,065,729
514,501
1.737,910
153,519
4,878,027
7,958,196
62.203,382
$7,293,661
2,573,729
103,605
5,257,838
45,259
952,252
7S4.713
40,667,042
740,598
2,029,751
249,680
5,097,073
9,051,192
74,846.393
Value of
coal per
ton.
$1.21
1.24
1.22
2.S6
.82
.94
1.82
.87
1.04
.84
2.20
.77
2 32
1.05
$1.38
1.24
1.29
2.66
.43
1.46
1.90
1.03
1.24
.88
2.65
.82
2 35
Quantity of
coal per ton
of coke
(short tons).
1.646
1.586
1.860
1.317
1.921
1.857
1.530
1.485
1.884
1.529
1.622
1.613
1.366
1.510-
Value
of coal
to a ton
of coke.
$1,992
1.967
2.269
3.767
1.575
1.746
2.785
1.292
1.959
1.284
3.568
1.242
3.169
•Includes Utah.
flncludes Indiana. Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts ts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jer-
New York, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin.
1.19
1.623
1.537
1.826
1.303
1.933
1.622
1.463
1.499
1.852
1.547
1.5S8
1.637
1.361
STATEMENT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINED IN OHIO AND SHIPPED OVER RAILROADS
SPECIFIED, DURING JUNE AND SIX MONTHS, 1910-1911.
RAILROADS
Hocking Valley
Toledo and Ohio Central
Baltimore and Ohio
Wheeling and Lake Erie • •
Cleveland. Lorain and Wheeling
Zanesville and -Western
Toledo Division Pennsylvania Company
Lake Erie. Alliance and Wheeling . . .
Marietta, Columbus and Cleveland Railway
Wabash Pittsburg Terminal Railway
Kanawha & Michigan Ry
Total
Net tons
422,926
222.166
209 801
346.224
309.214
104.888
192,428
82.055
4 270
6.685
JUNE—
270.107
174.387
112.297
280.855
274.778
65 121
140.404
83.760
1.608
6.420
10.386
1.420.123
1.513
SIX MONTHS-
Net tons
2.058,791
920,649
1.153.510
1.813.157
1.614.757
599.311
1.110.118
545.471
50.817
27.073
9.893.654
1.586
$2,240
1.906
2.356
3.466
.832
2.368
2.780
1.544
2.296
1.361
4.208
1.342
3.198
1.S00
Net tons
1.458.340
788.581
816.380
1.502.723
1,247.488
487.217
932.423
564.164
14.112
36.784
32.666
'.8S0.878

"MINER-DOCTORS" DRILL FOR
FIRST-AID CONTEST.
The company's mines will close down on the
gala day. Special trains will bring the first-aid
squads from the collieries to Lakeside. Executive
officials of the Philadelphia & Reading railway
and of the Coal & Iron Co., including President
Baer if ne returns from his vacation in time,
will be present. There will be three bands, and a
dinner will be served for the officials, the competing
teams and invited guests.
All the larger anthracite mining companies have
first-aid corps now, and these have been helped
materially to lessen the number of fatal accidents.
Many an injured miner who would otherwise die
is often saved by the prompt and skilful treatment
of the first-aid-to-the-injured corps. Nowhere
else in the company has system been
brought to such a degree of perfection as in the
anthracite region. The subject has been handled
scientifically from the start; experienced physicians
are put in charge, mine hospitals are equipped,
and regular drills are held.
The holding of an annual contest has been very
successful in arousing and maintaining the interest
of the mine workers. The men look forward
to the event for months ahead, and practice
diligently to attain perfection in assisting the
injured.
In advance, Dr. George H. Halberstadt, who has
had direction of the Reading's first-aid corps since
they were organized, prepared a number of problems
describing various kinds of injuries which
may befall men in the mines. A list of these was
sent to every corps two or three months ago.
Since no district can know which problem will
fall to it in the contest, the first-aid squads have
been practising the entire list all summer.
On September 9 the problems will he assigned
to the districts by lot. Each district will have
its own contest first, and later the winning squads
from all districts will meet in a final contest.
"Dummies" serve as injured men. That is.
some mine worker volunteers to play the "victim"
for each squad. He is told what injury he
is supposed to be suffering from, and then tries to
give as good an imitation as possible of a man
in the described plight, while the first-aid experts
show their skill in handling him.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ANTHRACITE.
With stretchers and splints and bandages the
Except that of the "boom" year, 1907, the production
of anthracite in Pennsylvania in 1910 was
"miner-doctors" of Pottsville section of the an­ the largest in the history of the industry, accordthracite
region are busy drilling for the greatest
ing to E. W. Parker, coal statistician of the United
States Geological Survey. The quantity pro­
first-aid-to-the-injured contest of the year. The
duced in 1910 was 75,433,346 long tons, an in­
contest takes place at Lakeside, near Mahanoy crease over 1909 of 3,058,997 long tons, the value
City, on Saturday, September 9. Teams from all increasing from $149,415,S47 in 1909 to $160,275,302
the Philadelphia & Reading collieries, comprising in 1910. The production in 1910 was within al­
475 men, will compete.
most exactly 1,000,000 long tons of the maximum
record for 1907, when the output amounted to
76,432,421 long tons. The value of the product
in 1907 exceeded that of 1910 by $3,308,754. The
average price per ton at the mines in 1910 was
$2.12, against $2.06 in 1909, $2.13 in 190S, and $2.14
in 1907.
Through the recent invention, says Mr. Parker,
of grates and furnaces adapted to the use of small
sizes of anthracite, and owing to the higher
prices of the prepared sizes, the percentage of
waste has been reduced to a minimum. "Buckwheat,"
"rice," "barley," and even culm are now
important steam raising fuels, particularly in hotels,
apartment houses, and large office buildings
in the cities of the East, where smoke-inhibiting
ordinances are in force. An object lesson in
practical conservation is here furnished and to the
credit of the operators in the anthracite region
be it said that it was put into effect a number of
years before the agitation over the conservation of
natural resources began. Not only are the small
sizes produced in the present mining operations
sold and utilized, but the unsightly culm banks
which blotted the landscape in the anthracite region
are fast disappearing as the usable coal is
being recovered from them by washeries.
Of the total production in 1910, 4,1S4,629 tons
were recovered from the old culm banks, and 91,-
833 tons were recovered by dredges from the bed
of Susquehanna river.
The anthracite producing industry was without
any marked features during the year. The operators
and miners had in 1909 renewed by mutual
agreement for a third term of three years the
awards of the Anthracite Commission that settled
the great strike of 1902, and while there were a
few temporary shut-downs because of labor difficulties,
there was only one in which the idleness
extended over 12 days, and most of them were
from one day to one week. The board of conciliation
created by the Anthracite Commission, consisting
of six members, three representing the
operators and three representing the miners, has
done exemplary service in bringing the employers
and employes into harmonious relations and has
demonstrated the wisdom and practicability of conciliatory
methods of settling labor disputes.
The policy adopted several years ago by the

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
operators, of allowing discounts from the circular
prices for coal purchased in the spring and early
summer months, continues to work satisfactorily.
The discounts allowed on domestic sizes are 50
cents a ton in April, 40 cents a ton in May, 30
cents in June, 20 cents in July, 10 cents in August,
the circular prices being restored in September.
The inducement thus offered to make the cellars
of consumers the storage places for the winter
supplies of fuel has had a notably steadying in­
fluence on the trade and gives steady employment
to the miners throughout the year, against the
conditions of rush work in winter and much idleness
in summer prevailing before the rule was put
into effect.
According to a statement made to the United
States Bureau of Mines by Mr. James E. Roderick,
chief of the department of mines of Pennsylva­
nia, there were 601 fatal and 1,050 non-fatal accidents
in the anthracite mines in 1910. This was
an increase of 34 in the number of fatal accidents
and of 15 in the number of men injured as compared
with 1909, when 567 men were killed and
1,035 injured. As the production in 1910 amounted
to 75,433,246 long tons, the quantity of coal mined
for each life lost was 125,513 long tons against
126,644 long tons in 1909. The death rate per
thousand employes in 1910 was 3.55. against 3.31
in 1909.
STATISTICS OF ANTHRACITE PRODUCTION, 1906-1910.
Year. Quantity. Value.
(long tons).
1906 63,645,010 $131,917,694
1907 76,432,421 163,584,056
1908 74,347,102 158,178,849
1909 72,374.249 149.415,S47
1910 75,433,246 160,275,302
Average Average
Average number number
Year. price of men of days
per ton. employed. worked.
1906 $2.07 162,355 195
1907 2.14 167,234 220
190S 2.13 174.174 200
1909 2.06 fol71,195|
)6166,801j
1910 2.12 169,197 229
a State Mining Department figures.
b II. S. Census figures.
A coal tipple with a capacity of 2,000 tons every
24 hours, is to be erected at a cost of $20,000 by
the Gulfport Shipping Co. on the Cross Dock, at
Gulfport, Miss. The Fairbanks-Morse Co., of
Chicago, will construct it.
CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY
MAKES CHANGES IN OFFICIALS.
H. H. Watson, manager of the West Virginia
division of the Consolidation Coal Co., has announced
the following changes in mine officials,
effective at once:
Lowell Childs, now superintendent at mines
46, 39 and -60, appointed inspector at large.
L. C. Keener now superintendent at No. 46,
transferred to the same capacity at Nos. 46 and 39.
Thomas Smith, now mine foreman at No. 49,
transferred as superintendent at No. 60.
F. B. Robinson appointed superintendent at Nos.
44 and 64.
CELL STRUCTURE AS A MEASURE
FOR COKE QUALITY.
Until very recent time there has never been dis­
covered any definite connecting link between the
physical and chemical properties of coke; nor has
there ever been discovered any ratio between cells,
cell-structure and the gravities, says Coal & Coke
Operator.
After about three years' research work, pursued
intermittently, of course, in handling hundreds of
samples of coke in the laboratory, W. F. Elwood,
chief chemist for the Keystone Coal & Coke Co..
at Greensburg, has discovered a fixed and certain
ratio which has stood the tests from all
viewpoints in the hands of various experts to
whose attention the matter was brought. The
fact of such relationships was sent to experts in
Philadelphia of the highest scientific standing.
and they have corroborated Mr. Elwood's results.
and account it a notable discovery in industrial
science.
In briefly describing his discovery Mr. Elwood
thus spoke of it:
"All other conditions being regular, the percentage
of cells by volume of any coke is inversely
proportionate to the apparent specific grav­
ity; the compression-strength is also governed directly
by the quality and quantity of ash. This
law I have attacked personally, and have also had
it criticised by others from all possible sides without
having to alter my conclusions in the least.
I have a full line of data to substantiate my conclusions.
I feel that this finding is going to
benefit coke and steel makers alike, and especially
those who are getting closer to science—
which they must do sooner or later, in order tc
keep up on the narrow margin on which they are
forced to work. Of course, the men who work
by 'thumb rule' may not be approached so readily,
and may not appreciate such laws of science,
but for that end I am not laboring."

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
MINE GASES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MINE FIRES AND THE
EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON SMALL ANIMALS AND
MEN, AND GAS ANALYSIS APPARATUS*
By G A. Burrell. Chemist. Mine Gas Investigations. United States Bureau of Mines.
The Bureau of Mines has during the past year
been actively engaged in the study of mine gases.
A large number of samples having to do with various
phases of mine gas investigations have been
gathered and subjected to examination for this
purpose, and special apparatus has been devised
for the analytical work.
This paper deals with a few general remarks
having to do with the occurrence of the gases in
normal mine air, the chemistry of mine fires, and
the effect of carbon monoxide on men and small
animals.
This evening views will lie shown of the gas
analysis apparatus used by the Bureau of Mines.
Analyses representing mine gas samples collected
under different conditions will also be shown.
Some of the constituents in mine gas mixtures
exist therein in extremely small quantity. Methane
in normal mine air may occur in amounts
much less than .1 per cent., and the carbon dioxide
may be present in quantities just as small. If
methane is present at all the mine management
desires to know it, because under conditions
whereby the ventilating system may be disarranged,
an accumulation of methane of considerable
proportions may result. Measured in terms
of cubic feet even small quantities of methane
represent a large volume of this constituent expelled
from a mine in 24 hours. A current carrying
100,000 ctiDic feet of air per minute discharges,
if .1 per cent, of methane lie present, 144,000,000
cubic feet of air every 24 hours from a mine. A return
of the same volume carrying .5 per cent, of
methane, which is not by any means unknown,
discharges 720,000 cubic feet of methane in 24
hours; rather a good gas well if the methane could
be concentrated.
Carbon monoxide produced in mines by fires and
explosions is harmful in very small quantities,
and the amount produced is valuable to know.
In addition, exact apparatus has been installed
for the purpose of closely studying certain questions,
some of which have been a matter of dispute
among mining men and chemists for a long
time. For instance, whether or not
CARBON MONOXIDE,
ole hydrocarbons, hydrogen, or paraffine
hydrocarbons other than methane, may be found
in normal mine air, as given off from the coal
pores and strata or formed by the action of oxygen
of the air on tlie coal at normal temperatures.
*By permission of the Director Bureau of Mines.
A study of the effect of the barometric pressure
on the exudation of methane in coal mines demands
that the analyses be performed with considerable
precision, in order that small changes
in the composition of the atmosphere of the mines
be recorded. After explosives have been fired in
mines, the atmosphere may contain certain explosive
and noxious gases in extremely small quantities,
and because some of these gases are very
harmful in small quantity, apparatus with which
exact work can be performed must be used.
In order to refresh your memory, 1 wish to cite
a few facts regarding the occurrence of gases
found in mines and their effect on the human system,
because data given in the paper depends for
its interpretation on the significance of these facts.
Carbon dioxide is produced in mines in tlie
largest part by exudation from coal, in the pores
of which it has been locked up as a product of
carbonization of plants. Fresh quantities are
also being formed b.v the oxidation of coal in contact
with atmospheric air. As a rule the amount
of carbonic acid in blowers is small and likewise
the carbon dioxide present in stagnant atmosphere
seldom exceeds 3 or 4 per cent., even when the
area has been stagnant for days or weeks.
The production of carbon dioxide and absorption
of oxygen by a mine far exceeds that of the men,
mules and lamps. Probably, in few coal mines is
the total carbon dioxide increased by more than
.02 or .03 per cent, by the latter cause. The
larger number of the samples of normal mine air
collected by the Bureau at the returns of many
mines have contained between .2 and .3 per cent.
and in a few cases .5 per cent. On the other
hand, samples have been collected in which the
carbon dioxide has not exceeded .05 per cent.
Fresh atmospheric air contains about .034 per
cent, carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide in air up to 3 per cent., as a
rule, has no noteworthy effect except that it deepens
the breathing. The breathing of 5 or 6 per
cent, produces headache,
PALPITATION OF TIIK HEART,
sweating, and tbe breathing becomes distressing.
Higher percentages. 11 or 12 per cent., produce
coma, but do not quickly destroy life. As much
as 25 per cent, may be breathed for several hours
before death occurs.
Normal dry air contains about 20.9 per cent, of
oxygen. In large cities some small departure
from this figure is usually encountered, about .1
per cent, lower. Mine air is poorer in oxygen

32
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
than atmospheric air, and the difference in the
proportion of oxygen in the intake and return air
in coal mines may amount to several per cent.
Samples of normal mine air from coal mines have
been collected by the Bureau which contained only
19 per cent, of oxygen but-the great majority contain
about .20.6 or 20.7 per cent. The greedy
consumption of oxygen-by the coal in mines can
be shown by a calculstWtt of oxygen deficiency
based upon a difference-of 1 per cent, of oxygen
between the intake and return air. If 40,000
cubic feet of air per minute were passing into
an area drained by a return, the total volume of
oxygen consumed would be 400 cubic, feet per minute.
In but few cases, which have thus far come
to the notice of the Bureau, has an oxygen deficiency
greater than 1 per cent, in return air been
found.
Stagnant air not in enclosed areas, but where
air only enters by diffusion from other parts of
the mine where the air is fresh, frequently contains
as little as 17, 16, or even less percentages
of oxygen. Instances are on record where unsuspecting
miners have put their heads in cavities
where the air has been so deficient in oxygen as to
render them unconscious. ©Dr. Haldane recites
the case of a man who was rendered suddenly
unconscious oy climbing up a ladder to explore
a cavity, and after being quickly revived
by breathing fresh air, knocked his companion
down for making him fall off the ladder.
While a light will not burn in air containing
less than about 17 per cent, oxygen, and not satisfactorily
under 19 per cent., the percentage can
be lowered to 14 per cent, without noticeably affecting
the bodily functions. With 12 per cent.
the breathing becomes deeper and
TITLRE QUICKER.
At 6 per cent, consciousness is lost, and death takes
place when the oxygen sinks to 3 or 4 per cent.
In an atmosphere entirely deficient in oxygen
death in less lime than one minute takes place.
An atmosphere in which not even a trace of oxygen
occurred was entered by the Bureau men with
helmets not long ago. A section of a mine had
been tightly sealed off for several months because
of a mine fire which had" existed therein.
As far as the effect of oxygen deficiency and
carbon dioxide excess in normal mine air are
concerned, we find that in the large majority of
cases in American mines and other mines, too, bad
effects upon miners, because of the carbon dioxide
and oxygen content of the air are not felt. The
miner, as far as the purity of the air normally
sweeping through the workings is concerned, is
usually much better off than people in badly ven-
©Rescue Work in Mines, Leonard Hill. Read at
Royal Sanitary Institute March 4. 1911.
tilated dwelling houses, workshops, schools and
meeting houses. This excepts atmospheres in
mines vitiated by powder smoke air at the working
faces, etc. In most ventilation studies too
much attention has been paid to the chemical
purity of air and not enough to the freshness of
the air, its temperature and humidity. The activity
of men engaged in sedentary occupations depends
very largely on the temperature and humidity
of the air. If the air is over-warm, moist
and not moving, men become listless. The stationary
air next to the body becomes warmed to
body temperature, and saturated with water at body
temperature, and the air and body cannot lose
heat by radiation to each other. It has been
insisted with good reason, that more attention be
paid to the temperature in factories and mines,
and that by keeping the air cool the efficiency of
workers may be greatly increased.
In an experiment he tried, Leonard Hill found
that suddenly raising the carbon dioxide content
of an atmosphere 1 or 2 per cent, had no appre
ciaible effect in increasing the
DISCOMFORT OK MEN,
yet in a high, wet bulb temperature, putting the
fan on or off made a very great difference. Haldane
has insisted that a wet bulb temperature not
over 70 degrees Fahrenheit should be maintained
in order to obtain the best efficiency from men,
and that 75 degrees Fahrenheit should not be exceeded.
Figures regarding the percentages of carbon
dioxide and oxygen, and their effect upon the
human system, have been given preliminary to
the presentation of certain regulations in some
countries having to do with fixing allowable percentages
of these constituents in mines and factories.
Proposed regulation on the Transvaal allows .2
per cent, of carbonic acid. In Great Britain the
members of the Royal Commission of mines in
the report issued in 1909 considered 1.25 per cent.
of carbon dioxide as a maximum, and no greater
oxygen deficiency over normal air than 2 per cent.,
that is 19 per cent. In the Victoria mines the
maximum quantity of carbon dioxide is fixed at
.25 per cent., with not less oxygen than 20 per
cent. In Western Australia the maximum carbon
dioxide is .25 per cent, except for 30 minutes
after blasting, when a greater but unspecified percentage
is permitted. In by-laws enacted in 1810
in Great Britain for the regulation of air in factories,
the maximum quantity of CO.. is fixed at
.2 per cent.
Regarding the wet bulb temperature which is
far more important, the Transvaal Commission
adopted a maximum temperature of 80 degrees
Fahrenheit. In these metal mines blasting gases,
dust, heat and dampness of the stagnant air make

the atmosphere unpleasant. In those regulations
adopted by the countries mentioned regarding the
maximum quantity of carbon dioxide, the quantity
allowable has been fixed much below that
capable of producing bad effects. Especially in
factories is the qunntity placed low, in order to
provide plenty of fresh air, thereby preventing
unpleasant smells arising from dirty clothes, sweat
and floors, and to keep down the mass influence
of infecting bacteria. In mines powder smoke
contains besides carbon dioxide, noxious gases,
such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide,
with the carbon dioxide usually in excess, consequently
a regulations which
PLACES A LOW MAXIMUM
quantity for carbon dioxide keeps down the other
more harmful gases, some of which are not so
easily determined chemically.
Methane occurs in enormous quantities in coal
seams as a product of the decomposition processes
which have resulted in the formation of the coal.
The greater proportion of methane in coal seams
fills up the pores of the coal and escapes from
working faces with a peculiar hissing noise well
known to miners. Gas pent up in the cracks
and clefts of the enclosing rocks is often under
considerable pressure. Sometimes blowers may
be used as a source of gas for years. The explosive
limits of methane-air mixtures lie between
5.5 per cent, gas low limit and 13 per cent, high
limit. Some departure from these figures may be
obtained b.v using different modes of ignition. A
blown-out shot for instance may cause the ignition
of a mixture containing lower percentages of
methane. The most violently explosive mixture
of methane and air contains 9.47 per cent, methane.
Because rather inconsistent results have been obtained
in examining the products formed by incomplete
combustion of methane, that is when insufficient
oxygen is not present for the complete
oxidation of the gas, I have subjected mixtures
containing more than 9.47 per cent, of methane
to explosion and examined the products of combustion.
As the percentage of methane increased
carbon monoxide and methane were formed in increasing
amounts, and the carbon dioxide decreased.
The results showed that no methane
remained unburned, that all of the carbon of the
methane had oxidized either to carbon dioxide or
to carbon monoxide, and that part of the hydrogen
had burned, leaving the remainder free in the residual
gas.
In the products of combustion I examined, resulting
from the incomplete combustion of methane,
exact analysis failed to find ethylene or olefine
hydrocarbons, or acetylene.
Some coal mines are so little troubled With
methane as to be called non-gaseous, while from
others thousands of cubic feet are being discharged
hourly. A few samples of mine air have
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
been received at the laboratory in which methane
in quantities greater than .01 per cent, could not
be detected, but probably 99 per cent, of the samples
show more than this. There are many mines
apparently in which the methane in the return
air currents does not exceed .03 to .05 per cent.,
but a great many in which the percentage is as
high as .4 per cent. - Frequently this figure is exceeded.
I have in mind the
BETUBH AW CURRENT
of a large well equipped mine which carried 1
per cent, methane, a very large amount. In some
mines the quantity of methane daily discharged
from a mine is surprisingly regular. In a month's
sampling, samples taken twice a day in the two
returns of a coal mine, showed that the methane
during that entire period varied scarcely more
than .04 per cent, either side of .4 per cent, in
one return and .04 per cent, either side of .3 per
cent, in another return. One-half of this mine
made the most methane. In some mines one section
may produce almost all of the methane, and
it has happened that when that section has been
worked out tne mine may not lie much troubled
wdth methane for some time.
Now .4 per cent, or less methane may appear
to be a small quantity of this constituent, and of
course is not dangerous when the percentage remains
that low, but should an accident occur to
the ventilating system whereby the air becomes
still in a certain section of the mine, an accumulation
of methane rapidly occurs and an explosive
mixture forms. Only the strict regard for this
possibility prevents many accidents.
Apparatus has been developed at the Bureau,
to be shown later, which it is believed fulfills the
purpose'for accurately and rapidly making daily
analyses of the methane in mine air better than
forms now available. Some of the mining companies
now exercise supervision over the gas produced
in tneir mines now and many more are considering
it. Most mining men use the safety lamp
exclusively. The latter is of course one of the
greatest aids toward safety in mining ever invented.
A quantity of methane likely to quickly
become dangerous can be detected—in ordinary
lamps about 2 per cent., although with some lamps
1% per cent. Special lamps, not by any means
in general use, may detect as little as 1 per cent.
Where the safety lamp fails to detect gas. however.
the management of a mine is left quite in the
dark regarding the actual quantity of methane produced
in the workings. The normal methane content'
of the air is never determined. With the
knowledge that sufficient
METHANE IS ALWAYS PRESENT
in a mine for an accumulation of same due to
a stoppage of tile fan or derangement of the ventilating
system to quickly produce an exceedingly
dangerous condition, the men are likely to be more

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
careful than when they are only brought to face
such a condition by the occasional derangement
of the ventilating system of from other causes.
Under such conditions a mine in which little fear
is felt from fire damp explosions, because of the
seldom detection of gas by means of safety lamps,
may become in certain sections exceedingly gaseous.
Regular analyses made of samples taken in different
sections of the mine—in the main returns.
in the gob, at the face, etc., define the potentiality
of a mine regarding the danger from fire damp
explosions. If a split ventilating a certain section
of a mine contains at any time a large amount
of metharie, more air can be forced through that
section at the expense of the air ventilating a less
gaseous section, thereby equalizing conditions.
As a final resort the total quantity of air passing
through the mine can be increased. Systematicanalyses
made of the air in different sections of
the mine will reveal to the manager every disturbance
in the ventilation.
With the knowledge that coal dust plays a heavy
part in explosions, quantities of methane in less
proportion than that required for an explosive mixture
must be considered. It is claimed that as
little as 2 per cent, may bring about the ignition
of coal dust. The exact influence of methane in
this respect is to be studied at the experimental
mine of the Bureau now almost ready for operation
at Bruceton, Pa.
As the result of the careful analyses of many
samples of mine gas by the Bureau, it is believed
that hydrocarbons higher than methane are
scarcely ever produced in the pores and cavities
of coal seams along with methane, at least in quantities
above .02 per cent. A few samples have
been received in which the presence of traces of
the higher paraffine could be detected, but in the
greatest majority of the samples only methane.
This excepts certain
SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM MINES
into which natural gas had intruded from gas
sands 2.600 feet below, and caused disastrous explosions
in two coal mines. At those mines close
chemical supervision is kept over the methane
produced. The returns seldom showed more than
a few hundredths of one per cent, methane. Consequently
little fear was felt from this constituent.
Over night, however, natural gas filled certain
sections of the mine and when men entered next
morning disastrous explosions occurred in both
mines a few hours apart. A gas well passes
through a barrier pillar in one of these mines,
and the casing at some point in the string was,
I believe, found responsible.
Because of the apparent absence of higher paraffine
in normal mine air, I believe that those
samples showing these constituents may be an indication
of natural gas intrusion from the gas
sands. The natural gases of Pennsylvania and
West Virginia almost invariably contain higher
members of the paraffin series, while natural gases
from other places in the country may or may not.
This observation is based upon the analysis of
many samples of natural gas received by the
Bureau.
The question of natural gas intrusion is going
to be a serious problem when certain valuable
tracts of coal lying deep and close to natural gas
bearing strata are worked. This formation occurs
in one section of West Virginia, perhaps other
places also.
Carbon monoxide has not been identified as a
part of those samples taken in normal mine air in
quantities above .01 per cent. One or two investigators
using the iodic acid method for the determination
of CO report percentages less than
this, and others with less refined methods find
more.
Our experience teaches that CO is only produced
in mines through the agency of heat. It is
found in the afterdamp of explosions and mine
fires in many cases in deadly proportion. Many
colliery disasters have claimed heavy toll because
of this constituent. Incomplete combustion of
methane not only produced carbon monoxide, as
already stated, but the
REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
by heated coal dust and incomplete combustion of
the gases produced in a mine fire are other
sources.
Carbon monoxide combines with the haemoglobin
of the blood much more readily than oxygen does,
and raises the pressure of the blood to such an
extent that oxygen cannot be taken up and a person
dies of oxygen deprivation. A person not
too far overcome may be revived by oxygen administered
in the effort to displace the carbon
monoxide. Opinion differs as to the effect of
small quantities of carbon monoxide on a person,
but the affinity of different persons for the gas
may account for discrepancies in the results of
different investigators.
Samples examined at the Bureau laboratory, collected
by means of oxygen helmets after mine
fires and explosions have occurred in mines, have
contained as much as 2 per cent, of CO. This too
when the products of combustion had been somewhat
diluted with air from other unaffected sections
of the mine. This percentage would bring
about quick death. Dr. Haldane makes the following
statement:
"The volume of blood in a man of average
weight has been found to be about 5% pints and
is capable of entering into combination with about
1 pint of CO."
Supposing that he is breathing about 7 liters
of air per minute containing 2 per cent, of CO. only
about 5 liters of air will reach the air cells of his

lungs and he will not be able to absorb more than
10 c.c. of CO per minute, and it will thus be at
least one-half hour before his blood becomes onehalf
saturated with CO. At one-half saturation
Dr. Haldane states that pronounced distress is
felt.
Representatives of the Bureau have visited and
assisted in exploration and fire fighting work at
almost all of the disasters occurring in American
mines in the last few years. Oxygen helmets
have been of great service in this work and their
value is well recognized.
Chances have been taken, however, when men
unequipped with helmets have entered workings
in which carbon monoxide has been present.
A miner's safety lamp gives him warning of al
most every aonormal
CONDITION OK THE ATMOSPHERE
except the presence of carbon monoxide. The
presence of methane or a depletion of oxygen is
indicated, but a lamp gives no warning of the
presence of small and dangerous quantities of
carbon monoxide. Then, too, the latter may be
present in a mine atmosphere and the oxygen still
be sufficiently high to support combustion so that
the wick flame appears normal.
The statement has been made that carbon monoxide
gives a cap on a flame of the lamp, and so
it does, but when the percentage is high enough
to show a cap (about the same minimum percentage),
a man could scarcely live to tell it were he
in the same atmosphere. Where carbon monoxide
is present, as a rule, so is methane, so that even
were the cap test sufficiently good, the test would
be complicated b.v the methane. The need has
been felt for some kind of a test which will immediately
notify exploring parties of the presence of
carbon monoxide. Quick chemical tests for the
presence of this const ituenl are not entirely satisfactory,
unless in the hands of a chemist, and
even so they possess disadvantages when it comes
to conducting them in a mine.
Mice and birds have been successfully used in
testing the atmosphere of mines and have proven
of great value in saving human life. Consequently,
the Bureau is urging their use for this
purpose.
Two or three of these small animals can be
placed in a cage and carried into the mine with
the party. Because the rate at which chemical
changes occur in them is enormously greater than
in large animals they will show symptoms of
poisoning sooner than a man will. Haldane
states that a mouse weighing one-half an ounce consumes
about 15 times as much oxygen as one-half
an ounce of the human body would consume in the
same time. With .1 per cent, of carbon monoxide
in the air he found that during rest it took about
two hours before giddiness, etc. began to appear
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
in a man, and that according to analyses made
of the blood during the
COURSE OK THE EXPERIMENT
another half hour would have sufficed to produce
practical disablement. A mouse was similarly
affected in 10 minutes. With .6 per cent, of carbon
monoxide in the air all of the animals became
helpless in two minutes and rapidly became
comatose or died, while a person breathing the
mixture was quite unaffected even after 10 minutes.
An examination of this person's blood
showed it was one-fourth saturated. An examination
b.v Dr. Haldane of the blood of men who
have been killed in colliery explosions shows that
the blood is 80 per cent, saturated by carbon monoxide
wdien death occurs.
Experiments have been performed at this laboratory
in wdiich white mice were subjected to
the action of the following percentages of carbon
monoxide: .16 per cent.. .33 per cent., .46 per cent.,
.57 per cent, and .77 per cent. The mice were
placed under a gas tight bell jar having a capacity
of 10 liters into which the carbon monoxide
had previously been introduced. The atmosphere
inside the jar was thoroughly mixed, sampled
and analyzed twice during the experiment,
taking the samples from different parts of the
jar in order to make sure that the carbon monoxide
content was correct and uniform throughout.
The analyses were made by combustion of the
carbon monoxide in an apparatus accurate to .01
per cent.
With .16 per cent, of carbon monoxide present
a mouse showed slight signs of sluggishness in
about six minutes, but this sluggishness and distress
did not increase to any great extent. The
animal's respiration had dropped from 160 per
minute to about 120 per minute at the finish.
With .31 per cent, of carbon monoxide in the
air a mouse suffered collapse in 7% minutes with
decided symptoms of distress in about 4 minutes.
but 35 minutes elapsed before it lost all muscular
power and ability to turn over when placed on its
back. Upon removing the bell jar it became
normal again in about two hours.
With .46 per cent, of carbon monoxide in the
air a mouse showed signs of distress in two minutes.
It staggered around and
SUFFERED PARTIAL COLLAPSE
in four minutes; in six minutes it lost all muscular
power.
With .57 per cent, of carbon monoxide in the
air a mouse partially collapsed in two minutes,
and died in 16 minutes.
With .77 per cent of carbon monoxide in the
air a mouse showed distinct signs of distress in
one minute, in 5% minutes it had lost all muscular
power, and died in 12% minutes.
Up to the time the mice lost power to move

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
about, or respond to prodding, they evinced varying
degrees of activity. The delicacy of the test
of course depends upon the warning the mice give
while they are being affected. Under the same
conditions of experiment especially in the presence
of the smaller quantities of carbon monoxide, one
mouse may clearly exhibit signs of distress while
another one may pass into the comatose condition
without so distinctly showing by its actions that
carbon monoxide is affecting it. Consequently,
is is necessary that tbe animal be closely watched
and that a person retire at once if unequipped with
oxygen helmets from a mine, the atmosphere of
which distresses mice.
Because different mice may behave somewhat
differently under the influence of noxious gases,
it is a good plan to carry at least three of them
info the mine at the same time. It is also advisable
to prod them slightly if they remain too
quiet in order to observe them in action. A man
if he exerts himself by carrying objects, climbing
ladders, hastening too much, etc., consumes
more oxygen in a given time, and also more carbon
monoxide than when at rest, consequently.
symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may under
such conditions be produced in a man which
might not be observed in a mouse, unless the latter
was very closely watched. With the small
percentages of
CARBON MONOXIDE FREQUENTLY FOUND
in mines, after explosions and mine fires, a person
may be able to go a long distance without
expressing much inconvenience. On the return
trip, however, the symptoms may become so aggravated
that considerable difficulty may be experienced
in negotiating the return to the base or
surface.
Because under the condition of excessive exertion
by men mice may be slow upon responding
with the presence of carbon monoxide in the air,
experiments similar to those performed upon mice
were tried, using birds in order to determine their
susceptibility to carbon monoxide poison. Canary
birds were exposed to atmospheres containing the
following percentages of carbon monoxide: .09 per
cent., .12 per cent., .15 per cent., .20 per cent.,
.29 per cent.
After an exposure of one hour to an atmosphere
containing .09 per cent, of carbon monoxide a bird
was not affected to such an extent that it would if
carried into a mine indicate by its action the
presence of that quantitv of carbon monoxide.
Only close observation showed that a slight distress
was felt by it at the end of the hour.
With .12 per cent, of carbon monoxide in the
atmosphere of the bell jar the symptoms were
still not clearly defined, the bird did not fall from
the perch but close observation showed that it
was decidedly weaker at the end of an hour than
the bird which was subjected to the action of
.09 per cent, of carbon monoxide. In about 15
minutes it had lost its liveliness and remained
comparatively quiet.
With .15 per cent, of carbon monoxide present
a bird evinced symptoms of slight distress in
three minutes, it opened its mouth, panting for
oxygen, gradually became weaker,
SWAYED AND FLUTTERED
from the perch in IS minutes. At the end
of the hour it had not lost muscular power, but
showed decided symptoms of extreme weakness.
Witli .2 per cent, of carbon monoxide present a
bird showed pronounced signs of distress in one
and one-half minutes. In three minutes it bei
an;? very unsteady on the perch and fell from the
latter place in five minutes. After taking it out
ol' the jar it regained its feet in two minutes and
in five minutes had revived so that it appeared
quite normal again.
With .29 per cent, of carbon monoxide a bird
completely collapsed and fell from the perch in
two and one-half minutes. In five minutes time
it had almost revived when placed in fresh air.
These tests show that small birds may be better
indicators of the presence of noxious gases in the
atmosphere of mines than mice. Birds show
signs of distress quicker in the presence of smaller
quantities of carbon monoxide than mice do. The
symptoms are much clearer defined in that a bird
sways markedly on its perch and its fall is a
sign of almost complete collapse, consequently the
symptoms are more easily noticed by an exploring
party than the effects of carbon monoxide on mice,
and more timely warning is given when small
quantities of the gas are present.
A device recently received at the Bureau of
Mines consists of a light aluminum cage provided
with glass sides and a perch in the interior.
A double door is also provided, one of which is
made of wire netting and an outer one of glass.
The handb of the cage consists of a small iron
cylinder charged with oxygen.
Birds are placed inside the cage and the outer
glass door left open. When they begin to show
signs of distress the glass door is closed and oxygen
turned into the cage, thereby saving the bird
for future explorations. The exploring party, if
unequipped with helmets, of course immediately
retreat.
The fact is well known and taken advantage of
that systematic analyses made of the flue gases
from a boiler furnace indicate the conditions existing
therein and that a regulation of these conditions
based upon the interpretation of the analysis
is one of the factors
LEADING TO POWER PLANT
economy. Combustible gases given off by the
burning coal must he supplied with sufficient oxygen
and a certain relation must be maintained between
the oxygen consumed and combustion pro-

ducts in the outgoing flue gases, in order to obtain
the highest economy ot fuel consumption. The
quantity of carbon dioxide, oxygen and carbon
monoxide in the flue gases is significant aud tells
the engineer how well his boiler and coal are performing.
The combustion of coal during a mine fire presents
some features different to the combustion of
coal in a boiler furnace, but to a person trained in
the interpretation of results, the analysis of the
air and products of combustion in a mine or section
of a mine sealed off because fire exists or has
existed therein, gives what is often very valuable
information.
In the early stages of a mine lire every effort
is directed toward fighting same right at the seat
of the conflagration, by loading out the hot coal,
by drenching it with water, and by the use of
portable fire extinguisehrs, etc. In many cases
these efforts are not successful, and one of the
last expedients adopted entails the sealing of the
mine, or affected section of the mine, with stoppings,
in order to exclude air and smother the
fire.
Certain fires have gained so much headway that
the entire mine had to be flooded. This artifice,
i hough effective, demands the use of an enormous
quantity of water, not always easily obtainable,
and subsequently much money is expended and
time lost in draining the mine and putting it in
shape again after the fire has been extinguished.
When a mine fire has progressed to that stage,
where the entire mine, or affected section of a
mine, has been sealed off to prevent admission of
air, it becomes especially desirable to sample the
atmosphere behind the stoppings or dams, in
order to determine the effectiveness of the latter
in excluding air, or if the
STOPPINGS ARE TIGHT,
the depletion of oxygen which must follow air
exclusion. A period of anxiety to all concerned
follows the sealing operation, and any aid which
can be rendered towards allaying fears of renewed
conflagration, or of enabling the fire fighters to
act timely in case conditions get worse, is worth
considering.
Disastrous consequences have sometimes followed
the too early reopening of fire areas, and fires
have flamed afresh when it was thought that the
area had been well protected from air admission.
Conditions have prevailed following the sealing of
a mine or section which had caught fire, where the
interpretation of observations based on facts relating
to ordinary combustion had thoroughly convinced
the fire fighters that reopening of the area
could be safely accomplished, but with the reopening
of the area time and again the admission
of air has given the fire a fresh start. Because of
this fact stoppings are sometimes left in place for
months, and even then the greatest caution is
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN :>7
taken when finally the stoppings are removed and
air admitted into the fire area.
When as a last resort a fire area in a mine is
sealed off by means of the necessary stoppings,
the atmosphere inside the area changes in composition,
so that it becomes extinctive to flame for want
of sufficient oxygen. Then the coals or wood coool
to such an extent that readmission of air will not.
lan them into a blaze and cause a renewal of the
fire. Finally, the fire zone loses all excessive
heat, so that it becomes normal in temperature
again, although to reach this last named condition
a considerable time usually elapses because embers,
especially if they are buried beneath falls,
are excellently insulated from heat radiation.
Actual experiment shows that a flame of a candle,
or ordinary miner's lamp, becomes extinguished
when the oxygen in the surrounding air
has fallen to about 17% per cent, in the presence
of a small amount of carbon dioxide, and although
a fire well under way when walls are built may
continue to flame with the oxygen deficiency less
than this figure, yet it gives some basis upon
which to draw conclusions
REGARDINNG THE OXYGEN
deficiency required to extinguish a blaze in a coal
mine, or the oxygen required to fan smouldering
embers again into a blaze. Since the atmosphere
in an enclosed mine sealed to prevent entrance of
air to a fire rapidly reaches and exceeds this figure,
it becomes a matter of sealing the area sufficiently
tight to acomplish this purpose. If not
tight, slow combustion may be maintained, such
that the coals are kept in a condition whereby only
the influx of more air either accidentally, or when
stoppings are removed to open the district, will
start the fire afresh.
A stagnant area in a coal mine loses oxygen
from another source than by combustion of coal
due to the fire, viz: absorption of the oxygen by
the coal at normal temperatures. This absorption
appears to be a chemical combination between
the oxygen and certain unsaturated compounds in
the coal, and takes place with more or less rapidity,
depending upon the nature of the coal. The
action may be so rapid that oxygen depletion in
an enclosed area, due to the absorption of this
constituent, because of the fire, may play but a
minor part in the total oxygen disappearance. This
statement has especial reference to those cases
where the area on fire has been small and the
total area enclosed relatively large. That this
phenomena occurs is especially fortunate, because
oxygen in an enclosed area is removed so that the
entire atmosphere rapidly becomes extinctive to
flame.
The absorption of oxygen by coal at ordinary
temperatures is not accompanied by the production
of a corresponding quantity of carbon dioxide,
as is the case in ordinary combustion in a

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
boiler furnace, and accounts for the fact that
those samples of abnormal mine air obtained by
the Bureau from stagnant coal mine areas, have
not contained large
AMOUNTS OF CARRON DIOXIDE,
even when the oxygen has been entirely absent.
A fire in an enclosed coal mine area of course adds
to the total quantity of carbon dioxide produced,
but when the samples collected represent fire
gases diluted by air from other parts of the enclosure,
the carbon dioxide will not be proportionate
to the oxygen consumed.
When the air supply has become restricted,
which quickly occurs, incomplete combustion begins,
and at the seat of the fire, before the gases
have been diluted, large quantities of carbon monoxide
are usually formed and sometimes exist in
all parts of the area in deadly quantities.
Certain mines under normal conditions generate
methane in large quantities, and an accumulation
of same in a stagnant area may amount to 50 per
cent, or more, in extreme cases, in a comparatively
short time. On the other hand, stagnant atmospheres
have been sampled by representatives of the
Bureau, in which an accumulation extending over
several months has not been sufficient to produce
an explosive mixture were sufficient air present
to form one. Small quantities of methane are undoubtedly
formed from burning coal in a mine
fire, and add in some measure to the normal methane
from the coal pores and strata, but here again
the factor of a relatively small fire area proper and
large enclosed area may enter into consideration,
so that throughout the larger section of the enclosure
the amount of methane produced by the
fire, and added to that exuded from the great body
of Ihe coal is relatively small. Limited data obtalued
by the Bureau on this point have indicated
th f, this quantity may oe very small. In one
ca.e samples obtained directly over the fire area
shi-wed only about % per cent, more methane
th./i was present behind a stopping 2,000 feet
av ay from the affected section.
Although the oxygen had fallen at the place where
the first mentioned sample was taken to about 2 per
cent., and the coals were intensely hot, only about
1.5 per cent, carbon monoxide was present. Considerable
conjecture has taken place as regards the
part carbon monoxide might play in producing
explosions during mine fires, but the data thus
far accumulated by the Bureau points to an improbability
of this happening, because of the presence
of the gas in insufficient quantities. The
real danger from explosion appears to lie in the
presence of methane, which in some mines rapidly
accumulates as soon as an
AREA BECOMES STAGNANT,
so that sufficient is present to form an explosive
mixture with an inrush of air.
Since the controlling and subduing of many fires
so often develop into a matter of air exclusion,
though this is hard to accomplish in some cases,
it becomes a matter of walling the area for this
purpose, and when this is accomplished, it is then
desirable to sample the atmosphere behind the
walls, in order to determine their effectiveness in
excluding air. If the oxygen content remains
stationary, or rises after a steady fall, efforts can
be directed toward tightening the walls. If the
oxygen content behind a wall contains 2 per cent.
oxygen after four hours' time, which happened at
a particular fire the writer attended, and then
commences to rise due to inleakage of air, efforts
can be made to tighten the stoppings before serious
trouble becomes imminent. In tlie above case
the percentage of oxygen necessary for the existence
of flame was quickly passed, and this phenomenon
has been observed to take place at all
those mine fires attended by the author where air
has been excluded.
After a fire has been brought under control,
samples of gas can be obtained and the composition
of the atmosphere regularly ascertained, so
that inleakage of air at any place can be determined.
Exact figures regarding the oxygen content of
an atmosphere required to fan smouldering embers
into a blaze are difficult to giye, but data
obtained by the Bureau throw some light on the
subject. The author has in mind a heavily timbered
stope in a metal mine which had been
brought under control by sealing off the section,
but which fanned into a blaze when the oxygen
content, because of slow admission of air, had
reached about 18 per cent. The area had blazed
up again when attempts had been made to reopen
the section about one week before. A fire in
a timbered airway of an anthracite mine also
greatly increased in intensity when the atmosphere
in the area had approximated this percentage.
Conclusions regarding the approximate length
of time a fire area should remain closed after the
fire had been brought under control have not
been reached, because of different conditions existing
at different fires, but certain it is that if the
atmosphere can be analyzed so that the exact
quantity of oxygen is known and if necessary
steps are taken to tighten the area, more intelligent
conclusions can be drawn regarding the
length of time a particular area should remain
closed. With the oxygen in an area almost or
entirely consumed, combustion has ceased, and
the question resolves itself into how long the
embers can retain sufficient heat so that the admission
of air will not fan them again into a
flame.
The Ebensburg Coal Co. shipped the first coal
from its new mines at Colver, Pa., on August 21.

JEFFREY SINGLE ROLL CRUSHER.
The growing demand for chain stokers has
created a demand for fine coal in power plant use.
The knowledge of the higher efficiency obtained
by using stoker only in a finely divided state has
led to a demand for as small sizes as may be consistent
with practical firing. The two or threeinch
lump coal, formerly
considered satisfactory,
has been reduced to oneinch
and smaller, depending
upon the type of
stoker. The demand for
screenings has grown to
such an extent that, in
many sections it is already
greater than for
lump or mine-run coal,
and exceeds the output
of the mine screens.
To meet this demand
and to dispose of the surplus
lump, many of the
coal operators are finding
it necessary, and highly
profitable. to install
crushers for reducing the
lump coal to smaller sizes. The Jeffrey Single
Roll Crusher, as per accompanying illustration.
has only recently been placed on the market. This
crusher is built for use either at the tipple, or
may be mounted on wheels to operate on a trackway
over the storage bunkers.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
The design of this crusher is extremely simple,
consisting of a heavy cast iron plate frame, in
which are mounted a crushing roll and a breaker
plate. The breaker plate is hinged at its upper
edge and held in position b.v a pair of adjusting
rods, enabling the roll to be varied to give any
product required. The coal is received in any
volume without a mechanical feeding device for
regulating the feed. An efficient safety device protects
men against shocks or accidents. By making
all reduction simultaneously, it accomplishes in
a single operation the results which usually require
two operations in two separate machines.
MOVEMENT OF COAL AND COKE OVER VARIOUS RAILROADS, RIVERS, AND CANALS
FOR SIX MONTHS AND JUNE, 1910 AND 1911.
RAILROADS.
Baltimore and Ohio* • - •
Buffalo. Rochester and Pittsburgh
Buffalo and Susquehanna . .
Chesapeake and Ohiot
Huntingdon and Broadtop Mountain* ....
New York Central and Hudson River • • •
Norfolk and Western*
Pennsylvania (east of Pittsburg and Erie)* •
Pittsburg and Lake Erie •
Pittsburg. Shawmut and Northern
Southern Railway!
Virginian Railway RIVERS AND CANALS.
Barren River, Lock No. 1 ...
Black Warrior River, Lock No. 12
Canal and Falls at Louisville • • •
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal •
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . . . •
Davis Island Dam
Green River, Lock No. 1
Great Kanawha River
Kentucky River. Lock No. 1 • - • •
Monongahela River
MONTH OF JUNE SIX MONTHS-
Tons
3.344,411
7S3.494
177,334
1.239.590
95.104
650.618
1.602.056
>.206.327
.672.321
93.439
351.706
89.580
204
792
273.877
11.121
20.024
378.280
2.651
145.400
4,200
988.983
Tons.
2.872.461
630.424
161.968
1.228,307
87.495
588.743
1.610.436
5.038.591
1.405.666
106.896
301.684
245.625
120
398
17,129
11,739
22,782
55.040
1.124
78,340
1.800
480.372
Tons.
17.925.999
3.864.204
776,633
6.665,668
651.tOO
4.054,028
9,845.733
33,256.539
8.396.741
554.455
1,757.264
561,348
1,370
2,655
828.641
47.870
67.486
1,377.685
17,674
735.800
34,600
4,936.464
* Includes coal received from connecting lines. tMay and five months figures.
Tons
16,140.675
3.864,781
977,438
6.098.393
534.087
4.029.183
9.370.408
31,033.162
7.120.309
715.725
1.562.416
1.215,682
998
2,123
968.262
54.022
68.494
1.880,990
15.802
726.920
47,700
5,107.962

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
IDLE CARS LOWEST AT ANY
TIME SINCE DECEMBER 21, 1910.
The American Railway Association in tbe statement
of car surpluses and shortages as of August
10, says:
"There* is a decrease in the surplus of all classes,
the total decrease being 22,136 cars brings the
total surplus down to 108,000, the lowest figure
since the report for December 21, 1910. The decrease
is principally in coal cars in group 3
(Middle) although box cars show a reduction of
5,692, principally in group 3 (Middle) and group
S (Middle-Western), and miscellaneous cars 1,257.
The car shortage shows a slight increase, the total
being 3,830."
The following table shows the surplus and shortages
of cars on 166 roads on August 16. last:
Surplus. Short. Net Surp.
Box 37.912 1.319 36.593
Flat 4.161 117 3.744
Coal. gond. and hopper. 34.190 1,866 32,324
Other kinds 31.737 228 31.509
Total 108,000 3,830 104,170
The appended table shows tbe net surpluses of
equipment of various kinds on the dates mentioned:
1911. Total.
August 16 104.170
August 2 128,OSS
July 19 149,102
July 5 103,621
June 21 163,170
June 7 160.802
May 24 107.398
May 10 1S7.27S
April 26 1S7.000
April 12 1S5.053
March 29 194,887
March 15 207,261
March 1 189.841
February 15 173.667
February 1 155,068
January IS 119,S20
Jannary 4 106,924
A NEW SHAFT RECORD.
Reports from Globe, Arizona, indicate that a
new record for rapid shaft sinking has been set
for this country, if not for the world, says Mine
and Quarry.
During the 30 days elapsed between April 21
and May 21, the Live Oak Development Co. sunk
its No. 2 shaft vertically 205% feet and the miners
did their own timbering, in addition. This
is a double compartment shaft 5x4% feet in size.
Three shifts, of four men each, were worked per
24-hour day. All drilling was done with two
US 2Vi-inch Sullivan rock drills, driven by air furnished
by a class WB-2 straight line, two-stage,
Sullivan Air Compressor, with 16xl6-ineh steam
cylinders, and IS and llxl6-inch air cylinders.
Shafts have oeen sunk farther than this in
South Africa in 30 days' time, notably that of the
Van Ryn Deep in July and August. 1910, 279 feet.
This shaft was 20x7% feet in size, but was comparatively
fiat, being driven at an angle of only
22 degrees from the horizontal. This work was
done with six S^-inch drills.
From May 1 to May 31, the Live Oak shaft was
driven 183 feet.
RETAIL TRADE NOTES W
The Merchants' Weight Protective Association
has been organized at Omaha, Neb,, for the purpose
of assisting the city officials in enforcing
a new ordinance designed to insure the giving of
honest weights. The membership is composed
largely of coal men, most of the leading firms in
the local retail trade being represented, but dealers
in grain, builders' supplies and other commodities
are also interested. J. A. Sunderland
was elected president: A. L. Patterson, treasurer;
A. L. Havens and C. W. Hull, vice presidents.
Garret H. Levis suddenly disappeared on the 5th
inst. from Lansdowne, Pa., where he had been in
the coal business for 35 years, and has not been
heard from since. At a meeting of creditors last
week it was found that he owed over $15,000 to
wholesale companies and others and that his assets
were not of much value.
Dealers at Springfield, Mass., where the local
trade has long been in unsatisfactory shape, are
still selling at the April figures, but it is said
that an advance will be made September 1.
INDUSTRIAL NOTES
Electrical Mining for July is in the hands of its
readers and in addition to a complete description
of an Illinois mine that is equipped entirely wdth
Goodman machinery has a fund of other information
that will be of interest to the coal trade at
large.
Mine and Quarry for August is just from the
press and contains a number of articles relative
to mines and mining that are both interesting and
instructive.
The July-August Bulletin of the Ohio Brass Co.,
Mansfield, O., is just out, and as usual is full of
interesting information.

HYDRAULIC STOWAGE OF COAL
WASTES IN COAL MINES.
The British consul-general at Dusseldorf, Mr.
Koenig, in his annual report, gives some interesting
details on the subject of "Hydraulic Stowage
of Coal Wastes in Coal Mines," says the Colliery
Guardian. He says there is at present an everincreasing
interest in hydraulic stowing of coal
waste in the coal mines of Westphalia, and it is
considered likely that the majority of the coal
mines will sooner or later be compelled to adopt
the hydraulic stowing as already introduced by a
certain number of coal mining companies. The
general idea of the method is to fill the void made
in working with material carried by water from
the surface. The object of hydraulic stowing is:
1. To support the surface and prevent buildings
from cracking.
2. To allow of the working of the whole coal in
very thick seams, thus dispensing with coal pillars.
3. To prevent surface water from flooding the
workings.
4. To support the surface carrying roads and
railways which would otherwise sink in the natural
course of time.
5. It is maintained that hydraulic stowing prevents
fire by spontaneous ignition, thus causing
greater safety to the miners.
0. Hydraulic stowing is stated to be a saving
in Ihe timber used underground.
In olden times the main thing in coal mining was
to produce large quantities of coal and thus keep
down the cost per ton. Under government regulations
certain pillars of coal had to be left to support
railways and buildings. To-day the laws as
to surface damages are very strict and claims for
compensation are very frequent. The expenditure
under this heading has become very considerable,
so that in many cases hydraulic stowing
has become a necessity. It would appear that
under the new system of hydraulic stowing the
leaving of coal pillars as supports would, to a
large extent, become superfluous. The substitution
of a complete support is one of the burning
questions of the day, especially in the thickly populated
mining and industrial district of Westphalia,
where the value of landed property and buildings
has increased so enormously.
With regard to the materials used for hydraulic
stowing, the ideal material would appear to be
sand wherever immediately available. In many
cases, however, pit waste, blast furnace slag, and
ashes are used. The slag is reduced to a sandy
state, and in this form proves to be very good
stowing material. In Westphalia sand is not
always available and substitutes have to be found.
ground down, and well mixed before being flushed
down the pipes for stowing purposes. In the
Saarbrucken State mines the material used is
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
chiefly boiler ashes and furnace slag mixed with
brick clay. The storage there has proved so successful
that they have been able to win the pillars
of coal left to support the surface where formerly
surface damage had taken place. It is
said that in some cases in thick seams the loss of
coal under the old system, apart from safety pillars
left standing amounted to 40 to 50 per cent.,
which, it is proved, would be entirely obviated
under the new method. In many cases in Westphalia
the coal is being worked from under the
villages, and in some eases towns, where the damage
caused to the surface used to be very heavy;
the hydraulic system has been installed, and has
proved a great success, preventing further subsi
dence of the surface. It is generally considered
that hydraulic stowing does not prevent surface
damage entirely, but it has been proved to keep
down the claims caused by subsidence of the surface
to a minimum. In all cases hydraulic stowing
has been found a great improvement on the
old method, the coal output being increased, and
the costs experienced in the past from claims for
damages being vastly decreased.
With regard to the pipes used for hydraulic
stowing, steel or wrought iron is chiefly used, with
a cast iron, cast steel, or porcelain lining. The
diameter of the pipes averages about 7 inches. The
cast iron lining appears to be the one preferred,
and is less expensive than the porcelain lining.
With regard to the cost of hydraulic stowing it
appears to vary very much, according to the material
used in flushing. The cheapest material is
sand where it can be obtained on the spot, whereas
the most expensive material is that which has to
be ground down and mixed before it can be used.
The actual cost of hydraulic stowdng would appear
to be anything between 6d. and 1s. 6d. per ton of
coal.
When it is considered that under the old system
of work the loss of coal is in some cases some 40
to 50 per cent., and that the production in Germany
in 1909 amounted to 148,900.000 tons, of
which 85.000,000 tons, or nearly 60 per cent., was
produced in the mining board district of Dortmund,
and that Germany's total output in 1910
amounted to 153,000,000 tons, it would mean a dead
loss (taking 20 per cent, only as an average loss)
of coal left in the pit of about 30,000.000 tons in
one year, an enormous saving in national wealth
being possible in the adoption of the hydraulic
stowing system, which is so simple and inexpensive.
Assuming the production in the United
Kingdom to be at the very least 270,000,000 tons
per annum, there would be a saving of 54,000,000
tons per annum at least.
The advantages claimed in Westphalia are as
follow:
1. The increase of the total coal output per

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
annum owing to the advantages enumerated under
2 to 10.
2. The reduction under given circumstances in
the consumption of pit timber.
3. The effectual prevention of underground fires
and the great dangers connected therewith.
4. The favorable action against the dangers of
firedamp as all vacuities in or in direct communi­
cation with the goaf are filled.
."]. The possibility given of winning coal out
of lower seams without injuriously affecting those
above, and the consequently increased elasticity
as to disposition of work.
6. The remarkable and much-needed power of
concentration of the work, the increase of the pow­
ers of production, the reduction of forewinning
operations, an.i the facilities of bringing a new
winning rapidly into full production.
7. The reduction of losses in working the broken,
the saving to tbe nation of enormous quanti­
ties of mineral wealth, the winning of deposits
which were formerly considered lost, having to be
left as pillars.
8. A thorough securing of tbe surface against
damages through good execution of the work.
9. The reduction to a minimum of the danger of
life and limb in the falling of stone and coal.
10. The great advantage of the system is that
it brings with it no new dangers, and that it obvi­
ates many dangers and accidents.
There is no doubt that hydraulic stowing has
proved successful in Westphalia, and is extending.
As by degrees experience is being gathered, new
installations are being erected. Where stowing
has been practiced, it has greatly reduced the
claims for damages to buildings. Tbe wear and
tear of the pipes depend largely upon the stowing
material available and the quality and quantity
of the water used.
It may safely be stated that hydraulic stowing
will spread extensively throughout this mining
district, and particularly so in cases where it is
a question of getting tbe coal under villages or
towns where the claims for damages are very
heavy, and wdien in some case the getting of the
coal would be practically impossible under the old
system.
The- Panish Coal Co. is expending about $75,000
on the erection of three large washeries in Wilkes-
Barre, Pa. Two of these are nearing completion
at the Buttonwood. alongside of the Buttonwood
colliery, and the foundation for the third has been
laid near the Parrish collier.v. Frank B. Davenport
drew the plans for the washeries. They are
being erected by the Wheeler & Reilly Construction
Co. The washeries are being supplied with
all of the most modern mining apparatus, and
will have a number of new inventions for washing
out the culm.
COAL IN CALIFORNIA IN 1910.
California's iiroduction of coal in 1910 was 11.164
short tons, with a spot value of $1S,336, accord­
ing to E. W. Parker, of the United States Geological
Survey.
In 1909 California showed the largest percentage
of increase among the coal producing states. In
191(1 it showed the largest percentage of decrease.
Both changes were due to fluctuations in the operations
of the Stone Canyon Consolidated Coal Co.,
in .Monterey county. For two years preceding
1909 this company had expended large amounts
of money in developing its property and in building
a 25-mile railroad to connect its mine with the
Southern Pacific railroad. Unfortunately unforeseen
difficulties were encountered, and one misfortune
followed another until the resources of
the company were exhausted and as it was unable
to procure additional capital a receiver was ap­
pointed and work was suspended in October, 1909.
In the nine months from January to September of
that year the Stone Canyon mines had produced
75 per cent, of the state's output for the entire
year. Xo coal was produced at this mine in
1910 and the iiroduction for the state decreased
about 75 per cent.
All of the coal produced in 1911) came from
Amador and Riverside counties, principally from
the lone mine in Amador county. This coal is
lignite. The Stone Canyon coal is a non-coking
bituminous coal of good quality and should make
an excellent domestic fuel. It stands exposure
well and wilh favorable freight rates would compete
successfully with foreign coals in the markets
of San Francisco and other cities of the state.
BIG COAL DEPOSIT DISCOVERED?
Edwin Perry, secretary-treasurer of the l'uited
.Mine Workers, who recently returned to headquarters
in Indianapolis from the Northwest,
heard glowing accounts, at Fernie, Canada, of the
• mountain" of coal that was discovered not long
ago in Canada, near Corbin, about 40 miles north
of the Montana line.
Mr. Perry did not have an opportunity to visit
the deposit of coal, which is more in the nature
of a mountain than an ordinary mine, but was
told about it by the officials of the mine workers.
He was told that there are about 10,000,000 tons
of loose coal in sight, and that it is estimated
there are 70,000,000 tons in the deposit, which is
covered by about one foot of soil and is in the
form of a mountain. It was said that a drill was
sunk 1,000 feet without reaching the bottom of the
coal.
T. Riley Huffman and others have sold to J. V.
Tnompson, of Uniontown, Pa., 363 acres of coal
in Greene county. Pa., for $95,162.71.

:
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
THE MAKING OF A PRACTICAL MINER-
By W. M. Hart, Fire Boss at Salem Mine Keystone Coal &. Coke Company.
When my subject was proposed for discussion
before this Institute it may have been thought
by some to be of a trivial character, but to those
who have given it serious thought, it is a matter
of great importance to the mining interests, not
only at the present time, but for the future.
The year that has just passed has wrought a
very radical change in tne general character of
the miner—especially in this section of the Pennsylvania
coal field—from the fact that thousands
of men, strong and vigorous of body have become
miners as a means of earning a livelihood, but
who are destitute of all knowledge relating to the
science of mining. The question has naturally
arisen—and in a very pressing manner—as to the
best methods to be employed by those having
charge of the mines in taking this raw material
aud moulding it into capable, self-reliant, trustworthy
miners—miners who can be trusted to
guard against the many dangers that are common
in and about every mine.
Tlie great majority of these men are natives of
Southern Europe, and are as ignorant of the
English language as they are of the necessary
knowledge that should be possessed by a skilled.
practical miner. Only those who have been called
upon to watch over and instruct these men can
form the faintest idea of the difficulties that have
to be met with and overcome. The man who is
engaged in
THIS TASK OF INSTRUCTION
has reason to congratulate himself if he meets
with but a moderate degree of success; for to
meet with entire success a man would have to
possess the hand and the rod of a despot and the
heart and patience of an angel of wisdom and
understanding.
Accidents to life and limb will, no doubt, always
occur wherever mining is engaged in, even
among experienced and well trained men; therefore,
it is an obvious fact that unless these newrecruits
are carefully watched and properly instructed,
and a constant vigilance is exercised, the
list of casualties will be greatly increased. That
deplorable state of affairs can only be obviated in
one way, and that is by the officials of each mine
making an earnest effort to see that these men
get the proper instruction in the methods of mining,
timbering, the handling of explosives, the
care of lamps, the requirement^ of the law, and the
numberless other things which it is necessary for
him to know before he can qualify as an efficient
miner. The man who undertakes the instruction
of a number of these men must, from the very
"Paper read before the Keystone Mining Institute. Greensburs.
Pa.. August 3, 1911.
start, consider the unchangeable fact that each
separate individual is a sepaiate proposition. No
two men are built exactly alike in temperament or
,.imposition; and the teacher will gain much, and
meet greater success, if he studies the tendencies
ol bis pupil. Of coins, he labors under the disadvantage
ot not being able to speak in all the
various languages anti dialects with which he
comes in contact, but by signs, pantomime and
actual demonstration, he can generally
MAKE HIMSELF UNPEKSTOOD
in regard to undermining coal, taking down dangeious
rock or roof, setting posts, preparing a
blast, the proper handling and use of a safetylamp,
and such other duties as complete the routine
of a miner's day's labor.
The law should be taught him in his own language,
through an interpreter, in as plain and
comprehensive a manner as is possible; and he
should be clearly impressed with the fact that the
law was put in force for his own safety as well
as that of others, and that punishment will quickly
and certainly follow any violation of it.
It is a comparatively light task to teach a certain
portion of these men. Those who are conscious
of their lack of mining knowledge and are
ready and willing to learn, learn quickly, and
take up every suggestion, observing closely when
being shown, and making an earnest effort to'obey
every order coming from the proper source.
The instructor here meets with a difficulty that
is hard to overcome in teaching his pupil how to
protect himself from injury, from loose rock, slate,
etc., by taking it down. By repeated warnings
and continually reminding him of the danger from
overhanging rock or roof, he instills a fear into
the heart of his pupil for everything that is over
his head; and through this fear the man is unfitted
to be placed on rib or pillar work, from the fact
that his fear will prevent him from being a capable
man to withdraw- timber and make a fall in
the proper manner. Through his fear he will also
stand up on his loose coal, and dig down slate
that is not in anyway dangerous, and will mix
it up with his coal in such a manner that, by the
feeble
LIGHT OF Ills SAFETY LAMP
he is unable to separate it. Consequently, he
sends out dirty and unmarketable coal, and
through this becomes a detriment to all parties
concerned. Therefore, it wdll be readily seen, the
instructor in gaining one point may defeat himself
in two other very important ones.
When these men enter a mine for the purpose
of earning a livelihood they open their eyes on a
new world. Everything is entirely new to both

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
their head and their hands. They do not lack
brawn or muscle, for they have grown to manhood
on the skirmish-line for bread in their native
lands; but a coal mine, and everything connected
witli it, is a revelation, and their untrained eyes
and ears fail to detect the many hidden dangers
that are met with in every mine. They see no
special danger, except the general one of going
underground and working with thousands of tons
of rock above their heads, and they have no knowledge
of telling whether it is liable to fall or not.
Therefore, these men must, of necessity, start at
the very A, B, C of mining knowledge. They are
living, human machines, having the power anil
willingness to perform the arduous duties of a
miner, but their force and efforts must be guided
in the proper direction; for their own unaided
efforts will be futile and may end in accident or
death.
Here is where the duties of an instructor or
teacher come in; and this matter grows to serious
proportions when we consider how few there are
who are capable and fitted in every way for these
instructors. The most successful teacher, and
the one who would secure the best results all along
this line of instruction, is at the present time
somewhat of a rarity. We speak of the old time
practical miner, who has an education which is
not named nor classified. He secured his diploma
through a life-long scholarship in the school of
real experience. Starting in boyhood, generally
under the eye of his father or elder brother, his
hand has acquired a skill, and his eye and ear
have become so trained, that it is a second nature
with him to
DETECT MANY OF THE DANGERS
that surround him. He did not secure this education
in any shrine of art nor temple of learning.
He does not recognize it by any Greek or Latin
term. It cannot be calculated by any mathematical
equation. Its boundary cannot be determined
by any lines of geometry or of trigonometry. It
is a wealth of which he is unconscious, from the
fact that it has actually been rubbed into his system
through years of constant application. By
lightly tapping an overhanging rock his ear will
instantly note wnether it be safe or unsafe; and
his eye will tell him, by its position and surroundings,
whether it should be taken down or
not. He can tell at a glance whether a place has
sufficient timber set or not, and will note whether
they are properly set or not. His eye will search
out a cutter or water slip in the slate or roof
which may be the cause of immediate danger and
which would pass unnoticed by an untrained man.
From conditions surrounding him he would realize
the probability of fire-damp collecting in some
portion of the mine, and the first law of nature,
which is self-preservation, would urge him to form
some plan to lessen the danger caused thereby.
Though a man may have the faculty of detecting
and avoiding many of the dangers which beset tbe
miner, and may be well schooled in all the details
of the best known methods of mining, there are
other attributes which he must possess before he
can be a successful, efficient teacher among these
gi own-up pupils. These men are fully developed
human machines. Their form and muscle and
strength and moral character are already moulded.
Therefore it is a subtle knowledge which the
teacher must try to impart. He cannot improve
on the mechanism or character of the machine,
but he must bend his efforts to utilize the force or
power which he has to get the best results for all
parties from it. His pupil wants to learn, for
ne well knows tnat the
.MORE SKILLFUL HE BECOMES
tbe better will he be able to earn more money.
His employer wants him to learn, for he is not a
source of profit until he is able to mine his coal
properly and to furnish a clean, marketable product,
as well as to make proper use of material
furnished him; and until he is a practical, reliable
miner there is the ever-present danger of
an accident occurring through his ignorance. This
frequently happens in spite of the laws and rules
and safety devices that have been installed—dangers
that could not be foreseen and provided for
unless the miner himself had sufficient mining
knowledge to secure his own safety.
The legislature of this state and the different
coal companies of this section have been liberal,
and have spent large sums of money to promote
the health and safety of the miner, yet accidents
are numerous. The law of common humanity
impels us all to deplore this fact, and the same
law urges us to use every means within our reach
to lessen the list of casualties.
The man who undertakes the instruction of these
raw recruits must possess his soul in patience;
for it is certainly a trying undertaking to show
and explain and demonstrate every feature of mining
coal down to the very simplest details, all the
various duties of a miner, and the best method of
performing each duty, keeping the law and safety
in sight at all times.
Where it can be done, the beginner should be
placed at work with a man who has had at least
some experience as a miner; but here we meet
with our first difficulty, as the more experienced
man objects to working with a man who is not
able to do his
HALF OF THE WORK,
and who yet expects to receive the half of the
money which they both earn. We do not wonder
at this, as the law of fair play teaches that only
an equal division of labor will justify an equal
division of reward: therefore, this plan cannot
always be followed.
The next best plan is to put two of them to-

gether in the safest place that can be secured, and
a careful watch kept over them by some experienced
person to look to their safety and to instruct
them as to the proper methods of procedure
in every part of mining. This instructor may he
the mine foreman or his assistant, the fire-boss or
shot-firer, or a man specially employed for that
purpose. Great pains should be taken that they
learn to perform all the various duties in the
safest and most approved manner.
The instructor should take a pick and by actual
demonstration show him the easiest, as well as the
most rapid and safest way to undercut his coal.
He should set up and show him the use of a
sprag under his coal.
He should show him where, and at what pitch,
to bore his hole for a blast to secure the best results.
He should teach him to handle all explosives
with great care.
He should set up a post properly for his instruction,
and endeavor to show him the proper
place to set a post.
He should teach him to distinguish, by the
sound, between a loose rock and a solid one.
He should show him the proper wa\ to lay the
rails in his road.
He should impress upon him an understanding of
EVERY FEATURE OF TIIE LAW.
as well as the rules and customs of the mine—in
regard to traveling ways, danger boards, signals,
etc.
He must teach him the proper use of his lamp,
and how to obtain the best illumination.
A safety lamp at its best is but an imperfect
light for the purpose of mining coal: hut it is
the safest and best that the genius of man has
been able to devise up to the present time, and
we are compelled to use it until we get a better
one; but it is only safe in a safe man's hands.
It is both heavy and cumbersome; and. if moving
about, must be held in one hand. As far as the
miner's work is concerned, he might just as well
have a lamp in ihe other hand: for he can neither
lift, shovel, sledge, dig nor drill, with one hand.
This forces him to hang his lamp up. It should
never be allowed to sit on the bottom while the
miner is at work: and it is not always convenient
to find a suitable place to hang a lamp where Its
rays will shine in that part of his working place
where he most needs the light.
The instructor who is called upon to teach, say
30 or 40 of these men at one time, will find that
if he is in earnest in the matter his time will be
fully occupied. His patience will be tried to the
utmost, and he will have a wide and fertile field
in which to discover whether he is easily discouraged
or not.
There are other duties which he may be called
upon to perform that are not calculated to stimu­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
late his pride. He may have to take one of these
grown-up children and lead him to some portion
of the mine and
SHOW HIM HOW VXD WHERE
be may attend to the calls of nature without polluting
air currents which must be breathed by
himself and other men. This is not a very dignified
office to fill. In fact, you can lay your dignity
entirely aside; but, nevertheless, here is a
fact wdiich must be borne in mind. The performance
of that humble duty is one of the items which
go toward the fulfillment of the law, which has
been enacted to "promote the health and welfare
of all persons employed in the mine."
With proper instruction, many of these men
will in time, become careful, efficient miners, will
perform their work in a neat, workmanlike manner,
getting the coal out clean and causing no
uncalled-for waste in material, and will be especially
desirable for rib and stump work, where a
careless, slovenly, wasteful, half-trained man will
cause untold loss.
Money spent on the instruction of these men
is a good investment; and the returns will come
through having miners who are capable of performing
their duties in the safest and most economical
way. both to themselves and to their employer.
No mine is safe, and no amount of care nor
expenditure of money wdll make it absolutely safe.
With all the law. all the safety appliances: with
the most experienced and brainy of men of the
mining world as officials, the immense sums of
money that are poured out yearly by the state
and the corporations to promote safety, yet in
the face of all these costly remedies, accidents are
numerous, and the measure of our success seems
small when compared with the mighty effort put
forth, in the war against accident and disaster.
The very nature of mining entails danger. The
overhanging rock or roof is a constant
MENACE TO I.TFE AXD LIVID.
The accumulation of fiery or noxious gases is
like a hair-hung sword over the miner's head.
The pitch or grade of tracks often necessitate the
rapid and hazardous running of trips. Ropes,
dillies, motors, shafts and machinery, are often
sources of danger, yet are necessary for the successful
operation of the mine; but the most prolific
source of danger in a mine is the miner himself.
We speak of the miner as a bodv; and in this
case, as well as in all other cases, the exception
onlv proves the rule.
Among these European recruits we find so many
phases of the human character, which are the
prime factors of accident: ignorance, carelessness.
curiositv, indiscretion, greed and drunkenness.
These are the elements of all human woe: and
in the mines are the fountainhead and the direct.

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
positive cause of the greater part of the unfortu­
nate happenings. The predominating cause is
ignorance; then how important it is that a deter­
mined effort be directed against this one baleful
cause of so much misery and loss of life and
property?
Instruction is the only known remedy for ignor­
ance. Then, most certainly, the proper course
to puisne is the spreading of knowledge, working
on the theory that "an ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure." By so doing, we may,
to a certain extent, overcome the deplorable re­
sults of all these frailties in the character of the
miner.
It is a rare instance wdiere the cause of an acci­
dent can be traced to any other source than the
miner himself, and many of these are due to the
lack of proper instruction. The disposition to
risk and take chances is born in humanity, but
seems to have gained an abnormal growth in the
miner, even where bis own life, or that of others.
is endangered: and some of these
ACTS ARE So FLAGRANT
that they take the form of suicide or wanton destruction.
Of course there are other causes which contribute
to the list of cansualties: but the greater
part of the list can be directly traced to the ele­
ments above named.
We arrive at this conclusion through a process
of elimination. The government and the state
perform their part to prevent accident by enacting
stringent laws, costly in their enforcement
and far-reaching and strict in their demands:
therefore, they are not responsible.
The government officials and the inspectors—
state and corporation—are men of integrity and
of proved ability, perform their duties in accordance
with the law and array their knowledge
against the causes of accident to life and limb.
We therefore erase their names from the list of
probable causes.
The corporations do not question the wisdom
nf the law. but stand ready to comply wdth every
demand of tne law in the interests of safety, re­
gardless of expense, in the way of new appliances
or methods, or the employment of more expert
knowledge in the operating of their mines. Therefore,
they are not one of the causes.
The superintendents are men of sound judg­
ment and executive ability, and their best efforts
are put forth to avoid accident and to continually
increase the degree of securilv for all employes
under their charges; they also are eliminated in
our search for the cause of accident.
The mine foremen, assistants and fire-bosses.
are men who have given satisfactory proof before
a board of competent examiners tbat thev have a
general knowledge of mining, of the varied dan­
gers of a mine, and of their ability to
AVERT THESE DANGERS
as far as it is possible for any human power to
avert them; therefore we strike these from the
list of probable causes.
If one of these officials, employed by either the
state or by the corporation, becomes delinquent in
tbe performance of duties the fact is soon known,
and he also is eliminated. He has fallen by the
sword of either the one or the other of the consuming
features that afflict humanity—ignorance,
carelessness, curiosity, greed or drunkenness;
but ignorance, the arch enemy of all enlightenment,
has more scalps hanging at his belt than
all other causes combined.
By this process of elimination we come back
to our original assertion—that the greatest peril
connected with mining is the miner himself.
Nearly all other contingencies can be provided
for to safeguard life and property; but knowledge
and instruction are the only weapons with which
we can ward off the calamities induced by ignor­
ance and its pernicious kindred.
Valiant strides are being made in the way of
first-aid and rescue corps; but in this commendable
work let us not lose sight of the fact that
if. through instruction, we can prevent a man
from getting injured we render him a greater
service than we can by being able to take care
of him by approved methods after the damage is
done.
It is small comfort to an injured man to tell
him that there is a fracture about the center of the
"femur" bone; for he will insist that his leg is
broken, and his mind is dwelling on the fact that
several pay days will pass before he will be able
to enter the mine again. With more complete
instruction this man might have been able to
AVOID THIS ACCIDENT,
as we feel assured that the service of instruction
among the miners is not keeping step with the
other great humane movements which are achieving
such grand results in the diffusion of knowl­
edge regarding first-aid and rescue work; but present
conditions naturally confine this instruction
tn the more intelligent class of working men.
Where instruction and knowledge is most needed
is in f he lower strata of the mining fraternity;
and the kind of instruction most needed cannot
be given through any text-book, nor testing station.
Ignorance prevents any good results through these
medium 1 --; therefore, the instructor must get down
and stand wdth his pupil in his own working place,
and point out the various dangers and how to avert
them
The instructor who can take a number of these
nieces of untempered metal and mould them into
careful, efficient miners is worthy of his hire, and
has just reasons for being proud of his work;
for, certainly, in the mining world, they are children
of his own creation.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
TEXT OF NEW BITUMINOUS MINING CODE OF PENNSYLVANIA
PASSED BY THE LEGISLATIVE SESSION OF 1911.
(CONTINUED FROM ISSUE OF AUGUST 15)
ARTICLE XXIII.
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Section 1. On or before the 25th day of January
in each year, the operator or the superintendent
of every mine shall send to the inspector
of the district a correct report, specifying with
respect to the year ending the 31st day of December,
preceding, the name of tlie operator and officers
of the mine, number of tons of coal mined,
number of tons of coke manufactured, number of
different employes classified, and the total number
of days worked during the year. The report
shall be in such form, and give such information
regarding the mine, as may be from time to time
required and prescribed by the Chief of the Department
of Mines.
The operator or the superintendent who fails to
comply with the provisions of this article shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
ARTICLE XXIV.
BOARDS TO EXAMINE APPLICANTS FOR CERTIFICATES OF
QUALIFICATION AS MINE FOREMEN. ASSISTANT
MINE FOREMEN AND FIRE BOSSES.
Section 1. On petition of the mine inspector,
the court of common pleas in any county in said
district shall appoint an examining board of three
persons, consisting of a mine inspector, a miner
and an operator or superintendent, which said
miner shall have had at least 10 years' practical
experience and be in actual practice in mines of
this Commonwealth, generating explosive gas, and
the members of said examining board shall be citizens
of this Commonwealth; and the persons so
appointed shall, after being duly organized, take
and subscribe before an officer authorized to administer
the same, the following oath, namely:
"We, the undersigned, do solemnly swear for
affirm) that we will perform the duties of examiners
of applicants for certificates of qualification
as mine foremen, assistant mine foremen, and fire
bosses; that we will not divulge, or make known
to any person, any question prepared for the examiners
or in any manner assist any applicant to
pass the examination, but will be governed by the
evidence of the qualifications of the applicants
to fill said positions and not by any consideration
of personal favor and that we will certify all
whom we may find qualified in accordance with
this act and none other."
Any member of any board of examiners who
shall divulge, or make known any question prepared
for an examination prior to such question
being handed to the applicant at the examination,
or in any manner assist any applicant to pass the
examination, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
Any vacancy that may occur in the
membership of the board shall be filled by the
court of common pleas, in accordance with the
provisions of this section.
The said board of examiners shall meet for the
purpose of holding examinations at the call of the
mine inspector, and at least two weeks' notice
of time and place where the examination will be
held shall be given.
Section 2. The members of the Boards of Examiners
appointed by the courts of common pleas.
with the inspectors in office, shall meet in the
city of Pittsburgh each year two weeks before
the time set for the examination of applicants,
for the purpose of discussing the general scope
of the theoretical and practical questions to be
given the applicants, and to adopt rules to govern
the examinations, and to decide any other important
matters pertaining to their duties, and said
boards shall select a committee of six of their
number comprising two inspectors, two miners,
and two operators, managers, or superintendents,
to formulate a code of questions to be used at the
next suceecding examinations. The said committee
shall select one of their members as chairman
and one as secretary. The questions prepared
by the said committee shall be printed under
the personal direction of the chairman and the
secretary of the committee and sent by them by
express in sealed packages, each package containing
a set of questions for each session to the
chairman of each Board of Examiners, who shall
break the seal and open the package at the commencement
of each session, in the presence of the
other members of the board.
After the examinations of applicants are over,
and before the several boards meet to examine the
papers of the applicants, the said committee of
six shall meet again to prepare answers for the
questions propounded; and these answers shall
be sent to the chairman of each board to be used
in rating the value of the answers given by the
applicants. While preparing answers to the questions,
the committee is hereby authorized to engage
the services of a clerk, who shall be a stenographer
and whose compensation and mileage
shall be the same as that of the members of the
committee.
Section 3. Each member of each board shall
receive $6 a day for each day actually employed,
not exceeding 20 days in all. and mileage at the
rate of 2% cents a mile for each mile necessarily
traveled in going from his home to the place of

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
meeting and return, by the shortest practicable
railway route: Provided, that, the mileage shall
be paid but once for each continuous session of
the board. By a continuous session is meant a
session of not less than four days in each week:
Provided, further, that the committee of six shall
each receive additional compensation at the rate
of $6 a day for the time spent in preparing the
questions and answers. Each member shall also
be reimbursed for all other necessary expenses
incurred by him in discharge of his duties.
Each Board of Examiners is hereby authorized to
employ the services of a clerk, wdio shall be a
stenographer, and whose compensation and rate of
mileage shall be the same as that of the members
of the board. The clerk of each board shall, on
final adjournment, send to the Chief of the Department
of Mines properly attested vouchers for compensation
and expenses of each member of the
board, and also a voucher covering his own compensation
and expenses, which vouchers shall be
first approved by the chairman and the secretary
of the board. The Chief of the Department of
Mines shall then approve said vouchers and transmit
them to the Auditor General, who shall issue
a warrant for their payment to the State Treasurer.
Section 4. Applicants must appear before the
Board of Examiners of which the inspector of the
inspection district in which they reside is a member.
All persons who desire to attend the examination
shall notify the chairman of the board of
their intention, if possible, not less than six days
prior to the day set for the examination. The
boards shall inquire into the character and qualifications
of applicants who present themselves for
examination.
Applicants for certificates of qualification as
mine foremen and assistant mine foremen shall be
citizens of the Fnited States, of good moral character
and of known temperate habits, at least 23
years of age, and shall have had at least five years'
practical experience, after 16 years of age, as miners
or mining engineers, or men of general work
inside of the mines of Pennsylvania. Applicants
for certificates of qualification as fire bosses shall
be citizens of the Fnited States, of good moral
character and of known temperate habits, at least
23 years of age and shall have had at least five
years' practical experience, after 16 vears of age,
as miners or men of general work, and shall have
had experience in mines in Pennsylvania that generate
explosive gas.
All applicants shall be able to read and write
the English language intelligently, and shall furnish
the board with certificates as to their character
and temperate habits, which certificates shall
also show the length of service In the different
mines.
Certificates of qualification as mine foremen
shall be of two grades, namely: Certificates of
first grade shall be granted to persons who have
given to the Board of Examiners satisfactory evidence
of their ability to perform the duties of
mine foremen in gaseous mines, and who shall
have received an average of at least 80 per centum
in the examination. Certificates of second grade
shall be granted to persons who have given to
the Board of Examiners satisfactory evidence of
their ability to perform the duties of mine foremen
in non-gaseous mines, and who shall have
received an average of at least SO per centum in
the examination.
Certificates of qualification as assistant mine
foremen shall be granted to persons who have
given to the Board of Examiners satisfactory evi
dence of their ability to perform the duties of assistant
mine foremen in gaseous mines, and who
shall have received an average of at least 70 per
centum in the examination.
All applicants for certificates as mine foremen
and assistant mine foremen in gaseous mines must
also undergo an oral examination in the presence
of explosive gas.
Certificates of qualification as fire bosses shall
be granted to persons who have given to the
Board of Examiners satisfactory evidence of their
ability to perforin the duties of fire bosses in
gaseous mines, and who shall have received an
average of at least 65 per centum in the examination
and shall also have undergone an oral examination
in the presence of explosive gas.
Section 5. Before examination, each applicant
for a certificate of qualification as mine foreman,
assistant mine foreman, or fire boss, shall pay to
the Board of Examiners the sum of $1, and, if
successful, $2 additional for a certificate. Ail
money received by the Board of Examiners for
examination fees and certificates shall be transmitted
to tbe Chief of the Department of Mines,
who shall pay the same into the State Treasury.
less the cost of issuing and recording certificates.
Section 6. Each Board of Examiners, or at
least two members thereof, shall certify to the
Chief of the Department of Mines, on forms furnished
by him, every person whose examination
shall disclose his fitness for the duties of mine
foreman, assistant mine foreman, or fire boss, as
above classified, and the Chief of the Department
of Mines shall then prepare certificates of qualification
for the successful applicants and send them
to the chairman of the board for distribution.
Each certificate shall contain the full name, age,
and place of birth of applicant, and also the length
aud nature of his previous service in or about the
mines. The certificate shall be in manner and
form as prescribed by the Chief of the Department
of Mines.

Section 7. Each Board of Examiners shall send
to the Chief of the Department of Mines the answers
and ail other papers of the applicants, together
with the tally sheets, and a list of the questions
and answers, as prepared by the committee
selected by the boards, which shall be filed in the
Department of Mines as public documents.
Section 8. Certificates of service, that shall have
the same effect, for the purposes of this act, as
certificates of qualification, shall be granted by the
Chief of the Department of Mines on the reports
of the Boards of Examiners to all persons who are
acting as assistant mine foremen in gaseous mines
when this act becomes effective. Certificates of
service shall be in manner and form as prescribed
by the Chief of the Department of Mines, and
shall contain tb.e full name, age, and place oi
birth, of applicant and also the length and nature
of his previous service in or about the mines. Applicants
for certificates of service shall pay to the
board the sum of $2. which shall be transmitted
to the Chief of the Department of Mines.
Section 9. It shall be unlawful for any operator,
manager, or superintendent, to employ as mine
foreman, in any mine, or as assistant mine foreman
in any gaseous mine, any person who has not
obtained the proper certificate of qualification or
service required by this act: Provided, that all
persons holding certificates of qualification as mine
foremen, granted under the provisions of the act
of Mav 15, 1893, may continue to serve, and. provided,
further, that any person acting as mine
foreman by virtue ot holding a certificate of service,
granted previous to the passage of the act of
May 15. 1893, may continue to serve at any mine
where the general conditions affecting the health
and safety of the persons employed do not differ
materially from those at the mine in which he
was employed wiien said certificate was granted,
which question shall be decided by the inspector of
the district, and it shall be unlawful for any operator,
manager, superintendent, or mine foreman,
to employ as fire boss, any person who has not obtained
the proper certificate of qualification required
by this act: Provided, that all persons
holding certificates of qualification as fire bosses,
granted under the provisions of the act of May
15, 1893, may continue to serve.
Section 10. If any person shall forge or counterfeit
a certificate, or knowingly make or cause
to be made any false statement in any certificate
issued under this act, or any previous act. or in
any copy thereof, or shall make use of such forged
or false certificate, or copy thereof, or shall make
use of any false declaration, representation or
statement, in any such certificate, or copy thereof,
or any document containing the same, he shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and. upon conviction
thereof, shall be fined not less than $200,
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
nor more than $500 or imprisoned for a term not
exceeding one year, or both, at the discretion of
the court.
Section 11. In case of the loss or destruction
of a certificate, the Chief of the Department of
Mines shall issue a copy thereof to the person losing
said certificate on payment of the sum of $1:
Provided, that it shall be shown to the satisfaction
of the Chief of the Department of Mines that
the loss or destruction has actually occurred.
Section 12. Nothing in this article shall prevent
a first grade mine foreman from acting as
assistant mine foreman in any mine, or a second
grade mine foreman from acting as assistant mine
foreman in a non-gaseous mine.
ARTICLE XXV.
RUT.ES SPECIAL RULES DUTIES OF MINER.
Rule 1. The miner shall examine his working
place before beginning work and take down all
dangerous slate or otherwise make it safe by properly
timbering it before commencing to mine or
load coal. He shall examine his place to see
whether the fire boss has left the date marks indicating
his examination thereof, and, if said marks
cannot be found, it shall be the duty of the miner
to notify the mine foreman or the assistant mine
foreman of the fact. The miner shall at all
times be careful to keep his working place in a
safe condition during working hours.
Should he, at any time, find his place becoming
dangerous from gas, or roof, or from any unusual
condition that may arise, he shall at once cease
working and inform the mine foreman or the assistant
mine foreman of said danger, but, before
leaving his place, he shall put some plain warning
across the entrance thereto to warn others
against entering into danger.
It shall be the duty of the miner to mine his
coal properly before blasting and to set sprags
under the coal while undermining to secure it
from falling. After each blast he shall exercise
care in examining the roof and coal and shall
secure them safely before beginning to work.
He shall order all props, cap pieces, and all other
timbers necessary, at least one day in advance of
needing them, as provided for in the rules of the
mine. If he fails to receive said timbers and
finds his place unsafe, he shall vacate it until the
necessary timbers are supplied.
Under no condition shall the miner use coal
dust, or any other combustible material, for tamping
in any gaseous mine.
When places are liable to generate sudden outbursts
of explosive gas, no miner shall be allowed
to charge or fire shots, except under the supervision,
and with the consent of the mine foreman,
or the assistant mine foreman, or some other competent
person designated by the mine foreman for
that purpose.

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The miner shall remain during working hours
in the working place assigned to him by the mine
foreman or the assistant mine foreman, and he
shall not leave his working place for another working
place without the permission of the mine foreman,
assistant mine foreman, or fire boss, and he
shall not wander about the hauling roads or enter
abandoned or idle workings.
DUTIES OF DRIVER.
Rule 2. When a driver has occasion to leave
his trip, he must be careful to see that it is left,
when possible, in a safe place, secure from cars
or other dangers, and where it will not endanger
the driver of other trips or other persons.
He must take care, while taking his trip down
grade, to have the brakes or sprags so adjusted
that he can keep the cars under control and prevent
them from running over himself or others.
He shall not leave any cars standing where they
may materially obstruct the ventilating current,
except in case of accident, which he shall promptly
report to the mine foreman or assistant mine foreman.
He shall not allow any person to ride on loaded
mine cars. He shall not allow any person to
drive his horses or mules in his stead. When it
is his duty to open a door, for the purpose of
passing his trip through, he shall see that the
door is immediately closed thereafter.
DUTIES OF TRIP RIDER.
Rule 3. The trip rider shall exercise care in
seeing that all hitehings are safe for use and that
all the trip is coupled before starting, and should
he at any time see any material defect in the rope,
link, or chain, he shall immediately remedy said
defect, or, if he is unable to do so. he shall detain
the trip and report the matter to the mine foreman
or assistant mine foreman. He shall not
allow any person to ride on the full trip. He shall
not allow any person to ride on the empty trip,
except by the authority of the mine foreman, and
the speed shall not exceed six miles an hour.
DUTIES OF HOISTING ENGINEER.
Rule 4. Tt shall be the duty of the engineer,
who shall be a sober, competent, person, over 21
years of age, to keep a careful watch over his
engine, and all machinery under his charge, and to
see that the steam pressure does not exceed, at any
time, the limit allowed by the superintendent.
He shall make himself acquainted with the signal
codes provided for in this act.
He shall not allow any unauthorized person to
enter the engine house, nor shall he allow any person
to handle or run the engine without the permission
of the superintendent.
When workmen are being lowered or raised he
shall take special precautions to keep the engine
well under control.
DUTIES OF MOTORMAN AM) LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER.
Rule 5. The motorman or locomotive engineer
shall keep a sharp lookout ahead and sound the
whistle or alarm bell frequently when coining near
the parting switches or landings, and shall not
exceed the speed allowed by the mine foreman.
He shall see that the motors, cables, and controlling
parts, are kept clean and in a safe operating
condition, and that the headlight is burning
properly when the locomotive is in motion. He
shall not allow any person, except his attendant,
to ride on the locomotive or on the full cars.
DUTIES OF FIREMAN.
Rule 6. Every fireman in charge of a boiler or
boilers, for the generation of steam, shall keep
a careful watch over the same. He shall see that
the steam pressure does not. at any time, exceed
the limit allowed by the superintendent; he shall
frequently try the safety valve and shall not increase
the weight on the same; he shall maintain
a proper depth of water in each boiler and if anything
should happen to prevent this he shall report
it without delay to the superintendent or other
person designated by the superintendent and take
such other action as may under the circumstances
be necessary for the protection of life and the
preservation of property.
DUTIES OF FAN ENGINEER.
Rule 7. The engineer in charge of the ventilating
fan at a mine shall keep it running at such
speed as the mine foreman shall direct, in writing.
He shall report promptly to the mine foreman
or assistant mine foreman any defect in the pressure
gauge, and, in case of accident to the boiler
or fan machinery, he shall immediately notify the
mine foreman or the assistant mine foreman. If
only ordinary repairs of the fan or machinery
become necessary, he shall await the instructions
of the mine foreman or assistant mine foreman
before stopping the fan. Should it become impossible
to run the fan or become necessary to stop
it to prevent its destruction, he shall notify at
once the superintendent or mine foreman, who
shall give immediate warning to the persons in
the mine.
DUTIES OF FURNACEMAN.
Rule 8. The furnaceman shall be over 18 years
of age and shall attend to his duties with regularity
and in case it is necessary for him to be
off duty, for any reason whatever, he shall give
timely notice to the mine foreman.
The furnaceman shall, at all times, keep a clear
brisk fire and the fire must not be smothered with
coal or slack during working hours, and he shall
not allow ashes to accumulate excessively on or
under the bars, or in the approaches to the furnace,
and ashes shall be cooled before being removed.

DUTIES OF HOOKER-ON.
Rule 9. The hooker-on at the bottom of any
slope shall be over 18 years of age and shall be
very careful to see that the cars are properly
coupled to a rope or chain, and that the safety
catch or other device is properly attached to the
rear car before giving the signal to the engineer.
He shall not allow any person to ride up the slope
on the full trips other than the trip rider.
DUTIES OF CAGER.
Rule 10. The eager at the bottom of any shaft
shall be over IS years of age. He shall not attempt
to withdraw the car until the cage comes to
a rest, and, when putting the full car on the cage,
he must be very careful to see that the springs or
catches are properly adjusted so as to keep the
car in its proper place before giving the signal to
the engineer.
DUTIES OF FOOTMAN.
Rule 11. At every shaft or slope, where persons
are lowered into or hoisted from the mine,
a footman (who shall be over 21 years of age)
shall be designated by the mine foreman. He
shall be at his proper place from the time that
persons begin to descend until all persons who may
be at the bottom of said shaft or slope when quitting
work at the end of the day shall be hoisted.
The footman shall personally attend to the signals
and see that the provisions of this act, in respect
to hoisting persons in shafts or slopes, are complied
with.
The footman shall not allow any tools to be
placed on the same cage with men or boys, or on
either cage, when they are being hoisted out of
the mine, except for the purpose of repairing the
shaft or machinery therein. The men shall place
their tools in cars provided for that purpose, which
cars shall be hoisted before or after the men have
been hoisted. He shall see that no driver or other
person ascends the shaft with any horse or mule,
unless the said horse or mule is secured in a suitable
box or safely penned, and only the driver in
charge of said horse or mule shall accompany it
in any case. The footman shall immediately inform
the mine foreman of any violation of this
rule or of general rule 15.
DUTIES OF TOPMAN.
Rule 12. At every shaft or slope where persons
are lowered into or hoisted from the mine, a topman
or trip rider (who shall be over 21 years of
age) shall be designated by the superintendent or
mine foreman. He shall be at his proper place
from the time that persons begin to descend until
all the persons who may be at the bottom of the
shaft or slope when quitting work at the end of
the day shall be hoisted. The topman or triprider
shall personally attend to the signals and
see that the provisions of this act, in respect to
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
lowering persons in shafts or slopes, are complied
with.
The topman shall not allow any tools to be
placed on the same cage with men or boys, or on
either cage, when persons are being lowered into
the mine, except for the purpose of repairing the
shaft or the machinery therein. The men shall
place their tools in cars provided for that purpose,
which cars shall be lowered before or after the
men have been lowered.
He shall also see that no driver or other person
descends the shaft with any horse or mule unless
the said horse or mule is secured in a suitable
box or safely penned and only the driver in charge
of said horse or mule shall accompany it in any
ease.
The topman of a slope or incline plane shall be
careful to close the safety block or other device as
soon as the cars have reached the landing, in
order to prevent any loose or runaway cars from
descending the slope or incline plane, and, in no
case, shall said safety block or other device be
withdrawn until the cars are coupled to the rope
or chain and the proper signal given. He shall
carefully inspect each day all the machinery in
and about the check house and the rope used follow
ering the coal and shall promptly report to
the superintendent any defect discovered and shall
use care in attaching securely the cars to the rope
and in lowering them down the incline. He shall
ring the alarm bell in case ot accident, and, when
necessary, immediately set free to act the drop logs
or safety switch.
The topman of a shaft shall see that the springs,
or keeps, for the cage to rest upon, arc kept in
good working order, and, when taking the full car
off, he must be careful that no coal or other material
is allowed to fall down the shaft.
It shall be the duty of the topman to report to
the superintendent any violation of general rule
15 of this article.
GENERAL RULES.
Rule 1. No unauthorized person shall enter the
mine without permission from the superintendent.
Rule 2. No person in a state of intoxication
shall be allowed to go into or loiter about the mine.
Rule 3. No person shall be employed to blast
coal, rock or slate, unless the mine foreman is
satisfied that he is qualified by experience to perform
the work with ordinary care.
Rule 4. No inexperienced person shall be employed
to mine out pillars, unless in company with
one or more experienced miners.
Rule 5. Every workman employed in the mine
shall examine his working place before commencing
work, and, after any stoppage of work during
the shift, he shall repeat such examination.
Rule 6. Every workman, when first employed,
shall have his attention directed by the mine fore-

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
man or his assistant to the general and special
rules contained in this act. Said rules shall be
posted at a conspicuous place at or near the main
entrance to the mine and shall be printed in the
various languages of the employes.
Rule 7. All employes shall notify the mine
foreman or the assistant mine foreman of the unsafe
condition of any working place, hauling roads,
or travelingways, or of damage to doors, brattices,
or stopping's, or of obstructions in the air passages,
when said conditions are known to them.
Rule S. No person shall be allowed to travel
on foot to and from his work on any hoisting
slope, incline plane, dilly, or locomotive road, unless
no other roads are provided for that purpose.
Rule 9. No person shall ride upon, or against,
any loaded car or cage, in any shaft, or slope, in
any mine. No person, other than the trip rider,
shall be permitted to ride on empty trips, on any
slope, incline plane, or dilly road, except as provided
for in other sections of this act.
Rule 10. No person, other than the driver or
trip rider, shall be allowed to ride on the full cars.
Rule 11. Any person who shall deface, pull
down, or destroy, any notice board, danger signal,
general or special rules, record books, or mining
laws, shall be prosecuted by the superintendent
on notice given by the mine foreman or obtained
from other sources as provided for in section 2
of article 26 of this act.
Rule 12. All persons are forbidden to meddle,
or tamper in any way, with any electric or signal
wires or any other equipment in or about the mine.
Rule 13. No powder or high explosive shall be
taken into the mine at one time by any one person
in greater quantities than is required for use
in one shift and ihe quantity shall never exceed
five pounds, except as provided for in article 16
section 1. All powder shall be carried into the
mine in metallic cans or canisters or in receptacles
of equally safe material.
Rule 14. No explosive shall be stored in any
tipple or weighing office and no naked lights shall
be used while the attendant is weighing and giving
out explosives.
Rule 15. No greater number of persons shall be
lowered or hoisted at any one time in any shaft
or slope than is permitted by the inspector and
whenever the said number of persons returning
from work shall arrive at the bottom of the shaft
or slope, in which persons are regularly hoisted or
lowered, they shall be promptly furnished with an
empty cage or car and be hoisted to the surface,
and, in cases of emergency, a less number than the
permitted number shall be promptly hoisted.
Any person crowding or pushing to get on or
off the cage or car, thereby endangering life, shall
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and the super
intendent shall discharge or prosecute him in ac­
cordance with section 2 of article 26 of this act,
when the matter is reported to him by the topman
or footman.
Rule 16. No safety lamp shall be entrusted to
any person for use in a mine until said person has
given satisfactory evidence to the mine foreman
that he understands the proper use thereof and
the danger of tampering with the same.
Rule 17. No one, except a person duly authorized
by the mine foreman, shall have in his possession
a key or other instrument for the purpose of
unlocking any safety lamp in any mine where
locked safety lamps are used. Other persons than
tnose duly authorized by the mine foreman, having
keys or other instruments for the opening or safety
lamps, shall be prosecuted by the superintendent
in accordance with section 2 of article 26 of this
act.
Rule 18. In the cutting of clay veins, spars, or
faults, entries or other narrow workings, going
into the solid coal in mines wherein explosive gas
is generated in dangerous quantities, a bore hole
shall be kept not less than three feet in advance
of the face of the work or three feet in advance
of any shot hole drilled for a blast to be fired in.
Rule 19. An accumulation of gas in a mine shall
not be removed by brushing, or when persons in
the mine may be endangered thereby.
Rule 20. When gas is ignited by a blast, or
otherwise, the person having charge of the place
where the said gas is ignited, shall immediately
extinguish it, if possible, and, if unable to do so,
he shall immediately notify the mine foreman or
the assistant mine foreman of the fact. Miners
must see that no gas blowers are left burning upon
leaving their working places. It shall be the
duty of the superintendent to notify the inspector
of any violation of this rule, and the inspector
shall then prosecute, as provided for in section 2
of article 26 of this act.
Rule 21. When a miner or shot-firer is about
to fire a blast he shall be careful to notify all persons
who may be endangered thereby and shall
give sufficient alarm so that any person approaching
may be warned of the danger.
Rule 22. Whenever a miner or shot-firer shall
open a box containing powder, or other explosives,
or while in any manner handling the same, he
shall first place his lamp not less than five feet
from such explosive and in such a position that the
air current cannot convey sparks to the explosive
and he shall not smoke while handling explosives.
Rule 23. In charging and tamping a hole for
blasting, no person shall use any iron or steel
needle. The charger or tamping bar shall be of
wood or tipped with copper.
Rule 24. No explosive shall be forcibly pressed
into a hole that is of insufficient size, and, when a
hole has been charged, the explosive shall not be
taken out and no hole shall be bored for blasting

at a distance of less than 12 inches from any hole
when the charge has misfired.
Rule 25. In gaseous mines, shot-firers or other
persons charging holes for blasting shall use incombustible
material for tamping. All holes before
being fired shall be solidly tamped the full
length of the hole. Any person who violates this
rule shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
Rule 20. Every abandoned slope, shaft, air hole,
or drift, shall, when so abandoned, be properly
fenced around or across its whole entrance.
Rule 27. No person shall go into an old or abandoned
portion of any mine or into any other place
that is not in actual course of working without
permission from the mine foreman, and no person
shall travel to and from his work except by
the traveling way assigned for that purpose. It
shall be the duty of the mine foreman to prosecute
all persons who violate this rule in accordance
with section 2 of article 26 of this act.
Rule 2S. Workmen and all other persons are
expressly forbidden to commit any nuisances or
throw into, deposit, or leave coal or dirt, stones
or other rubbish, in the airway or road so as to
interfere with, pollute, or hinder the air passing
into and through the mine.
Rule 29. No steam pipes, through which high
pressure steam is conveyed for the purpose ot
driving pumps or other machinery, shall be laid
on traveling or haulage ways unless they are encased
in asbestos or some other suitable non-conducting
material, or so placed that the radiation
of heat into the atmosphere of the mine will be
prevented as far as possible.
Rule 30. When a steam locomotive is used for
the purpose of hauling coal out of a mine, the
tunnel or tunnels thiough which the locomotive
passes shall be properly ventilated and kept free,
as far as practicable, of noxious gases and a ventilating
apparatus shall be specially provided by
the operator to produce such ventilation.
Rule 31. In all shafts and slopes where persons,
coal and other materials are hoisted by machinery,
the following code of signals shall be used:
One rap or whistle to hoist coal.
One rap or whistle to stop car or cage when in
motion.
Two raps or whistles to lower car or cage.
Three raps or whistles to hoist persons. The
engineer shall signal back when ready, after which
the person shall get on the car or cage and then
one rap or whistle shall be given to hoist.
Four raps or whistles to turn on steam to the
pumps.
Rule 32. No person shall carry any matches,
pipes or other smokers' articles into a mine, or
portion of a mine, worked exclusively with locked
safety lamps, nor shall he have any of said articles
in his possession while in such a mine.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
Rule 33. If any person shall receive any injury
in or about the mine and the same shall come
within the knowledge of the mine foreman, and,
if he shall be of the opinion that the injured person
requires medical or surgical treatment, he
shall see that said injured person receives treatment,
and, in case of inability of such person to
pay therefor, the expense shall be borne by the
county.
Rule 34. The special and general rules in the
various languages and all books, blank forms, and
notices, mentioned in this act, shall be printed at
the expense of the state and shall be furnished
to the operators by the Department of Mines,
through the inspectors, and all record books shall,
at all times, be accessible to the inspector.
Rule 35. Every person who contravenes or does
not comply with any of the special and general
rules in this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
ARTICLE XXVI.
PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS ACT.
Section 1. Any person who shall intentionally
or carelessly injure any safety lamp, instrument,
air course, or brattice, or, without proper authority,
handle, remove, or render useless, any fencing,
means of signaling, apparatus, instrument, or
machinery, or shall obstruct or throw open airways,
or enter a place in or about a mine against
caution, or carry fire, open lights, matches, pipes,
and otlier smokers' articles, beyond any station
inside of which locked safety lamps are used, or
open a door in the mine and not close it immediately,
or open any door the opening of which is
forbidden, or disobey any order given in carrying
out the provisions of this act, or do any other act
whatsoever, whereby the lives or the health of the
persons employed, or the security of the mine, or
the machinery are endangered, shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished as
provided in section 2 of this article.
Section 2. Any person who neglects or refuses
to perform the duties required of him by this act,
or who violates any of the provisions or requirements
thereof, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and shall, upon conviction thereof in the
court of quarter sessions of the county in which
the misdemeanor was committed, be punished by a
fine not exceeding $200 or imprisonment in the
county jail for a period not exceeding three
months, or both, at the discretion of the court.
Any violation of this art which has been declared
to be a misdemeanor by any part thereof, shall be
punished in like manner.
ARTICLE XXVII.
INQUESTS.
Section 1. Whenever a fatal accident occurs in
or about any mine, or whenever an explosion or
other serious accident of an unusual nature occurs.

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
whether fatal or not, it shall be the duty of the
mine foreman or superintendent in charge of such
mine, to give notice thereof forthwith, by telephone
or telegraph, to the inspector and also to
the coroner of the county, if any person is killed.
Section 2. If the coroner shall determine to
hold an inquest, lie shall uotity the inspector of
the time and place of holding the same and the
inspector shall offer such testimony as he may
deem necessary to thoroughly inform the said
inquest of the cause of the death. He shall also
have authority, at any time, to appear before such
coroner or jury and examine or cross-examine any
witness. No person who is directly or indirectly
interested or employed in any capacity by the person,
persons, or company, owning or operating
such mine, or employed in or about any other mine
in which such owners or operators may be interested,
shall be competent to serve upon such
coroner's jpry.
Section 3. It shall be the duty of the inspector,
upon being notified of any fatal accident, as hereinbefore
provided, to proceed in person as soon as
practicable to the scene of the accident and make
such suggestions or give such directions as may
appear to him necessary to secure the safety of
any person who may still be endangered through
said accident. Whether or not the results of the
accident require an investigation by the coroner.
the said inspector snail proceed to investigate and
ascertain the cause of the accident and make a
record thereof, which he shall file as provided for,
and, to enable him to make the investigation, he
shall have power to compel the attendance of persons
to testify and also to administer oaths or
affirmations. If it is found, upon investigation.
that the accident is due to the violation of any of
the provisions of this act by any person, other
than those who may be deceased, the inspector
shall institute proceedings against such person or
persons as provided for in section 2 of article 26
of this act.
Section 4. The cost of such investigation shall
be paid by the county in which the accident occurred,
in the same manner as costs of inquests
held by coroners or justices of the peace are paid.
ARTICLE XXVJil.
Section 1. Should a mine or a portion of a mine
that has at any time generated explosive gas in
quantities sufficient to be detected by an approved
safety lamp, after the passage of this act not so
generate explosive gas during any one period of
one year, then such mine or portion of a mine
shall not be governed or controlled by the provisions
of this act for mines or portions of mines
generating explosive gas.
Section 2. The provisions of this act as to
mines or portions of a mine generating explosive
gas in quantities sufficient to be detected by an
approved safety lamp shall not apply to any mine
wherein explosive gas is being generated only in
live entries.
Section 3. The provisions of this act shall not
apply to any mine employing less than 10 persons
inside the' mine, in any one period of 24 hours.
ARTICLE XXIX.
Section 1. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent
herewith be and the same are hereby repealed.
(THE END)
INDIANA INCREASES COAL OUTPUT IN 1910.
Indiana's production of coal in 1910 was 18,-
389,815 short tons, valued at $20,813,659, a gain
of 3,555,556 tons and $5,658,978 over the figures
for 1909, according to E. W. Parker, of the United
States Geological Survey.
While some of the coal miners of Indiana suspended
work in 1910, in sympathy with the strike
in Illinois and in the Southwestern States, the
idleness in Indiana was not general nor was it
by any means so prolonged as in the other states
affected. Of the total number of men employed
in the coal mines of Indiana only about 60 per
cent, quit work on the strike call and these remained
idle for an average of but 34 days, whereas
in the other fields the idleness extended from April
1 to September 15 and the effects lasted for fully
six months. Inuiana operators and miners as a
whole therefore benefited from the strike, as is
shown by an increase in production from 1909
of 24 per cent. Moreover, on account of the fuel
shortage occasioned by the strike, the prices for
Indiana coal advanced, the average in 1910 being
$1.13 per short ton, against $1.02 in 1909, and the
total value of the coal produced increased 37.34
per cent.
Of the total production in 1910, 8,9S6,495 tons,
or nearly 50 per cent., was mined by machines, of
which there were 645 in use. The coal mines
gave employment to 21.878 men, who, notwithstanding
the average of 34 days lost by 12,638 men
on strike, made an average of 220 working days
each. This was 32 days better in working time
than in the boom year, 1907, and is the best record
made in the history of Indiana coal mining. The
average production per man was also a record
breaker, the average for 1910 being 841 tons to
each employe for the year, and 3.67 tons for each
working day.
The Sandy Creek Coal & Coke Co., which owns
2,200 acres of coal land in West Virginia, met
August 17, at Star Junction, Pa., to arrange for
making application for a charter, with O. C. Sarber
of Greensburg, O. S. Blair, Andy Carson of Star
Junction, H. D. Odbert of Monessen, and A. P.
Music of Ligonier on the application.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, P
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

66 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following recently granted patents of interest
to the coal trade are reported expressly for
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN, by J. M. Nesbit, patent
attorney. Park building, Pittsburgh, Pa., from
whom printed copies may be procured for 15 cents
each:
.Mine car wheel, W. B. Lloyd, Yankee, N. Mex.;
999,379.
Walling of mines, Friedrich Nellen, Essen-onthe-Ruhr.
Germany; 999,582.
Mine hoist, S. T. Nelson, Chicago, 111., assignor
to Sullivan Machinery Co., same place; 999,841.
Attachment for mining machines, L. F. Hess,
Hawks Nest. W. Va.; 999,996.
Means for quenching and arresting fires in
mines. R. D. Cochrane, Hetton-le-Hole, England;
1,000,236.
Coal mining pick, R. R. Woodson, Erie, Col.;
1.000,475.
Mine car wheel. T. G. Aultman, Fairmont, W.
Va.; 1,000,883.
Miner's safety lamp, Ichitaro Koyanagi, Tokyo.
Japan: 1.001.052.
Mine drill jack, J. E. Powell, Haywood, W. Va.;
1,001,074.
Mine cage signal, Lee Bayer, Willisville, Tib;
1,001,337.
YOU CAN'T rTHT, I
CAN get you a large
clean core of all strata un­
der your land to be ex­
amined in broad daylight.
. No Guess Work. .
A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
: Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING. OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
Means for loading skips or other vehicles in
mine-shafts and the like, John Whitford and J. A.
Mills, Johannesburg, Transvaal; 1,001,106.
Coke quenching apparatus, Donald McDonald,
Louisville, Ky.; 1,001,543.
A colored preacher was vehemently denouncing
the sins of his congregation.
"Breddern and sistern, Ah warns yo' against de
heinous sin o' shootin' craps! Ah charges yo'
against de black rascality o' liftin' pullets! But
above all else, breddern and sistern, Ah demonishes
yo' at disher season against de crime o'
melon stealin'!"
A brother in a back seat made an odd sound
with his lips, rose and snapped his fingers. Then
he sat down with an abashed look.
"Whuffo,' mah friend," said the preacher sternly,
"does yo' r'ar up an' snap yo' finghas when Ah
speak o' melon stealin'?"
"Yo' jes' reminds me, pahson." the man in the
back seat answered meekly, "whar Ah let' mah
knife."—Kalamazoo Gazette.
"Will you please drive off the track?" asked the
motorman. The truck driver promptly reined to
one side.
"Thank you ever so much," added the motorman,
with a smile.
"You're very welcome," responded the truck
driver, "but you must pardon my seeming carelessness.
I had no idea your car was so near."
A series of revival services were being held in
a western city, and placards giving notice of the
services were posted in conspicuous places. One
day the following notice was posted: "Hell, Its
Location and Absolute Certainty. Thomas Jones,
baritone soloist, will sing "Tell Mother I'll Be
There."—Exchange.
J. H. SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINCRS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
ANALYSIS :
Moisture - - - . 1J3 BEST FOR STEAM AND
Volatile Matter - 35.96
Fixed Carbon - - - - 56.34 DOMESTIC USES
Ash - 6.17
Sulphur - - - - - 1.79
B. T. U. per pound of Dry Coal, 13544.3 ° ffices : ' 3 ' 5 Palk Mdin g. PITTSBURGH.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, ^ p ^ 1822_1823_1824
Jas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.

COAL TRADE OF PACIFIC COAST.
The fuel requirements of the Pacific coast and
the methods of meeting them are of especial interest
at the resent time because of the agitation
in regard to the development or nondevelopment
of the coal resources of Alaska. The report on
the production of coal in 1910, by E. W. Parker,
coal statistician of the United States Geological
Survey, now in preparation, will contain some interesting
statements on this subject.
The present consumption of coal on the Pacific
roast, says Mr. Parker, is not large and the successful
operation of any coal mines in Alaska will
depend on naming prices attractive to the development
of manufacturing industries. For railroad
and manufacturing purposes the consumption of
oil, particularly in California, largely exceeds that
of coal—in fact, for railroad use oil is practically
the only fuel. The per capita consumption of coal
in California, Oregon and Washington averages
not much over 1 ton, while the average consumption
in the United States as a whole is about 5%
tons for each inhabitant.
The principal source of coal supply for the Pacific
coast is the state of Washington, the output
of both California and Oregon being at present
small. In 1909 the total production of coal in
Washington was 3.602,263 short tons. California
produced 45,000 tons and Oregon 87,276 tons. In
1910 the production of coal on the Pacific coast
was 3.903,983 short tons in Washington, 62,707
tons in Oregon, and 11,164 tons in California. The
imports of bituminous coal amounted to 752,046
tons, and of anthracite to 9,116 tons. The exports
of coal from Seattle were 26.S83 tons in 1909
and 23,771 tons in 1910. The total consumption
of coal on the Pacific coast from various sources
in 1909 was 4,576,052 short tons and in 1910 4,-
S12.39S tons. The imports of coke to Pacific
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
coast ports (exclusive of Hawaii), as reported by
the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce
and Labor, were 111.676 short tons in 1909
and 111,061 tons in 1910.
Including 761 short tons of coal sent from Puget
Sound to Bering Sea, the total quantity of coal
shipped into Alaska in 1910 was 98,420 short tons,
of which 8,178 tons went from British Columbia,
and 15,877 tons from Washington. The production
within the territory was reported at 1,000
tons, or about 1 per cent, of the total consumption.
Accident Insurance For Members of KoKoal.
As an added feature that will give its members
a tangible and direct benefit the Order KoKoal has
made special arrangements with the North American
Accident Insurance Co. of Chicago whereby
each KoKoal will be given a thousand ($1,000)
dollar accident insurance policy in that company
upon payment of his KoKoal dues for the coming
year. Under this arrangement no KoKoal can
complain of not getting full value for his membership,
as by sending his annual dues of $1.17 to
Charles N. Lester, Imperial Pictor, 1 Broadway,
New York City, he will get a $1,000 accident insurance
policy good for one year and his 1911-1912
Blue Card which will entitle him to admission to
all KoKoal koruskations and scintillations,
wherever he may be, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
Mr. Arthur Latham, president of the Centennial
Coal Co., of Denver, was killed recently while inspecting
the company's mine at Louisville, Col.,
by being crushed between the cage and the side of
the shaft.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
fAMOUj
TT
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C O ^ A A V
PENNSYLVANIA.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FOR THE
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OT
The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
Contains a Complete List for the United States and
Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
•- Coke in oar Room load lots, with capital 1438 and SO. pay PENN ratings. SQUARE,
: 550 Monon Building, 440 Dearborn St.,
PHILADELPHIA.
CHICAGO.
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN. Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, 1% tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TKADE BULLETIN.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909-10.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
FOR SALE-
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis' of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
C. V. EMEEICK, Easton, Pa.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

GOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, SEPTEMBER 15, 1911 No. 8
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TEADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STBAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matter*
relating to coal or coal production are Invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TBADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mall Matter.]
GROWTH I.\ DEMAND IS THE MOST MABKED FEATURE
of the coal trade at present, and all branches of
the industry feel this stimulus. This growth is
of a slow, steady nature, having none of the ear­
marks of a boom or a sudden wild scramble for
coal on the part of consumers. The rather it is
a growth that has its inception in cooler weather
and increasing industrial prosperity with the at­
tendant heavier movement of trade. Nothing re­
markable in the industry is noticeable, and the
increased business, therefore, must be and can be
attributed only to the steady betterment of con­
ditions in all lines.
One of the surest signs of good business is the
situation in regard to idle railway equipment, and
this phase of the situation begins to bear an omi­
nous look, with the spectre of a car shortage loom­
ing large just around the corner. It is a remark­
able fact that one of the large roads has ordered
all its idle rars in the Pittsburgh district into
service, just at the time when some of the other
roads are facing an industrial dispute with some
of its employes;"the inference being that, despite
the dark outlook in the labor matter, the road or­
dering out its ears seems to have confidence enough
in conditions to prepare for heavier traffic.
The spectre of car shortage is of some concern
to coal men. naturally, and while there is a sup­
ply on hand to meet all demands as yet, the sup­
ply of some certain kinds of car is exhausted and
this is what really is causing the unrest in this
respect. Of course, the crop movement is on and
this has something to do with the situation.
More and more is heard the possibility of de­
mands by the miners at the end of the scale year,
still more than a six months away, and this is the
only cloud on the labor horizon, as men are plenty
everywhere and all seem anxious to work.
I>ake trade is progressing nicely, although re­
ports entirely pessimistic are heard from certain
ports and certain shipping firms. But this does
not eliminate the fact that more coal is being sent
lakeward than was the case at the opening of the
months.
The Pittsburgh district is doing better now than
it has for some time. An estimate of operations
at 80 per cent, of capacity seems a conservative
one, and now that river mines have plenty of
empty craft at hand this estimate may have to be
revised upward very shortly. One thing is sure
and that is that this district is doing an increased
lake trade just now. Manufacturing plants are
going on better time and this means still more
coal consumption. The only grade of coal that
has not felt the stimulus of all conditions is slack
and it has been standing still, or one might say
going backward, if prices alone are to be con­
sidered. At some mines this grade is piling up
and producers are having difficulty in disposing of
it. Prices outside of slack are firmer than ever
at list, and all rumors of price cutting have been
silenced. With the situation thus outlined, quo­
tations are: $1.25 to $1.S5 for run-of-mine coal;
$1.35 to $1.45 for three-quarter coal; $1.45 to $1.55
for inch and one-quarter coal; 70 to 80 cents for
slack, with shadings on the last named grade,
where producers are not in position to store their
surplus.
Coke makers apparently see things "coming

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
their way." In the last week for which produc­
tion figures are available the week more nearly
approached the output of 1910 than during any
previous: week of tlle year. With a smaller num­
her of ovens operating the production jumped
fifteen thousand tons over the preceding week,
Ui us indicating that there is some activity in the
trade. Prices are held as firm as ever and coke
that is being sold is bringing as good prices as
has any coke sold this year. All these facts are
encouraging and the net result is betterment in
every way. With the conditions as recited prices
arc held at $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace coke and
$2,110 to $2.25 for foundry coke.
kjiotfy, m-pblems connected with it was surpassed
The cool evenings and the increasing chilliness
by probably; jho man. ' Frank Robbins had his
during the day in the sections using most of the
shortcomings, as have all of us biit no man can
anthracite coal produced have resulted in the domestic
demand taking an upward trend that is re­
derty,j,that .when, he answered the last call, a big
flected in heavier movement of coal to market. man—big in every sense of the word—passed from
The tonnage reports of the railroads for August
show the mines were decidedly active and presage
still greater activity during the present month.
Prices are stationary and will remain so until
the spring reduction comes.
* * *
OVER HALF A BILLION TONS OF COAL WERE PRODUCED
in the United States during 1910, according to the
I'. S. Geological Survey report, thus surpassing
tne banner year of 1907. THE COAL TRADE BULLE­
TIN'S estimate of the tonnage made on the first of
January, was for four hundred eighty million tons,
and there were those who laughed at it. It is evi­
dent we were too conservative by several million
tons. The report also shows another thing that
is very gratifying and that is a slignt advance in
the average price of coal for the year. I'he opera­
tors can stand still furtlier advances.
* * *
FIRST AMI WORK IS A CART OF THE TRAININC OF THE
MIXER to-day, and as much importance is'paid to
it as to teaching the man properly to win the coal.
The operating companies are spending money and
putting forth every effort to have their mines and
men properly equipped in this regard, and the
consequence is bound to be a decidedly smaller
number of accidents in which death or serious
injury is tlie paramount outcome. The work
of these first aid men was splendidly demonstrated
in Pittsburgh only a few days ago, and the effici­
ency attained by the men surprised even the
judges who are. supposed to he familiar with the
work being done among the miners.. While this
training has nothing to do with more care in the
working of the mines, it is entirely probable the
knowledge gained will make the men more care­
ful.
* * * >
"FRANK ROIIIIINS IS PEAO/' was the, news flashed
over the wires during the fortnight;: In.Iws death
there passed awav one of the best known men in
i.K&'l! ii.J'i.N-112..2': L~ •.''

THE MINERS INTERNATIONAL BOARD STILL
HEARING PITTSBURGH DISTRICT CASE.
No decision has been reached in the hearing of
the Pittsburgh district miners' controversy, which
has been in progress before the International Executive
Board of the IT. M. W. of A., sitting in
Pittsburgh, since August 24. The Board is in
session when this issue of THE COAL TRADE BULLE­
TIN goes to press although indications point to an
adjournment Deing reached before the week end.
Both Robert R. Gibbons and Francis Feehan. who
head the opposing factions, have presented their
cases in writing, scores of witnesses being called
to substantiate the claims contained therein.
It is intimated that a decision will not be ren­
dered immediately on adjournment but that the
question will be held under advisement until the
International Executive Board returns to Indianapolis.
The opinion is prevalent that a special
election should ue called and the miners of the
district given the opportunity of choosing the men
whom they desire to fill their administrative
offices.
ILLINOIS TROUBLES TO BE
ADJUSTED BY ARBITRATORS.
At the last meeting of the joint executive board
of the Illinois Coal Operators' Association and the
United Mine Workers of Illinois the troubles in
Saline county were heard and as a result of the
discussion were referred to an arbitration board
to be disposed of.
Following is the arbitration agreement entered
into by the joint executive board providing for the
settlement of the dispute between the miners and
the operators of Saline county:
All mines to resume work immediately under
the same conditions prevailing before the present
trouble.
It is hereby agreed to refer the division of the
machine mining rate in Saline county to an arbi­
tration board composed of two representatives of
the miners, two of the operators, and John Williams
of Streator, 111.; the hearing to take place
as soon as it can be arranged, at which time all
parties interested in the matter shall be heard;
a stenographer to be employed to take down the
evidence presented.
Tt is also agreed that the dispute regarding the
driving of wide entries double shift without com­
pensation shall be adjusted during this investiga­
tion.
These two disputes are all that will be con­
sidered in this investigation, and all other causes
of complaint to be adjusted in accordance with
the state agreement.
Decision of the Arbitration Board shall be in
effect at the beginning of the pay-day period
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
nearest the date of decision rendered, not later,
however, than September 1, 1911.
W. R. Russell and William Johnson were se­
lected on the part of the operators, and Grace Lawrence
and Paul Smith on the part of the miners;
John U. Williams of Streator being the arbitrator.
SYNDICATE MAY SELL COAL LANDS.
A press dispatch from Fairmont, W. Va., says:
"The Little Kanawha Syndicate Co., whicli is
building the new extensions of the Buckhannon
& Northern railroad from Rivesville. near here, to
Martin, Pa., will in all probability dispose of its
vast holdings of coal lands in West Virginia after
the extension is finished and put in operation. The
syndicate is controlled by Ihe Baltimore & Ohio.
the Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie
Railroad Cos., the latter a subsidiary of the New
York Central.
"The company owns 60,000 acres of valuable coal
property which has never been developed, owing to
the lack of railroad facilities in that part of the
state. The Buckhannon & Northern will tap the
center of the property, and it is believed will bring
about an early development of this immense field."
PENNSYLVANIA'S NEW BRANCH
TO TAP RICH COAL FIELD.
The Pennsylvania railroad is planning to build
a new road between Lore City and Fairview, Ohio,
making a new short line between Cincinnati and
Pittsburgh and opening up several new Ohio coal
fields. Lore City is on the Baltimore & Ohio,
and Fairview on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton,
near Washington C. H., giving the Pennsyl­
vania a connection over the Cincinnati & Muskingum
Valley into Cincinnati.
From Cincinnati the coal will be distributed to
various points in the West. It is estimated that
the coal traffic from the Ohio mines will aggregate
1,000,000 tons per year. This road will cut down
the mileage between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, and
it is expected that eventually some of the passenger
trains from Pittsburgh will be run over it, re­
ducing time to and from the Smoky City.
Surveying crews are now in the field and have
the route nearly mapped out. Active work of
preliminary grading will be started in the near
future, and will be continued as long as the
weather permits. In the spring it will be rushed
to completion, and it is expected by tlie fall of
1912 to have trains running over the line.
The Northern Pacific has recently been using
smokeless coal in its switch engines at Minneapo­
lis, as a result of the activities of the local smoke
inspector.

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
DAVIS COLLIERY COMPANY STOCK­
HOLDERS HOLD ANNUAL MEETING.
At the annual meeting of the stockholders of
the Davis Colliery Co.. held recently at the general
ofiices in Elkins. W. Va., the following officers
were named for the ensuing year:
President—Hon. Henry G. Davis.
Vice President—John T. Davis.
Treasurer—Arthur Lee.
Secretary—R. Ii. Isner.
In addition to the above officers, John T. Davis
was made general manager, R. B. Isner. general
manager of sales, and J. T. Tealy general manager
of mines.
The reports made to Ihe stockholders by the
officers of the company indicate that while conditions
in the coal trade have been abnormally poor
during the past several months there is now a
gradual improvement taking place and within a
very short time all the mines and coke ovens will
he working regularly.
AUGUST ANTHRACITE SHIPMENTS.
The shipments of anthracite coal for the month
of August, 1911, by companies, as compared with
August. 1910, were:
Companies. 1911. 1910.
Philadelphia & Reading 912.475 816,525
Lehigh Valley 9S9.285 850.410
Central R. R. of N. J 682,704 643,800
Delaware, Lacka. & Western 843,238 763,167
Delaware & Hudson 658,661 527,676
Pennsylvania 430.041 461.432
Erie 813,790 702,977
Ontario & Western 201,602 230,057
Total 5,531,796 4.996,044
The shipments for the year 1911. as compared
with 1910, were:
1911. 1910.
January 5,904,117 5,306,618
February 5,070,948 5,031,784
March 5,996,894 5,174,166
April 5,804,915 6,224,396
May 6,317,352 5,679,661
June 6,215,357 5,398,123
July 4.804,065 4,202,059
August 5,531,796 4,990,044
September 4,967,516
October 5,622,095
November 6,071,746
December 6,231,578
Totals 45,645.444 64,905,786
PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS
During August 1,238,000 bushels more coal were
locked through No. 4, in the Monongahela river,
than in July. A total of 10.565.000 bushels passed
through the ioek. A feature of the river noted
at Lock No. 4 during August was the passenger
trade. There were 2,834 passengers down stream
and 2,996 upbound. Lockages down stream were
506, with 274 steamers and 1,087 boats, barges and
flats. There were 500 lockages up stream, with
276 steamers and 1,075 boats, barges and flats.
The fan house at the Pittsburgh Coal Co.'s Mc-
Govern mine caught fire September 6. and was
entirely consumed. The managers of the company
on being notified of the destruction of the
house at once decided to put in an electric fan,
and material is now on the ground and mechanics
are on the job.
The Department of Mines of Pennsylvania has
just obtained a supply of steel tapes, barographs,
hygrometers and other instruments used by the
mine inspectors. They will be distributed by
Chief James E. Roderick to the new inspectors and
to those whose instruments have worn out.
The Penn Gas Coal Co., of Philadelphia, has purchased
the two large sea-going barges Elk Garden
and Hampshire, formerly belonging to the Davis
Coal & Coke Co., and in the future they will carry
coal from Philadelphia to Boston, instead of from
Baltimore to eastern ports.
The Norfolk & Western, the Southern, the Seaboard
Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line and other
railroads distributing New River and Pocahontas
coal over the Carolinas have announced a reduction
of 10 cents per ton in their coal tariffs, effective
October 15.
Experiments with an electric safety lamp have
recently been made at the Auchincloss colliery of
the D. L. & W. Current is supplied by a storage
battery so arranged that it does not seriously interfere
with the movements of the miner.
The new breaker of the E. S. Stackhouse operation
at Shickshinny is now well under way, the
foundation having been completed. It will be
constructed of wood and have a capacity of 1,000
tons daily.
September 22 has been set aside as coal men's
day at the Appalachian exposition at Knoxville,
Tenn. The entire day will be turned over to the
coal men and at night a banquet will be given.

FRANCIS LE BARON ROBBINS PASSES AWAY
IN CHICAGO AFTER ILLNESS LASTING
FOR TWO YEARS.
Francis LeBaron Robbins of Pittsburgh, one of
the best known coal operators in the country, died
at 8 o'clock P. ML, Sept. 8, in the Mercy Hospital
in Chicago, 111. His death was due to cirrhosis
of the liver. Recently he had undergone an operalion.
His wife and several close friends were
with him wnen I lie end came.
Air. Robbins was born in Ripon, Wis.. Sept. 3.
1S55. He received all the advantages of a liberal
education. Of English ancestry, he was a son
of Burr and Alice (Brockway) Robbins, and was
MB. F. L. BOBBINS.
named after Francis Le Baron, one of the original
Puritans who landed in Plymouth, Mass., from the
Mayflower in 1639. From this stock, both of his
parents were descended—his father from Richard
Robbins. who was born in England and who upon
arriving in America in 1639. settled in Cambridge,
Mass.; and his mother from Wolstan Brockway
who was the first member of the family to settle in
the new world, at Lyme, Conn., in 1659, where the
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
same property is still owned by his descendants.
Both of Mr. Robbins' parents were natives of the
state of New York, his father being born in Camillus,
and his mother in Parma, both flourishing
towns of the Empire State.
Mr. Robbins was married in 1882 to Helen Gill,
a daughter of one of the most prominent families
of Steubenville, 0. A half-brother, who is president
of the Medina Pump & Valve Co. of Medina,
N. Y.. also is living. Mr. Robbins' only brother,
W. B. Robbins of Medina died about three years
ago. His father also died Ihere several years
prior to that time, having moved with his family
to that place after his retirement from business in
Pittsburgh. .Mr. Robbins' home was at 80S Sherman
avenue. North Side.
Mr. Robbins' father moved to Wisconsin, and
there he engaged in the farming and lumbering
business, but in 1871, inducements were held out
to him to engage in the coal business in Pennsylvania,
and thither he (then a widower, accompanied
by his young son I turned his footsteps.
When Robbins. senior, reached Pennsylvania, be
purchased a one-half interest in a coal mine, being
associated with John Amort, of Elmira, N. Y. The
fact that Mr. Arnott left behind him at his death
an estate of $6,000,000 is evidence of the success
with which the enterprise met.
Young Robbins here first entered upon his subsequent
successful career, starting at the age of
15 in his father's employ, and mastering every
detail of the coal business, filling every position
from the breaking of coal to assuming all the responsibilities
of superintendent of the Pittsburgh
& Walnut Hill Coal Co. In fact, when 20 years
of age, young Robbins was superintendent of two
mines.
On reaching his majority Mr. Robbins purchased
two mines, which he named the Robbins Coal Co.
and the Willow Grove Mining Co., and both of
which he operated successfully fhaving an interest
at the same time in the Pittsburgh Consolidated
Coal Co.) until 1900. at which period the Pittsburgh
Coal Co. was organized, with F. M. Osborne
as president and Mr. Robbins as chairman of the
board of directors.
When F. M. Osborne retired as president shortly
thereafter Mr. Robbins became president as well as
chairman, and continued so until 1907. when he retired
from this company entirely and became president
of the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal
& Coke Co. for a year. Since then he had been in
ill headth, but had been at work on an extensive
coal and cement proposition in Alabama.
He saw early in his career the need of providing
a market in a large way for the coal he produced,
by securing terminal and storage facilities on the
Great Lakes, which are the keys to the coal districts
of the great Northwest. This policy he was

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
enabled to carry out by effecting an alliance in
1890 between the first, pool. Monongahela Gas Coal
Co.. the Pittsburgh, Fairport & Northwestern Dock
Co. and the Youghiogheny & Lehigh Valley Coal
Co. By this combination extensive docks and
selling agencies were obtained on Lake Erie and
at Chicago. Duluth and Superior. The hulk of the
detail work of operating and creating the depart­
ments of this new combination fell upon the
shoulders of Mr. Robbins, who in a short linn put
them upon such a splendid basis that their suc­
cess and bis reputation as a full-gauged man of
affairs were permanently established.
In working out these problems, as well as the
large ones which came to him later, Mr. Robbins
displayed a firmness and ability which have always
been his marked characteristics, and coal operatois,
miners and business associates alike soon came
to know that, bis statements of facts were un­
shakable. These qualities enabled him to bring
lo his support financial men and capitalists who
had looked upon the coal business as a hazardous
and uncertain undertaking.
During the yeai s of the formation of the com­
bination alluded to, and the formation of the Pittsburgh
Coal Co. in September, 1889, Mr. Robbins
was tireless in his investigation of the resources
of the Pittsburgh coal field and the best methods
of conveying its output to the great markets. More
than any other man he established the fame of
Pittsburgh coal in districts that had never used it
before, and established it as the standard of excellence
for steam and gas purposes.
He was the guiding spirit in the formation of
the Pittsburgh Coal Co.. and by means of options
held by himself and his colleagues brought under
its control nearly all the leading railroad mines of
steam and gas coal in the Pittsburgh district, making
fair profits and fair prices the.motto of the
new industrial giant. The company established
a relief association providing disability benefits and
pensions for its operatives who became aged or
decrepit in its service. It was at the suggestion
and through the earnest efforts of Mr. Robbins that
the Pittsburgh Coal Co. became a pioneer among
the great corporations of the country in a profit-
sharing plan whereby its employes were enabled
to participate in the dividends on the preferred
stock, and this plan has proven so successful that
it has been carried out by Ihe United States Steel
Corporation and oilier corporations.
But Francis L. Robbins stood most prominent as
a friend and supporter of trades unions. His
work in this direction will live long after his de­
parture from the busy scenes of life. His atti­
tude toward organized labor has prevented many
serious conflicts between employers and employes
in the mining industry, and his generosity of
heart, his frankness of speech and his practical
methods of business have all endeared him to and
made him, to a great extent, the guide and coun­
sellor of those engaged in the trade.
He in 1904 attended at Indianapolis a conven­
tion to adjust the differences between miners and
operators. This was the largest and most import­
ant conference between employes and employers
ever held. Mr. Robbins was the representative
and leader of 300 operators, while John Mitchell
represented as leader the 1.2011 labor delegates.
Greatly through Mr. Robbins' efforts and kindly in­
fluence a threatened strike was thwarted. The
miners wanted the same scale of wages adopted as
in 1903 and the operators did not. Fortunately
for everybody a compromise was reached through
the good offices of Mr. Ronbins. A scale for two
years instead of one was signed, the miners consenting
to a reduction of 5.55 per cent., the term
to begin April 1. 1904, and terminate April 1, 1906,
i bus preventing the possibility of any trouble in
the bituminous field during the period stated.
Mr. Robbins always took a lively interest in politics
and was chairman of the County Republican
Committee during the Garfield campaign of 1880,
though then but 25 years of age. He was a dele-
gate-at-large to the National Republican Convention
at Chicago in 1904. He was particularly
strong wtb the labor element, who found in him,
although a capitalist and president of a large cor­
poration, a strong and earnest advocate. He was
spoken of as the probable successor of the late
Marcus A. Hanna as president of the Civic Federation.
For a time following the death of M. S. Quay,
Mr. Robbins was looked upon as the man most
likely to succeed him in tlie United States Senate.
It was probably a disappointment to him as it was
to a host of friends that he was not called to this
high public position.
His interest in politics as well as his high standing
during a generation in the industrial and finan­
cial world, contributed to make him a man of very
wide acquaintance and his death will be the means
of recalling circumstances concerning him to the
memory of a host of persons scattered over a wide
section of the country.
Sheriff Shields of Westmoreland county, Pa., was
Found guilty on three charges of embezzlement,
perjury and misdemeanor on Sept. 8. The cases
grew out of the strike in that field last year.
It is officially announced that the proposed increase
in freight rates on anthracite going into
Canada has been suspended until May 1, 1912.

The following is the full text of the new Illinois
mining law:
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
ILLINOIS NEW MINING LAW
An Act to revise the laws in relation to coal
mines and subjects relating thereto, and pro
viding for the health and safety of persons employed
therein.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the
State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly:
(a) That the Governor, with the advice
and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a State
Mining Board which shall be composed of five
members, two of whom shall be practicing coal
miners, one a practicing coal mine hoisting engineer,
and two coal operators.
Powers and Duties of Board. (b) Said Board
shall be authorized, empowered and required to
make formal inquiry into and pass upon the practical
and technological qualifications and personal
fitness of men seeking apiiointment as State Inspectors
of Mines, and of those seeking certificates
of competency as mine managers, as hoisting
engineers and as mine examiners. Said Board
also shall have such other powers and duties as
may be prescribed by the provisions of this Act,
or any other Act relating to coal mining. Said
Board also shall control and direct the State Mine
Inspectors hereinafter provided for, in the discharge
of their duties. Said Board also shall
cause to be collected statistical details relating
to coal mining in the State, especially in its relations
to the vital, sanitary, commercial and industrial
conditions, and to the permanent prosperity
of said industry; and said Board shall
cause such statistical details to be compiled and
summarized as a report of said State Mining
Board, to be known as the Annual Coal Report.
Date and Term of Appointment, (c) Their appointment
shall date from July 1, 1911, and they
shall serve for a term of two years, or until their
successors are appointed and qualified. They
shall all be sworn to a faithful performance of
their duties. One of the coal operators member
of said Board shall be elected as president, and
one of the coal miners member of said Board shall
be elected as secretary. The Board may appoint
a chief clerk and may
EMPLOY SUCH OTHER PERSONS
as may be necessary for the proper discharge of
its powers and duties; all of whom shall perform
such duties as may be prescribed by the Board
from time to time, and the Board may from time
to time also prescribe standing and other rules
for the control and direction of its officers and
employes and of the State Mine Inspectors.
Supplies Furnished by Secretary of State, (d)
The Secretary of State shall assign to the use
of the Board, suitably furnished rooms in the
State House, and shall also furnish whatever
blanks, blank books, printing, stationery, instruments
and supplies the Board may require in the
discharge of its duties and for the use of State
Mine Inspectors.
Frequency of Meetings, (e) The Board shall
hold such meetings from time to time as may be
necessary for the proper discharge of its duties.
The Board shall meet at the Capitol on the second
Tuesday in September of the year 1911, and annually
thereafter, for the examination of candidates
for appointment as State Inspectors of
Mines.
Special examinations also may be held whenever
for any reason it may become necessary to
appoint one or more inspectors.
For the examination of persons seeking certificates
of competency as mine managers, hoisting
engineers and mine examiners, the Board shall
hold meetings at such times and places within
the State as shall in the judgment of the members,
afford the best facilities to the greatest number
of candidates.
Public notice shall be given through the press
or otherwise, not less than ten days in advance,
announcing the time and place at which any examinations
under this section are to be held.
Rules of Procedure, (fl The examinations herein
provided for shall be conducted under rules,
conditions and regulations prescribed by the
Board. Such rules shall be made a part of the
permanent record of the Board, and such of them
as relate to candidates shall be, upon application
of any candidate, furnished to him by the Board;
they shall also be of uniform application to all
candidates.
Compensation of Members—Salary of Chief
Clerk, (g) The members of the State Mining
Board shall receive as
COMPENSATION FOR THEIR SERVICES
the sum of five dollars ($5) each per day for a
term not exceeding one hundred (100) days in
any one year, and whatever sums are necessary
to reimburse them for such actual and necessary
traveling expenses as may be incurred in the discharge
of their duties.
The salary of the chief clerk shall be $2,000 per
annum, and he shall be reimbursed for any
amounts expended for actual and necessary traveling
expenses in the discharge of his duties.
All salaries and expenses of the Board and of
its employees shall be paid upon vouchers duly
sworn to by each and approved by the president of
the Board, or in his absence by the acting president,
and by the Governor, and the Auditor of

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Public Accounts is hereby authorized to draw his
warrants on the State Treasury for the amounts
thus shown to be due, payable out of any money
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Sec. 2. Credentials, (a) An applicant for any
certificate herein provided for, before being examined,
shall register his name with the State
Mining Board and file with the Board the credentials
required by this Act, to-wit: An affidavit
as to all matters of fact establishing his right to
receive the examination, and a certificate of good
character and temperate habits, signed by at least
ten residents of the community in which he resides.
Examinations for Inspectors, (b) Persons applying
to the State Mining Board as candidates
for appointment as State Inspectors of mines
must produce evidence satisfactory to the Board
that they are citizens of this State, at least thirty
years of age, that they have had a practical mining
experience of ten years, and that they are
men of good repute and temperate habits; they
must pass an examination as to their practical
and technological knowledge of mine surveying
and mining machinery and appliances, of the
proper development and operation of coal mines,
of ventilation in mines, of the nature and properties
of mines gases, of first aid to injured, of
mine rescue methods and appliances, of the geology
of the coal measures in this State, and of
the laws of this State relating to coal mines.
Names Certified to the Governor, (c) At the
close of each examination for inspectors the Board
shall certify to the Governor the
NAMES OF ALL CANDIDATES
who have received a rating above the minimum
fixed by the rules of the Board as being persons
properly qualified for the position of inspector.
Examinations for Mine Managers. (d I Persons
applying to the Board for certificates of competency
as mine managers must produce evidence
satisfactory to the Board that they are citizens
of the United States, at least twenty-four years
of age, that they have had at least four years' practical
mining experience, and that they are men of
good repute and temperate habits; they must also
pass such examination as to their experience in
mines and in the management of men, their
knowledge of mine machinery and appliances, the
use of surveying and other instruments used in
mining, the properties of mine gases, the principles
of ventilation, of first aid to injured, of
mine-rescue methods and appliances, and the legal
duties and responsibilities of mine managers, as
shall be prescribed by the rules of the Board.
For Mine Managers—Second Class, (d) Persons
coming before the board for certificates of
competency as mine managers, second class, must
produce evidence satisfactory to the board that
they are citizens of the United States, at least
twenty-four years of age, that they have had at
least four years' practical mining experience, and
that they are men of good repute and temperate
habits; they must also submit to and satisfactorily
pass such an examination as to their experience
in mines and in the management of men,
their knowledge of coal mining, mine ventilation
and the mining laws of this State and the required
duties and responsibilities of second class
mine managers, as shall be prescribed by the rules
of the Board, and it shall be unlawful to employ
second-class mine managers, or for them to serve
in that capacity at mines employing more than
ten men.
Examinations for Mine Examiners, (e) Persons
applying to the Board for certificates of
competency as mine examiners, must produce evidence
satisfactory to the Board that they are citizens
of the United States, at least twenty-one
years of age, and of good repute and temperate
habits, and that they have had at least four years'
practical mining experience. They must
PASS AX EXAMINATION
as to their experience in mines generating dangerous
gases, their practical and technological
knowledge of the nature and properties of firedamp,
the laws of ventilation, the structure and
uses of safety lamps, and the laws of this State
relating to safeguards against fires from any
source in mines.
Examinations for Hoisting Engineers, (f) Persons
applying to the Board for certificates of
competency as hoisting engineers must produce
evidence satisfactory to the Board that they are
citizens of the LTnited States, at least twenty-one
years of age, that they have had at least two
years' experience as fireman or engineer of a
hoisting plant, and are of good repute and temperate
habits. They must pass an examination as
to their experience in handling hoisting machinery,
and as to their practical and technological
knowledge of the construction, cleaning and care
of steam boilers, the care and adjustment of hoisting
engines, the management and efficiency of
pumps, ropes and winding apparatus, and as to
their knowledge of the laws of this State in relation
to signals and the hoisting and lowering
of men at mines.
Examination Papers Preserved, (g) There shall
be a written and an oral examination of applicants
as may be prescribed by the rules of the
Board; and all written examination papers and
all other papers of applicants shall be kept on
file by the Board for not less than one year, during
which time any applicant shall have the right
to inspect his said papers at all reasonable times;
and any applicant shall be entitled to a certified

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
copy of any or all of his said papers upon pay­ the operator of any mine to permit any person
ment of a reasonable copy fee therefor.
who does not hold a certificate of competency as
Sec. 3. Certificates Issued by the Board, (a) The hoisting engineer issued by the State Mining
certificates provided for in this Act shall be is­ Board, to hoist or lower men, or to have charge
sued under the signature and seal of the State of the hoisting engine when men are under­
Mining Board, to all those who receive a rating ground.
above the minimum fixed by the rules of the Temporary Employment of Uncertificated Per­
Board; such certificates shall contain the full sons Not Extended, (g) The employment of per­
name, age and place of birth of the recipient and sons who do not hold certificates as mine man­
the length and nature of his previous service in agers and mine examiners, shall in no case
or about coal mines.
EXCEED THE LIMIT OF TIME
Record to be Preserved, (b) The Board shall specified herein, and the State Inspector shall not
make and preserve a record of the names and ad­ approve of the employment of such persons bedresses
of all persons to whom certificates are yond the twenty-three-day limit.
issued.
Removal of Inspectors, (h) Upon a petition
Effect of Certificates, (c) The certificates pro­ signed by not less than three coal operators, or
vided for in this Act shall
ten coal miners, setting forth that any State In­
ENTITLE THE HOLDERS
spector of Mines neglects his duties, or that he
thereof to accept and discharge at any mine in is incompetent, or that he is guilty of malfeasance
this State, the duties for which they are de­ in office, or guilty of any act tending to the unclared
qualified.
lawful injury of miners or operators of mines, it
Unlawful to Employ Other Than Certificated shall be the duty of the State Mining Board to
Mine Managers. (d) It shall be unlawful for the issue a citation to the said inspector to appear be­
operator of any coal mine to have in his service fore it within a period of fifteen days on a day
as mine manager at his mine, any person who fixed for said hearing, when the said Board shall
does not hold a certificate of competency issued investigate the allegations of the petitioners; and
by the State Mining Board of this State; provided, if the said Board shall find that the said inspector
that whenever any exigency arises by which it is is neglectful of his duty, or that he is guilty of
impossible for any operator to secure the imme­ malfeasance in office, or guilty of any act tending
diate services of a certificated mine manager, he to the injury of miners or operators of mines, the
may place any trustworthy and experienced man said Board shall declare the office of said in­
of the mine inspection district in charge of his spector vacant, and a properly qualified person
mine to act as temporary mine manager for a shall be duly appointed, in the manner provided
period not exceeding seven days, and with the for in this Act, to fill said vacancy.
approval of the State Inspector of the district, Cancellation of Certificates. (1) The certificate
for a further period not exceeding twenty-three of any mine manager, hoisting engineer or mine
days.
examiner, may be canceled and revoked by the
Unlawful to Employ Other Than Certificated State Mining Board upon notice and hearing as
Mine Examiners, (e) It shall be unlawful for the hereinafter provided, if it shall be established in
operator of any mine to have in his service as the judgment of said Board that the holder there­
mine examiner any person who does not hold a of has become unworthy to hold said certificate
certificate of competency issued by the State Min­ by reason of violation of the law, intemperate
ing Board; provided, that any one holding a mine habits, incapacity, abuse of authority or for any
manager's certificate may serve as mine examin­ other cause; provided, that any person against
er; but in any mine employing more than twenty- whom charges or complaints are made hereunder
five (25) men, the mine manager shall not act shall have the right to appear before said Board
in the capacity of mine examiner while acting as and defend against said charges, and he shall
mine manager; and, provided, whenever an exig­ have fifteen days' notice in writing of such
ency arises by which it is impossible for any op­ charges previous to such hearing; provided furerator
to secure the immediate services of a certher, that the Board in its discretion may sustificated
examiner, he may employ any trustpend the certificate of any person charged as
worthy and experienced man of the mine-inspec­ aforesaid, pending said hearing, but said hearing
tion district to act as temporary mine examiner shall not be unreasonably deferred.
for a period not exceeding seven days, and with Sec. 4. Inspection Districts. The State shall be
the approval of the State Inspector of the dis­ divided into twelve inspection districts, said divitrict,
for a further period not exceeding twentysions to be made by the State Mining Board. The
three days.
Board may also change from time to time the
Unlawful to Employ Other Than Certificated boundaries of said districts, in order to more
Hoisting Engineer, (f) It shall be unlawful for equally distribute the labor and expenses of the

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
several mine inspectors, but this provision shall
not be construed as authorizing the State Mining
Board to increase the number of districts.
Sec. 5. Inspectors Appointed, (a) From the
names certified by the State Mining Board, the
Governor shall select and appoint
shall be for a term of two years from July first,
provided the term of any State Mine Inspector
in office July lst, 1911, shall be extended to Oc­
tober lst, 1911, and provided any State Inspector
in actual service and good standing and who has
passed one examination under this Act may be
reappointed for the next ensuing term, without
further certification, but shall not be so reappoint­
ed more than three times: provided, further, no
man shall be eligible for appointment as a State
Inspector of Mines who has any pecuniary interest
in any coal mine in Illinois.
The county board of supervisors, or of commis­
sioners in counties not under township organization,
or any county in which coal is produced,
upon the written request of the State Inspector
of Mines for the district in which said county is
located, shall appoint a County Inspector of Mines
as assistant to such State Inspector, but no per­
son shall be eligible for appointment as County
Inspector who does not hold a State certificate of
competency as mine manager, and the compensation
of such County Inspector shall be fixed by
the county board at not less than three dollars
per day, to be paid out of the county treasury.
The State Inspector may authorize any County
Inspector in his district to assume and discharge
all the duties and exercise all the powers or a
State Inspector in the county for which he is ap­
pointed, in the absence of the State Inspector; but
such authority must be conferred in writing and
the County Inspector must produce the same as
evidence of his powers upon the demand of any
person affected by his acts; and the bond of said
State Inspector shall be holden for the faithful
performance of the duties of such assistant In­
spector.
Bond, (c) State Inspectors, before entering
upon their duties as such, must take an oath of
office, as provided for by the Constitution, and
enter into a bond to the State in the sum of five
thousand dollars ($5,0001 for State Mine Inspectors,
with sureties to be approved by the Governor,
conditioned upon the faithful
PERFORMANCE OF THEIR DUTIES
in every particular, as required by this Act. Said
oonds. with the approval of the Governor en­
dorsed thereon, together with the oath of office,
shall be deposited with the Secretary of State.
Instruments, (d) The State Mining Board shall
furnish to each of said State Inspectors an anemo­
meter, a safety-lamp and such other instruments
and such blanks, blank-books, stationery, printing
TWELVE STATE MINE INSPECTOBS;
and supplies as may be required by said inspectors
in the discharge of their official duties. Said
that is to say, one inspector for each of the twelve instruments and supplies shall be paid for on
inspection districts provided for in this Act; or bills of particulars certified by the proper officers
more, if. in the future, additional inspection dip of the Board and approved by the Governor, and
tricts shall be created, and their commission;; the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his
warrants on the State Treasury for the amounts
thus shown to be due, payable out of any money
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Examination of Mines, (e) State inspectors
shall devote their whole time and attention to
the duties of their respective offices. State In­
spectors shall make personal examination at least
once in every six months of each mine in their
district in which marsh gas has been detected in
quantities which, in the judgment of the State
Mining Board, are dangerous. The State Mining
Board also may require State Inspectors personally
to examine any or all other mines in their respective
districts.
State Inspectors may be assigned by the State
Mining Board to examine mines which have not
been classified as generating marsh gas in dan­
gerous quantities.
Every mine in the State shall be examined at
least once in every six months.
Scope of Examination, (f) Every State In­
spector in the regular inspection of mines shall
measure with an anemometer and determine the
amount of air passing in the last cross-cut in each
pair of entries in pillar and room mines, or in
the last room of each division in long wall mines.
He shall also measure'with an anemometer and
determine the amount of air passing at the inlet
and outlet of the mines; and he shall compare
all such air measurements with the last report
of the mine examiner and the mine manager
ujion the mine examination book of the mine. He
must observe that the legal
CODE (IF SIGNALS
between the engineer and top man and bottom
man is established and conspicuously posted for
the information of all employes.
State Inspectors also shall require that every
necessary precaution be taken to insure the health
and safety of the workmen employed in the mines,
and that the provisions and requirements of all
the mining laws of this State are obeyed.
State Inspectors shall render written reports
of mine inspections made by them to the State
Mining Board in such form and manner as shall
be required by the Board. State Inspector shall
take prompt action for the enforcement of the

penalties provided for violation of the mining
laws.
Authority to Enter, (g) It shall be lawful for
State Inspectors to enter, examine and inspect
any and all coal mines and the machinery belonging
thereto, at all reasonable times, by day
or by night, but so as not to unreasonably obstruct
or hinder the working of such coal mine,
and the operator of every such coal mine is hereby
required to furnish all necessary facilities for
making such examination and inspection.
Procedure in Case of Objection, (h) If any operator
shall refuse to permit such inspection or
to furnish the necessary facilities for making such
examination and inspection, the inspector shall
file his affidavit, setting forth such refusal, with
the judge of the circuit court in said county in
which said mine is situated, either in term time
or vacation, or, in the absence of said judge, with
a master in chancery in said county in which
said mine is situated, and obtain an order on
such owner, agent or operator so refusing as
aforesaid, commanding him to permit and furnish
such necessary facilities for the inspection
of such coal mine, or to be adjudged to stand in
contempt of court and punished accordingly.
Notices to be Posted, (i) The State Inspector
shall post in some conspicuous place at the top
of each mine inspected by him, a plain statement
showing what in his judgment is necessary for
the better protection of the lives and health of
persons employed in such mine; such statement
shall give the date of inspection and be signed
by the inspector. He shall
POST A NOTICE
at the landing used by the men, stating what
number of men will be permitted to ride on the
cage at one time and the rate of speed at which
men may be hoisted and lowered on the cages.
Sealer of Weights, (jl State Inspectors are
hereby made ex-officio sealer of weights and measures
in their respective districts, and as such
are empowered to test all scales used to weigh
coal at coal mines. Upon the written request of
any mine owner or operator, or of ten coal miners
employed at any one mine, it shall be the duty
of the inspector to test any scale or scales at
such mine against which complaint is directed,
and if he shall find that they or any of them do
not weigh correctly, he shall call the attention
of the mine owner or operator to the fact, and
direct that said scale or scales be at once overhauled
and readjusted so as to indicate only true
and exact weights, and he shall forbid the further
operation of such mine until such scales are adjusted.
In the event that such tests shall conflict
with any test made by any county sealer of
weights, or under and by virtue of any municipal
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
ordinance or regulation, then the test by such
mine inspector shall prevail.
Test Weights. (k) For the purpose of carrying
out the provisions of this Act, each State Inspector
shall be furnished by the State with a
complete set of standard weights suitable for
testing the accuracy of track scales and of all
smaller scales at mines; said test weights to be
paid for on bills of particulars, certified by the
Secretary of State and approved by the Governor.
Such test weights shall remain in the custody
of the inspector for use at any point within his
district, and for any amounts expended by him
for the storage, transportation or handling of the
same, he shall be fully reimbursed upon making
entry of the proper items in his expense voucher.
Inspectors' Annual Reports, (ll Fach State Inspector
of Mines shall, within sixty days after
June 30th of each year, prepare and forward to
the State Mining Board a formal report of his
acts during the year in the discharge of his
duties, with any recommendations as to legislation
he may deem necessary on the subject of
mining, and shall collect and tabulate upon
blanks furnished by said Board all desired statistics
of mines and miners within his district to
accompany said annual report.
Reports to Be Published, (ml On the receipt
of said inspectors' reports the chief clerk of the
State Mining Board shall compile and summarize
the same, to be included in the report of said
Board, to be known as the Annual Coal Report,
which shall, within four months thereafter, be
bound, printed and
TRANSMITTED TO THE GOVERNOK
for the information of the General Assembly and
the public. The printing and binding of said reports
shall be provided for by the Commissioners
of State Contracts in like manner and in like
numbers as they provide for the publication of
other official reports to the Governor.
Reports by Operator, (n) Every coal operator
shall, within thirty days after June 30 of each
year, furnish to the State Mine Inspector of the
district, on blanks furnished by him prior to said
June 30, statistics of the wages and conditions of
their employees as required by law. The failure
of any inspector to forward to the State Mining
Board his formal report, as provided in Paragraph
(1) hereof, or the failure of any coal operator
to furnish to the State Mine Inspector of the
district the statistics provided for herein, shall
be adjudged a misdemeanor and be subject to a
fine of $100.
Sec. 6. Pay of Inspectors. Each State Inspector
of Mines shall receive as compensation for his
services the sum of $1,800 per annum, and for
traveling and other necessary expenses each shall
receive the sum actually expended for that pur-

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
pose in the discharge of his official duties: provided,
such expenses shall not exceed one hundred
dollars ($100) per calendar month for each
State Inspector of Mines, both salary and expenses
to be paid monthly by the State Treasurer,
on warrants of the Auditor of Public Accounts,
from the funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated;
said expense vouchers shall show the
items of expenditures in detail, with sub-vouchers
for the same so far as it is practicable to obtain
them. Said vouchers shall be sworn to by the inspector
and be approved by the President of- the
State Mining Board and the Governor.
Sec. 7. Maps Required, (a) The operator of
every coal mine in the State shall make, or cause
to be made, an accurate map or plan of such
mine, drawn to a scale not smaller than 200 feet
to the inch. All measurements shall be in feet
and decimals of a foot. On such maps shall appear
the name of the State, county and township
in which the mine is located, the designation of
the mine, the name of the company or owner, the
certificate of the mining engineer or surveyor as
to the
ACCURACY AND DATE
of the survey, the north point and the scale to
which the drawing is made.
Surface Survey, (b) Such map or plan shall accurately
show the surface boundary lines of the
coal right pertaining to each mine, and all sections
or quarter-section lines or corners within
the same; the lines of town lots and streets; the
tracks and side-tracks of all railroads, and the
location of all wagon roads, rivers, streams, ponds,
location and depth of holes drilled for oil, gas
or water that penetrate a workable coal seam, and
the elevation above the coal seam of any stream
or body of water that might endanger the mine.
Underground Survey, (c I For the underground
workings, said maps shall show all shafts, slopes,
tunnels or other openings to the surface or to
the workings of a contiguous mine; all excavations,
entries, rooms and cross-cuts; the location
of the fan or furnace and the direction of the
air currents; the location of pumps, hauling engines,
engine planes, abandoned works, fire walls
and standing water; and the outcrop line of the
seam, if any, on the property.
The general outline of all areas in which pillars
have been drawn shall be indicated on the map.
Each underground map also shall show, in feet
and decimals thereof, the elevation of the floor
of the coal at reasonable intervals on the main
entries and cross entries from the bottom of the
shaft to the face of the workings; such elevations
shall be referred to the floor of the coal at the
bottom of the hoisting shaft.
Map for Every Seam (d) A separate and similar
map, drawn to the same scale, shall be made of
each and every seam, which, after the passage of
this Act, shall be worked in any mine, and the
maps of all such seams shall show all shafts, inclined
planes or other passageways connecting
the same.
Separate Map for the Surface, (e) A separate
map also shall be made of the surface whenever
the surface buildings, lines or objects are so numerous
as to obscure the details of the mine workings
if drawn upon the same sheet with them,
and in such case the surface map shall be drawn
on transparent cloth or paper, so that it can be
laid upon the map of the underground workings,
and thus indicate the relation of lines and objections
on the surface to the excavations of the
mine.
The Dip. (f) Each map shall also show by
profile drawing and measurements, in feet and
decimals thereof, the
RISE AND DIP OF TIIE SEAM
from the bottom of the shaft in either direction
to the face of the workings.
Copies for Inspectors and Recorders, (g) The
original or true copies of all such maps shall be
kept in the office at the mine, and one true copy
thereof shall be furnished to the State Inspector
of Mines for the district in which said mine is
located, and one shall be filed in the office of the
recorder of the county in which the mine is located,
within thirty days after the completion of
the same. The maps so delivered to the inspector
and to the recorder shall remain in the custody
of said inspector and recorder during their respective
terms of office, and be delivered by them
to their successors in office. They shall be kept
at the office of the inspector and of the recorder,
and be open to the examination of all persons interested
in the same, but such examination shall
be made only in the presence of the inspector or
the recorder. Neither the inspector nor the county
recorder shall permit any copies of the same to
be made without the written consent of the operator
or the owner of the property.
The county recorder shall properly index such
map as part of the title record of the property
affected.
A copy of each map and extensions to the same
shall be furnished the manager of the mine-rescue
stations for his use in connection with rescue
work only.
Annual Surveys, (h) An extension of the last
preceding survey of every mine in active operation
shall be made once in every twelve months
prior to July 1, of every year, and the results
of said survey, with the date thereof shall be
promptly and accurately entered upon the original
maps and all copies of the same, so as to
show all changes in plan or new work in the
mine, and all extensions of the old workings to

the most advanced face or boundary of said
workings which have been made since the last
preceding survey. The State Inspector, the County
Recorder and the Manager of the Rescue Stations
shall be furnished with a copy of the said
extended map or of the extensions to said map.
Abandoned Mines. (i I When any coal mine is
worked out or is about to be abandoned or indefinitely
closed, the operator of the same shall
make, or cause to be made, a final
SURVEY OF SUCH MINE;
to show the entire worked-out area when the mine
was closed, and the results of the same shall be
duly extended on all maps of the mine and copies
thereof, herein required to be filed.
Special Survey, (j) The State Inspector of
Mines, or the State Mining Board, may order a
survey to be made of the workings of any mine
in addition to the regular annual survey, the results
to be extended on the maps of the same and
the copies thereof, whenever the safety of the
workmen, unlawful injury to the surface, unlawful
encroachment upon adjoining property, or the
safety of an adjoining mine requires it.
If the State Inspector of Mines or the State
Mining Board shall believe any map required by
this Act is materially inaccurate or imperfect,
the State Inspector or State Mining Board is authorized
to make, or cause to be made, a correct
survey and map at the expense of the operator,
the cost recoverable as for debt, provided if such
test survey shows the operator's map to be correct,
the State shall be liable for the expense incurred,
payable in such manner as other State
accounts incurred by the State Mining Board.
Penalties for Failure. (k| If an operator of any
mine refuses or wilfully neglects, for a period of
three months, to furnish the said State Inspector,
the County Recorder and the Manager of the
Rescue Stations the map or plan of such mine,
or a copy thereof, or of the extensions thereto, as
provided for in this Act, such operator shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction
thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars
nor more than one hundred dollars, in the
discretion of the court, and shall stand committed
to the county jail until such fine is paid,
and, in addition thereto, the State Inspector or
State Mining Board is hereby authorized to make,
or cause to be made, an accurate map or plan
of such mine at the expense of the operator thereof;
and the cost of the same may be recovered
by law from the operator in the same manner as
other debts by suit, in the name of the State Inspector
or the State Mining Board, and for his
or its use, and copies of the same shall be filed
by him or the Board, one each with said recorder
and said Manager of the Rescue Stations.
Sec. 8. Sinking Subject to Inspection, (a) Any
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
shaft or other opening in process of sinking, or
driving, for the purpose of mining coal, shall be
subject to the inspection of the State Inspector
of Mines for the district in which said shaft or
opening is located.
(b I Over every shaft that is being sunk or
shall hereafter be sunk, there shall be a
SAFE AND SUBSTANTIAL STRUCTURE
to support sheaves or pulley ropes at a height not
less than 15 feet above the tipping place. The
landing platform of such shaft shall be so arranged
that material can not fall into the shaft
while the bucket is being emptied or taken from
the hoisting rope. If provisions are made to
land a bucket on a truck, said truck and platform
shall be so arranged that material can not
fall into the shaft.
(c) Rock or coal shall not be hoisted except in
a bucket or on a cage when men are in the bottom
of the shaft; and said bucket or cage must
be connected to the hoisting rope by a safety
hook, clevis or other safety attachment. The
rope shall be fastened to the side of the drum
and not less than three coils of rope shall remain
on the drum. In shafts over 100 feet in
depth, suitable provision shall be made to prevent
the bucket from swinging while being lowered
or hoisted, and guides provided for this purpose
shall be maintained at a distance of not more
than 75 feet from the bottom of the shaft.
(d) An efficient brake shall be attached to the
drum of the engine used for hoisting in shaft
sinking and the drum shall be provided with a
flange on each end not less than 4 inches in
height.
(e) Not more than four persons shall be lowered
or hoisted in or on a bucket in a shaft at
one time, and no person shall ride on a loaded
bucket.
(f) All blasts in shaft sinking shall be exploded
by electric battery.
(g) Provision shall also be made for the proper
ventilation of shafts while being sunk.
(h) No one but a certified hoisting engineer
shall be in charge of the hoisting engines while a
saaft is being sunk.
Sec. 9. Two Places of Egress. (a I For every
coal mine in this State, whether worked by shaft,
slope or drift, there shall be provided and maintained,
in addition to the hoisting shaft, or other
place of delivery, an escapement shaft or opening
to the surface, or an underground communicating
passageway with a contiguous mine, so
that there shall be at least two distinct and
available means of egress to all persons employed
in such coal mines.
Distance from Main Shaft, (b) In mines sunk
after the passage of this Act, the first escapement
shaft shall be separated from the main shaft

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
by such extent of natural strata as may be agreed
upon by the inspector of the district and the
OWNER OF THE PROPERTY,
but the distance between the main shaft and the
escapement shaft shall not be less than 500 feet
nor more than 2,000 feet: provided, that in mines
employing ten (10) men or less the distance between
the hoisting shaft and the escapement shaft
shall not be less than two hundred and fifty (250 I
feet.
Unlawful to Employ More Than Ten Men. (cl
It shall be unlawful to employ underground, at
any one time, more men than in the judgment of
the inspector are necessary to complete speedily
the connections with the escapement shaft or adjacent
mine; and said number must not exceed
ten men at any one time for any purpose in said
mine until such escapement or connection is completed.
The time allowed for completing such escapement
shaft or making such connections with an
adjacent mine, as is required by the terms of
this Act, shall be three months for shafts 200 feet
or less in depth, and six months for shafts less
than 500 feet and more than 200 feet, and nine
months for all other mines, slopes or drifts, or
connections with adjacent mines. The time to
date in all cases from the hoisting of coal from
the hoisting shaft: provided, that in mines employing
ten (101 men or less, the time for completing
the escapement shaft shall not be more
than six months from the time of hoisting coal.
Stairways or Cages, (d) The escapement shaft
at every mine opened after the passage of this
Act shall be equipped with a substantial stairway,
set at an angle not greater than forty-five degrees,
which shall be provided with hand-rails and with
platforms or landings at each turn of the stairway.
If any escapement shaft, at the time of the
passage of this Act, be equipped with a cage ofr
hoisting men, such shaft, cage and all equipment
used in connection therewith must conform to
the requirements of this Act in reference to the
hoisting and lowering of men.
Passageways to Escapement. (e I Such escapement
shaft or opening or communication with a
contiguous mine as aforesaid, shall be constructed
in connection with every seam of coal worked in
such mine, and all passageways communicating
with the escapement shaft or place of exit, from
the main hauling ways to said place of exit, shall
be maintained free of obstruction at least 5 feet
high and 5 feet wide. Such passageways must
be so graded and drained that it will be impossible
for water to accumulate in any depression
or dip of the same in quantities sufficient to obstruct
the free and safe passage of men. No
passageway to an escapement shaft shall pass
through a stable. At all points where the passageway
to the escapement shaft or other place of
exit is intersected by other roadways or entries,
conspicuous
SIGNBOARDS SHALL BE PLACED
indicating the direction it is necessary to take in
order to reach such place of exit.
Communications with Adjacent Mines, (f)
When operators of adjacent mines have, by agreement,
established underground communications between
said mines as an escapement outlet for the
men employed in both, the intervening doors shall
remain unlocked and ready at all times for immediate
use.
When such communication has once been established
between contiguous mines, the operator
of either shall not close the same without the consent
of the operator of the contiguous mine and
of the State Inspector for the district: provided,
that when either operator desires to abandon mining
operations the expense and duty of maintaining
such communication shall devolve upon the
party continuing operations and using the same.
Sec. 10. Gates at Landings, (a) The upper and
lower landing at the top of each shaft, and the
opening of each intermediate seam from or to
the shaft, shall be kept clear and free from loose
materials, and shall be protected with automatic
or other gates. At the top landing cage supports,
where necessary, must be carefully set and adjusted
so as to securely hold the cage when at rest.
Lights on Landings, (b) Whenever the hoisting
or lowering of men occurs before daylight or
after dark, or when the landing at which men
take or leave the cage is at all obscured by steam
or otherwise, there must always be maintained
at such landing a light sufficient to show the landing
and surrounding objects distinctly. Likewise,
as long as there are men underground in any
mine the operator shall maintain a good and sufficient
light at the bottom of the shaft thereof, so
that persons coming to the bottom may clearly
discern the cage and objects in the vicinitv
Hoisting Equipment, (c) Every shaft in which
men are hoisted and lowered must be equipped
with a cage, or cages, fitted to guide-rails running
from the top to the bottom. Said cages must be
substantially constructed; they must be furnished
with sheet-metal covers adequate to protect persons
riding thereon from falling objects; they
must be equipped with safety catches. Every
cage on which persons are carried must be fitted
with iron bars or rings in proper place and sufficient
number to furnish a secure handhold for
every person permitted to ride thereon. There
shall be
ATTACHED TO EVERY (ACE
on which men are, or may be hoisted or lowered,

a horn or other device with which signals can be
given on the cage.
(d I In connection with every hoisting engine
used for hoisting or lowering of men there shall
be provided as follows:
Brake on Drum. (DA good and sufficient brake
on the drum, so adjusted that it may be operated
by the engineer without leaving his post at the
levers.
Flanges. (21 Flanges attached to the sides of
the drum, with a distance when the whole rope
is wound on the drum of not less than 4 inches
between the outer layer of rope and the greatest
diameter of the flange.
Rope Fastenings. (3) One end of each hoisting
rope shall be well secured on the drum, and at
least three laps of the same shall remain on the
drum when the cage is at rest at the lowest caging
place in the shaft.
The lower end of each rope shall be securely
fastened to the cage b.v suitable sockets and
chains.
Indicator. (4) An index dial or indicator that
plainly shows the engineer at all times the true
position of the cages in the shaft.
Signals, (e) At every mine where men are
hoisted and lowered by machinery there shall be
provided means of signaling to and from the bottom
man, the top man and the engineer. The
signal system shall consist of a tube, or tubes, or
wire encased in wood or iron pipes, through which
signals shall be communicated by electricity, compressed
air or other pneumatic devices, or by ringing
a bell. When compressed air or other pneumatic
devices are used for signaling, provision
must be made to prevent signal from repeating or
reversing. The following signals shall be used at
mines where signals are required:
From the bottom to the top: One ring or whistle
shall signify to hoist coal or the empty cage, and
also to stop either when in motion.
Two rings or whistles shall signify to lower
cage.
Three rings or whistles shall signify that men
are coming up or going down; when return signal
is received from the engineer the men shall get
on the cage and the proper signal to hoist or
lower shall be given.
Four rings or whistles shall signify to hoist
slowly, implying danger.
Five rings or whistles shall signify accident in
the mine and a call for a stretcher.
Six rings or whistles shall signify hold cage
perfectly still until signaled otherwise.
From top to bottom, one ring or whistle shall
signify: All ready, get on cage.
Two rings or whistles shall signify: Send away
empty cage.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
Provided, that the operator of any mine may,
with consent of the inspector,
ADD TO THIS CODE
of signals in his discretion. The code of signals
in use at any mine shall be conspicuously posted
at the top and at the bottom of the shaft, and
in the engine room at some point in front of the
engineer when standing at his post.
Gauges, (f) Every boiler shall be provided with
a glass water gauge and not less than three try
cocks and also a steam gauge, except that where
two or more boilers are equipped with a steam
drum properly connected with the boilers to indicate
the steam pressure and without any valves
between said boilers and the steam drum, the
steam gauge may be placed in said steam drum;
and other steam gauge shall be attached to the
steam pipe in the engine house, each to be placed
in such a position that the engineer and the fireman
can readily see what pressure is being carried.
Such steam gauges shall be kept in good
order, and adjusted and be tested as often, at
least, as every six months.
Safety Valves, (g) Every boiler shall be provided
with a safety valve with weights or springs
properly adjusted, except that where two or more
boilers are equipped with a steam drum properly
connected with the boilers to indicate the steam
pressure and without any valves between said
boilers and the steam drum, the safety valve may
be placed in said steam drum.
Inspection of Boilers, (h) All boilers used in
generating steam in and about coal mines or
sinking shafts shall be kept in good order, and
the operator of every coal mine where steam boilers
are in use shall have said boilers thoroughly
examined and inspected by a competent boilermaker
or other qualified person, not an employe
of said operator, as often as once in every six
months, and oftener if the Mine Inspector shall
so require in writing, and the result of every such
inspection shall be reported on suitable blanks to
said Mine Inspector.
Run-around at Bottom. (i) At every underground
landing where men enter or leave the cage
and where men must pass from one side of the
cage to the other there shall be a passageway,
free from obstruction and dry as possible, around
the shaft not less than three feet wide for the
use of men only; and animals or ears shall not
be taken through such passageway while men are
passing or desirous of passing through such passageway.
Refuge Place on Shaft Bottom, (j) A refuge
place or places for men coming out at the close
of the day's work shall be provided off the main
BOTTOM OF CAGEROOM
in shaft mines, at a place or places and of such
sizes as shall be approved by the State Mining

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Inspector. Such place or places shall be not more
than 400 feet from the hoisting shaft. When leaving
such refuge places to be hoisted out, the men
shall be governed by the rules of the mine.
Obstructions in Shaft. (k) No accumulation of
ice or obstructions of any kind shall be permitted
in any shaft in which men are hoisted or lowered;
nor shall any dangerous gases or steam be discharged
into said shaft in such quantities or at
such times as to interfere with the safe passage
of men. All surface or other water which flows
therein shall be conducted by rings or otherwise
to receptacles provided for the same in such manner
as to prevent water from falling upon men
while passing into or out of the mine or while in
the discharge of their duties about the shaft bottom.
Inspection. (1) All shafts by which men enter
or leave the mine, and the passageways leading
thereto, or to the works of a contiguous mine
used as an escapement shaft shall be carefully examined
at least once each week that the mine is
operating and the date and findings of such an
examination entered promptly in the books kept
at the mine for that purpose. If obstructions to
the free passage of men are found, their location
and nature shall be stated in said report. Such
obstructions shall be promptly removed.
Sec. 11. Building on the Surface, (a) After
the passage of this Act, there shall not be erected
or re-erected on the surface within 100 feet of
any hoisting shaft or escapement shaft, any inflammable
structure: provided, that this paragraph
shall not apply to mines employing ten
(10) men or less.
Oil and Other Explosives. (b I No oils or similarly
inflammable materials shall be stored within
100 feet of any hoisting or escapement shaft,
nor in any mine.
All explosive materials shall be stored in a fireproof
magazine located on the surface not less
than 500 feet from all other buildings in connection
with the mine, and such magazine shall be
so placed as not to jeopardize the free and safe
exit of men from the mine in case of an explosion
at the magazine.
Engine and Boiler-house, (c) Any building
erected after the passage of this Act, for the purpose
of housing the hoisting engine or boilers at
any mine, shall be substantially fireproof, and no
boiler-house shall be neaier than sixty feet to the
main shaft or other opening, or to any building
or inflammable structure connecting therewith.
(To be concluded in issue of Oct. 1)
The Blacklick Mining Co., Twin Rock, Pa., is
opening a new mine at that place, to have a capacity
of 1,000 tons daily.
Mr. Charles B. Davis, principal assistant engineer
of the coal mines division of the Tennessee
Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., has resigned his position,
effective September 15, and will open an engineering
office in Birmingham.
Prof. Raymond C. Brenner, of the department
of chemistry of the University of Arizona, has associated
himself with Prof. R. K. Duncan, of the
University of Pittsburgh, and will make a study
of the smoke problem.
Mr. H. Bromley, general coal and ore agent of
the New York Central lines west of Buffalo, at
Cleveland, has been retired under the pension rules
of the company.
Mr. J. M. Hughes, a dealer at Altoona, Pa., celebrated,
on the ist, his 29th anniversary in the coal
business, he having succeeded his father in 1882.
J CONSTRUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
It is reported that the Donk Bros. Coal & Coke
Co., of St. Louis, is preparing to open three new
mines in the district south of Edwardsville, 111.
Some of the company's older mines are nearing
exhaustion and other openings will be made in
order to maintain present output.
Announcement is made in Baltimore that a new
coal concern to be known as the Sandy Creek
Coal & Coke Co. will be organized to develop about
2,200 acres of coal lands along the Western Maryland
railway.
W. D. Shull, of Waynesburg, has purchased
from H. L. Duniap of the same place 112 acres of
coal in Center township, Greene county, Pa., for
$22,400. He also has bought from Dr. G. M. Scott
47,926 acres of coal adjoining the other tract for
$8,387.
The Interstate Coal Co. of Barboursville. Ky., has
purchased the holding of the Tye Fork Coal Co. in
the Brush Creek district, buying outright 800 acres
for $50,000. The company also has leased the remainder
of the holdings, comprising 800 acres.
Mrs. G. M. Scott, of Waynesburg, Pa., has sold
to W. D. Shull and W. H. Hickman, 48 acres of
coal in Center township, Greene county, Pa., for
$8,400.
Weoster Griffith, of Ebensburg, Pa., has sold to
Warren Delano, 1,364 acres of coal in Buffington
township, Cambria county, i'a... for $153,691.85.

FIRST AID CONTEST AT ARSENAL STATION
BRINGS OUT TEAMS THAT DO SPELND1D
WORK.
Surprising the most sanguine of friends, 13
first-aid teams ot mine workers in the bituminous
fields of Pennsylvania entered a carefully planned
contest for proficiency under the auspices of the
Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association on September
9. With the co-operation of the United States
Bureau of Mines, the contests were conducted in
Arsenal Park, Lawrenceville. Five events were
arranged, each testing the ability of the miners to
care for victims of accident and upon their efficient
work, as judged by physicians and experts,
were they given ratings and prizes.
The contests were called the "first annual first
aid contest of the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association."
The teams were sent to Pittsburgh
by the various companies, and each appeared in
attractive uniform and wearing badges presented
by the association. S. A. Taylor, secretary of the
Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association, presided
at the contest. Several hundred persons gathered
to witness the events and inasmuch as most of the
teams had uniforms of khaki, with service hats
of the army, the general appearance of the event
was decidedly military.
Of the contestants teams Nos. 3 and 6 carried
off the greater number of honors, but their competitors
were close behind them and the rating
received by the men was considered little short
of phenomenal.
Elaborate preparations for the contest had been
made and the meeting was watched with keen
interest. The events were as follows:
First—10-minute limit—Caring for man with
left hand smashed, fingers burst, lacerations and
cut in palm of hand; to be dressed by First Aid
packet.
Second—10-minute limit—Man in contact with
live wire. Show three methods of rescue, carry
25 feet after last method, and perform artificial
respiration 1 minute.
Third—10-minute limit—Explosion of a keg of
powder; man burned about the head to the waistband
on the front of the body and arms to the
elbows.
Fourth—15-minute limit—Supposed fracture of
the spine in the middle of the back. Apply splints
and bandages and show method of transportation
so injury will not be made worse; carry 100 feet.
Fifth—15-minute limit—(cup contesti—Full
team work; man cut on top of head, compound
fracture of left leg, between knee and ankle, severe
bleeding; crushed right foot, with blood oozing;
dress and transport 50 feet.
In each of these supposed accidents, there were
men posing as victims and the complete service
of the First Aid chests and remedies were brought
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
into play so that the teams could show the method
of work in actual service. The teams were composed
of trained miners fresh from the mines,
who have been under instruction for some time,
and went about their tasks with wonderful precision
and intelligence. Many physicians present
expressed amazement at what the miners had
developed into in so comparatively short time.
One of the physicians said enthusiastically:
"There are 12,000 of these miners in the country
receiving this training now. What a nucleus
for a magnificent hospital corps for the army in
case of war."
Another declared that in the lesson there was a
pointed one for the city, to train its police and
firemen in the same manner for sudden emergencies
in the streets and at fires.
Signals were given at the opening of each contest.
The teams worked with calmness and without
undue haste. They handled the victim in the
same manner as they would at a mine accident,
and at the completion of their task called out the
number of their team to the time-keeper and announced
their completion. The judges, including
Dr. M. J. Shields of the American National Red
Cross; Dr. J. B. Stoner, surgeon. United States
Public Health and Marine Hospital Service; and
John G. Patterson of the Youghiogheny & Ohio
Coal Co. passed on each case carefully and figured
upon the percentages. J. T. Ryan and William
Burke of the Bureau of Mines were official timekeepers,
and VV. D. Roberts was recorder.
The contesting teams of these events with their
location were as follows:
No. 1. Pittsburgh Coal Co., Superintendent
James Porter's district—Alexander Waugh, William
Feick, Edward Lewis, Thomas McManus, John
Bowles.
No. 2. Superintendent John Hauser's district—
William Bregar, William Scott, George Sterner,
Henry Hall, Fred Jarvis.
No. 3. Superintendent L. C. Sarver's district—
Clyde Nelson, S. W. Cramer, Thomas Holleran,
John Behling, G. W. Lawson.
No. 4. Superintendent William Kelvington's
district—John Prebest, Burt Ramsey, John Stiffly,
Roy E. Fox, Rock Colland.
No. 5. Superintendent Henry Cattley's district
—Ralph Bradley, Joseph Logue. David Strong,
O. C. Trimmer, James Barr.
No. 6. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.—William
Brownlee, J. L. Swanson, Ralph Gibson, Nelson
Gmith. D. A. Lehman.
No. 7. E. E. Firecoat, Joe Bosco, Joe Kreger,
h,. H. Scourfield, Griff Llewellyn.
No. S. Seanor First Aid Association—Capt. J.
C. Nedrow. J. L. Swanson. W. F. Ream. Edmond
Williams. Bert Sprague.
No. 9. Brier Hill Coke Co.—Harry Blackford.

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Adam Yokohosky, Abraham Gunter, John Catney,
Andrew Dulik.
No. 10. Pittsburgh Terminal Railroad & Coal
Co.—Frank Creehan, Charles Kurtz, John Snyder,
Joseph Keagle, Richard Donley.
No. 11. Pittsburgh-Buffalo Co.—Charles Waine,
J. T. Reynolds, John McMasters, Charles Sweet,
Charles Warrick.
No. 12. Ellsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth,
Pa.—Joseph Lindsay, Fred Gulick, George Lindsay,
A. W. Harris, Peter Playfair.
No. 13. Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co.,
Punxsutawney, Pa.—George Facemyer, captain;
Andrew Vilinsky, Samuel Lindsay, Alexander Warden,
Robert Patterson, Daniel McElhattan, subject.
The fact that the contest was the first ever held
in the Pittsburgh district, and that the teams and
officials were new to the work, made the contest
somewhat long drawn out, but the men took deep
interest in their task and followed closely the
events. The announcement of the percentages of
the five winning teams was as follows:
Event No. 1—First, team No. 3, 100 per cent.;
second, team No. 10, 99% per cent.; third, team
No. 12, 99 per cent.
Event No. 2—First, team No. 3, 100 per cent.;
second, team No. 2, 99'^ per cent.; third, team
No. 7, 99 per cent.
Event No. 3—First, team No. 3, 99% per cent.;
second, team No. 10, 97 per cent.; third, team No.
6, 96Vi per cent.
Event No. 4—First, team No. 6, 98 per cent.;
second, team No. 10, 97'-2 per cent.; third, team
No. 12, 97 per cent.
Event No. 5—First, team No. 11, 100 per cent.;
second, team No. 8, 99 per cent.; third, team No.
7, 98% Per cent.
Prizes were awarded in the form of bronze Red
Cross badges to the winning teams with the three
highest percentages, and first aid cases are to go
to them. The names of the winners that hold the
badges will be engraved on the badges, which are
the official badge of the Red Cross order. In the
fifth event, which was the "cup event," in addition
to the other prizes, the Pittsburgh Coal Operators'
Association presented the handsome silk banner,
suitably inscribed in gold lettering, and on
the back of which will be lettered the name of the
team winning the same and the year it was won.
Each succeeding year the winner will have the
banner, until it has been won by the same team
three times in succession.
PRAISE FRO.M OPERATORS.
At the conclusion of the contests Secretary S. A.
Taylor of the Pittsburgh Coal Operators' Association
on behalf of President William K. Field, who
was absent, presented the banner and the medals.
He praised the miners warmly for their splendid
work which he declared was causing more inter­
est in the miners' lot among the public than anything
ever before attempted. He called attention
to the national meet on October 30, at which some
20,000 miners from all over the United States will
be present, and the contest will he attended by
President W. H. Taft and government officials as
well as state and local authorities. He complimented
the men on their high average shown,
and that the outcome is expected to be more interesting
next year.
The contest and formalities did not end until
earjy in the evening. A good many of the contesting
teams have only been in training for from
six to eight weeks and the results were therefore
considered the more remarkable.
Mr. George B. Irvin, aged 51, secretary of the
Independent Coke Producers' Association, died
September 9 in Pittsburgh, after a two months'
illness. He was one of the best known coke men
in Fayette county, Pa. The deceased was the
son of William Irvin, deceased, and Elizabeth E.
Irvin, of Pittsburgh, and was born at Greensboro,
Greene county. His childhood days were spent
in Uniontown, and he had been a resident of Fairchance
for about 33 years. For 25 years he was
connected with the H. C. Frick Coke Co. as superintendent
at the Kyle works. At the time of his
death Mr. Irvin was secretary of the Fairchance
borough council, and was at one time its president.
LTntil two years ago he was secretary of
the Fayette County Coke Producers' Association.
He was master of the F. and A. M., No. 22S, Uniontown,
and was a member of the B. P. O. E., No.
371, I'niontown, and the Royal Arcanum. Besides
his widow, Lyle Cunningham Irvin, the following
children survive: Attorney Fred C. Irvin, Max
G.. Harry and Elizabeth Irvin. Brothers and
sisters are William L. Irvin, connected with the
Standard Oil Co. in New York City; Mrs. James
Howard, of Claysville, Washington county, Pa.,
Mrs. James M. MeMoll, of Wilkinsburg.
The All-Rail Coal Shippers' Association at a recent
meeting in Minneapolis, Minn., elected the
following officers: President, Gardner H. Reeves;
vice president, James P. Danson; secretary, Walter
Space; treasurer, R. E. Smith. The association
consists of wholesale coal dealers and mine
representatives located in the northwest, and its
purpose is largely to protect the credits of the companies
represented.
Erie, Pa., retail dealers, together with representatives
of the wholesale companies and attaches of
their offices, held their second annual picnic recently.

GOVERNOR TENER OF PENNSYLVANIA
NAMES DELEGATES TO MINING CON­
GRESS.
Governor Tener of Pennsylvania September 6
appointed the following men as delegates to the
American Mining Congress iu Chicago, September
26-29:
E. R. Pettihone. superintendent Delaware & Hudson
Railroad Co., Dorranceton; W. D. Owens, su
perintendent Lehigh Valley Coal Co., Pittston;
Thomas Thomas, division superintendent Lehigh
Valley Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre; H. G. Davis, superintendent
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal
Co., Kingston: S. J. Jennings, inspector Pennsyl
vania Coal Co., P'ittston; ('. F. Huber, general superintendent
Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co.. Wilkes-Barre;
Robert A. Quinn, general superintendent
Susquehanna Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre; W. J. Richards,
general manager, Philadelphia & Reading
Coal & Iron Co., Pottsville; W. H. Davies. superintendent
Coxe Brothers & Co.. Hazleton; Jesse K.
Johnston, general superintendent of the Charleroi
Coal Works. Charleroi; S. A. Scott, general superintendent
of the Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh; .1. D. O'Neill, general
superintendent of the Merchants Coal Co., Pitts
burgh; A. W. Calloway, general superintendent of
the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co., Punxsutawney;
A. D. Harmon, general superintendent
of the Keystone Coal & Coke Co.. Greensburg;
Harry Whyel, general superintendent of the Whyel
Coal Co.. Uniontown; W. R. Calverley, general
manager of the Berwind-White Coal Mining Co..
Windier: O. W. Kennedy, general superintendent
of the Orient Coke Co., Uniontown; Leslie H. Webb,
115 Chestnut street. Philadelphia; Frank H. Bailie.
care H. K. Porter Co.. Pittsburgh, and Leo Gluck,
care Pittsburgh Coal Co.. Pittsburgh.
j LABOR NOTES
William Evans, superintendent of the Jackson
Hill mine, No. 4, at Sullivan. Ind.. has been placed
under arrest on six charges of violation of the
mining statutes as follows: Failure to have water
for use in case of injuiy; failure to provide cots
for injured men; failure to have on hand a supply
of splints for broken bones: working too many
men on one "split" of air: providing no markers
to show a way of escape from the shaft; operating
the mine without a fire boss when there is black
damp in the shaft. One charge of failure to
close a "break through," is filed against James
Brooks, mine boss.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
interests of the organization. This was one of
the questions determined at the annual state convention
whose sessions were concluded at Missoula
recently. The secretary-treasurer was allowed a
salary of $100 a month for attending to the business
of the organization.
It is said that operators in both the anthracite
and bituminous fields of Pennsylvania will rigidly
enforce the child labor law this fall and are already
doing away with the services of boys whom
they suspect of being under age, even if they have
certificates. Boys of 11 may he employed if they
possess certain educational requirements, hut only
hoys of 16 may be employed as long as 58 hours a
week".
As a result of examinations held at Logan. W.
Va.. recently the following men received certicates
entitling them to hold positions as mine
foremen: First grade—James Somers, Fort
Branch, W. Va.; Mat, Gray Hunter. Ethel. W. Va.
Second grade—J. H. Curry. Holden; G. E. Thompson,
Holden; Floyd S. Richards. Logan; Charles
Miller, Holden, and W. G. Whitman. Holden.
For their work during the month of August,
1911, the mine workers in the anthracite region of
Pennsylvania receive an increase of 4 per cent.
on tne rate of wages fixed by the Anthracite Strike
Commission of 1902. The average price of coal at
tidewater was $4.70 in August, and this entitles
the mine workers to 1 per cent, more pay for the
month.
The West Virginia state mining department will
hold an examination for fire boss at Charleston,
W. Va., on Septembe]' 27 and 28. At tbe same
time there will be held an examination for mine
foreman. All persons who are interested in these
examinations should take notice of these dates as
no other tests will he made for possibly a year.
John Buhentan of Jacobs Creek, Pa., has been
placed in jail at Greensburg. Pa., on a charge of
having smoked in the Darr mine, the scene of a
fatal explosion a few years ago.
The union miners of the stale of Washington
have voted to contribute $25.ooo to assist the
strikers in Britisli Columbia.
George Mai'kie of Fayette City. Pa., has been
held for court on a charge of carrying a pipe and
matches into a mine.
The new- coal washing plant of the Alabama
Fuel & Iron Co. at Acinar, St. Clair county. Ala.,
Billings will be permanent headquarters for the has been placed in operation, 100 tons having been
United Mine Workers of America, Distiict of Mon­ washed one day last week. The plant is said to
tana. The secretary-treasurer will maintain have a washing capacity of 2,500 tons a day which,
offices there and will work continuously in the it is expected, will shortly be reached.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
COAL PRODUCTION OF UNITED STATES
IN 1910 BREAKS ALL PREVIOUS RECORDS.
For the first time in the history of the United
States, the coal mines of the country in 1910 were
credited with an output exceeding half a billion
short tons, the combined production of anthracite.
bituminous coal, and lignite having amounted to
5iil.576.S95 short tons, with a spot value of $629,-
529,745. This great output, according to Edward
W. Parker, coal statistician of the United States
Geological Survey, was attained in spite of the
fact that most of the mines in Illinois. Missouri,
Kansas. Arkansas and Oklahoma were closed for
nearly six months hy one of the most bitterly contested
strikes in the history of the industry. The
heaviest tonnage mined in any year previous to
1910 was in 1907. when a total of 480.363,424 short
tons was produced.
Compared with 1909. the output in 1910 showed
an increase of 40.762,279 short tons, or 8.85 per
cent. Prices generally were a little higher in
1910 than in 1909, the average for Pennsylvania
anthracite ueing $2.13 per long ton, against $2.06
in 1909. and the average for bituminous coal was
$1.12 per short ton in 1910, against $1.07 in 1909.
The total value increased 13.50 per cent.
Except for the states affected by the strike order,
the increase in production was general among the
more important coal producing states. The output
of anthracite in Pennsylvania increased from
81.070,359 short tons, valued at $149,181,587, to 84,-
485,236 short tons, valued at $160,275,302. a gain
of 4.21 per cent, in quantity an'd 7.14 per cent, in
value. The bituminous production, including
semi-bituminous, cannel. splint and sub-bituminous
coals, lignite and a, small quantity of anthracite
from Colorado and New Mexico, increased from
379,741.257 short tons, valued at $405,486,777, to
417,091,659 short tons, valued at $469,254,443, a
gain of 9.83 per cent, in quantity and of 15.73 per
cent, in value.
The total increase of 40,762,279 short tons in
1910 over 1909 was equal to 20 per cent, more than
the entire output of the United States in 1870 and
more than half of the total output in 1880.
The largest increases in production in 1910 were
in the states tbat benefited from the idleness in
the Mississippi Valley. The bituminous coal
mines of Pennsylvania showed the largest increase,
12,554,735 short tons. West Virginia was second,
with an increase of 9,821.799 short tons; Ohio
third. 6,270,027 tons; Kentucky fourth, 3,925,935
tons; Indiana fifth, 3,555,556 tons; and Alabama
sixth. 2,388,529 tons.
Missouri's iiroduction of coal in 1910 was 2,982,-
433 short tons, against 3,756,530 short tons in 1909,
a decrease of 774,097 tons, or about 20 per cent.
As in other states of the Mississippi Valley, except
Iowa and Western Kentucky, Missouri's output was
materially reduced by the strike which began on
April 1 and was not officially called off until September
15. Counting the additional time required
for putting the mines into shape for operation
after the order to resume work was issued, fully
six months' producing time was lost. The actual
time lost and the decrease in production was not,
however, 50 per cent, of the normal output or
working time, for the strike order had been anticipated
and for the first three months of the year
the mines were operated to the fullest possible extent
in order to store up a supply of fuel, and
again, when mining was resumed every effort was
made by the operators and miners to make up for
lost time. The scarcity of coal due to the strike
naturally enhanced prices in Missouri and the
value of the product in 1910 was but 13.83 per
cent, less than that of 1909. the figures being, respectively.
$5,328,285 and $6,183,626.
Not all the mines in Missouri were affected by
tbe strike, nor did all the affected mines continue
idle for the entire time. The total number of
men employed was 9,691. The number of men on
strike was 7.774. and the periods of idleness ranged
from 25 to 210 days, with an average for the 7.774
men of 157 days. The time lost by the strike was
equivalent to 81.5 per cent, of the time made, and
yet the iiroduction in 1910 was nearly 80 per cent.
of that of the preceding year.
Michigan's coal output in 1909 was 1.784,692
short tons, which was a little more than 50,000
tons, or about 3 per cent., less than that of 1908.
In 1910 the production amounted to 1.534,967 short
tons, a decrease compared with 1909 of 14 per cent.
The value decreased from $3,199,351 to $2,930,771,
a loss of 8.39 per cent. Although the decrease in
value was proportionately greater than the decrease
in tonnage, the reasons assigned for the
decrease in 1909 are applicable to 1910—that is,
a development for several years preceding 1909 of
coal properties in excess of the ability of the market
to absorh the product. The decrease in 1910
was also partly attributable to labor troubles, for
of the 3.575 men employed 1.663 were on strike
from April 1 to June 1 and the average time lost
for each man on strike was 52 days. However.
the time lost by the strike was only 11 per cent.
of the time worked, and the decrease in tonnage
was 11 per cent. The 3.575 men employed in the
coal mines in 1910 worked an average of 211 days.
The coal operators of Cambria county have presented
to the Interstate Commerce Commission a
complaint that they are discriminated against in
freight rates from the mines to tidewater, in favor
of the operators in the Greensburg field. It is
declared there is a difference of four-tenths of a
mill a ton mile and the Interstate Commerce Commission
is asked to order a readjustment.

It is a matter of common knowledge that in­
flammable gas made up chiefly of methane, which
forms with air the so-called fire damp of the
miner, escapes from the coal in many mines; yet
little is known as to the condition of this gas in
the coal, its quantity and rate of escape. In ad­
dition to the gas set free by the coal itself, there
is in many mines a large amount of inflammable
gas that comes from reservoirs in the rock strata
above or below the coal bed and enters the mine
through cracks in the roof or floor. Gas enter­
ing the mine in such manner from extraneous
sources is not considered in the following report.
which presents rather some results of a labora­
tory investigation of the rate of escape of gas
from several coals while kept in bottles connected
to gas-collecting reservoirs. This investigation
was begun by the United States Geological Sur­
vey and is being continued by the Bureau of Mines
at the mining experiment station at Pittsburgh, Pa.
The results of the investigation show that gas
escapes from coal not only during the breaking
down of the coal in the mines, but also continu­
ously for a long time after the coal is mined. The
volume from some coals is so great as to merit
serious consideration in connection with the ven­
tilating of the mines and the choice of methods of
breaking down the coal. For example, during the
first two weeks after mining, there was set free
by one coal, exclusive of the gas that escaped dur­
ing mining, a volume of methane equal to three-
fourths of the volume of the coal itself.® Prob­
ably each cubic foot of this coal (in the seam)
set free in all during its mining and during the
first two weeks thereafter a cubic foot of methane.
It was shown by further test that during the first
five months after mining there was set free from
this coal a
VOLUME OF METHANE
equal to one and three-fourths times the volume
of the coal.
Many investigators, Chamberlin,® among others.
have shown that methane accumulates along lines
of fracture, such as joint cracks, or in places of
increased porosity in the coal bed and escapes
from these as they are cut in mining. In any
locality of the mine where for any reason adequate
ventilation is not maintained, the methane which
has thus escaped may become a source of danger
from explosion.
In some cases the volume of gas liberated from
broken coal is greater than the volume of the coal
itse]f—that is, of the actual solid and the cellular
•Technical Paper No. 2. United States Bureau of Mines.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
THE ESCAPE OF GAS FROM COAL-
By Horace C. Porter and F. K. Ovit;. !
space combined. Several theories have been pro­
posed to account for this fact. If the inclosed
gas is mechanically imprisoned in the microscopic
pores of the coal, it must be under a pressure
greater than thai of the atmosphere; otherwise it
would occupy after its escape a volume less than
that of the coal. It is possible, furthermore, that
there is a continual slow formation of methane
b.v chemical decomposition of the coal, or it may­
be that the gas is held in a state of occlusion—
thai is. either dissolved molecularly or absorbed
upon the inner surfaces of the cellular spaces.
The gas which escapes from coal lias been very
often called "occluded gas." but, as Chamberlin
has made plain,® the word "occluded" has been
loosely used in this connection, and the radical
difference between mechanical imprisonment and
true occlusion or condensation has been generally
overlooked. The word "occlusion" properly implies
the condensation of a gas within a solid sub­
stance to a state approaching that of liquid or
solid, either condensed upon the interior surfaces
of the pores or dissolved molecularly in the solid.
The Century Dictionary defines occlusion as the
absorption of a gas hy a metal, as of hydrogen by
palladium, in which case tbe hydrogen is regarded
as existing in a solid form as a quasi metal. Men-
deleeff® states: "The capacity of certain dense
metals for the absorption of hydrogen * * * * is
termed occlusion and presents a similar phenome­
non to solution: it is based on the
CAPACITY OF METALS
of forming unstable, easily' dissociating compounds
with hydrogen similar to those which salts form
with water."
Tlie results presented in this paper do not deter­
mine the condition of the gas in coal. The fact
that the gas escapes without the aid of heat or of
reduced pressure is hardly in strict agreement
with the accepted idea of occlusion. But. on the
other hand. Chamberlin© found that during the
crushing of coal to 30-mesh size under a high
vacuum there was liberated only about one-quar­
ter of the total volume of methane obtained from
the same coal while bottled for six months in
vacuo. This fact is with difficulty explained by
the theory of mechanical imprisonment under pres­
sure, for it seems likely that in such case the
walls confining the gas would be broken by the
large excess of pressure within, and that the bulk
of the gas would escape immediately. The theory
that methane continues to be formed by slow de-
For explanation of reference marks, see page 46.

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
composition of the coal explains satisfactorily
many of the phenomena observed, hut does not
easily account for the decrease in the rate of es­
cape of the methane.
Whatever may he the condition of the gas and
its manner of liberation, the results presented in
this paper clearly establish the facl that methane
continues to escape from coal in considerable quan­
tities aud for a long period under atmospheric
conditions of temperature and pressure. If al­
lowed to accumulate, this slowly escaping methane
in mines may become a source of danger even
greater than ihe methane liberated in breaking
down the coal. Calculations based on these results
show further that contrary to common opin­
ion the loss of heat value due to loss of methane
in exposed piles of coal is probably in all cases
so small as to be almost inconsiderable.
Parr and Wheeler© have noted the accumulation
of combustible gas from Illinois coals in laboratory
sample
BOTTLES KEPT SEALEO
for a year. They attribute to this fact part of the
loss of heat value which they found in these samples.
Many investigations have been made of the
so-called occluded gas in coal, notably by Bedson.®
McConnell,® Trobridge,® Parr and Barker,® and
Chamberlin.® With the exception of Chamberlin
these investigators have confined their attention
to the gases drawn from coal by a reduction of
pressure during a comparatively brief space of
time. Their findings as to the quantity and the
composition of the gases vary widely. The discrepancies
are probably due not only to differences
in the character of the coals, hut also to the
fact that most of the investigators have taken
little account of the gas that escaped in the interval
between mining and testing. Parr and Barker
took account of this factor by collecting 200gram
samples in flasks sealed in the mine and
extracting the gases under vacuum on reaching
the laboratory. They obtained in this manner
from one Illinois coal 40 to 80 c. c. id' methane
and about 10 c c. of carbon dioxide per loo grams
of coal, and showed also the rapid absorption of
oxygen by fresh coal. Their experiments, however,
did not take account of the cas liberated in
breaking down the coal, nor did they study the
escape of gas into an open space through an extended
period of time. Chamberlin.® on the
other hand, went further and not only extracted
the loosely held gas of coal hy crushing small
lumps in a vacuum, but collected also considerable
additional quantities of gas by keeping the
crushed coal in a vacuum for six months. By
crushing in vacuo to 10-mesh size coal from Monnngah,
W. Va.. he obtained a volume of methane
For explanation of reference marks, see page 46.
amounting, in different experiments, to 0.1 to 0.4
times the volume of the coal, and by keeping the
crushed coal six months in vacuo he obtained an
additional volume of methane 0.8 to 1.4 times the
volume of the coal. The gas liberated in mining
and during the transit of the coal in covered cans
to the laboratory was disregarded. Other
OASES EXTRACTED
in Chamberlin's experiments were carbon dioxide
(less than one-tenth of the volume of methane),
and very smail quantities of carbon monoxide and
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The experiments described in this paper supplement
Chamberlin's work, and bring out the additional
fact that methane and small quantities of
carbon dioxide escape from coal for an extended
period under atmospheric pressure, the amount of
the gas and its rate of escape being nearly the
same as when the coal is kept in vacuum. Fur­
thermore, the experiments show that oxygen is
absorbed rapidly hy fresh coal and in quantities
which are far out of proportion to the carbon
dioxide liberated, if the latter be assumed to arise
from combustion of the coal. The tabular statements
and graphs on succeeding pages show the
rate at which methane is liberated from several
different coals.
Unfortunately, the results do not permit even
an approximate estimate of the rate at which the
different coals absorb oxygen. It was found late
in the course of the experiments that the concentration
of the oxygen available for action on the
coal had much influence on the rapidity of the
action, and ihis concentration had varied decidedly
in the diffeient tests. Ordinary air was used in
some id' the tests and oxygen, 95 per cent, pure, in
others. In all the experiments there is clearly
shown, however, a rapid and long-continued absorption
of oxygen, with little or no accompanying
formation of carbon dioxide. Later experiments,
now in progress in the laboratory of the
Bureau of Mines, show that coals vary widely in
the rapidity with which they absorb oxygen under
like conditions.
The rapid absorption of oxygen by fresh coal
without the formation of carbon dioxide is well
illustrated by the coal from Connellsville. Pa.
(No. 41, Table 2). Ten kilograms (22 pounds)
of this coal absorbed during the first day after
mining nearly half the oxygen in the 10 liters of
air in the bottle and
CAVE OFF LITTLE MOKE
than one-tenth as much carbon dioxide as would
have been formed if all of the oxygen absorbed
bad combined with carbon to produce carbon dioxide.
The air of a closed mine, or of a poorly ventil-

ated section of any coal mine, is usually deficient
in oxygen, as compared with normal air, and contains
much less carbon dioxide than will account
lor this deficiency on the basis of the reaction of
carbon and oxygen to foim carbon dioxide.
This phenomenon is probably a direct result of
the chemical addition of oxygen to the coal, since
it is not likely that oxygen could be consumed in
any other way without forming carbon dioxide,
unless there were a fire in the mine, in which
case oxygen would combine with hydrogen as well
as with carbon. The oxygen absorbed from air
.by coal probably does not form directly either carbon
dioxide or water, but is merely added, as suggested
by Boudouard® and others, to certain compounds
in the coal that are unsaturated with respect
to oxygen and thereby produces humic acid
or related substances.
The results presented show large variations in
the quantities of methane liberated by the coals
tested. A Kentucky cannel yielded only a trace
of methane in nine months, while the Harrisburg,
111., coal gave off one-fourth of its volume in four
clays, and the Monongah, W. Va., coal one-third of
its volume in the same time.
These results are by no means to be interpreted
as showing that some coals which yield little or no
gas after mining are therefore not accompanied
by gas in the mines. Pocahontas coal, for example,
yields little methane after mining, but the
mines in the western part of what is known as the
Pocahontas district contain at times large quantities
of gas. The methane which accumulates in
coal mines may come, as before mentioned, from
two sources: (1) from reservoirs of gas under
pressure in the rock strata, and (2) from the
coal bed itself, either from cavities where the
GAS HAS ACCUMULATED,
or from a state of condensation or compression in
the micriscopic pores of the coal. The investigation
discussed in this paper has to do only with
the latter source, and although it advances data
which emphasize the importance of the coal seam
itself as a source of gas, it in no sense overlooks
or lessens the importance of the inflow of gas
from outside reservoirs.
It is known that variations in atmospheric pressure
have an influence on the accumulation of
methane in mines. Apparently incompatible with
this fact are the results presented in this paper,
which show that methane escapes from broken
coal at a rate practically unaffected by large reduction
in pressure. Atmospheric conditions,
however, may easily affect the escape of gas from
the bed of coal in situ, since a slight fall in barometric
pressure may open communication with cavities
or crevices.in the coal bed where gas is im­
For explanation of reference marks, see page 46.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
prisoned under pressure, although the same decrease
of pressure may have little or no effect on
the gas that is more intimately imprisoned in the
pores of the solid coal.
Carbon dioxide was found in the gases evolved
by all the coals that were tested. The amount
varied decidedly tor the different coals; the maximum,
from the Sheridan, Wyo., coal (No. 43), was
0.36 volumes in seven months. (.See Tables 1 and
2).
A sample ol approximately 10 kilograms (.22
pounds) of the coal was taken from a clean, fresh
iace of the coal seam in the manner prescribed by
the Bureau of Mines lor mine sampling.iu) This
sample was crushed so as to pass a l^-inch screen,
and placed in a 5-gallon crated glass bottle, which
was then stoppered as quickly as possible—usually
within 50 to 80 minutes after beginning the
cut. A tight-fitting rubber stopper was wired in.
Through the stopper passed a 20-cm. (.S-inchj
length of glass tubing of 2-mm. (rV-inch) bore,
its outer end sealed by a piece of heavy rubber
tubing and a solid glass plug. The crushed coal
consisted largely of small lumps between onetenth
and one-half inch in size but contained 10
to 20 per cent, of material under one-tenth inch
in size. The bottle was shipped forthwith to the
laboratory at Pittsburgh. As soon as it arrived
there the rubber stopper and connections were
PAINTED WITH SHELLAC
to avoid all risk of leakage, and a gas sample was
at once withdrawn for analysis. The bottles were
then allowed to stand in the laboratory several
months at a temperature varying from 12 degrees
to 32 degrees C.
Four coals, No. 37 (Pocahontas, Va.), No. 39
(Harrisburg, 111.), No. 43 (Sheridan, Wyo.), and
No. 49 (Benton, 111.), were subjected to further
investigation, as follows:
The bottle of Pocahontas coal (No. 37) was connected
through the glass tube in the stopper to a
reservoir of oxygen, so that the oxygen floyved
into the bottle as fast as it was absorbed by tbe
coal. From time to time the gas that accumulated
in the bottle was drawn out in order to relieve
the pressure and permit the inflow of oxygen.
The bottles containing coals No. 39 and No.
43 were connected to a supply of air instead of
oxygen and the inlet tube extended to the center
of the coal in each bottle. There also was attached
to each of these two bottles a collecting
reservoir for the escaping gas, the connecting tube
ior this purpose passing from the top of the bottle
to the reservoir. The bottle of Benton. 111., coal
(No. 49) was connected with both an oxygen supply
and a gas-collecting reservoir; but oxygen,
not air, was admitted to the bottle and was ad-

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
mitted at the top. the gas being withdrawn from
underneath the coal.
The air, or oxygen, admitted was measuied, and
the gas withdrawn was measured and analyzed.
Air, or oxygen, was admitted in slight excess so
that every gas sample withdrawn contained some
oxygen. It is hardly fair to compare the results
oi the test on Pocahontas coal with the results
oi the other tests, since in this test the accumu­
lated gas was not withdrawn as regularly nor as
lapidly as in the others and tbe pressure within
the bottle may have retarded the escape of methane
from the coal. The test, however, serves to show
that this coal evolves a comparatively small quan­
tity of methane. A numher of other coals were
tested in somewhat similar manner, occasional
samples of gas being taken Irom the bottle but
witnout drawing off the accumulated gas into collecting
reservoirs or admitting a supply of oxygen.
fne tests made in this manner are named in
Table 2.
The gas samples were analyzed by the Hempel
methods with certain modifications, as described
in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 1, pages 22 to 24.
Methane was determined always by the low combustion
method of Winkler. No attempt was
made to determine less than 0.2 per cent, of car­
bon monoxide, and since the first samples from the
bottles showed less than that quantity of carbon
monoxide and also of hydrogen and unsaturated
hydrocarbons, no determinations of these three con­
stituents were made thereafter.
The results given in the tables emphasize the
gradual decrease in the rate of escape of methane
and, in some cases, the ending of the liberation
of methane within five months. The escape of
methane from the two southern Illinois coals appeared
to continue for a longer time, but even
these coals showed a well-marked tendency to stop
giving off gas. The experiments with the coals
from Monongah, W. Va., Hanna, Wyo., and Con­
nellsville, Pa., were not carried far enough to
show the rate of continuous escape of methane,
but show the large quantity of methane set free
by these coals just after mining. The coals from
Rock Springs and Sheridan, Wyo., Paintsville,
Ky., and Pocahontas. Va., do not appear to contain
much inclosed gas. The results from the
Harrisburg, 111., coal (No. 39) are particularly
instructive in showing, under conditions permitting
good circulation of air, the gradually dimin­
ishing escape of methane, the long-continued absorption
of oxygen, and in particular a steadily-
increasing liberation of carbon dioxide. This
last phenomenon has been noted by Chamberlin,®
and seems to indicate that either carbon dioxide
is more tenaciously held in coal or, because of its
For explanation of leference marks, see page 46.
greater density, does not diffuse as readily as
methane. It is of intreest to note in this con­
nection the results from the Rock Springs and
Sheridan, Wyo., coals and the Kentucky cannel
coal, all of which yielded at the start greater
quantities of carbon dioxide than the coals that
were more highly charged with methane.
In a few instances, during the analysis of the
hydrocarbons in the gases, a small proportion of
ethane was indicated by the presence after com­
bustion of slightly more carbon dioxide than accorded
with the contraction in volume. But the
quantities were so slight as to be within the
probable limits of experimental error.
The rapidity with which the coals absorbed oxygen
may be seen from the data on coals, 43 (Sheri­
dan. Wyo. I, and 49 (Benton, 111.), in Table 1,
which show that in less than 15 days these coals
had exhausted the oxygen from a volume of air
equal to their own volume. In neither of these
instances was the
VOLUME OF CARBON DIOXIDE
formed during the process greater than one-tenth
of the volume of oxygen absorbed. That oxygen
is probably taken into chemical combination rather
than occluded or absorbed by coal was shown by
a simple experiment with the Benton, 111, coal
(No. 49). After being supplied with oxygen for
five months, during which time it combined with
oxygen equal in volume to nearly seven times its
own volume of oxygen, a sample of the coal was
placed in boiling water in a flask. The gases
evolved during 15 minutes' boiling showed no excess
of oxygen over that contained in air.
The largest volume of combustible gas evolved
was from the sample of Benton, 111., coal. From
12.2 kilograms of this coal. 16.9 liters of methane
were evolved in one year and five months. If a
calorific value for methane of 9,400 small calories
per liter is assumed, there were lost by the 12.2
kilograms of coal 9,400X16.9=158,860 calories. As
the heating value of the coal was about 7,500 calories,
the percentage of loss was approximately
158,860
= 0.16 per cent. It is evident, there-
12,200x7,500
fore, that no considerable loss of heating value can
be attributed directly to the escape of combustible
gases from coal during storage at ordinary temperatures.
The results of the experiments discussed in this
paper show that certain American coals, whose
mining is attended with danger from accumula­
tions of inflammable gas, liberate this gas not only
while they are being broken down in mining, but
also during a long period thereafter. At first
the gas escapes rapidly, but the rate diminishes
and tends toward a final cessation in 3 to 18
months. If the volume of the small lumps of

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF COALS TESTED.
No. Kind of Coal. State
County. Place.
Name of Coal
Bed.
Mine.
29 Bituminous Wyo. . .Sweetwater ....Rock Springs. .Rock Springs. ..No 1.
30 Bituminous Wyo. . .Carbon Hanna .Lower Lower No. 2.
oo Bituminous ( cannel).. Ky. . . .Johnson Paintsville Flambeau.
35 Bituminous W.Va. .Marion Monongah Pittsburgh No. 6.
37 Semi-bituminous Va Tazewell Pocahontas . . . .No. 3 Baby.
39 Bituminous Ill Saline Harrisburg . . . .No. 5 No. 9.
41 Bituminous Pa Fayette Connellsville . ..Pittsburgh Leisenring No. 1.
43 Sub-bituminous Wyo Sheridan Sheridan No. 9 Dietz No. 2.
49 Bituminous Ill Franklin Benton No. 7 Hart-Williams.
TABLE 1. CASES GIVEN OFF AM) OXGEN AESOHBED BY Foil: COALS.
Gas Removed.
Volume of Gas
Relative to
Volume of Coal.®
Coal.
Pocahontas, Va..
(No. 37).
Harrisburg. 111..
(No. 39).
Sheridan, Wyo. .
(No. 43).
Benton, 111
~~ (No. 49)'.
Coal
No.
29
30
33
35
41
of Coal.
Kilos.
13.4
14.6
8.1
19 1
Period of Time.
First 31 days. .
Next 28 days. .
Next 31 days. .
Next 183 days.
Next 31 days. .
10 months. . . .
First 4 days. . .
Next 24 days. .
Next 31 davs. .
Next 30 days. .
Next 153 days.
Next 31 days. .
First 7 days. . .
Next 23 days. .
Next 31 davs. .
Next 30 days. .
Next 92 days. .
Next 31 days. .
First 15 days. .
| Next 15 days..
| Next 62 days..
Next 30 days. .
1 Next 31 days. .
Next 365 days.
1
Carbon
Dioxide.
c.c.
18
0
2
15
26
61
16
0
39
0
34(1
218
613
144
57
289
350
1,014
436
. 2,290
9S
0
182
167
63
741
Oxvgen.
c.c.
[ 17 months
. 1,251
. . .
2.353 16.916 66,840
TABLE 2. 1ASES GIVEN OFF AND OXYGEN AI1SOI U'.EI) IIV FIVE COAl.S.
(Gas allowed to accumulate in a confined space)
Period of time. Carbon
Dioxide.
c.c.
First 22 days 600
Next 9 days 1
First 10 days 204
Next 21 days 14
First 24 days 650
Next 249 days 230
First 4 days 0
Next 26 days 120
First day 135
Next 10 days 155
Next 415 days 16
37
7
9
11
5
102
21
I)
456
102
363
181
1.126
0
52
61
54
282
166
615
0
34
844
603
872
Gas Evolved per 1(1
Kilos of Coal
Methane.
c.c.
120
0
1.540
265
0
0
3,190
2,010
980
3011
Methane.
c.c.
"/', 1
95
18
39
0
4S3
2.456
1,370
2,435
1.407
4,185
330
12.1S3
408
4S6
192
0
a
0
1.146
7,095
1,051
5,349
996
605
1,820
Admitted.
c.c.
1,830
4,010
7,275
24,510
4,860
42,185
1.660
0
7.320
2,744
17,460
4,040
33,224
2,520
1,550
3,110
2,940
13,760
3,99(1
27,870
2,040
4,610
33,700
10,970
15,520
Oxygen
Absorbed.
c.c.
2,500
0
2,500
0
2,500
2,300
1.080
1,220
Methane
Evolved.
0.032
.009
.002
.004
.0
.047
.218
.122
.217
.125
.372
.029
1.083
.075
.078
.031
.0
.(I
.0
.184
.763
.113
.577
.107
.065
.196
1.821
,
Oxygen
Absorbed.®
0.174
.390
.705
2.375
.471
4.115
.145
.0
.610
.235
1.520
.343
2.S53
.403
.240
.488
.462
2.157
.612
4.362
.220
.494
3.532
1.113
1.576
©6.935
Volumes of Gas Relative
to Volun e of Coal.
Methane
Evolved.
0.015
.192'
.033
0
.390'
.251
.122'
.038
Oxygen
Absorbed.
0.313
.313
.313
.135
.153

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
coal used in the experiments be taken as the unit
of measurement, about one-fourth volume of meth­
ane escapes during the crushing of the coal, as
shown by Chamberlin, and one-half to one and
one-half volumes on continued exposure to the air,
as shown by the authors. The loss of fuel value
BRITISH COAL STATISTICS.
During last year in the United Kingdom there
were employed in all the mines 1,078.083 persons,
of whom 1,049,407 worked at the 3,253 coal mines,
and 28,676 at the 663 metalliferous mines, writes
Consul Samuel M. Taylor, of Nottingham, Eng.
Compared with 1909. there was an increase of 35,-
409 persons employed at the coal mines and 239
persons in the other mines. Of the 201,926 sur­
face workers, 6,221 were females, being 258 more
than in 1909. The number of persons under 16
employed below ground was 53,612, and the total
number employed under 16 above and below the
surface was 72,094. The output of coal was 264,-
417,588 tons, an increase over 1909 of 658,216 tons.
There were 1,292 fatal accidents in coal mines
resulting in 1,775 deaths, which is an increase of
60 accidents and 322 deaths over 1909; 159,042 per­
sons were injured in accidents, an increase of 5,736
over the previous year. The total number of
deaths from accidents is the highest ever recorded
n any one year.
by this loss of gas is small, but the danger of
accumulation of explosive gas from this source in
mines and in coal bunkers is sufficient to justify
its being taken into account in the ventilation of
mines and in the storage of coal.
©See footnote © for explanation of volume relations.
©Chamberlin, R. T., Notes on explosive mine gases and dusts, with special reference to the
explcsions in the Monongah. Darr, and Naomi Coal Mines, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 383, 1909, p. 32.
©Op. cit., op. 16-17.
©Mendeleeff, D. L. Principles of Chemistry, English Translation of 6th Edition, vol. 1, p. 143.
©Op. cit.. pp. 31-30.
©Illinois State Geol. Survey Bull. No. S, 190(, p. 168.
©Chem. News, vol. 6S, 1893, p. 187.
©Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind.. vol. 13, 1894, p. 25.
©Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 25. 1906, p. 1129.
©University of Illinois Eng. Exp. Sta. Bull. 32, 1909, pp. 10-28.
©Op. cit., lip. 16-39.
©U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 3S3. pp. 17-39.
©Bull. Soc. chim.. ser. 4, vol. 5. p. 380.
©Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 1, The sampling of coal in the mine, by J. A. Holmes.
1911. ISpp.
©Relative volumes of gas are computed on the basis of the apparent specific gravity of the
coal (taken as 1.3), this value being the average of a large number of determinations of small
lump size (1-inch) coals made in the laboratory of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis,
Mo., in 1905 (U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. No. 323. pp. 23-24 1. Tbe volume occupied by 10 kilograms
of coal is therefore taken as 10-hl.3=7.7 liters. The volume of the pores in small lump coal, assuming
an average absolute specific gravity- of 1.45, may be computed as one-tenth of the volume of the
1.45—1.30
lumps; that is, = .103.
1.45
©Oxygen from air in case of Nos. 39 and 43; from oxygen 95 per cent. pure, in case of Nos. 37
and 49. See page 8. The great irregularities in the rate of absorption of oxygen are due to
the irregular admission of oxygen, as explained on page 6.
©Total for five months only.
@U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 383. p. 30.
Lieutenant Colonel H. C. Newcomer, in charge of
the Pittsburgh United States Engineers' office, and
Colonel L. H. Beach, of New Orleans, returned
from their European trip recently. In their trip
of inspection which was made by order of the sec­
tary of war. they visited the countries of Belgium.
Holland. Germany, Austria. Hungary, France
and England and made inspection of the rivers
Rhine, Elbe. Oder. Danube, Rhone. Garonne, Seine
and Scheldt. They are part of the towboat
committee, which are to design two towboats, as
directed by Congress, which are suitable for the
Mississippi and its tributaries. The reports of
the most suitable construction of a practical ves­
sel will be submitted to the secretary of war and
the committee.
It is announced by the Boston & Maine railroad
that effective September 1 only 48 hours free time
will be allowed on cars, instead of 72 hours as has
heretofore been the case.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CASTLE VALLEY COAL FIELD, UTAH 1
The Castle Valley coal field of Utah lies about
20 miles southwest of the town of Price, 125 miles
from Salt Lake on the Denver & Rio Grande railroad.
It is a portion of the Pleasant Valley coal
district in whicu are the principal coal camps of
Utah. The total length of the coal area in this
part of the state is 160 miles in a northerly and
southerly direction, the Pleasant Valley district
lying at the edge of a field which extends over the
Utah line into Colorado. This district is 34 miles
long north and south, and 28 miles in greatest
width. It lies at the junction of the Book cliffs
and the Wasatch plateau on whose bare and abrupt
faces the coal measures are plainly exposed, the
outcropping rocks lying almost flat and jutting out
boldly from the cliffs.
In general the region presents three distinct
topographical features, the bare and rugged escarpments
of the Wasatch plateau and the Book
cliffs, which rise abruptly to a height of 1,000 to
1,500 feet, and along which can be traced the
prominent outcropping rocks which accompany the
coal seams, Castle Valley, a broad rolling plain
from 500 to 1,000 feet below the coal bearing
strata, and a smooth, evenly sloping tableland running
back from the top of the cliffs, and which is
but a few feet above the highest of the coal bearing
rocks, to a flat plateau on top. The beds occur
in a group of strata of sandstone and shale, each
of which grades into the other, the sandstone being
found in all grades from a pure, white variety
which is quite hard, to a yellowish or brownish
argillaceous sandstone, and the shale from a clayey
variety through the various grades to sandy. The
shale is blue to black, moderately soft and in many
places, especially in proximity to the coal beds,
is carbonaceous. The individual beds of the different
strata range in thickness from very thin
layers to beds 100 feet thick, and the total volume
of the two rocks seems to be about equal. The
shale in the Castle Valley region is estimated to
have
A TOTAL THICKNESS
of 1,500 feet, tilting at a low angle, about one
degree, toward the Book cliffs and the Wasatch
plateau and presenting an outcrop 15 to 18 miles
wide. The coal seams outcrop to the surface, and
the coal itself is exposed by simply removing a
small amount of surface soil. This fact with the
flat dip of the seams makes them especially adapted
to drift mining. The formation includes the whole
of the Colorado group and a part of the Montana
*Paper prepared for the Mining and Engineering World.
By Leroy A. Palmer
and has been correlated with the Mancos shale of
southwestern Colorado.
The Castle Valley region has been prospected for
years and was known to contain seams of unusual
thickness, but on account of lack of transportation
facilities, active development on a large scale was
commenced only within the last two years. For
some time ranchers from the country about secured
their coal from the Mohrland mine by driving
their 4-horse teams directly to the face where
they loaded. The Con. Fuel Co. built the Southern
Utah railroad from Price to the tipple at East
Hiawatha, a distance of 19 miles, and commenced
operations at the Hiawatha mine in the late fall
of 1909. In January, 1910, the Castle Valley Coal
Co. commenced to open the Mohrland mine, bought
a half interest in the Southern Utah and built the
Castle Valley railroad from Castle Junction on it
to Mohrland.
The Hiawatha mine lies in Miller Creek canon
about two miles above the mouth, at which is the
tipple and the town of East Hiawatha. The company
owns 5,000 acres, of which 3,000 contain coal.
Five coal seams are exposed of which only one,
the lower, is being worked. This seam shows 18
feet of a very hard bituminous coal of excellent
heating quality. It is the only one on which any
amount of development work has been done. A
tunnel 150 feet long has been driven in an adjacent
canon on the second seam, showing, as far
as it has gone, 5V-, feet of excellent coking coal.
The third seam shows 8 feet of coal similar to the
first, but has not been explored. The thickness
and value of the fourth and fifth seams
HAVE .NOT BEEN DETERMINED,
nor has their position relative to the others. From
the first to the second is 64 feet of hard sandstone;
from the second to the third is 52 feet of
the same formation. If we may assume that the
first and second seams cover the entire 3,000 acres
at the thickness given, and use the government
standard of 1,600 tons per foot-acre, we have a
tonnage of 113,000,000 in this property, without
considering the possibilities of the upper seams.
Two mines are operated, the entrances being on
opposite sides of the canon in which the company
has built the town of Hiawatha. Mine No. 1 is
on the north side and No. 2 on the south side.
Both are worked on the 2-entry system, but the
driving of a third entry for each is being seriously
considered. The main entries were originally
driven 12 feet wide and 7 feet 4 inches to a
parting, which gave a good roof, but this height

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
was not found to be sufficient, when certain undulations
in the seam were allowed for, and the
height was increased to 12 feet where there is a
second parting.
At mine No. 1 the entries are driven with 100foot
pillars between them, and a chain pillar 80
feet thick on each side. On each side of the main
entries three cross entries have been turned off at
intervals of 450 feet. Break-throughs have been
driven at intervals of 100 to 150 feet. The rooms
are turned at right, angles to the cross entry, and
thus parallel the main entry. They are driven
at a distance of 73 feet between centers, with a
12-foot neck in the center, which is carried in 20
feet, and then widened on a slant to 22 feet, thus
leaving a 51-foot pillar of coal between the rooms.
Each room is carried back 400 feet, leaving a
pillar 50 feet thick between the end and the next
cross entry. The breast is taken out to a height
of 12 feet in two cuts, and the remaining 6 feet left
until the time comes for
DRAWING THE PILLARS.
At present the coal is undercut by hand for a
width of 6 feet and an equal height. Four or
five holes 5 feet deep are put in with 2% and 3inch
hand augers, and fired with black powder,
the men firing their own holes. Such a shot
breaks 30 to 32 tons. These methods are only
such as have been in use since the mine was a
prospect, but a more modern system is to be installed.
The coal will be undercut by machines
and an electric system of firing installed. When
a room is driven the full length, 400 feet, a crosscut
20 by 12 feet is driven to the next, and the
track taken up. When the time comes for drawing
the pillars the track is to be relaid in alternate
rooms and the roof will be taken down to the full
height, as the pillars are robbed. Work of drawing
the pillars will be commenced at the back,
and they will be sliced off with holes 6 to 8 feet
deep, and the roof allowed to come in.
As the company owns a large acreage it is quite
possible that the drawing of the pillars will be
postponed until the upper seams are proven, and
if these are found to yield as they are expected
to. they will be worked previous to the drawing
of the pillars in the lower seams so that the entire
amount of coal may be recovered. But as the company
is new it may be found expedient to work
out the lower and thicker seam to a certain extent
and take chances on the roof, which as noted is
very substantial, coming in and depriving them of
a certain portion of the upper seams, the loss of
which in the immense tonnage known to exist will
not be felt, during the present generation at least.
The seam undulates more or less, and in the first
mining was followed down to the floor which
caused several low places which collect water. It
was decided, however, that it was more economical
to sacrifice the little coal which could be extracted
from these loyver portions in order to secure a uniform
grade for the haulage, and these irregularities
were filled up. This caused the raising of the
roof previously mentioned. The water is collected
by
SEVERAL SMALL PUMPS
which deliver it to a sump, from which a 4 by
6-inch Goulds triplex pump delivers it through a
4-inch water column. So far there has not been a
sufficient amount of work done to cause such a
collection of dust as would render sprinkling necessary,
but precautions have been taken in this
respect by tapping the water column at intervals
of 1 00 feet and inserting plugs by means of which
hose connection can be made whenever deemed expedient.
So far gathering from the rooms in No. 1 has
been by mules, but this, too, is to be replaced by
a haulage system. Ventilation is effected by a
14-foot Jeffrey reversible fan belted to a 100-h.p.
direct current motor, which supplies the air required
by the Utah laws (100 cubic feet per minute
to each man and 30 cubic feet to each animal).
The fan is so placed that it will not be damaged
by an explosion.
At mine No. 2 four entries have been turned off
from the main haulage way, and are worked the
same size and system as in No. 1. Mechanical
haulage has replaced the mules to some extent in
this mine, and a Goodwin 5-ton cable reel electric
locomotive is used for gathering in some of the
rooms. This equipment will entirely supplant
the animals as the mines are developed. Hand
pumps are used for delivering the water, but a
system of siphons is to be tried out in both mines.
The main haulage ways are laid with 40-pound steel
and the rooms with 20-pound.
When these notes were collected in the early
part of January the entire force employed was 240
men. and the mines were outputting 1,200 tons
per day, the work of the night shift being confined
to extending the entries.
Mine No. 2 is equipped with an 8-foot fan belted
to a 50-h.p. motor. Present plans are to drive
the main entries of No. 2 a distance of about half
a mile, when it will break through into a canon
on the north, thus affording excellent ventilation.
The ground owned by the company affords an
ample water supply and a considerable
AMOUNT OF TIMBER.
although very little of the latter is required, the
formation being such that only in exceptional cases
is timber necessary.
Each mine is provided with a 10-ton Goodman
electric locomotive by which the 3%-ton cars are
hauled in trips of 16 to the haulage plane and de-

livered at a point below the head house. As the
tram has a steep grade the hauling of the trip,
the length of the 16 cars would be a rather severe
strain on the motor, or else require the use of one
larger than necessary to bring the cars from the
mine. To obviate this a hoist with a 24 by 48inch
drum geared to an 80-h.p. variable speed General
Electric induction motor has been installed
at the head of the tram to haul the loaded trip
onto the haulage plane.
The tramway is a balanced-gravity plane 10,400
feet long with a double track on the upper portion.
In order that a Shay engine may go up to
the mine with supplies a third rail is laid at the
lower end, so that with the outer rail of the tram
track it gives a standard gauge, and on the upper
portion, where the tram is double tracked, the
tyvo inner rails are so set as to give the standard
gauge. This makes it necessary that the rope
shall always lie between the rails of the tram
track, and to accomplish this a series of spring
sheaves has been installed so that it is brought
back to position after the trip has passed.
The trip of 56 tons net is lowered in 14 minutes.
and each is accompanied by a rope rider. Signal
wires are strung along the track within a few feet
of the ground, and the rope rider carries a piece
of metal on a wooden handle, by which he can
close the circuit and thus signal the engineer at
the head house.
The topography of the country makes it necessary
to flatten the track considerably at the lower
end, and while the grade is sufficient to make the
loads haul up the empties, there are several sharp
curves which would be a source of danger if a
speed sufficient to land the trip by gravity were
maintained. On this account an 82-h.p. motor
similar to that used on the hoist is geared to the
sheaves and operated by a clutch. At the lower
end of the run the trip is braked down to a rope
speed of about 400 feet per minute, the speed of
the motor, and the clutch thrown in. This takes
up the weight of the empties and the rope and allows
a smooth landing to be made at the tipple.
The rope is a 1-ineh plough steel, making a half
turn around a 66-inch bullwheel, and three half
turns around each of two 72-inch sheaves. Each
SHEAVE IS EQUIPPED
with two broad wood-lined brakes applied by hand
through a worm gear.
The loaded trip is spragged and the cars run
one at a time to a squeeze of 12 by 18-inch tim-
Ders, from which they are released and run to a
rotary dumping cradle. The cars are built with
a high body and heavy wheels, so that when the
cradle is unlocked the load is dumped with little
effort, and the car brought back to vertical with
the wheels assisting. From the cradle they run
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
on a switchback to the empty track. The coal
drops to a hopper from which it is fed to a series
of shaking screens on which it is seiiarated into
lump, California lump, engine coal, pea coal and
dust, the latter the undersize of a 4 by 12-trommel
with :: s-inch mesh, and loaded direct to the cars.
A 40-h.p. induction motor runs the shakers and a
112-h.p. the box car loader. The tipple was equipped
by the Link Belt Machinery Co. It has a
capacity of 3,000 tons, but is limited by the capacity
of the box car loader, which will handle the
lump of only 1,500 tons per day.
Electricity for the mine and tipple is generated
in a steam electric plant equipped with five 250h.p.
Erie return tubular boilers, and two 18 by
20-inch Ridgeway slide-valve engines, direct connected
to 200-kw., 2.300-volt Ridgeway alternating
current generators. A steam driven 25-kw. General
Electric direct current generator acts as an
exciter. One set of transformers at the tipple
steps down the current used there from 2,300 to
440 volts, and at the mine there is a similar set.
and a 200-h.p. 2,300-volt induction motor direct connected
to a 150-kw. direct current generator which
furnishes power for haulage, number one fan.
lights, etc. The Southern Utah railroad is equipped
with three 90-ton engines and one Shay.
An analysis of the coal from the lowest seam
at the Hiawatha shows:
Moisture 3.30
Volatile combustible matter 44.69
Fixed carbons 46.58
Ash 5.43
100.00
Sulphur 0.637
The following is a dry analysis of the coal from
the second seam:
Volatile combustible matter 47.00
Fixed carbons 49.72
Ash 3.22
Phosphorus Trace
99.94
Sulphur 0.60
An interesting experiment was made with coal
from the second seam. A shipment was made in
sealed barrels to one of the coke ovens making
Connellsville coke, the barrels were placed in the
oven unsealed and the oven filled with Connellsville
COAL SELECTED FOR THE PURPOSE.
The two cokes were distinctly separated by a layer
of charcoal so that accurate samples of each were
taken. The analysis showed that the Utah coke
was higher in volatile combustible matter and
fixed carbon, and lower in ash, sulphur and phosphorus,
only a trace of the latter appearing.

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The Castle Valley Coal Co. operates the Mohr­
land mine in Cedar Creek canon about a mile above
the town of Mohrland. The company holds 5,OOO
acres, of which 4,00(1 contain coal. As at Hia­
watha five seams are exposed, and it is estimated
that these contain 400.000,000 tons of coal. As
no development work has been done on the upper
four seams actual conditions may be at consider­
able variance with this estimate. The lower
seam has been shown to have a thickness of 25 to
35 feet and if we may assume an average between
these two, the deposit, contains 192.000,000 tons in
this portion alone. This seam has a sandstone
floor and a sandstone and shale roof 80 feet thick.
Work of opening the Mohrland mine and equipping
it was commenced in January, 1910. It is a
drift mine driven on the 3-entry system, the east
and west entries driven 10 by 9 feet and used for
haulage, and the middle 16 by 12 feet used as a
return airway. Ventilation is supplied by an 8-
foot fan belted to a 100-h.p. direct-current Ridgway
motor, and so placed that it will not be damaged
by explosion.
The haulage ways are driven with 75-foot pillars
between them, and 10 by 9-foot break-throughs at
intervals of 100 feet. Two side entries have been
turned at right angles to them. The latter are
spaced on 60-foot centers with a neck 10 by 9
feet, 20 feet long on the left rib. This is widened
out to 24 feet, leaving a pillar 36 feet thick to
support the roof. The coal is firm and uniform
so that no timbers are used. Crosscuts 10 by 9
feet are
DRIVEN BETWEEN THE ROOMS
at intervals of 75 feet which are carried 300 feet
each way from the entries so as to meet. The
pillars will probably be drawn when seven or eight
such rooms are ready by cutting through at the
face of the room and working back each way to
the entry.
So far most of the work has been by hand un­
dercutting, but at the time these notes were collected
different chain and puncher machines were
being tried out. In the hand work a slice 5 to 6
feet deep is put under the coal and three holes
V-2 to 5 feet deep drilled at a height of 0 feet with
a 2-inch hand auger. Such a shot will break
about 20 tons. The hand drills are to be replaced
by Ingersoll electrics. The chain machine cuts
a 4-inch slice to a depth of 7 feet and takes a
6-foot hole for firing. Such a round will bring
down 26 to 28 tons. Two slices are taken across
the face, bringing it down to a height of 12 feet
on the first cut. The remainder will be shot
down preparatory to drawing the pillars.
The coal is loaded to 4-ton cars, which are gath­
ered by a Goodman cable-reel locomotive, and
hauled in trips of eight to the tram. The main
haulageways are laid with 51-pound steel, and the
side entries and rooms with 35-pound. One 120
and one 40-h.p. locomotive are used.
The haulage system is a balanced-gravity plane
with two tracks the entire distance. It is 5,600
feet long with a rise of 600 feet, and no grade less
than 5 per cent., which is at the passing point,
and two stretches of 25 per cent., one of them
at the upper end. It is laid with 52-pound steel
on a 4-foot gauge. A trip of eight cars is low­
ered in an average time of 4U. minutes. The
control house is at the head of the incline, so that
the operator has a good view clown the first steep
grade. Beyond this house is about 200 feet of
moderate grade, on which Ibe trip gets its start.
and at the end of which are the sheaves beneath
the track. A 1%-inch plough steel rope is used,
making five half turns around two 7-foot sheaves,
which are controlled by wood-faced strap brakes,
operated through a cable led to a worm gear in
the control house. Two sharp curves are neces­
sary in the line, and that the rope may be
KEPT BETWEEN TIIE TRACKS
and made to run on the guide sheaves, a slight reverse
has been put in on the upper end of each.
The cars are of the end-dump type, and at the
tipple are run to a tilting table, which dumps them
automatically to the bin, after wdiich thew are
shunted to the empty track on a switchback. The
bin discharges to a 4-foot picking belt, which runs
at, an angle of 23 degrees with the horizontal to
the tip of the tipple, in which the coal is screened
to lump, 5-inch nut, 3-inch nut. lVs-ineh nut and
slack. The tipple is operated by a rope drive from
a 75-h.p. Atlas engine. Such slack as is needed
in me power house is delivered to it by a conveyor
belt and, at present, the remainder is wasted.
The tipple is equipped with Link Belt machinery.
In the power house are two 125-h.p. and one
100-h.p. Atlas return tubular boilers, generating
steam at 100 pounds pressure for a 21 by 22-inch
McEwen automatic engine, belted to a 200-kw. 250-
volt direct-current Goodman generator, which furnishes
power for the mine and lighting system.
The Castle Valley railroad has two 80-ton locomotives.
An analysis of the Mohrland coal shows:
Moisture 3.49
Ash 5.93
Volatile combustible matter 43.35
Fixed carbons 47.23
100.00
Sulphur 0.67
B.t.u 13,211
At present the mine is employing 100 men and
outputting 500 tons per day. The tipple has a
(CONTINUED TO PAGE 59)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
MINE EXPLOSIONS FROM NATURAL GAS WELL*
By C, H Tarleton, Superintendent of Mining. West Virginia Division. The Consolidation Coal Company.
Iii the last few years there has been considerable
interest manifested on Ihe part of mining
men generally relative to the drilling of oil and
gas wells through workable coal seams, as well
as operating mines. There have been able papers
written on the subject pointing out many possible
dangers to mining, and the reading and discussing
of these papers have been the cause of a general
awakening on the part of the mining public
throughout the state. It is, therefore, not necessary
for the writer of this paper to go further
into the matter of iiossible dangers, neither is it
the intention to go into the question of what
should be done for the protection of mines and
coal seams or oil and gas wells. A brief description
of two explosions that were caused by gas
escaping from a well into mines will be given,
with a view to showing that the danger from the
conflict of the two industries can no longer be
regarded as a probability merely affording a good
subject for papers and discussion, but that it has
taken its place as an actual reality, foremost
among the many other hazards of coal mining.
On December 19. 1910, the officials of The Consolidation
Coal Co. were called upon to face a
disaster resulting from the above cause, and. as
is usually the case, the trouble came from an unexpected
source. About 6:50 A. M., an explosion
occurred in Consolidation No. 47 mine, which
caused the death of three men, and completely
WRECKED ONE SECTION
of the mine. On the same date, about 4:50 A.
M., Consolidation No. 49 mine was badly wrecked
and set on fire by an explosion, but fortunately
no lives were lost. Eventually both explosions
were found to have been caused by natural gas
escaping into the mines through the pavement or
bottom, from a gas well located over and drilled
through a pillar of coal in mine No. 47.
Mine No. 47 is located about eight miles south
of Fairmont. The opening to mine No. 49 is
about four miles by railroad from No. 47, but tinworkings
are adjacent to each other. Both mines
are drift openings and are operating the Pittsburgh
seam. Mine No. 47 was opened in 1899,
and previous to December 19, 1910, there had
never been a trace of explosive gas detected in it.
Mine No. 49 commenced operation in 1897, and
with the exception of some slight traces in clayveins
in the farthest advanced workings, no explosive
gas had ever been detected in it. In the
last year or two, numerous oil and gas wells have
been drilled through or near the mine workings.
'Paper read before the meeting of the West Virginia Mining
Institute. White Sulphur Springs. June 24. 1911.
These wells were always located so they would
pass through solid coal and where it would be
possible to leave a block of coal of yvhat would
he considered of ample dimensions to protect the
mine and the well. It was generally thought that
there would be no particular danger from these
wells until the time arrived for extracting the
coal around them. For this reason no one was
expecting the occurrence on the morning of December
19.
On the date mentioned, the miners at mine No.
47 started to their work as usual. Some of them
had already reached their places, while others
were on the main heading, when an explosion occurred
that threw them down and rolled them
quite a distance along the heading, but aside from
being slightly bruised and badly scared, those
on the main heading were uninjured, and were
able to make their
WAV TO THE OUTSIDE.
The fan was running as a blower, hut was immediately
reversed and a rescue party organized and
started in the mine. It was soon discovered
that tbe explosion had occurred on the first south
face, and had not extended beyond this immediate
section. The men beyond this section were able
to leave the mine through an opening on No. 3
south face and through an opening to mine No.
30, thus avoiding the afterdamp.
While the necessary arrangements were being
made to restore the ventilation on first south
face, a census was taken and all men accounted
for, except, five. By this time the rescue partywas
able to advance and explore the first south
face. A body was found at the neck of No. 2
loom, second butt, and two more at the junction
of tlie third butt. All were badly burned and a
statement of one of the doctors who made a post
mortem examination of one of them was to the
effect that death was caused b.v inhalation of flame.
After the exploration of the second and third butts
and the discovery of the three bodies, it was
thought that the other two were on first butt.
This heading was longer than the others and the
men were supposed to be a considerable distance
from the bottom; it seemed a certainty that they
would be dead. For this reason and from the
fact that there had been considerable gas and
some smouldering fire on the other headings, it
was not thought advisable to act hastily in restoring
the ventilation on this heading. The company's
Dreager Oxygen Apparatus had been sent
for. and was expected any minute. Wtih its arrival,
it was the intention to explore the heading
before any air was permitted to enter. While

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
these arrangements were being made, a very happy
incident occurred which, however, illustrates one
of the great dangers to which a rescue party is
subjected while exploring a mine. A start had
not yet been made to enter the heading when
TWO LIC.HTS WERE NOTICED
near the top. It was quickly ascertained that
the lights were on the heads of the two men that
were being sought and that the men were coming
out. A stopping had been blown from a crosscut
through the barrier pillar, enabling them to pass
to the main heading, thus unconsciously avoiding
the gas, preventing a second explosion that probably
would have killed all present. These men,
who were foreigners, stated that when the explosion
occurred, tney supposed it was a heavy shot
in the adjoining room. When tbe afterdamp
reached them, they left their working place and
passed up the heading to where there was a door
that had not been wrecked. Finding the air
fresh on the other side of this door, they remained
there until they got tired waiting for the driver,
when they started out to find why he did not come.
When an entrance was gained to the first south
face section, large bodies of standing gas were
encountered at second and third left butts, and on
the sixth right butt. This gas was being liberated
through the pavement, and could be heard boiling
and seething through the water for a long distance,
a near approach made it possible to detect
the gas with the lamp. Later on it was found
that these blowers occurred in almost a straight
line from a gas well located in the barrier pillar
between first south face heading and room No. 1
off second left butt, the line extending in a southwesterly
direction parallel to the contour lines
of the Pittsburgh coal seam to a point in mine
No. 49 about 2,300 feet distant from the well. On
account of the very pronounced odor of the gas,
it was surmised that it was coming from a gas
well, and the well mentioned above being the nearest
one to the affected area, was naturally suspected
as being responsible. As soon as the
necessary arrangements could be made, or about
9 P. M., on December 19. the valves on this well
were opened and immediately thereafter the gas
blowers in both mines began to recede.
The explosion in mine No. 47 was evidently
caused by the miners on first south face coming
into
CONTACT Willi THE (IAS
with their open lights. It could not be definitelydetermined
wnich one of the men fired the gas,
but in all probability it was one of those found
at the entrance to third left butt. These men
had passed the point where the gas was being liberated
and it seemed, had been in the act of shifting
their car to their working place where there
undoubtedly was a body of standing gas. The
explosion in this mine was not violent, and from
the indications, extended but a short distance
from the point of origin, due in all probability to
the fact that there was not sufficient air at that
point to dilute the entire amount of gas to an
explosive mixture. This belief is substantiated
to some extent by the act that a large amount of
standing gas was found in that section of the mine
by the first men reaching the scene soon after the
explosion.
It has been proved that the circulation of large
volumes of air through a mine in cold weather
will carry out the moisture, thus creating a dangerous
condition from dust. For this reason, and
mine No. 47 being a non-gaseous mine, the fan
was run only when the mine was in operation.
Although the fan had been idle for a period of
36 hours, and to within about one hour previous
to the accident, it is not thought that this fact
had an immediate significance in connection with
the explosion. From calculations, it was estimated
that the time necessary for air entering at
the fan to travel the entire distance of the split,
which passed the affected area, and return to the
outside, was about 38 minutes. Assuming that
these calculations were approximately correct, the
air after the fan was started on the morning of
December 19, would have had almost enough time
to make two complete circuits around the split,
in which event it is reasonable to assume that it
had sufficient time to carry away any gas directly
in its path. No provision had been made, however,
for circulating the
FULL VOLUME OF AIR
to the working faces, it not being required or
considered necessary in a non-gaseous mine, consequently
the air current would not have removed
any gas that might have collected in tight ends
or places where the ventilation was light. With
the gas blowers in this mine located in just such
places as described, one of them being in a tight
end, and several others in places where the ventilation
would be light, without special arrangement
being employed to conduct the air into
them, it is not unreasonable to believe that conditions
would have been practically the same had
the fan been running continuously.
The above statement can be strengthened somewhat
by the following: It has already been said
that the fan was operating as a blower; as a result,
the miners entering the mine traveled against
the air, even as far as the end of first south face,
where the explosion occurred. The two men,
found at the entrance to third left butt, who have
been mentioned as probably firing the gas, passed
by some of the heaviest blowers in the mine to a
point 100 feet or more beyond where they were
found, in the direct path of the current of air
supplying this section of the mine. The infer-

ence to be drawn from this fact, is that the gas
directly in the path of the air current was being
swept away, and that the amount was not sufficient
to render the air current explosive; but as
soon as the men left the main volume of air, and
reached a point where the ventilation was lighter,
they came in contact with an explosive mixture
which was fired from their open lights. This
being true, it is reasonable to assume that the
same conditions could have existed, as has been
stated, yvith the fan running continuously.
The explosion in mine No. 49 was set off by
the night pumper, yvho was the only man in the
mine at the time. He escaped or was rescued
later, and was not seriously injured. According
to reliable information, he entered the mine on
the evening of December 18, and some time near
8 P. M., came in contact with
SOME GAS BLOWERS
in rooms Nos. 10 and 11, on third right butt off
main south face, the blowers being ignited from
his open light. After considerable trouble, he
was able to extinguish the flames with his coat,
after which he continued at his work, not thinking
it important to report the matter to the officials
at once, but deciding to wait until morning;
this, of course, was a bad mistake and one that
might have caused a more serious disaster, but
was due to his lack of previous experience with
gas in that mine. He attended the pumps in the
same section of the mine until nearly 5 o'clock
in the morning of the 19th, at which time he
started into third face heading to throyv an electric
switch which was located a short distance
from the main heading and beyond an overcast
at the intersection of first butt off third face.
When directly under the overcast, and before he
had reached the switch, he came in contact with a
body of gas that must have extended throughout
that section. The gas was ignited from his open
light, causing an explosion with apparently little
violence at the point of ignition, but from indications
accumulating tremendous force farther in
the mine. The gas evidently burned rather than
exploded for some distance, when the flames probably
encountered a mixture of gas and air more
nearly the correct proportion, where a violent
explosion took place.
On account of there being little force at the
initial point of the explosion, the pumper was not
seriously injured, beyond being slightly burned,
and about the only other damage done at that
point was a partial wrecking of the over-cast; the
latter no doubt saved the pumper's life, since the
damaging of the overcast caused a short circuit
of the air at that point, the ventilating system
from there to the pit-mouth and fan having been
little disturbed. This allowed a supply of fresh
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
air to reach him, which of course kept the gases
away. As soon as the
AFTERDAMP WAS CLEARED
sufficiently from the main heading, parties from
the outside entered the mine, found the pumper
and took him out.
'Ihe fan at mine No. 49 as at No. 47, was operating
as a blower. The only difference in connection
with the operation of the two fans was
that with the exception of about five hours on the
17th, the fan at No. 49 had been running continuously.
This was thought to be another good
reason for assuming that the explosion at mine
No. 47 would have happened just the same if the
fan there had been running continuously. The
fan at mine No. 49 was reversed before any extensive
exploration was arranged for. When arrangements
were completed, a party of mine officials
and others, properly equipped with the necessary
tools and material for restoring the ventilation,
entered the mine. When they had made
their way into the third face, gas blowers were
found coming through the pavement in several
different places, and a fierce fire was burning in
room No. 5 on first left butt. It was the general
opinion that some of the gas blowers were fired
by the flames and continued to burn, thus firing
the coal.
The fire in room No. 5 extended from the first
to the second crosscuts and was burning fiercely
when it was first reached. It was soon realized
that it would be useless to undertake to fight this
fire with the means at hand. Work was commenced
at once to seal it off and prevent it spreading
to other sections of the mine. To do this
necessitated the building of eight stoppings.
Work was commenced at the first crosscut on the
intake of the air, and continued without any serious
trouble around until the last one was reached,
which, of course, was the most difficult one to
close. The stoppings were first built with canvas,
quickly reinforced with wood and plaster and
ac the same time a force of men was started to
build substantial concrete stoppings against the
wood. By this means the fire was
CONFINED TO FOUR ROOMS
on the heading mentioned, the rooms being Nos.
5, 6, 7 and S.
In sealing off the fire, it was necessary to enclose
with it at least one large gas blower, and in
all probability there were several others within
the enclosed area. At first it appeared that it
would be dangerous to enclose this gas with the
nre, but since there were no effective means at
hand with which to fight it, and nothing being
known of conditions beyond to where it was rapidly
spreading, there was no choice but to take
chances and seal it off as quickly as possible.

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Immediately after sealing off the fire, it began to
die and became quiet. The action within the
enclosed area was noted by means of a piece of
two-inch pipe inserted in one of the stoppings on
the end of which pipe was a valve to permit its
being opened and closed.
From the initial point described, the explosion
seemed to travel in a general course toward and
to an airshaft located along the main face heading,
about 300 feet beyond on third left butt. The
greatest damage to the mine was done on second
left butt off third face, and third and fourth right
butts off the main heading. All of the places
mentioned were in the direct path of the explosion
from its point of origin to the airshaft. Nearly
all stoppings and overcasts along the main heading
were of brick or concrete construction, and
were all destroyed in the section covered by the
explosion. Electric wires were twisted and coiled
into nearly every conceivable shape, mine cars
were wrecked, some of them being blown from
their position in the rooms up onto high piles of
coal and roof falls, but little damage was done to
any of the mine beyond the fourth left butt and
the airshaft. Had it not been for this airshaft
and the excellent condition of the mine relative
to humidity, the dust being well saturated, the
explosion would no doubt have traversed the entire
main heading to the
BACK END OF THE MINE.
and the rebound or backlash from that point con
tinned in all probability to the pitmouth, branching
out on its way into the headings to the right
and left, and wrecking the entire mine.
In both mines careful attention had been given
to the prevention of accumulation of dust. This
was accomplished by the introduction of moisture
in the mine air by means of steam, and in addition
to that, the careful and systematic spraying
with water of any part of the mine showing the
least tendency to become dry. Had it not been for
the good conditions resulting from such precautions,
or had the mines not been wet or damp, it
is believed the statement will not admit of doubt
that the explosion of gas would have been propagated
and reinforced by dust, with the result that
both mines would have been completely wrecked
as well as the mines connected with them.
It was said in the beginning that the cause of
the explosions described was a gas well located
over and drilled through a barrier pillar in mine
No. 47. The reasons for that conclusion are
briefly as follows: First, both of the explosions
were undoubtedly caused by gas; second, previous
to December 19, 1910, no explosive gas had ever
been detected in mine No. 47, even by chemical
analysis of the air, during its entire history, and
with the exception of the blower reported to have
been ignited by the pumper on December 18, only
a slight trace was ever detected in mine No. 49,
this being liberated from clay veins at the face
of the main heading, which is in a different section
of the mine from where the explosion occurred,
and which was not affected by it; third, the
gas discovered had an odor resembling gasoline.
nenzine or naphtha, which odor is not peculiar to
marsh gas or methane as commonly met with in
coal mines, but which odor is present in the case
of gas produced from a gas well; fourth, samples
of gas from the well and also samples from the
blowers in both mines were analyzed, the analyses
of the different samples having an uniformity and
hearing a close relation to each other; also the
ANALYSES OF THE SAMPLES
taken from the blowers in the mines showed them
to contain a percentage of ethane, an element
which is rarely, if ever found in coal mines from
natural causes; fifth, after the well had been
opened up, and given free vent to the outside, the
gas blowers in both mines began to diminish until
the greater number of them entirely disappeared.
The analyses of the samples mentioned above
as as follows:
Analyses by West Virginia Geological Survey:
From From From
Sturm Well Mine No. 49 Mine No. 49
Dec. 23, 1910. Dec. 20,1910. Dec.22,'10.
Carbon dioxide. . 0.00% 0.35% 0.70%
Oxygen 0.00% 0.70% 5.90%
Methane 86.90% 88.60'A 68.40%
Ethane 12.70% 7.30% 2.76%
Nitrogen 0.40% 3.05% 22.24%
Analyses by Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory:
From From From
Sturm Well Mine No. 47 Mine No. 49
Mar. 15, 1911. Mar.15.1911. Mar.15,'11.
Carbon dioxide. . 0.30% 5.70% 1.60%
Oxygen 0.20% 0.90% 1.10%
Illuminants 0,20'/; 0.10% 0.10%
Methane 86.05% 74.84% 74.97%
Ethane 12.35% 9.00% 12.07%
Nitrogen 0.90% 9.46% 10.16%
The manner in which the well was closed, it is
believed, was responsible for the gas escaping
into the two mines. At its completion, two-inch
mbing was inserted in the well with a wall packer
placed above the Bayard sand; another packer
was also placed around and near the bottom of the
Sfirinch casing above the 50-foot sand. A braden
head was used on the well, which was attached
to the SVl-incn or outside string of casing, thus
closing off any vent to the outside, and making
impossible the escape of
ANY LEAKAGE OF GAS
outside of the inner strings of casing. Should
anything have happened to the packer on the twoinch
tubing, or to the tubing itself, causing it to

give way or leak, the gas would have escaped up
around the outside of this tubing to the top of
the hole or to the braden head, when it would
pass over the top of the S^-ineh and 6%-inch casing
and down along the inside of the Syi-inch or
outside easing, to the bottom of the same, below
which point the entire pressure of the well would
be directed against the bare walls of the hole, and
where there undoubtedly yvas an opening or
crevice of some kind that allowed the gas to
escape into the mines. On February 8, 1911, the
two-inch tubing and the packer were removed
from the well. No defects were found in the
tubing, but the packer was entirely stripped of its
rubber. As to whether the rubber was taken off
in pulling the packer from the hole or not could
not be determined.
An injury to either the packer or tubing might
result from any one of many possible causes. It
might be due to the natural and constant rock
pressure of the well, or to the settling of the
block of coal around the well. Such settling
could be caused by the disintegration of the fire
clay beneath the coal on account of open entries
and rooms surrounding the block, thus permitting
the action of the air and water on the fire clay
strata mentioned. It is not impossible that the
mining of pillars in proximity to the block of coal
would cause a settling or a disturbance of the
same, although the block itself, which yvas 380
by 135 feet in dimension, had not been touched
since the well was drilled, which was March and
April, 1910. The covering over the coal at this
point is 176 feet, with a
STRONG SAND ROCK
immediately above the roof slate. On account
of this heavy sand rock, roof breaks are sometimes
difficult to make and the effects from mining
may be seen a considerable distance away from
where any coal is being removed. In this connection,
it may be stated that a fresh break occurred
in the surface near the well, at or near the
time of the explosion. The break was over territory
where the pillars had been drawn for some
time, indicating that the strata over the coal
was probably throwing an extra amount of weight
on that particular block of coal before the break
occurred.
After the explosions, all of the two-inch tubing
and the five-inch casing was pulled from the well
and inspected. Tte well was then re-cased in
the same manner as described above, new packers
being used, but the braden head was placed on the
five-inch casing, leaving an open vent for all gas
that might escape around the five-inch casing between
the five-inch packer and the top of the hole.
The valves on both the two-inch tubing and the
five-inch casing were closed in March 21, 1911,
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
hut no perceptible increase was found in the blowers
inside the mines.
The writer has attempted to give the principal
facts in connection with the explosions described,
and sufficient evidence to prove beyond any reasonable
doubt that the cause was the gas well mentioned.
If this paper tends to impress more for
cibly upon mine operators, managers and engineers
the importance of accurate location of all
oil and gas wells, of protecting them by the best
methods to be devised, and of employing the
proper method in closing such wells, he will feel
that he has contributed, at least in a small way,
something toward the welfare of the men who
toil underground.
The Omaha Breaker of Order KoKoal celebrated
its first anniversary August 25, the program including
a banquet, business session and a koruskation.
A. L. Havens, the retiring modoc, reviewed
the practical work accomplished for its
members by the breaker. Seven candidates were
initiated. Sentries elected for the ensuing year
consist of A. B. Cook, modoc; George P. Cronk,
baron; Edw. E. Howell, baronel: Charles W. Gardner,
baronet; Wood Allen, pictor; J. C. Weeth,
mazuma; F. S. Martin, gazook; E. C. Lucas, pit
boss; E. P. Boyer. acolyte: E. E. Beale, swatta,
and Henry Foley, spotta.
| SCHOOL OF MINES j
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH. !
I M. E. 'Wadsworth, A. M., Ph. D., Dean. \
) Located in the midst of a great Mining
5 and Metallurgical District. Under- J
I graduate and graduate, elective, re- I
\ quired, and practical (co-operative) <
) work, leading to the degrees of E. M„ 5
Met. E., G. E., E. C, B. S., A. M., M. S.,
J or Ph. D. |
j Special advantages for men of age and )
j experience, graduates, and men preparing
to be managers or operators. I
> Courses also given in Paleontology, )
) Paleobotany, Mineralogy, Geology, )
] and Mining Geology. )
New Building, Laboratories
and Equipment. !
s For Bulletin, address
S. B. LINHART, Secretary,
30 Grant Boulevard, Pittsburgh, Pa.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
COAL PRODUCTION IN IOWA
AND TENNESSEE DURING 1910.
The total production of coal in Iowa in 1910 was
7,928,120 short tons, valued at $13,903,913, an in­
crease of 170,358 tons in quantity and of $1,110,285
in value over the figures for the preceding year,
according to a statement just issued by E. W. Par­
ker, coal statistician of the United States Geologi­
cal Survey.
Coal was mined in 22 counties of Iowa in 1909
and 1910. The Iowa coal mines gave employment
in 1910 to 16,666 men. who worked an average of
218 days. Of these men 9,209 wi-ir on strike dur­
ing the year, the average period of idleness being
If days. The average production per man was
17li tons for the year. Most of the mines of the
state are operated 8 horns a day.
Iowa's total coal production to the close of 1910
has amounted to nearly 164,500,000 short tons,
which, including the estimated loss of half a ton
for every ton recovered, represents an exhaustion
of approximately 247,000,000 short tons. The
original supply of coal in Iowa, as estimated by
M. R. Campbell, of the l'uited States Geological
Survey, was 29,160,000,000 short tons, from which
it appears that at the close of 1910 over 28,900,-
000,000 short tons, or a little over 99 per cent, of
the original supply, was still available.
The total production of coal in Tennessee in
1910 was 7,121,380 shorl tons, valued at $7,925,350,
an increase of 12 per cent, over Ihe production of
1909, when the output amounted to 6,358,645 short
tons, valued at $6,920,561.
Tennessee's coal production in 1910 was the
largest in the history of the state, and although in
some districts the ability to absorb the increased
output was somewhat overtaxed and prices suffered
accordingly, the record for the slate as a whole
w-as a decided improvement over 1909. In both
1909 and 1910. however, prices were much lower
than in any of the three preceding years. The
highest prices attained for Tennessee coal in recent
years were recorded in 1907, when the average
YOU CAN'T !f :
C A N get you a large
clean core of all strata un­
der your land tc be ex­
amined in broad daylight.
. No Guess Work. .
A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
Field Office. House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING
lor Ihe state was $1.25 a short ton. In 190S the
average price dropped to $1.15 and in 1909 to $1.09.
The returns for 1910 show a slight advance, to
$1.11.
The coal mines of Tennessee were practically
free from labor troubles in 1910, there being but
one mine at. which a strike occurred, and this
mine was crippled hut not closed down. There
were 11,930 men employed and the average num­
her of working days was 225. The average pro-
duction for each employe was 597 short tons for
the year, which is 2.65 ions for each working day.
AIIDUl two-thirds of the mine employes in Ten­
nessee work 9 hours a day and slightly less than
one-third work le bonis. Information received
by tin' United States Bureau of .Mines from George
E. Sylvester, chief mine inspector, shows that 38
men were killed and 210 injured in the coal mines
of Tennessee in 1910, an inciease over 1909 of 7
in the number of fatal accidents and of 13 in the
number of injuries. Tbe death rate per thousand
in 1910 was 3.19 and Ihe quantity of coal produced
for each life lost was 190,036 tons.
Reports are to the effect that a coal field con­
taining 100,(100,000 tons of coal has been found
in Leinster, Ireland. It is said to be of the same
quality as the host Welsh steam coal.
HOW TO KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH
AFFAIRS.
Mines of information on every subject are at
your disposal—Just say the word and we'll
drive an entry for you - - - - - - - -
USE OUR
PRESS CLIPPINGS.
Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in the greatest
Industrial Center of the World.
>
We have two branches—
A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
Both are splendid aids to busy men.
Ask us for definite information
and rates.
The Central Press Bureau,
906 4 908 WABASH BUILDING.
l.l.phon. 2154 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.
)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
PEALE, PEACOCK fi KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FOB THI
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
Contains a Complete List for the United States and
Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coaland
Coke in oar Room load lots, with capital and pay ratines.
: 550 Monon Building, 440 Dearborn St.,
.; CHICAGO.
1438 SO. PENN SQUARE..
PHILADELPHIA.
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coining to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, IVi tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909-10.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
FOR SALE-
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis' of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VEN-EER & LUMBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

Development of Castle Valley Coal Field, Utah.
(CONTINUED FROSl PAGE 50)
capacity of 2,000 tons, and estimates are being
made for increasing this to 3,000, to which capacity
it is hoped to bring tbe mine by another
winter.
The writer wishes to acknowledge the courtesy
of the officials of both companies operating in the
Castle Valley field for extending every facility for
an examination of the properties described.
Buck Ridge Coal Mining Co., Summit, N. .J.;
capital. $5ll0.iHMl; incorporators, Gardner Pattiso'n,
Summit, N. .1.; Howard S. 3owns, New York,
N. Y.; Telford Lewis, Johnstown, Pa.; .lames A.
Hill, Woodmere. N. Y.
Kentuck-Bi-Product Coking Coal Co., Williamson,
W. Va.; capital, $25,000; incorporators, George
H. Weise, I>ane Schonfield, E. A. Bartels, J. K.
Anderson, of Williamson, and Claude L. Caujo, of
Louisa, Ky.
Elliott Splint Coal Co., Charleston, W. Va.; capi­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 59
tal. $1,200,0(10; incorporators, W. B. Whiting, M.
A. Hinshillwood, Ellis R. Diehm, C. C. Owens and
H. .1. Crawford, all of Cleveland, O.
Hall Coal Corporation, Big Stone Gap, Va.; capital,
$30,000; incorporators, \V. S. Matthews, Big
Stone Gap, Va.; H. L. Moore, Chattanooga, Tenn.;
E. .1. Prescott, Big Stone Gap, Va.
Virgin Coal Co., Coal wood. W. Va.; capital, $25,-
000; incorporators, S. C. Minnich, W. C. Shrape,
B. W. Mock, Dr. E. S. Carr and C. E. Bullard, all
of Coalwood, W. Va.
Shelby Coal Mining Co., Warren, O.; capital,
$50,000; incorporators, .1. H. Price, Joseph M.
Aubel, M. A. Pierce. Wm. A. Gebhart and T. H.
Whitehouse.
Coe Hill Coal Co., Nelsonville, O.; capital, $10,-
000; incorporators, W. H. Bennett. P. D. Hill, H.
A. Sines, C. .1. Saunders. Hugh Mallen and J. P.
Cumiskey.
Monday Creek Coal & Coke Co., Columbus, O.;
capital, $30,000; incorporators, John T. Cording.
John W. Moore, L. R. Smith, C. A. Gibson and D.
W. Jones.
J. H. SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
ANALYSIS :
Moisture - - - - - 153 BEST FOR STEAM AMD
nScSSST -------- 56.34 " DOMESTIC USES
Ash - - - - - - 6.17
PTII " 'A #n"r i\«^ ° ffices: 1315 Park Building, PITTSBURGH.
B. T. U. per pound of Dry Coal, 13544.3
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Bell phoneS) Grant ,822-1823-1824
Jas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
, FAMOUS
TT
'ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C O r^ A V
PENNSYLVANIA.

60
Production of The Finer Metals For 1910.
The total value of the mine output of gold, sil­
ver, copper, lead and zinc in the Eastern or Ap­
palachian States for the calendar year 1910, ac­
cording to H. I). McCaskey, of the United States
Geological Survey, was $10,127,304, against $11,-
818,531 in 1909. This represents the production
of 100 mines, of which 61 were gold placer mines,
many of them small. The total gold output from
all mines was 8,974.03 fine ounces, valued at
$185,522, an increase over 1909 of $29,582, and the
silver iiroduction, recovered entirely in the re­
fining of the gold and copper produced, was 91.595
fine ounces, valued at $49,461, an increase over
1909 of $14,667.
Of the gold output in 1910 the placers yielded
1,524.54 fine ounces, or 17 per cent., the quartz
ores 6,977.57 fine ounces, or 78 per cent., and the
copper ores 472.52 fine ounces, or 5 per cent.
This 5 per cent, was derived from 774.040 short
tons of copper ore mined, with an average gold
and silver value of $0,076 a ton. against 787,146
tons in 1909, with a gold and silver value of $11.06
a ton.
There were 00,410 short tons of dry and siliceous
ores mined in 191(1, with an average gold and
silver value of $2.39, against 25.531 tons in 1909.
with a value of $4.33.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The copper production, from copper and iron
ores, was 17,923,412 pounds, valued at $2,276,273,
a decrease of 2,430,SI3 pounds in quantity and of
$369,760 in value as compared with the 1909 figures.
Most of the copper produced in these states
comes from the Ducktown district of Tennessee,
which contributed 94 per cent, of the output of
both 1909 and 1910. The copper ores yielded an
average of 23.2 pounds of copper to the ton of ore
in 1910. against 2o.9 pounds in 1909.
The production of lead all from lead-zinc ore
was 198,850 pounds, valued at $8,750, in 1910. No
mine production of lead was reported for 1909.
The zinc output in 1910 was 140,875,886 pounds,
figured as spelter, valued at $7,607,298, a decrease
from the production in 1909 of 25,452,973 pounds
and of $1,374,460. The output of zinc ore was 411,-
381 short tons in 1910. with an average recoverable
content of 342.4 pounds of zinc per ton, against
510,172 tons in 1909, with an average zinc content
of 326 pounds per ton, against 510,172 tons in 1909,
In tbe Eastern States in 1910 over 97 per cent.
came from New Jersey, the remainder being produced
in the lead-zinc belt of Virginia and Ten­
nessee.
Copies of Mr. McCaskey's report, which is now
in press, can be had on application to the Director,
United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
WESTMORELAND COAL CO.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE,
224 South Third Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
COLLIERY OWNERS, MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
THE STANDARD
WESTMORELAND COAL
MINES LOCATED IN WESTMORELAND COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA.
This Coal is unexcelled for gas-making, both in illuminating and for producer work.
For brick and terra cotta manufacture, locomotive use, steam threshers, high-pressure
steaming, and in all places where a strong and pure fuel is required, it has no equal.

GOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, OCTOBER 2, 1911 No. 9
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TKADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STRAUE, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
relating to coal or coal production are Invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PAKK BUILDING, PITTSBUBOH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mall Matter.]
CONTINUED LARGE PRODUCTION OF COAT, IN HIE BITU­
MINOUS FIELDS marks the approach of the cooler
weather, but despite this condition and a steady
absorption of tonnage that has been going on,
there is not the upward trend of prices the pro­
ducing companies would like to see. Operators,
however, are standing pat, and are refusing to
enter into contracts beyond the first of the year
at present card prices, which is the most hopeful
sign in the trade, indicative of an expectation that
there will be a decided advance in prices about
that time.
From all sections of the country come the re­
ports of increased consumption of fuel as cold
weather draws nearer. Some of these reports
show the increase to be intermittent while others
speak of a steady growth. One section reports
the growth in steam coal, while another shows it
to be wholly domestic fuel that has the call. Head
of lake distributing points are away ahead of last
year in tonnage figures, even if they do not report
any betterment in the way of better price figures.
With less than 2 per cent, of railroad equip­
ment idle and this amount steadily dwindling,
the outlook for a shortage in the near future al­
most is one of certainty. Already railroads are
notifying shippers that certain kinds of cars are
"out of stock" and advising them to use other
kinds. This is partly due to the gradual replace­
ment of the small wooden cars by the big steel
ones, but as many of the roads still have thou­
sands of the wooden cars in service, the notifi­
cation that they cannot supply this class of equip­
ment certainly means growing scarcity of idle
rolling stock
Lake trade shows a steady movement, with pros­
pects, that, by the time navigation closes, a total
tonnage in excess of 1910 will have gone forward
to head of lake ports, thus in a manner bearing out
the reports of a heavier demand in the Northwest.
There has been some congestion of vessels at the
head of the lakes during the fortnight, but this
practically has disappeared and some coal in addi­
tion to contract tonnage is again on the move.
In the Pittsburgh district mines are doing just
about what they were at the opening of Septem­
ber save those shipping by river; they being more
active due to the fact that empty craft have been
brought into the Pittsburgh harbor and taken to
the mines, thereby furnishing reason for more
steady operation. In the all rail mines 80 per
cent, of capacity is probably the extent of opera­
tion and this meets the demand. Here, like al­
most all other districts, if capacity tonnage was
produced it would mean a piling up of coal in
storage until demurrage would force its sale to
prevent further loss. As it is with approximately
four-fifths of capacity being produced, slack 'coal
is somewhat of a drug on the market witli a con­
sequent shading in price on the part of the smaller
companies who cannot afford to hold it for better
figures. Pittsburgh operatois are to a certain
extent among those who refuse to consider contracts
beyond the end of the year at present prices, and
are looking for better things. Prices are held
generally firm at $1.25 to $1.35 for run-of-mine
coal; $1.35 to $1.45 for three-quarter coal; $1.45 to
$1.55 for inch and one-quarter coal; with 75 to 85
cents prevailing figures for slack.
After taking something of a slump during the
middle of last month, the coke trade once more

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
is picking up again and tonnage once more has
begun climbing toward the three hundred and fifty indicate we can see long-drawn out negotiations
thousand ton per week mark, even if it is far
from it now. The slump was altogether in the
matter of tonnage as the number of ovens in blast
.MINE SAFETY DEMONSTRATION to be held in this city
continued to increase each week, and, at last re­
on the closing days of the month, if the program
port, showed an active list that has not been sur­
appearing on another page is indicative of anypassed
since early in the spring save the final
thing. Operators and miners alike surely wili
week of August. Manufacturers are holding their
benefit by being in attendance.
optimistic view of the situation with the result
that the slump in tonnage has had no correspond­
ing effect on prices and these are maintained gen­
erally. Shipments are about on a parity with
production, thus preventing accumulations of stock
coke to any great extent. Prices are firm at $1.75
to $1.85 for furnace coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for
foundry coke.
The anthracite trade seems to be in the best
shape of any branch of the industry and the one
size of coal—chestnut—that had been lagging is
now in brisk demand, with the result that every
size now is moving right along, with prospects of
still better things when real cold weather strikes
the country. There are the usual stoppages at
the mines, but production is being kept up to
record figures. Prices are held at regular win­
ter figures.
* * *
SOME PERTINENT FACTS ARE REVEALED in the ad­
vance sheets of the report of Chief of the Depart­
ment of Mines James E. Roderick of Pennsylvania,
just made public. One that seems to have been
overlooked in the general desire to create sensa­
tions is the< fact that the death rate in the mines
of Pennsylvania, whether considered from a ton­
nage standpoint or the standpoint of fatalities per
thousand men employed, was less than in every
state where gas and dust explosions occur and for
the period 1870 to 1908 seven times less than in
British Columbia. In Great Britain the loss of
life was two and seven-tenths times that of Penn­
sylvania. These things seem to indicate that
Pennsylvania mines are among the safest in the
country, notwithstanding the hue and cry to the
contrary.
* * *
DEMANDS THAT WILL BE MADE ox IHE OPERATING
COMPANIES practically have been agreed upon by
the mine workers of the anthracite region of Penn­
sylvania, according to the reports emanating from
that section. If all is asked for that the reports
before a new wage contract is formulated.
* * *
SOME INTERESTING THINGS WILL HE SEEN AT THE
Loss of life in the mines of Great Britain last
year was 2.7 times greater than in Pennsylvania.
And then they try to tell us the Pennsylvania
"Coal Barons" (sic) make no effort to prevent
accidents.
* * *
Iowa miners are said to be talking strike. The
"kiddies" will have more food and warmer clothes
if "daddy" keeps "digging coal."
Illinois, Oklahoma and Arkansas production in
1910 certainly showed wherein a prolonged strike
hands the industry a jolt.
* * *
The number of idle cars is growing still smaller.
That spells better days for the coal trade.
* * *
Last year was a half billion ton year. Looks
as if 1911 will pass the same mark.
Old Mr. Jack Frost will be welcomed by the
coal man any day he comes around.
And Car Shortage is just around the corner.
The Interstate Commerce Commission has issued
an order suspending until January 12 the proposed
advance in the freight rate on coal from Southern
Illinois mines to points in Kansas and Nebraska.
Several roads are affected by the ruling. It was
planned to put the higher rate into effect on the
15th inst.
An attempt on the part of the Zanesville Coal
Co., in the Crooksville, O., field, to inaugurate a
system of paying by check, instead of currency,
called President Moore, of the Ohio Mine Workers,
to that locality during the fortnight to aid in preventing
a strike.

AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS
POSTPONED UNTIL OCTOBER 24.
The meeting of the American Mining Congress
at Chicago has been postponed until the latter
part of October. Owing to President Taft's engagements
he could not be present in September,
but has consented to speak to the congress October
28. Secretary Fisher and Dr. Holmes will
be engaged with the results of their Alaskan trip
for some weeks, but they, too, can be in Chicago
on the dates now selected. The presence of John
Hays Hammond is also assured on the later dates,
and a number of other especially desired participants
in the program will also find it more convenient
to come in October.
The program is nearing completion and will be
printed shortly. Tuesday afternoon, October 24.
will be given over to welcoming addresses and
preliminaries; Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.
the 25th, 26th and 27th, to the business sessions;
Saturday, October 28. there will be the address
by President Taft, and the concluding business of
the meeting.
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
MINING SCHOOL STARTS TERM.
The School of Mines of the University of Pittsbugh
opened last Monday, September 25, with a
large enrollment of new students. Dean M. E.
Wadsworth announces that much new equipment
has been added to the laboratories and collections
and that the present year will undoubtedly be the
most successful in the school's history. All of
last year's graduates, IS in number, are now employed
throughout the country with mining concerns.
Two changes have been made in the faculty.
E. N. Zern. who has been mine superintendent
with the H. C. Frick Coke Co. and Jamison Coal
& Coke Co. since 1908 and who has had six years'
experience in practical coal and coke operations,
has been appointed assistant professor of coal
mining. Mr. Zern graduated from Pennsylvania
State College in 1903, and served for several years
as Instructor in Mineralogy and Mining in that
institution under Dr. Wadsworth. He was employed
with the Kentucky Coal Co.. at Sturgis,
Ky., and the Pitcairn Coal Co., at Clarksburg, W.
Va.
H. B. Meller, a member of last year's faculty in
the School of Mines, has been advanced from Instructor
in Mining to Assistant Professor in Metal
Mining. Mr. Meller graduated from the University
of Pittsburgh in 1910, after pursuing studies
at the University of Pennsylvania and Michigan
College of Mines. He spent eight years as secretary
of the University of Pennsylvania Medical
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
School, later being employed in practical mining
work.
ANTHRACITE CARRYING RAILROADS PLAN
CHANGES IN COAL OWNERSHIP TO COM­
PLY WITH SUPREME COURT DECISION.
The managers and counsel of the Lehigh Valley,
Delaware & Hudson and New York, Ontario &
Western Railroad companies are perfecting plans
for reorganization of the companies in accordance
with the decision of the United States Supreme
Court a month ago upon the commodities clause
of the Hepburn act. The proposed reorganization
pertains to the relationship between railroad
companies and the coal companies which they control
and operate, and the design of the railroad
managers is so to separate the coal business from
the railroad' business that there can be no further
complaint from Washington or elsewhere that the
companies are not complying with the spirit of a
law which was designed to separate the two forms
of enterprise.
The plan that is at present most favored by the
Delaware & Hudson and the New York, Ontario
& Western is similar in general outline to that
made effective uy the Lackawanna two years ago.
It provides for the sale at the mines of the coal
mined by the company to an independent company
organized for the purpose of marketing the
coal.
An alternative plan, which up to tbe present
bas met with greater favor from the more influential
directors of Lehigh Valley, contemplates the
sale of the company's coal land to a separate company
to be organized for the purpose of acquiring
them and holding them in perpetuity with, of
course, rights to railroad company stockholders
to subscribe to the stock of the new coal company
or distribution of the stock among them. The
objection has been made that some of the company's
coal lands are mortgaged under the railroad
company's $30,000,000 consolidated mortgage
bonds. The company will only convey, if the plan
goes through, its equity or interest in the coal
properties subject to the mortgage which secures
the bonds.
In the test ease the court decided in effect that
ownership of stock in a coal company is a mere
department of the railroad or a mere dummy to
serve the purpose of the railroad in the coal mining
and marketing business.
Since that decision the department of justice
has let it be known that it proposed a rigid investigation
of the relations between the coal companies
and the railroad companies and has promised
that other suits would be instituted. It
was the opinion of the Lehigh Valley managers at
first that further litigation should be contested,

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
but though the matter has not been formally decided
by the board it is understood that the majority
are in favor of selling the coal lands to a
new company to be organized by Lehigh Valley
stockholders.
Since Delaware & Hudson owns all the stock of
the coal companies in which it has an interest
the case is identical with that of Lehigh Valley.
Not so strong a case could be brought under the
law against Ontario & Western for the reason that
the company does not own all of the stock of its
coal subsidiaries. It has. however, such a predominant
interest that a prosecution might be
successful.
The iron ore shipments for the month aggregated
5,341.626 long tons, compared with 6,S72,27S
long tons shipped during August, 1910. Iron ore
shipments for the year will probably not exceed
30,000,000 long tons, compared with 41,500,000 for
the preceding season.
The August shipments of soft coal, 2,733,086
short tons, exceeded the corresponding 1910 shipments,
all the larger shipping ports such as Ashtabula.
Toledo, Cleveland, Lorain and Sandusky
showing considerable gains over the 1910 figures.
Shipments for the S months, 10,509,026 short tons,
were 730,958 tons less than in 1910, Cleveland,
Lorain, Huron and Fairport showing the main
losses for the season, while Toledo, Ashtabula and
Sandusky report larger shipments than a year ago.
About two-thirds of the coal received during the
month was landed at Duluth. Superior and Milwaukee
docks. Shipments of hard coal for the
month and season, 633,440 and 2,807,164 short tons,
respectively, mainly from Buffalo, Oswegon and
Erie, were also heavier than the year before.
The August freight traffic through the Sault Ste.
Marie canals, 8,548,812 short tons, shows a considerable
decline from the corresponding 1910 and
1909 figures of 9,744,556 and 8.988.223 short tons.
As against a heavy loss for the month in the eastbound
iron ore movement, considerable gains in
the westbound coal and eastbound grain movements
are noted.
George Farrell and Al Sarfon. miners, entered
pleas of guilty before the Washington county, Pa.,
court, to a violation of the mining laws. Farrell
was alleged to have had a pipe and to have been
smoking it in the mine past a danger board. Sarfon
was alleged to have had in his possession smoking
materials and an open light. Each was sentenced
to pay the costs, fine of $10 or undergo imprisonment
in the county jail for 60 days.
LAKE COMMERCE DURING AUGUST, 1911.
Demands whicli will be submitted to the anthra­
A loss of more than 10 per cent, in the domestic cite coal operators were framed at a meeting of
freight tonnage shipped between ports on the Great three anthracite district boards of the Mine Work­
Lakes during August of the present year is shown ers' union at Hazleton, Pa.. Sept. 21. Recogni­
by the monthly figures of lake shipments, just
made public by the Bureau of Statistics of the
tion of the union, an increase in wages and a reduction
in the price of powder are some of the
Department of Commerce and Labor. These ship­ concessions asked by the workers. It is thought
ments totaled 11.643.123 short tons, compared with
13,066,118 short tons in August, 1910, and 12,543,-
057 short tons in August, 1909. The total do­
a conference between the union men and operators
will be held in Philadelphia next spring.
mestic lake shipments for the S months of the At a joint meeting of the executive board of
present year aggregated 45,584,360 short tons or the Iowa district of the United Mine Workers of
about 19 per cent, less than in 1910. Of the total America and the Iowa Coal Operators' Associa
loss of over 10.700,000 short tons, about 19,300,000 tion of the Thirteenth district at Des Moines, la..
short tons represent the loss in iron ore shipments on Sept. 16, the operators refused to arbitrate the
alone.
Excelsior coal mine case. Miners say the operators,
while operating their mines under closed
shop rules, have discriminated against miners
active in union work.
One thousand miners of five mines of the Clinton
Coal Co. at Clinton, Ind., returned to work
Sept. IS, after a short strike, the company having
withdrawn the list of questions of a personal nature
the men were to answer, but the company retains
the right to ask questions, though not requiring
applicants to sign any pledge.
The Fayette county. Pa., court has appointed
the following men in the Twenty-third bituminous
district of Pennsylvania to constitute the examining
board for mine foremen and fire bosses: Edward
E. Girod, inspector; David Twist, superintendent,
and John Payton, miner.
The executive board of the Ohio United Mine
Workers went into session in state headquarters
at Columbus, 0., Sept. 26, with State President
John Moore presiding. The meeting is acting
upon local matters in the sub-districts.
George Baker, international Executive board,
United Mine Workers, from Kentucky, has been
nominated as a representative to the legislature
of that state, which is equivalent to an election.

COAL IN PENNSYLVANIA, WEST VIRGINIA,
ILLINOIS, OHIO, ALABAMA, KENTUCKY,
NEW MEXICO, OKLAHOMA AND ARKAN­
SAS, DURING 1910.
Pennsylvania's coal production in 1910 was
235,006,762 short tons, valued at $313,301,812. Of
this 84,485,236 short tons was anthracite, valued
at $100,275,302, and 150,521,526 short tons was bituminous
coal, valued at $153,029,510, at cording
to E. W. Parker, statistician of the U. S. Geological
Survey.
Compared with 1909. when the total production
of the state amounted to 219.037.150 short tons,
valued at $279,266,824, the production in 1910
shows an increase of 15,969,612 short tons, or 7
per cent., in quantity, and of $34,037,988, or 12.2
per cent., in value. Of tbe total increase 3,314.-
877 short tons was in tlie iiroduction of anthracite
and 12,554.735 short tons in the production
of bituminous coal. The value of the anthracite
production showed an increase of $11,093,713, or
7.4 per cent., and that of bituminous coal increased
$22,944,273, or 17.64 per cent. Although the
quantity of bituminous coal produced exceeded
that of anthracite by nearly SO per cent., the value
of the anthracite product was larger than that of
the bituminous output by nearly $7,250,000. Bituminous
coal represented 63.6 per cent, of the
total output and anthracite represented 51 per
cent, of the total value.
The anthracite mines of Pennsylvania gave employment
to 169,497 men, who worked an average
of 229 days. The bituminous mines employed
175,403 men for an average of 238 days. The
average production for each man employed in the
anthracite region was 498 short tons during the
year. In the bituminous mines
THE MEN AVERAGED
825 tons each. The daily average production for
each employe in the anthracite region was 2.17
short tons and in the bituminous districts it was
3.61 tons.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of
Mines 601 men were killed and 1,050 were injured
in the anthracite mines in 1910. The fatal accidents
in the bituminous mines numbered 539 and
the non-fatal accidents numbered 1.142.
In the combined production of anthracite and
bituminous coal Pennsylvania outranks any of the
coal producing countries of the world except Great
Britain and Germany, and in 1910 it came within
10,000.000 short tons, or less than 5 per cent., of
equaling tbe output of Germany, and was nearly
20 per cent, of the total coal production of the
world.
West Virginia held second rank among the great
coal producing states in 1910, being exceeded in
output by Pennsylvania only. The total produc­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
tion for West Virginia in 1910 was 61,671,019
short tons.
The production of West Virginia increased from
51.849.220 short tons in 1909 to 61,671,019 tons in
1910, a gain of 9,821,799 tons, or IS.9 per cent.
The value of the West Virginia production increased
from $44,661,716 in 1909 to $56,665,061, a
gain of $12,003,345, or 26.88 per cent.
In spite of the fact, however, that the output
of West Virginia exceeded that of Illinois by 15,-
772,173 tons, and of the further fact that West
Virginia's gain in value was considerably more
in proportion than the gain in tcnnage, the total
value of the West Virginia product exceeded tbat
of Illinois by only $4,261,434.
The high quality coal of West Virginia is the
lowest-prired coal in the United States. If the
small mines are left out of consideration there
were only three counties in the state in which the
average price in 1910
EXCEEDED $1 PER TON,
and the aggregate output of these three counties
was only a little over 1,000,000 tons—less than 2 per
cent, of the total production. The general average
for the state was 92 cents. In 1909 it was
86 cents.
The total production of coal in Illinois in 1910,
amounts to 45,900,246 short tons, as against 50,-
904.990 short tons in 1909.
With the mines in most of the coal producing
counties shut down for practically six months of
tbe year, a decrease of from 20 to 30 per cent, in
production might have been expected, but as a
matter of fact the decrease was surprisingly small.
Mining conditions in the state during 1910 showed
a curious combination of periods of almost complete
idleness and intense activity, the latter condition
accounting for the comparatively slight decrease
in output as compared with 1909. In 1909
when the industry was practically free from labor
troubles the production in Illinois amounted to
50,904,990 short tons, whereas in 1910, with six
months of idleness at the majority of the mines,
tbe iiroduction amounted to nearly 46,000,000, less
than 10 per cent, decrease.
In 1910 out of a total of 72,645 men, 67,218 were
idle for an average of 136 days and the total time
lost was equivalent to 9,133,953 working days.
The total time made by the 72,645 men employed
was 11.612,966 days, or an average of 160 days
each. The idle time in 1910 was nearly 80 per
cent, of the working time made.
The state bureau of labor statistics, Mr. David
Ross, secretary, reports that in the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1910. there were 390 fatal and 737
non-fatal accidents in the coal mines of Illinois.
In 1909 there were 213 fatal and 896 non-fatal
accidents.
Ohio's total production of coal in 1910 was 34,-

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
209.66S short tons, with a spot value of $35,932,2SS.
Ai..iough more than half of the coal miners of
Ohio were on strike in 1910 for a period equiva­
lent to 25 per cent, of the average number of days
worked, the increase in production in 1910 over
1909 was the largest gain ever
MADE IN ONE YEAI;.
In 1909 Ohio produced 27,939.641 short tons of
coal, valued at $27,789,010. The increase in 1910
was 6,270,027 short tons, or 22.41 per cent, in quan­
tity, and $8,143,278, or 29.3 per cent, in value.
Production increased in 20 of the 28 counties
in tbe state and decreased in 8. The most no­
table increase was made in Belmont county, whose
output gained 2,203,446 short tons. Guernsey
county ranked second in increased production,
with a gain of 1,601,017 tons. Athens county
showed an increase of 1.462,290 tons, and the Hock­
ing Valley district, comprising Athens, Hocking
and Perry counties, showed a total gain of 2,052,-
961 tons. One other county. Jefferson, added over
a million tons to its output in 1909. with an in­
crease of 1,333.563 tons. The principal decrease
was in Tuscarawas county, which fell off nearly
50 per cent., from 1,577.303 tons in 1909 to 816,189
tons in 1910.
Ohio continues to lead in the percentage of the
total production undercut by the use of machines,
and in 1910 2S.SS7.241 short tons, or 84.44 per cent.
of the total, was machine-mined.
The number of men employed in the coal mines
of Ohio in 1910 was 46,641, who averaged 203 working
days. Had it not been for the time lost by
strikes, the mine workers in Ohio would have
averaged 230 working days. Tlie record for efficiency
among the miners in Ohio is. however,
high. In 1910 the average production by each
man employed was 733 tons for the year and 3.61
tons for each working day.
Mr. George Harrison, the state mine inspector,
reports that in 1910 there were 161 men killed and
471 injured in the coal mines of Ohio. The death
rate per thousand was 3.45 and there were 212.482
tons of coal mined for each life lost, against a
death rate per man of 2.45 and 241.358 short tons
mined for each fatality in 1909.
Alabama's coal production in 1910 was 16.091.979
short tons, valued at $20,209,577, a large increase
over the figures for the preceding year.
In a preliminary review of the coal mining in
dustry in 1910, published as a press bulletin early
in January. 1911, it was stated that Alabama's
Iiroduction had reached the unprecedented total of
15,000,000 short tons. The
STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR
as collected by Edward W. Parker, of the r. S.
Geological Survey, in co-operation with tbe Alabama
Geological Survey, show that the preliminary
figures were exceeded by a million tons, the actual
output being 16,091,979 short tons. This unusu­
ally large tonnage (the largest previous produc­
tion being 14,250,454 short tons in 1907) was due
primarily to the strike in Illinois and other West­
ern States, and secondarily to low water in the
Ohio and Kanawha rivers which reduced ship­
ments from Pennsylvania and West Virginia to
Mississippi river points.
Compared with 1909, when the production
amounted to 13,703,450 short tons, the output in
1910 showed an increase of 2,388,529 short tons,
or 17.43 per cent. The conditions in 1910 natur­
ally resulted in an advance in prices and the total
value increased from $16,306,236 to $20,209,577, a
gain of $3,903,341, or 23.94 per cent. The average
price per ton in 1910 was $1.26 against $1.19 in
1909.
The coal mines of Alabama were practically free
from strikes in 1910. there being only 25 men idle
from that cause during the yeai'.
The coal mining industry of Alabama was marred
during 1910 by two bad disasters which to­
gether cost the lives of 131 men. The first occurred
on April 20 at the Mulga mine and cost 40
lives; the second was at the Palos mine on May 5
and cost 91 lives. The number of fatalities in
these two accidents was more than the total number
of deaths from all causes in either 1908 or
1909. According to the report of the chief mine
inspector of the state, the total number of fatal
accidents in 1910 was 238 against 129 in 1909, and
108 in 1908.
The number of men employed in the coal mines
of Alabama in 1910 was 22,210, who worked an
average of 249 days, chiefly of 10 hours. The
average production per man was 725 short tons
for the year and 2.91 tons for each working day.
There was a notable activity in Kentucky's coal
mining in 1910. The total
PRODUCTION OF THE STATE
was 14,623.319 short tons; valued at $14,405,887,
as against 10,697,384 short tons, valued at $10,ii79,917.
in 1909, a gain of 3.925,935 short tons, or
30.7 per cent, in quantity, and of $4,325,970, c
42.92 per cent., in value.
The stoppage of work in the coal mines affected
by the general strike of 1910 was of material
benefit to the operators and miners in Kentucky,
particularly in the western field. During the six
months of idleness in the other states the shipments
over the Louisville & Nashville railroad
from tbe Western Kentucky coal field increased
nearly 70 per cent, over the corresponding period
in 1909.
Notwithstanding the extraordinary demand upon
the Kentucky mines, the labor supply was entirely
adequate, as many of the miners who were thrown
out of work by the strike in Illinois and tho
(CONTINUED ON PAGE 45)

PENNSYLVANIA COAL PRODUCTION IN 1910
EXCEEDED THAT OF ANY PREVIOUS
YEAR SAVE 1907.
Mr. James E. Roderick, Chief of the Department
of Mines of Pennsylvania in his report on the coal
production of the state for 1910, which has just
been issued, declares that the output was 148,770,-
S5S tons of bituminous coal, while the anthracite
production amounted to 83,683,994 tons.
The production of soft coal last year, aggregating
148,770,858 tons, was the greatest of any
year except 1907, when it reached 149,559,047.
The number of employes last year was 193,488
against 185,921 in the preceding year and 183,121
in 1907. Fatal accidents numbered 539 against
506 in 1909; 572 in 1908 and 806 in 1907. Thirty
years ago porduction of bituminous coal was 15,-
916,123 and 35,530 persons were employed, the
number of fatal accidents being 57.
An interesting study in methods is afforded by
the statement that last year the production by
pick mining was 79,332,300, or 53.32 per cent.,
against 63.80 per cent. 10 years ago. The tonnage
cut last year by compressed air machines
vvas 30,910,161, or 20.78 per cent., against 21.19
in 1901, while electric machinery cut 38,528,397
tons, or 25.90 per cent. last year. Ten years ago
it got out 15.01 per cent. The production in 1901
was 80,914,236 tons.
On the general subject of the bituminous coal
industry last year Chief Roderick says:
"The production of coal in Pennsylvania in
1910 was remarkably heavy, notwithstanding the
unsatisfactory conditions that existed in many
other lines of business.
"The different sections of the bituminous region
were differently affected during the year. In the
western fields, particularly in Allegheny and Washington
counties, production was unduly stimulated
by the enforced cessation of operations for about
eight months in the Irwin field of this state, and
for six months in the Mississippi valley states,
caused by a strike, and by the unusually large
amount of coal shipped to
THE UPPER LAKE MARKETS
during the summer. In the Connellsville coking
coal district the production was about the same
as in the preceding year, while in the Clearfield
or Central Pennsylvania district the trade was
decidedly unsatisfactory.
"The car supply was generally adequate to the
demands, the operators reporting that the situation
was better in that respect than for several
years. The labor supply was also fully up to the
requirements.
"During the latter part of the year there was a
large falling off in the activity of the important
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. •ll
industries that consume steel, and this condition
was so reflected in the coal and coke markets that
in the latter part of December the mines and ovens
were operated at only 50 to 05 per cent, of their
capacity.
"The crying need of the coal trade to-day is no
doubt proper regulation, but there are so many
difficulties in the way of attaining this desired
consummation, owing to the extent of the coal
bearing area and the relative small cost of opening
mines, that it seems almost futile to think of
it. However, if the opening of new mines could
be stopped and a check could be placed upon the
unreasoning ambition of some of the producers to
make a new tonnage record each year, two causes
that operate against the success of the trade would
be eliminated.
"That present productive capacity of the mines
is far beyond the capacity of the consumer, probably
twice as great, and hence the opening of additional
mines and the excessive production are
things to be deprecated."
Considering the reports of mine accidents on
the North American continent and in Great Britain
the loss of life in Pennsylvania "soft coal"
mines is not as large as commonly supposed, he
asserts. The chief takes pains to prove by statistics
that the Keystone State has a lower general
average of fatalities for each 1,000 persons
employed and for each 1,000,000 tons produced
than many other states or provinces.
"A feature of the mining industry and the one
that engages the most public attention and receives
the most criticism is
THE DEPLORABLE RECORD
of fatalities that occur among the mine workers,"
says he. "Those unacquainted with the facts cannot
realize the conditions that exist at the present
time, chiefly due to the prenomenal growth of
the industry. In Pennsylvania alone the annual
production is about 230,000,000 tons, requiring the
efforts of 350,000 men in and about the mines
With this vast production, the rapid methods of
extracting the coal and the majority of the workmen
foreigners who are ignorant of the rules of
safety, the hazard of life is extremely great."
On the subject of accidents he shows from national
reports that for the 20 years. 18S9-1908.
there were employed 9,422,902 miners in all North
America and 29,293, or 3.11 per cent., were killed.
In Pennsylvania for the same period there were
2,257,204 employed and 6,114. or 2.71 per cent.
killed. Chief Roderick adds:
"If the fatalities in the bituminous mines of
Pennsylvania for the 20 years had averaged 3.11
for every 1,000 persons employed the number
killed would have been 7,017 instead of 6,114. It
is, therefore, manifestly unfair to include the fatalities
in the Pennsylvania bituminous mines

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
with the total number of fatalities iu the mines
of North America."
A table of states and provinces shows that
while the lives lost per 1,000,000 tons, 1870 to
1908, in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania
was 3.83, the number in the anthracite region was
8.21; Ohio. 3.95; West Virginia, 6.36; Kentucky,
3.34; Maryland, 1.96; Illinois, 3.94; Indiana, 3.73;
Michigan, 5.20, and Tennessee, 9.04, while Nova
Scotia showed 7.95 and British Columbia 22.48.
In this connection he states:
"This table shows that all the states having a
lower percentage of fatalities per 1,000 persons
employed than Pennsylvania are states in which
explosions of gas and dust do not occur. With
such states Pennsylvania, after eliminating fatalities
by gas and dust,
COMPARES MOST FAVORABLY.
The number of lives lost per 1,000,000 tons produced
in Pennsylvania is 3.83, a smaller percentage
than in any other state except the safe mining
states of Maryland, Indiana and Kentucky. A
general average of fatalities, including British
Columbia and Nova Scotia, shows that 3.10 lives
were lost for 1,000 persons employed and 5.83 for
every 1,000,000 tons produced, which is a much
higher percentage than in Pennsylvania with its
2.54 and 3.83 respectively."
The chief also presents a comparison of fatalities
in bituminous mines of Pennsylvania and
Great Britain. He says:
"During the years 1908, 1909 and 1910 Great
Britain produced 789,563,364 tons of coal with 3,-
051,218 employes, and Pennsylvania produced 399,-
913,928 tons with 561,249 employes, the number
of employes in Great Britain being nearly five
and a half times as large as the number in Pennsylvania
to produce a tonnage about twice as large
as that in Pennsylvania.
"The number of lives lost in Great Britain was
4.528, or 2.7 times as many as in Pennsylvania,
where the loss was 1,617. The production foi
each life lost in Great Britain was 174,373 tons;
in Pennsylvania it was 247.318 tons. In Great
Britain the number of lives lost for every 1,000,-
000 tons was 5.73, in Pennsylvania only 4.04."
Another fact to which the chief calls attention
is the great waste and he makes some startling
observations affecting Pittsburgh. He says:
"It is a fact beyond dispute that there is tremendous
waste of investment in
I'HE COAL MINING
property and that the business will never be as
profitable or safe as it should be until some way
is found to curtail production. The rapid growth
of the industry has prevented systematic develop­
ment and to-day the operators constitute a great
army of antagonistic elements and unorganized
forces, and yet any attempt on their part to combine
for the purpose of fixing the price of coal at
the mine on an even and reasonable basis is looked
upon as illegal and consequently they continue to
indulge in cut-throat warfare.
"In the opinion of many prominent mining men
the problem is a serious one. It no doubt occasions
a great deal of uneasiness and the solution
of it would therefore be heartily welcomed. Some
writers on the subject have suggested that a national
organization of operators be created, the
primary object of which should be to prevent the
indiscriminate coal land development and it seems
to be the opinion of the advocates of this plan
that Pennsylvania should take the lead in the
movement for the reason that Western Pennsylvania
produces more high grade coal than any
other region in the United States and, on account
of its great manufacturing interests, it should
safeguard its coal supply.
"Unless this is done and the wasteful methods
discontinued it is feared by some persons that ultimately
the effect may be disastrous to the commercial
life of the city of Pittsburgh."
LEHIGH & WILKES-BARRE COAL COMPANY
REPORT SHOWS YEAR TO HAVE BEEN A
GOOD ONE.
The Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. report for
the year ended June 30, 1911. compared as follows:
1911. 1910.
Gross receipts $16,879,575 $16,284,969
Expenses, taxes, etc 13,406,193 13,294,420
Net earnings $3,473,382 $2,990,550
Interest, sinking fund and
other deductions 1.291,583 1,573,816
Surplus *$2,1S1,798 $1,416,734
Dividends 1,197,625 1,197,625
Surplus $984,173 $219,109
*Equal to 23.68 per cent, on $9,212,500 outstanding
capital stock.
There were mined in 1911, 4,284,444 tons as compared
with 4,021,772 tons during corresponding
period last year, while 724,502 tons were purchased
as compared with 815,868 tons last year. The
tonnage sold was 5,024.767 tons, while 4,805,644
tons were sold last year.
Considerable improvement work has been done
during the year.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
MARION COUNTY COAL COMPANY, CENTRALIA, ILLINOIS—A STRICTLY
') GOODMAN MINE*
Proof of ability comes from the overcoming of
obstacles rather than from the traveling of an easy
road. There are some coal mines which could
hardly help making money, even with the worst
of management and the poorest of equipment.
There are other mines where the keenest of eyes
and the best of brains and the most constant of
efforts are necessary in order to make an even
balance sheet, to say nothing of having a surplus
to distribute in dividends.
The Marion County Coal Co., whose mine is located
three miles north of Centralia, 111., bas certainly
had some obstacles to surmount, some of
Fig. 1. Marion County Coal Company's Mine Plant.
them encountered by all the operations in that
district, others peculiar to this mine. The manner
in which these difficulties have been overcome
and the mine put on a profitable operating basis
makes an interesting story.
The mine was planned to have main entries east
and west from the bottom of the shaft. After
driving about 200 feet from the shaft the east
entries ran into solid rock, showing a sharp and
distinct fault in the seam and stopping further
progress in that direction. Thus early development
was hampered by making the mine a onesided
proposition.
•Reproduced from Electric Mining. July number, through
courtesy ol Editor
Next, the mine was set afire accidentally ana
had to be sealed up to reduce the conflagration so
that later the fire could be entirely quenched with
water.
After operation again was resumed, three successive
explosions occurred as a result of shooting
the coal from the solid. These explosions involved
the customary fatalities, their violence
showing itself also in stripping the corrugated
steel sheathing off the upper portions of the tipple
house, as shown in the view reproduced in Fig. 1.
Shortage of railway cars while the mine was
dependent only upon the Illinois Central railroad
imposed a further
burden.
The combination of
these particular impediments
brought
about a state of affairs
far from enviable in
tbe company's financial
and commercial
condition. Up to this
time, E. E. Fyke, although
a stockholder
in the coal company.
wast best known as a
physician and surgeon
who had been practicing
for 20 years in
Centralia and who
was railway surgeon
over about 100 miles
of the Illinois Central
lines.
It was evident that
some radical change in
management and methods would have to be made.
It seemed advisable that one of the heavy stockholders
should give up his other business and divote
his particular attention to this property—and
Dr. Fyke was the man who drew the short straw.
"Doc" is a better business man than the average
sawbones is thought to be. This certainly must be
so or he could not have turned the laugh back
upon the "wise" coal men who thought he would
be a joke as a mine manager, prescribing in illegible
Latin hieroglyphics for all the bumps he was
sure to encounter. He got the bumps, all right.
and his prescriptions may or may not have been
written in Latin, but anyhow they have been effec-

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
tive. He was a good physician and surgeon—now
be is a good mine manager.
Three years ago he was stockholder in a mine,
but did not know, as he himself says, a pick
handle from a panel system, a prop cap from a pit
car, but he had good horse sense—though not a
veterinary—and this good sense included the wisdom
to employ men who did know the technical
terms and the practical methods. He also knew better
than to try to bluff these men with pretense of
knowledge, instead of securing their loyalty and
co-operation by frankly acknowledging his own
techncal ignorance and putting up to them the
work of making good in their lines—not dictating
details himself, but reading results.
Some people are mean enough to say that the
doctor got his ability as a mine manager by marriage,
his wife being
the daughter of Col.
N. B. Morrison, the
veteran coal operator
of Odin, 111.
The present officers
of the Marion
County Coal Co. are
Ferdinand Kohl,
president; E. E.
Fyke, vice president
and general manager;
F. F. Noleman,
secretary; H a r r y
Kohl, treasurer. Operation
of the mine
is in charge of
James Bowie, mine
manager; Edward
Prudent, assistant
mine manager; H.
H. Warner, outside
foreman; George
Klein, electrician; J.
W.Stedlin,chief clerk.
The company was organized in 1900, having acquired
ownership of 3,000 acres of coal, with 500
acres of surface land for the plan and town. The
mine plant was located beside the tracks of the
Illinois Central, with tbe expectation of shipping
largely by that railroad, with tlie benefit of connections
at Centralia for deliveries over tbe lines
of the Southern railway, the Illinois Southern and
the Burlington. The Burlington passes about 2%
miles to the westward of the mine plant, and direct
connection with its tracks has since been
made by a private spur laid by the coal company
at large expense. This connection has, however,
afforded a direct outlet for shipments on some of
its largest contracts, besides giving full benefit of
that most valuable asset of any coal mine, the service
of two competing roads.
The product is a high grade steam fuel, used
also to some extent for domestic purposes. The
railroads like it particularly well for locomotives,
and the greater part of the output is used in this
way. The Burlington and the Chicago Great
Western take large tonnages in mine-run and
lump, respectively, the Burlington handling the
shipments to the C. G. W., so that shipments over
the Illinois Central are comparatively small and
consist mainly of the fines sizes for the Chicago
market.
The company is fortunate in its selling connections,
its entire output being marketed through the
Glenridge Coal Co. of Chicago—E. Puttkamer &
T. C- Loucks—who keep the mine constantly sold
up to capacity. In this regard the mine is the
envy of its neighbors, having worked full time
Fig. 2. First Motion Hoist with Double Iron Drums.
during the past year, except for the loss of two
months during the strike period. From September
1 to June 30, the mine worked 240 days.
The company calls its town Junction City.
While owning 500 acres, largely available for town
site, the company has not made a practice of
building houses to be rented to the miners. It
has, on the contrary, always encouraged and assisted
the miners to purchase lots and build their
own homes, a policy which here as elsewhere has
shown the usual good results in improvement of
stability and dependability in the men. To this
end the daily operation of the mine also contributes
largely.
The plant is designed for handling a daily output
of 2,000 tons, though at present the capacity
is only 1.500 tons, due to the one-sided develop-

ment. Drilling to the eastward having shown
that the fault of the coal involves a drop of only
11 feet and a continuance of the seam for a considerable
distance, the east side of the mine is
now to be opened up, so that within a few months
the full capacity of 2,000 tons will be reached.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
Fig. 3. 7)»-Ton Goodman Single.Motor Locomotive and Trip ol" Empties
The tipple is of frame construction, spanning
three loading tracks and equipped with shaker
screens for preparing the usual sizes. Separate
tracks above and below the tipple are provided for
empties brought in
and loads to be Y~.,
taken out by the two
railroads, the Burlington
coming in
from the left and the
Illinois Central from
the right. This
double trackage is
of great convenience
in the free and independent
handling of
cars for the two
roads. As a result
of this double service,
the mine is
never short of cars
and enjoys particularly
the excellent
service of the Burlington,
which road Fie "- 4 -
is well known for its consistent co-operation in
the matter of car supply to coal miners on its
lines.
The power department includes separate boiler
and engine houses. In the former are four 150
horsepower horizontal tubular boilers, set in two
batteries and generating steam at 125 pounds pressure.
Tlie building is arranged so that the front
and sides may be entirely open during the summer
months and closed during the winter.
In the engine house is a Danville first-motion
hoist. Fig. 2. with cylinders 24x36 inches and
double iron drums
8 feet in diameter.
When the coal comes
properly, this hoist
brings up about 100
cages per hour, the
total hoist being
640 feet. There are
two generating units
for supplying the
ligbling, haulage and
mining machine circuits.
The older and
smaller unit is in
the main engine
room alongside the
hoist. This is a
125-kw. Goodman
mining generator, directly
connected to
a Ridgway centercrank
engine. The
speed is 250 r.p.m.
In a newly built addition to the engine house
is now being installed a 200-kw. unit. This entire
unit, as also the engine of the older unit, was
Mine Shop and Spare Mining Machine.
built by the Ridgway (Pa.) Dynamo & Engine Co.
Current is generated and used at 250 volts. To
the old single-panel Goodman switchboard is being
added a second panel to make a double switchboard,
with one panel for the generators and the
other for distribution. Separate distribution will

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
be provided for machine and haulage circuits troduce any serious grades.
from a switchboard at the shaft bottom; this pro­ In'early days of development in this mine, disvision
insuring that an overload of the machine tinct seepage of crude oil was noted, and to this
circuit will" not cause stoppage of the haulage loco­ is directly attributable the development of the
motives, or vice versa. It follows, therefore, that Centralia-Sanaoval oil field. The oil lies below
separate circuits are provided throughout the mine the ccal and seeps in through the floor, making
for the machines and . tbe haulage. The mine pools in places and saturating the roadways
also is well lighted and the wiring throughout is throughout a considerable portion of the mine.
put up in safe and substantial manner.
The traveling of the mules spreads the oil, so that
While the mine throughout is practically dry, yhe roadways throughout considerable portions of
there is some water in the upper portion of the the mine are sufficiently oiled to be entirely dust-
shaft. This water is allowed to drain to the less, so there is not the slightest need for sprink­
sump and is removed by a Deming triplex electric ling.
pump of 1,000 gallons hourly capacity. This A sprinkling system for room and walls is pro­
pump has just been furnished by the Deming Co.. vided, however, by piping laid in the entries, with
Salem, O.
hose valves at intervals of about 100 feet. A
Off the main west entries, side entries are driven night man with a 50-foot length of hose can there­
north and south at suitable intervals, and rooms fore readily wash down the roof and walls, and
wet the roadway if
desirable. as frequently
as may be
necessary.'
Haulage distances
at present are not
great and the entire
work of handling
cars from the rooms
to the shaft bottom
is done by 18 mules
for the gathering
and a 7%-ton Goodman
single motor
locomotive, Fig. 3,
for haulage. Just now
the conditions are
such that the locomotive
is kept fairly
busy serving the
various partings,
several of which
must soon be moved
farther in, so as to
Ffg. 5. Goodman Electric Chain Machine at Work
are turned east and west from the side entries.
The rooms are spaced 60 feet on centers, and are
driven 30 feet wide and 300 feet deep. Entries
are driven 12 feet wide, with 60-foot pillars between.
Passage of the fault on the east will be made
by a rock cut on two per cent, slope for a distance
of 600 feet, from which point the east portion
of the mine will be opened up for working cn
the panel system.
The coal seam has an average thickness of 6
feet and lies generally flat, but with some local
variations, due possibly to nearness of the fault
on the east. There is a general and gradual clip
toward the east and north, but not such as to in­
reduce the distance
of mule travel.
To take care of the
increase of haulage work due to greater distances
to new partings, and also to provide for requirements
of the east side as developed, a new locomotive
has been ordered of the Goodman company.
This is to be a 10-ton size of the singlemotor
type and will, of course, become the main
haulage locomotive, doing all the work on the
east and having the present 7U,-ton locomotive
for auxiliary work on the west.
Tracks are laid to 36-inch gauge, using 30-pound
steel for locomotive haulage on the entries and
16-pound where only the mules travel. Cars
weigh 1,500 pounds empty and carry about 5,000
pounds of coal, making a gross weight of 6,500
pounds per loaded car,

The 7 '/i:-ton single-motor locomotive easily handles
trips of 20 to 25 of these loads, the haulage
being generally quite flat, yet with slightly favorable
grades prevailing and with short local grades
as steep as four per cent.
Haulage from the east will be generally adverse,
not only by reason of the natural pitch ot
the seam but also because of the long slope necessary
to reach the coal beyond the fault.
Physical conditions make this coal very difficult >
to mine. A thin blue band in the coal a few
inches from the bottom and the presence of sulphur
balls and blackjack combine to make cutting
very hard. While the coal is underlaid by fire
clay, cutting in this clay is made impracticable
by the presence of boulders and pebbles.
The coal here, in accordance with quite general
practice throughout the district, was originally
shot from the solid. Three fatal and disastrous
explosions from this dangerous practice made the
operators feel that something must be done to
stop the trouble. Hand mining is impracticable
because of the hard cutting at the bottom of the
seam. Machine mining was held by many to be
equally impracticable, some operators in the same
coal having tried machines and discarded them
after an insufficiently supported trial of a few
months, against the determined opposition not
only of the miners themselves but of the foremen,
accustomed for years to older methods.
There are, however, other Goodman machines
working in this coal, particularly in the driving
of entries where rapid work is required.
No other machine than the Goodman could possibly
be thought of as able to stand up to such
difficult work. The Goodman company showed
its willingness to back up its machines for a fair
trial by guaranteeing to
MAKE THEM SHOW A PROFIT
in operation or take them out of the mine without
cost to the Marion company. Several machines
were, therefore, put in and operated by competent
machine men, under the direction of a Goodman
representative. Opposition of the familiar
sort was not allowed to interfere, and the discouraging
talk of other operators who had tried
machines and abandoned them was not permitted
to change the determination to make this trial
perfectly conclusive and to bring it to a successful
issue if possible.
The machines enter beneath the blue-band,
where the cutting is fairly easy unless sulphur
balls or blackjack are encountered, or unless the
bitts run into the blueband clue to variation in the
band itself.
The machines have long since proved themselves
profitably successful, although working
against the most serious difficulties imaginable.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
What would the operator who gels' 20 or more
runs of a breast machine with one set of bitts
think of having to change bitts after every run,
and sometimes during a run? Of having his
machine bitts strike fire as the cutter head enters
the face? Of seeing smoke issue from the kerf
along the cuttings? Of having the machine stall
and require backing away a little so as to make a
new attack?
These things are regular items of the day's work
in this mine, the only variation being from
"worse" to "some better." Yet the Goodman
machines, plus good management, have made a
profitable net result; and if Goodman machines
can be made to work at all under the conditions
encountered in this mine, is it any wonder they
make excellent showing elsewhere?
Success for machine mining here is a triumph
for the Goodman Manufacturing Co.—nothing less.
And a success for the machines also means, in this
case,
SUCCESS FOR THE MINE.
They have made the mine a paying proposition,
as the doctor-manager frankly says.
There are eight machines in the mine, seven in
continuous service and the eighth always on spare
in the shop, as shown in Fig. 4. A ninth machine
has been ordered, so there will soon be eight
in service. Fig. 5 shows one of the present machines
at their regular work. The blueband may
be seen indistinctly across the face of the coal
just above the cutter head of the machine. Just
above the blueband is a natural parting in the
coal, which fortunately makes very easy the removal
of the blueband and its separation from
the good coal, so that none of it is loaded out.
Before the machines were installed, the Goodman
company stated the belief that even under
these adverse conditions the machines would produce
about 100 tons per shift. This expectation
has been more than realized, as the average tonnage
is in excess of 100 tons per shift. All machines
are operated on double shift and all the
coal produced is cut by machines. Th Ir average
tonnage is therefore shown by the fact that seven
machines on double shift are responsible for a
regular output of 1.500 tons per day.
For the success and profitable operation of the
machines in this work Manager Fyke gives full
credit to the Goodman company and the Goodman
machine. But "Doc" is to be credited with a lot
himself. He has proved himself to be pretty
much of a coal man. Those who predicted and
anticipated failure for him now see he runs every
day, while they are idle part time. They do not,
however, quite know the true extent of his real
success as a manager, nor the color of the ink
in which he writes the net figures at the lower
righthand corner of his monthly balance sheet.

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Mr. H. A. Cochran, assistant coal and coke agent
of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, with headquarters
at Cleveland, has been promoted to the position
of coal freight agent and will make his future
home in this city. Mr. Cochran will be succeeded
by Mr. C. R. Wright, who has been holding
the position of chief clerk to the coal and coke
agent, and Mr. J. H. Baker, traveling coal freight
agent, has been made chief clerk to the coal and
coke agent of the road at Cleveland.
Mr. Francis H. Shepherd, of Nanaimo, B. C,
chief inspector of mines for British Columbia, recently
took the prescribed course at the United
States Mine Rescue training station, at Seattle.
Wash. The station has been closed for some time.
but the director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines ordered
the necessary arrangements made to allow
Mr. Shepherd to take the regulation training
course.
Mr. J. R. Roaf. who has been in charge of the
Crow's Nest Pass Coal Co.'s engineering department
at the Coal Creek and Michel collieries, and
coke ovens at Fernie and Michel. British Columbia,
has resigned, and gone to one of the new coal
districts near Edmonton. Alberta.
Mr. O. P. Hood, head of the department of mechanical
and electrical engineering at the Michigan
College of Mines, has been appointed chief
mechanical engineer of the United States Bureau
of Mines. He took up his headquarters in Pittsburgh
in September.
Mi. J. H. Moran. of the O'Gara Coal Co., Chicago,
has been assigned to the Chicago office as
assistant general sales manager. For the last
nine years he has been in charge of the Illinois
territory for the same corporation.
Mr. R. L. Green, who has been connected for
the last seven years with the Chicago office of the
Sunday Creek Co., leaves that concern this date
to manage the new Detroit office of the Lackawanna
Coal & Lumber Co.
Mr. Thomas Hall, aged 63 years, a wealthy coal
operator at Chandler, Ind., was adjudged insane
by a commission Sept. 22. Hall has a delusion
that he is to be executed for the commission of
some imaginary crime.
Mr. D. T. Price, general manager of the Brothers
Valley Coal Co., has moved his family from
Baltimore to Berlin, Pa., taking apartments at
the Hotel Berlin.
AUGUST LAKE LEVELS.
The United States Lake Survey reports the
stages of the Great Lakes for the month of August,
1911, as follows:
Feet Above
Lakes. Tidewater, New York.
Superior 602.15
Michigan-Huron 579.83
Erie 571.62
Ontario 245.19
Lake Superior is 0.51 feet higher than last
month, 0.18 feet higher than a year ago, 0.71 feet
below the average stage of August of the last 10
years, 1.78 feet below the high stage of August,
1876, and 0.55 feet above the low stage of August,
1879. It will probably rise 0.1 feet during September.
Lakes Michigan-Huron are O.05 feet lower than
last month, 0.49 feet lower than a year ago, 1.33
feet below the average stage of August of the last
10 years, 3.68 feet below the high stage of August,
1S76, and 0.05 feet below the low stage of August,
1S96. They will probably fall 0.2 feet during September.
Lake Erie is 0.13 feet lower than last month, 0.60
feet lower than a year ago. 1.08 feet below the
average stage of August of the last 10 years, 2.49
feet below the high stage of August. 1876. and
0.24 feet above the low stage of August, 1895. It
will probably fall 0.3 feet during September.
Lake Ontario is 0.35 feet lower than last month,
0.86 feet lower than a year ago, 1.45 feet lower
than the average stage of August of the last 10
years, 3.07 feet below the high stage of August,
1862, and 0.84 feet above the low stage of August,
1895. It will probably fall 0.4 feet during September.
The O'Gara Coal Co., Chicago, has put into operation
its No. 11 mine at El Dorado, 111., which has
a producing capacity of 1,200 tons daily, and No.
3. at Harrisburg, which can hoist 2,500 tons. It
has in contemplation the early starting of three
more operations. The present output is about
20.000 tons per day. with mines running nearly
full time. It has purchased two more Morgan-
Gardner motors, six and 10 tons respectively, and
the same firm is installing electric haulage at one
of the company's large operations at Harrisburg,
111.
A petition in bankruptcy has been filed by H.
P. Dilworth, of Pittsburgh, who was the organizer
and chief owner of the Dilworth Coal Co., with
mines and acreage near Rice's Landing, Pa., on
the Monongahela river. Liabilities are given as
$713,047, and assets as $205,401, mostly in notes
of the coal company.

The Indiana field, in which we are now holding
session, and of which we are at the geographical,
governmental and geological center, is not very
generally known and appreciated. It is remarkable,
that owing to adverse conditions, a county
so wealthy in carboniferous content as Indiana
should have remained for years wholly, or almost
wholly, unknown to the mining industry.
The field lies at the northern edge of the Pittsburgh
measures; there is, however, but little
Pittsburgh coal in Indiana and, of course, still
less Redstone or Sewickley, these last two beingvalueless
in this field, nor are any more recent
measures represented.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
GEOLOGY OF INDIANA COUNTY 1
But the lower measures are near or below the
water level throughout the county. This makes
their area less broken and very nearly coextensive
with the district. To-day no better word
than this could be spoken regarding a field, unless
one would speak of quality or possibly of absence
of folding ir faulting, but in the early days, when
pumping was expensive and more rare, a field that
manifested itself only at its anticlinals and that
gave small show for gravity drainage, had to wait
on fields which dipped conveniently at all points,
toward an extended crop line. When diamond
drills were unknown, a field that revealed itself
but rarely was subject to justifiable suspicion, for
PROOF WAS WANTING
that the field was continuous under heavy cover.
A field like that which we are considering, which
under conditions then obtaining, could only be
mined locally, did not suggest the construction of
railroads and the feasible locations, as far as the
geological and geographical conditions constitute
feasibility, were left untouched or barely scratched
for lack of transporting facilities.
It will be observed that nearly all the valleys
of this field open towards the Allegheny river
waterways and consequently they were face to
face from the first with the competition of Pittsburgh
coal at its best. It could not be expected
that Indiana would come to its own, until large
plants were the rule and not the exception, until
strong "coal barons" could be found to make the
necessary investment, and until it became customary
to build roads like the Buffalo, Rochester &
Pittsburgh and Buffalo & Susquehanna railroads,
for the express purpose of obtaining a coal tonnage
to be sold away from Pittsburgh. Indiana
is a big man's field both by character and practice.
It does not fit the small purse. But if
you put a mine in Indiana west of Chestnut ridge,
•Paper read before the Summer Meeting of the Coal Mining
Institute of America. June 28 and 29. 1911.
By R. Dawson Norris Hall, Du Bois. Pa.
even one of drift workings, you can direct your
headings North, South, East and West. If you
are justified in expending $300,000 in a plant on
the bank of a river, where
THE COAL AVAILABLE
within the radius of three miles is represented
by a semi-circle enclosing 9,049 acres, you are
justified in expending $600,000—twice as much—
where the plant is penned in by the hills and the
coal available within the same radius, is represented
by a full circular disk of 18,098 acres.
The conditions in such a case are favorable for
a mammoth construction and large output especially,
seeing that not only in primary development
but in all later stages, the area is right at hand,
not divided by ravines, which not only reduce tonnage
but involve manifold expense.
A mine that just touches water level, that gives
the right, left, forward and backward development
of a shaft, without its disadvantages is an ideal
mine. It endures longer than any other and it
starts development at mushroom rapidity.
It has been suggested that we term coal, sur
rounded by crops on every side, a coal island or
carbon-insula. Similarly the coal of the Indiana
field may be comparably termed a carbo-continent.
The lower series XIII, or Allegheny formation,
is an area of coal, broken not so much by large
gulfs of erosion from its outer margins but by
erosions within these margins, forming what we
may compare to lakes rather than to arms of a
sea and the areas covered by the "coal-less lakes"
are small and narrow and render the
APPROACH TO THE MAIN BODY
the more available. The Chestnut ridge erosion
is, however, somewhat more extensive. The croppings
of the Indiana field are clearly assets and
not debits. Were it not for them, Indiana county
might still pride itself solely on being one of the
premier farming counties of the state, but it
would suffer grievously from the lack of a home
market and of adequate transportation to more
distant marts
I have said enough to convince you, I trust,
tnat Indiana is the place for large plants and to
show you that hard-headed reason is back of this
method of development, not merely corporation
pride or reckless extravagance.
A map of Indiana county, with the various summit
and depression lines of the folding, and with
the contours of the upper Freeport seam showing
the elevation of that seam above sea level, would
indicate what I mean.
These summit and depression lines are quite usually
termed "axes" though a better name is needed

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
as the folds do not revolve about them, seeing
that they are on the outsides of those folds. Nor
are the true axes immediately under them for if
the fold is unsymmetrical the axis lies on one
side of the summit or depression line. However,
the name will pass, if used with regard to folds
as regular as are those of the bituminous region
of Pennsylvania. Still it is well to remember that
THE TRUE AXIS
may lie considerably on one side of the summit
or depression line and the strike of the center
line of the curvature well on the other side. This
can well be seen by holding a piece of paper in
two hands, and curving the same by the process
of pushing the ends together. By holding one
end a little higher than the other, the fold will
lop over toward the lower hand and the line of
the axis will be found nearer the higher hand
than is the locus line of maximum elevation.
* * * * * * * * * *
The folds of Indiana county travel roughly
Northeast and Southwest in tolerably straight
lines, more regular in direction than in Armstrong
or Clarion counties adjoining. But the severity
of the folds is very unequal from fold to fold and
some folds fail to extend across the county, especially
in the Northwestern part.
The influence of the celebrated Laurel ridge
anticline, the first axis of the first State Geological
Survey, is felt in the extreme Southwest.
This important anticline towers 2.000 feet above
the adjacent Barnsboro synclinal, having slopes
of 22 degrees for distances of over a mile and a
half. But as measures when they are not too
severely stressed, bend in the elastic curves assumed
by any elastic body such as steel and rubber,
the law of the calculus for all curves is usually
followed, that is, there is a minimum of
INCREASE OF ELEVATION
or depression at the extremes, thus the summits
of the anticlines and the depths of the synclines
are reasonably flat whilst intermediately tne measures
rise very steeply. The Barnsboro syncline,
which has been mentioned, lying about 3% miles
to the Northwest of the Laurel hill axis is fairly
gentle at its greater depths and in it lie Wehrum
and Rexis, two important mining towns. Then
follows an anticline of no great severity of outline,
which W. G. Pratt of the Second State Geological
Survey has termed the Nolo axis. The
measures easily descend to the Brush Valley syncline
from this sub-axis.
The Barnsboro syncline has laid bare the Upper
Freeport coal because that concavity has been
deeply eroded by the Blacklick creek. The
Brush valley syncline is as deep and as deeply
eroded by Yellow creek but it does not expose
the Upper Freeport either because the solid measures
are not sufficiently eroded or because the
quaternary alluvium has covered what the waters
once exposed.
The Chestnut ridge anticline, the second axis
of the first Geological Survey, 600 feet above the
Brush valley syncline on the East and over 1,100
feet above the Latrobe syncline on the West,
derives its importance from two causes, its own
severity of outline and the coincidental depth of
erosion.
When an anticline corresponds to a great surface
elevation, and generally speaking this is the
case, it does not give much evidence of its
SEVERITY OF OUTLINE,
the measures exposed being much the same as in
the syncline adjoining, but where, eoincidently,
erosion has taken place, the anticline lays bare
measures which cannot be seen in any other
nearby region. The Chestnut ridge in Indiana
county is deeply eroded where it is intersected by
Yellow creek. Moose hill, for example, is over
1,848 feet high; Evans hill, 1,842; Strongs hill,
1,860 feet, but at the footings of these hills is the
creek just mentioned at a level of 1,120 feet, over
700 feet below. Thus eoincidently occur an erosion
of 700 feet and a fold upward of 1,100 feet
and in this manner are laid bare all the Allegheny
formation, including the Freeport and Kittanning
coals, all the Pottsville conglomerate and in one
place, a mile or so of Mauch Chunk shale, a member
of the so-called Mississippian series of the
Carboniferous system. Two Lick creek, which
erodes as deeply as Yellow creek, but is not as
near the mid line of the fold nor as near its
greater elevations, uncovers for the most part only
the Allegheny formation, though in one place the
Pottsville conglomerate comes to light.
By drawing a line on a section joining the probable
original elevation of the Upper Freeport bed
on the Laurel hill and the Chestnut hill axes, it
will be observed that the Nolo axis is inferior to
either as a
CORRUGATION OF THE EARTH.
Moreover it must be remembered that the section
is not typical, as has been said, both the first
mentioned axes being of greater height nearby.
The Nolo anticline is entirely an occurrence of
second rate imporance. intruding itself in the
heart of the extension of the celebrated Ligonier
basin but extending with persistence from South
of the Conemaugh river into Clearfield county.
It might be well to point out that the free surface
of an anticline during folding is subjected to
tension and tends to draw apart and the cracks,
thus created, aid later erosion, otherwise anticlines
would be invariably unbroken by eroding
influences. On the other hand, the upper measures
in a syncline are in compression and erode
with more difficulty than the anticlines, and this
fact has made some synclines in other regions

(where the folding has been more violent), lines
of surface depression.
The Chestnut ridge axis appears to have a weak
spot on its western flank, where is drawn the 1,500
foot contour. Two Lick does not drain very
much of the land along its course from Dixon run
to Ramsey run and it follows along the side slope
of the anticlinal in a line on the whole not far
from straight, neither receding from the anticlinal
nor approaching it materially. The water
you would expect to
DRAIN TO IT,
is directed another way. The cause of the existence
of this stream would appear to be a fracture
line which furnishes a locus of low resistance
along which the stream travels. It is probably
an instance of erosion along a line of much tensional
stress or along a line of resistance inadequate
to such stress.
It is well to note that the fall from the Chestnut
hill anticline to the accompanying syncline
to the Northwest, known as the Latrobe basin is
so rapid that it overtakes the fall of Yellow creek
and even of Tearing run. This run (entering
Two Lick creek a half mile below Homer), falls
no less than 400 feet in a mile or about eight feet
in a hundred, yet the descent of the fold is even
more rapid and the measures plunge themselves
beneath its speedy waters.
Leaving the influence of the Chestnut ridge
anticline, we reach a district of very gentle geologic
slope very favorable to mining. The Latrobe
syncline. known to the State Geologists as
that of Blairsville, is not important in Indiana
county and it dies out entirely a mile south of the
town; it is apparently recreated in the Tanoma
basin, which develops seven and a half miles
Northeast near Grove Chapel, but this basin is
both narrower and shallower than that of Latrobe.
Indiana town, in which we hold session, lies on
the great level in the common line, connecting the
Tanoma and Latrobe synclines, but
UNAFFECTED IIY EITHER.
The region is remarkably flat; the McKee anticlinal
elevation io the Northwest being extremely
gentle. The Richmond anticline is exceptionally
mild in outline.
It is by the disappearance of the Latrobe syncline
on the Northward journey that we explain
the fact that Indiana town has no Pittsburgh coal.
It doubtless stands where that bed once stood but
the measures lie probably at a level no less than
1,000 feet higher than on the Youghiogheny river
(where it is about 650 feet above tide).
This basin, which fosters Latrobe. Mount Pleasant.
Connellsville and Uniontown, does indeed
retain sufficient strength to put a trifling archipelago
of coal islands across the Conemaugh into
Indiana county in Burrell and Black Lick townships
near Blairsville, but they are merely memen­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
toes of a field of renowned richness farther south.
The Richmond anticline is the same as was
named the Blairsville or Indiana anticline, or
Third axis of the State Survey. Infelicitously
was it named indeed, because, as has always been
well known, it avoids Blairsville, the acknowledged
seat of the Latrobe or Blairsville basin. Moreover
as it dies out North and South of Indiana,
there is no propriety in calling it after that town.
The manifestation of measural convexity on the
Conemaugh river and south of it, must be regarded
as part of the
SAME CLINAL SYSTEM.
rather than the same anticline, for the Third anticlinal
system undoubtedly reappears at the Conemaugh
river to the south of the county and it is
certainly a factor of force in Westmoreland, where
the United States Geological Survey has termed
it the Fayette anticline. Between it and the
Jacksonville anticline, in the latter county, lies
Greensburg, a trough field with Pittsburgh coal
measures.
The gap between the Latrobe and the Tanoma
synclines and the yet longer gap between the Fayette
and Richmond anticlines, is duplicated in the
gap separating the Greensburg from the Marion
syncline. From the Conemaugh river almost to
the Indiana Purchase line, there is no sign of the
latter system of depression. Leaving this basin
we come to the Jacksonville anticline with its offsetted
extension, the McKee anticline.
The Jacksonville anticline was once called the
Saltsburg sub-axis, a fold within the Westmoreland
gas coal basin, yet it is as much as 550 feet
high. It is no dwarf among sub-axes. Being
eroded freely it exposes both Upper and Lower
Freeport on Reeds run and Coal run.
We now approach the Armstrong county line
but before reaching it we pass perhaps
THE .MOST INTERESTING FOLD
in Indiana county, the Elders ridge syncline.
This synclinal fold was formerly known as the
Lisbon-West Lebanon basin, and it is an extension
of the Westmoreland gas coal field. Its greatest
depths are on the Indiana side of the county line
and in its northern extension it leads more and
more east leaving room to the west for the Dutch
hill or Perrysville anticline. Measured from the
Jacksonville anticline to the southeast its depth
is S50 feet; measured on the basis of the Roaring
Run anticline it is no less than 900 feet deep.
This syncline marks the ultimate northern limit
of the Monongahela formation at the base of
which is the Pittsburgh coal. Negligible worthless
areas of the Pittsburgh bed do lie on the topmost
summits of hills as far north (and farther
west) but there is no other commercial exhibit
of Pittsburgh coal as far north as here exhibited.
Broken into carbon-insulas by Beaver run (in
Westmoreland county), Kiskiminetas river. Big

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
run and Whisky run, this lentil of Pittsburgh
coal is, nevertheless, an integral part of that peninsula
of coal joining the continental bed on the
far side of the Monongahela river. Near Elders
Ridge and West Lebanon the cover of the Pittsburgh
bed is no less than 210 feet, though
THE AVERAGE COVER
is about 100 feet. The area in Indiana county
is roughly 14 square miles.
The northern extension of this syncline is unimportant,
'ihe basin is canoe shaped, that is,
at the center it is deep with steep sides, at the
ends it is shallow with easier side grades. The
State Geological Survey, which plotted no measural
hypsographs, gave the ready-made geologists
some highly erroneous ideas, and, in fact, as might
be expected, some of the deductions of that survey
have not proved correct. The average local expert
imagines a series of folds of equal depth
throughout their length following lines approximately
N. 45 degrees E., running almost without
discontinuance from county to county, even from
state to state. The more correct view pictures a
series of more or less disconnected canoe shaped
depressions twisting from due north to due east
but averaging northeast, together with a series of
anticlinal folds like the same canoes turned over
on the beach to drain. The study of these folds
is complicated and the truth is less easy to bear
in mind than the fallacy, but, if the maps of the
U. S. Geological Survey are kept in ready access,
a scientific determination of probable clips can be
more accurately obtained than from the more
simple maps of the State survey. There is
ONE DIFFICULTY
to be borne in mind. The geologic contours are
not based on the same bed in all publications of
the Federal survey; one map will be based upon
the Ferriferous (Vanport) limestone, the neighboring
map on the Upper Freeport, whilst another,
still neighboring, will have the contours of the
Lower Kittanning displayed. Furthermore care
must be taken to see whether the vertical elevations
of the contours are separated b.v 50 or 100
feet. Comparing two maps, that of the Elders
ridge and that of the Indiana quadrangle, one will
naturally conclude by the closeness of the contour
lines of the Jacksonville anticline and the
sparseness of those of the Chestnut ridge fold, that
the Chestnut ridge anticline is a very gentle fold
and the Elders ridge is very steep, but on the
whole there is little difference between them and
the western slope of the former fold is as deep
as either fold of the latter. The difference is in
appearance only, the Elders ridge map sheet having
50 feet contours whereas the Chestnut ridge
chart is transcribed with geologic lines representing
lifts of 100 feet.
A paper like this appears incomplete without
reference to coal thickness. Roughly the Pittsburgh
coal is 7 feet thick.
It is not the intention of this address to declare
what is the
MEASURE COMMONLY WORKED
in Indiana county, because there is so much controversy.
The United States Geological Survey
says that the Lower Freeport "is not persistent
nor often very thick" in the Indiana quadrangle.
The operators, who have extended their operations
from Clearfield and Jefferson counties into this
field have found much excellent Lower Freeport
coal and little Upper Freeport. On the other
hand, the operators from the southern counties
have the reverse experience. Somewhere in Inoiana
county is a line, very crooked or reasonably
straight, (who shall say?) where the Lower Freeport
thins and probably another line where the
binders thicken and get troublesome. The author
would not be bold enough to draw either of these
lines, in view of so much opposition and without
an intenser knowledge of the field. Would the
Indiana Purchase line serve roughly the purpose
of such delimitations?
It is lamentable that all the structure lines ever
drawn have been based largely on what happened
long after the coal was formed. The contour
lines show what happened after the coal was laid
down.
There is wanted a geologist who will put lines
on a map of Western Pennsylvania running a
little north of west and showing
THE OLD TIME BASINS,
in which the coal was laid down. The Kinzua-
Emporium anticline, the rollings of the axes up
and down along their lines of strike, the variant
intervals between beds, the lay of individual beds,
where the newer structural disfigurations are not
marked, all these will furnish him with material.
He will be able to draw lines which will roughly
demark the areas of thick from thinner coal, the
areas originally covered by various beds, the areas
of split and unsplit coals and give us an economic
sense of coal values, such as we have not yet
known.
Much as the work should be done, the author
has not been bold enough to attempt it. The task
awaits and will reward a master hand guided by a
strong analytic brain. Nearly all the data are or
will be soon available.
Meantime, unscientifically, I make the statement,
that the Freeport measures from 44 inches to 72
inches along the lines of the Buffalo, Rochester &
Pittsburgh. More easterly the Freeport is lower
and runs from 30 inches to 60 inches. The Lower
Kittanning is workable in the eastern portion and
runs from 36 inches to 42 inches.

THE UNITED MINE WORKERS OF AMERICA
INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE BOARD
RENDERS DECISION IN PITTSBURGH
DISTRICT CONTROVERSY.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
MARYLAND'S COAL TRADE DURING 1910
MADE BIG GAIN ACCORDING TO REPORT
OF STATE MINE INSPECTOR JOHN H.
DONAHUE.
After remaining in session in Pittsburgh State from Mine Inspector John H. Donahue of Mary
August 24 to September 19, the International land, in his annual report, just issued says:
Executive Board of the United Mine Workers of The year 1910, while showing no phenomenal or
America, sustained the contentions of Francis unprecedented features, was on the whole, or at
Feehan in his struggle with Robert Gibbons for least for the miners, a much more prosperous one
the presidency of the Pittsburgh district. This than the year preceding it. The total production
factional fight had its inception at the last annual of coal mined for the year was 4,716,382 long tons
election of national and district officers and has showing an increase of 677,096 tons over the year
been continued up to the present time.
1909, and an aggregate production of 798 tons for
A committee composed of Frank Farrington of each employe in and outside of the mine.
Illinois, William Diamond of Michigan, and Wil­ The production by counties for the year 1910
liam Harrison of Alabama, submitted the follow­ was: Allegany county, 3,S14,510 tons, mined by
ing recommendations, which were accepted by the pick, and 124.399 tons by machine, and increasing
board. The tally is said to have stood 15 to S the production 423,627 tons over the year 1909.
in favor of adoption.
Garrett county produced 777,473 tons by pick, and
First.—That Francis Feehan is completely vindicated
of the charges lodged against him by
Robert Gibbons and associate officers and others.
Second.—That Francis Feehan, Van Bittuer, Tim
Donovan, George Dagger and their official associates
are the legitimate officers of District No. 5.
gave the large increase of 253,369 tons over 1909.
Allegany county employed 3,726 miners, 371
drivers, 390 inside labor, 555 outside laborers,
making a total of 5,042 men employed, an increase
of 157 men over the year 1909. Garrett county
employed 645 miners, 74 drivers, 47 inside labor
and 97 outside labor, showing an increase of 87
Third.—That all moneys and property belong­ men employed over the year 1909.
ing to the district organization must be turned The only place machines are used for mining
over to the above officers.
is in Allegany county. The number of machines
Fourth.—That all local unions in District No. used during the year was 47 against 41 of 1909.
5 must support the regular organization or have During the fiscal year ending April 30. 1911, there
their charters revoked.
were 17 fatal and 125 non-fatal accidents. For
Fifth.—That those local unions which have not the calendar year ending December 21. 1910, there
•been paying per capita tax to either faction dur­ were IS fatal accidents, showing a production of
ing this controversy must pay their arrearages 262,021 tons for each life lost and 3.28 per thou­
to Tim Donovan, secretary-treasurer of District sand employed. The fatal accidents occurring
No. 5.
during the fiscal year were 17, a decrease of two
Sixth.—That the local unions which have been
contributing to the Gibbons' faction shall be reinstated
to good standing upon the payment of the
district and national per capita tax and assessments
for the month of August, and that the question
of further exactions from these locals shall
be left to Presidents White and Feehan to decide.
Seventh.—That where the check-off is held up
by the coal companies it must be released and paid
over to the officers of the regular organization.
under the year 1909. Of the 17 fatal accidents
for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1910, 11 were
caused by falling top and breast coal, four by
cars, one by explosion of powder, and one fell while
carrying props on outside.
I again respectfully recommend that reasonable
discipline be impartially enforced by the mine
officials, willingly submitted to by all mine workers,
and that the mine foreman, or some other
careful and competent person, designated by him,
be required to inspect all working faces of mines
Eighth.—That the resident officers of the na­ at least once a day, and observe particularly the
tional union shall cause to be printed and circu­ conditions surrounding the place, roof and timberlated
to all our local unions your committee's ing.
findings and your decision thereon, in order that Among changes I would recommend in our min­
some of the injury done Francis Feehan may be ing law, in order to keep up with the progress of
in a measure undone.
mining, are:
Ninth.—That President White be instructed to First.—All mines employing 10 men or more,
employ legal talent, if necessary, to clear up any where a fan is required, to keep it running all the
further complications in connection with this con­ time, whether the mine is running or not.
troversy.
Second.—To prevent the solid shooting of coal.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Third.—The amount of powder, not to exceed
five pounds, to be taken into the mines by one person.
Fourth.—A better grade of oil for illuminating
purposes.
Fifth.—A miners' hospital—something that is
needed badly in the mining region.
"Trt
•
~~~~~~~~—_—————-
PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS •
The Watt Mining Car Wheel Co., of Barnesville,
O.. has just issued catalogs "G" and "H," entitled
"Ore Buckets and Skips" and "Mine Car Wheels
and Axles." The Watt Ore Bucket, which is described
and illustrated in the first of these pamphlets,
is made of four steel staves pressed to shape
hot. The design is suitable for quick operation
and efficiency. Self-dumping buckets with bails
hinged below the center and catches which can be
released with a line, buckets for bailing water
with bottom trap valve, straight sided buckets and
bucket trucks and cars of every description, also
come in for mention. Their skip cars can be
built in any capacity and weight and for transporting
most any material. They also have a
combination skip and self-dumping cage on the
market. Catalog "H" treats of the Watt patent
self-oiling car wheel and Watt-Hyatt Roller Bearing
Wheels and Axles. Data of an interesting
test is given where a Watt wheel weighing 150
pounds on a 2%-inch axle equipped with a. Hyatt
bushing, was driven at a speed equivalent to 10
miles per hour with a belt consisting of one
strand of carpet thread. One-half horse power
motor and 2 1 'L,-ineh pulley on motor. The thread
started the wheel from rest, unaided.
Governor Judson Harmon of Ohio has appointed
the following delegates to the 14th annual session
of the American Mining Congress, to be held in
Chicago Sept. 26-29. 1911: C. L. Cassingham,
Cleveland; C. E. Maurer. Cleveland: G. C. Weitzell,
Columbus; H. A. Laning, Jobes; James Allen,
Nelsonville; Percy Titlow, Washingtonville; Sanford
B. Belden, Columbus; Ernest M. Lied, Columbus.
The Westmoreland Coal Co., Philadelphia, has
declared a semi-annual dividend of 3 1 ANNOUNCEMENT OF KOKAL SKOUTS.
The Kokoal Skouts, with the territory assigned
to them, have been announced by Imperial Modoc
Arthur M. Hull, as follows:
Arkansas J. C. Luitweiler.Ft. Smith, Ark.
Connecticut ....F. H. Johnston. New Britain,Conn.
Delaware Edw. R. Pusey..Wilmington, Del.
Georgia Thos. F. Stocks. Atlanta, Ga.
Illinois(Central) W. R. Coleman.Peoria, 111.
Illinois ( North.).Paul F. Irwin. .Chicago, 111.
Indiana! North.).!. J. Glasscott. .Michigan City,Ind.
Indiana (South.) Arch. Grossman.Indianapolis, Ind.
Iowat Southern ) W. A. Linton .. .Ottumwa, la.
Iowa ( So'wes'n I.L. M. Schubert.Council Bluffs, la.
IowalNo'wes'n) A. V. Beck Sioux City, la.
Iowa( Nor'eas'n) A.W.McFarlane. Waterloo, la.
Iowa( Sou'eas'n)C. E. Smith ... .Marshalltown, la.
Kentucky (Cen. I R. C. Fitzgerald.Danville, Ky.
Kentucky (Ea'n) A. C. Blower. .. Pineville, Ky.
Kentucky ( W'n ).F. P. Wright... Bevier, Ky.
Louisville, Ky..Chas. L. Crush. Louisville. Ky.
Louisiana E. J. Atherton. .Vinton, La.
Maine Lyman K. Lee. .Foxcroft, Me.
Mass. ( Eastern ) E. A. Wilson. .. Lowell, Mass.
Boston W. C. Carter. . .141 Milk St.,Bostn.
Mass. (Western (Geo. H. Cooper. Pittsfield, Mass.
Maryland & D.C.Balto. Breaker..
Mich. (Eastern).J. A. Ballard. .. Detroit. Mich.
Mich. (Western) H.A.Banknecht. Muskegon, Mich.
Minnesota Twin City Bkr.
Mississippi I. D. Barkdull.. Natchez, Miss.
Missouri St. Louis Bkr..
Montana S. W. Fernald. .Missoula, Mont.
Neb. (Eastern). H. G. Trester. .Omaha, Neb.
Neb. (Western). W. R. Brooks. . Lincoln. Neb.
Penna. ( Eastern ) Phila. Breaker..
Penna. (N.-W.).E. F. Smith Erie, Pa.
New Hampshire.F. E. Blodgett. . Suncook. N. H.
New Jersey.... H. A. Freeman.. Haddonfield N. J.
New York City. J. D. Van Pelt..l Broadway, N. Y.
N. York(East'n)E. B. Ashton. . .Saratoga Sps..N.Y.
N. York( Wes'nlJ. B. Harris Buffalo, N. Y.
North Carolina.J. S. Poythress..Henderson, N. C.
North Dakota. ..Maynard Crane.Cooperstown, N.D.
Ohio (Southern)F. B. Stewart. . .Cincinnati, 0.
Ohio (Central) .J. A. Teegardin.Columbus, O.
-, per cent. Oklahoma W. L. Dennis. . .McAlester, Okla.
on the common stock, payable October 1. On Ontario R. J. Webster. .London, Ont.
April 5 last, the dividend rate was cut from 10 South Carolina. .E. P. Avent Spartanburg, S. C.
per. cent, per annum to 5 per cent., due largely to Tenn. ( Eastern) F. F. Floyd Knoxville, Tenn.
the reduced output during the strike. Now that Tenn. (Western)L. S. Lawo Memphis. Tenn.
the strike has been settled, it is likely that the Texas D. B. Mikesell. .Ft. Worth. Tex.
dividend rate will soon be restored to its old basis. Utah H. L. Spalding.Green River.Utah.
The Metropolitan Coal Co.. of Boston, has acquired
a tract of land on the water front at Chelsea
which it is understood will form the site of a
new yard, the contemplated improvements including^
wharf and a concrete pocket.
Vermont Geo. C. Shedd. . Springfield, Vt.
Virginia Otis Mouser. . . .Stonega. Va.
Wash. (Eastern)W. D. Crane. ...Spokane, Wash.
Wash. (Western) C. E. Houston. .Seattle, Wash.
Wisconsin E. T. McDonald.Milwaukee, Wis.

PRELIMINARY PROGRAM OF THE NATIONAL
MINE SAFETY DEMONSTRATION, PITTS­
BURGH, OCTOBER 30 AND 31.
The following is the program of the National
Mine Safety Demonstration to be held in Pitts­
burgh October 30 and 31:
OCTOBER 30.
Address of Welcome, 9:00 A. M.—Director J. A.
Holmes, Bureau of Mines.
Event No. 1 (Continuous from 9:15 A. M. to
12 M., with interruption for Events 2 to 6).
Building No. 10.—Electrical Laboratory, showing
the effect of breaking lighted incandescent
lamps which are surrounded by an explosive mixture
of gas and air.
Building No. 13.—The foundry cupola in operation
and method of securing gas samples and taking
temperature measurements from different
zones in the coke bed for the purpose of studying
the fundamentals of the process and possible improvements
therein.
The operation of a gas producer when burning
coke at high temperature, at high capacity and
eliminating ash and clinker by slagging.
The smokeless combustion of low-grade fuel in
boilers when using mechanical stokers.
Operation of the long combustion chamber, designed
to make a comprehensive investigation of
the processes of combustion in boiler furnaces and
the conditions requisite for complete combustion
with coals of varying volatile matter, with various
rates of firing and heating of coal with variations
in the amount of air supply and in the rate
of mixing of air with the volatile combustible.
Building No. 17.—Demonstration of the relative
safety of single gauze and double gauze bonnetted
safety lamps when subjected to a current of gas
and air containing eight per cent, of methane and
ethane at a known velocity.
The training in a noxious atmosphere of men
wearing different types of rescue apparatus.
Exhibition of apparatus for the physical testing
of explosives, including the ballistic pendulum,
pressure gauge, calorimeter detonation apparatus,
large and small impact machines, friction
devices, and Trauzl and small lead blocks.
Building No. 32.—Demonstration of lignite and
coal briquetting plant, making briquets from California
lignite.
Gas and Dust Gallery No. 2.—Test of an electric
mine motor surrounded by explosive mixture of
gas and air, and provided with explosive proof
protection device.
Event II. 9:30 A. M.—Gas and Dust Gallery No.
1..—To determine the effect of a charge of a permissible
explosive, equivalent in disruptive force
to one-half pound of 40 per cent, nitroglycerine
dynamite, tamped with one pound of dry fire clay
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
when fired into a mixture of gas and air containing
7 per cent, of methane and ethane.
Event III. 10:00 A. M.—Gas and Dust Gallery
No. 1.—To determine the effect of a charge of FFF
black blasting powder, equivalent in disruptive
force to one-half pound of 40 per cent, nitroglycerine
dynamite, tamped with two pounds of dry
fire clay, when fired into a mixture of gas and air
containing 7 per cent, of methane and ethane.
Event IV. 10:30 A. M— Near Gas and Dust Gallery
No. 1.—Illustrating the ignition of coal dust
by means of the laboratory coal dust ignition apparatus
devised and used by the Bureau of Mines.
Event V. 11:00 A. M.—Gas and Dust Gallery
No. 2.—Illustrating the effect of removing the explosion
proof protective devices from an electric
mine motor operating in an explosive mixture of
gas and air.
Event VI. 11:10 A. M.—Building No. 21.—Chemical
and Physical Laboratories: Inspection of
fuel, oil, explosives, gas and other laboratories.
2:00 P. M.—Leave Pittsburgh on special train
over the Wheeling branch of the Baltimore & Ohio
railroad.
2:30 P. M.—Arrive at Experimental mine, Bruceton,
Pa,
2:30 to 3:30 P. M— Inspection of experimental
mine.
3:45 P. M.—Explosion in experimental mine.
4:00 to 4:45 P. M.—Inspection after explosion.
5:00 P. M.—Return to Pittsburgh by special
train.
OCTOBER 31, FORBES FIELD.
Event I. 9:00 to 10:30 A. M— Demonstration of
first aid to the injured by teams of men representing
mining companies from all sections of the
United States of America.
Five problems to be solved, these problems to
be announced later.
RULES.
1. The officers shall be as follows: A manager
of events, a secretary and assistants, a field
marshal and assistants, and a chief usher and
assistants.
2. Each team may be identified by the number
worn by the captain, the same corresponding to
the number on the printed list of teams on the
final program.
3. Each team shall perform according to the
numbers assigned; all holding odd numbers performing
together; subsequently, those holding
even numbers, together.
4. All patients must be placed on stretcher
after each treatment. All artificial respiration
must be given for one minute.
5. No practicing shall be permitted on the day
of the demonstrations, nor shall the patient assist
in any treatment.

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
6. As soon as an event has been completed, the
team shall stand at position and the captain shall
raise his hand.
7. The number of each event will be displayed,
as performed upon the bulletin board.
8. The beginning and closing of each event will
be designated by the sounding of a gong. Two
signals will be given for removal of bandages.
Event II. 10:30 to 11:30 A. M — Part I.—A permissible
explosive, equal in disruptive force to
one-half pound of 40 per cent, nitroglycerine dynamite,
tamped with one pound of dry fire clay, will
be fired into the gallery.
No explosion of the coal dust is expected.
The Forbes Field Dust Gallery is cylindrical,
133 feet long, and an internal diameter of six
feet four inches, and represents an underground
tunnel or part of a coal mine. The explosive
is fired into the end of the gallery. Within the
gallery are 133 pounds of fine coal dust from the
Pittsburgh seam, distributed uniformly throughout,
and 20 pounds on a wooden bench 20 feet
long near the mouth of the cannon, making a total
of 153 pounds of coal dust.
Part II.—Demonstration of the use of birds in
exploring mines after explosions or mine fires, at
which carbon monoxide causes a large percentage
of the fatalities. A few birds, which are much
more sensitive to the effect of poisonous gas than
men, can be taken into a mine with a rescue
party, and as soon as they show signs of distress,
the party can retreat to safety. In the demonstrations
a man will enter a glass box, the atmosphere
of which contains 0.25 of 1 per cent, of carbon
monoxide gas and remain there for some time
after the birds have collapsed.
Part III.—A charge of FFF black blasting powder,
equal in disruptive force to one-half pound
of 40 per cent, nitroglycerine tamped with dry
fire clay, will be fitted into the gallery containing
153 pounds bituminous coal dust, being the same
dust as that used in event II, Part I.
An explosion of coal dust is anticipated.
Part IV.—Foremen miners of the Bureau of
Mines, equipped with various types of artificial
breathing apparatus, will enter the gallery immediately
after the coal dust explosion and recover
supposed victims of mine explosion. First aid
miners of the Bureau of Mines will resuscitate
those overcome by noxious gases, using artificial
respiration and oxygen respirating apparatus.
They will administer first aid to the injured, using
in this demonstration only the pocket first aid
packet and those things which might be near after
an explosion in a mine.
Event III. 11:30 to 12:00 Noon.—Introduction
of President Taft by Joseph A. Holmes. Director,
United States Bureau of Mines.
Presentation of Medals, William H. Taft, President
of the United States.
Address, John K. Tener, Governor of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania.
Address, Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the Interior.
Address, Miss Mabel Boardman, American National
Red Cross Society.
Event IV.—Parade of 19,927 miners, each of
whom in his person represents one of the 19,927
men killed in the coal mines of the United States
in the last 20 years.
Miners to march in review before the President's
stand, and then to special cars on Forbes street,
which will carry them to the river front, where
they will witness the marine parade commemorative
of the Centenary of the Opening of Steam
Navigation on the Ohio River.
ENTRANCE RULES.
The following rules, with suggestions, are sent
mine operators who expect to enter first aid teams
in the National Mine Safety Demonstration.
Rule 1.—The National Mine Safety Demonstration
will be a non-competitive exhibition of skill
in first aid to the injured in mines.
Rule 2.—Not more than one team of five (5)
men to represent any one coal mine, or the U. S.
Bureau of Mines, or state mine departments, except
that coal mining companies operating more
than one mine may enter additional teams representative
of groups of miners, helpers, trapper
boys, or other mine workers.
Rule 3.—All persons entering to submit certificates
showing that they are. or have been, bona
fide mine workers.
Suggestions: Submit a brief statement signed
by one of the state mine inspectors to the effect
that Messrs. John Doe, Richard Roe. etc., have
worked in and around coal mines (give minimum
length of time). (Signed and dated—Inspector).
Rule 4.—All entries to close one (1) month
prior to date finally selected foi' 1 the meet (viz:
Sept. 30, Midnight).
Suggestion: The entries, like the certificates,
need not follow any particular form, being merely
a letter stating that you enter the following team,
giving the full name of all entrants with the company
name and official in charge.
Positively no entries will be accepted after October
1. since names are to appear on souvenir program,
which will go to press that day.
Rule 5.—Coal companies entering teams to be
invited to present, not later than one (1) month
in advance of the meet, viz: Sept. 30, a list of
five (5) events as their choice, these to be submitted
to the managers, who will select five (5)
for adoption from the various events suggested,
each entering team to exhibit in these events sug-

gested by them and such others of the five as they
may elect.
Suggestion: The five events you prefer will,
with others, be submitted to the committee of
managers who will select for the public exhibit
from all these suggestions, the five which have
the majority of recommendations. No suggestions
will be received after October 1, on which
date the five events selected will go to press. You
will be notified promptly of the events decided
upon so that your team may practice them. It is
essential that you do this in order to assure that
your team can perform within the time limit fixed
for each event. The program must be run off
with snap and speed, since the time of President
Taft is limited.
Rule 10.—Souvenir badges of the American Red
Cross, souvenir buttons of the U. S. Bureau of
Mines, and souvenir programs will be presented
to individual entrants; a souvenir first aid box
to each team entering; a souvenir pennant with
the name of the company sending entrant, and
to be used on the field as a marker, to be presented
to the company represented.
Rule 13.—Each team will select its own subject
in addition to the five operating members
thereof, or will have a miner present, selected
for them.
Rule 14.—In this exhibition, the correct use of
the roller bandage or the triangular bandage will
be given the same credit. In dressing wounds,
the first aid packet only will be used. There will
be no restrictions as to the make of the first aid
packet. Teams are to bring their own material,
consisting of splints, cotton, bandages, first aid
packets, picric acid gauze tourniquets, stretchers,
and at least two woolen blankets.
The demonstration is in charge of the following
Board of Managers:
H. M. Wilson, representing United States Bureau
of Mines; Dr. M. J. Shields, representing
American National Red Cross Society; S. A. Taylor,
representing coal operators of the United
States; Francis Feehan, representing United
Mine Workers of America; John Laing, representing
the State Mine Inspectors; Thomas B. Dilts.
representing Industrial Department of International
Y. M. C. A.
The General Committee is composed of:
Chairman, H. M. Wilson; Mine Rescue and
First Aid, J. W. Paul; Arsenal Demonstration,
Clarence Hall; Experimental Mine, L. M. Jones;
Program, Lauson Stone; Reception. J. C. Roberts;
Ushering. J. K. Clement; Secretary. C. S. Stevenson.
At Forbes Field the events will be in charge
of J. W. Paul, manager of Field Events; Francis
Feehan, field marshal, and J. K. Clement, chief
usher.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
fl CONSTRUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
A corps of engineers has been at work running
a line from the terminus of the New York Central
and Pennsylvania railroads above Idamar, Pa., to
what is known as the Lowry coal three miles east
of Marion Center. Altoona parties own the coal
under the old Samuel Lowry place and they are
anxious to operate it. The line would also open
up the coal between the bowman school house and
Idamar, most of which has been purchased by
large coal interests.
A new mine is being opened a short distance
west of Bay City, Mich., by the Royal Coal Co.,
recently organized at that place. Work was
started on a shaft last week and it is expected
that the seam will be reached by November 1.
The officers of the new company are: President.
Leonard Eichorn; vice president, Samuel Meister;
secretary, J. A. Bierd; treasurer, W. P. Kavanagh,
all of Bay City.
The Moffat Coal Co. has been organized at Denver,
Col., by men identified with the Denver,
Northwestern & Pacific railway. It is planned to
develop property in Routt county, where it is reported
that anthracite deposits exist, as well as
extensive bituminous areas.
L. S. Colyer, Chattanooga, Tenn., and associates
have acquired large acreage of iron and coal property
near Chattanooga, and are planning to organize
a $15,000,000 corporation to develop it and
build iron and steel plant.
T. P. Swayze, of Berwick, Pa., discovered an outcrop
of coal on a hillside on the farm of D. W.
Robbins at Iola, Pa., on Sept. 14. Men are now
at work uncovering the vein to ascertain its size.
Kenneth Maguire of Louisville, Ky., and L. W.
Farmer of Barbourville, Ky., will develop 10,000
acres of coal in Harlan county, Ky., which they
recently leased from F. J. Asher.
F. E. Harris, of Madisonville, Ky., has purchased
700 acres of coal rights and announced that he
would begin operations to open up a mine on the
Louisville & Nashville road.
The Bear Creek Coal Mining Co., Warren, O.,
will develop 3,000 acres of coal in Pike county,
Ky. C. B. Loveless, Warren, O.. is largely interested.
The Lilley Coal Co., Charleroi, Pa., will develop
700 acres of coal on the Lilley farm, near California,
Pa.
The Luton Coal Co., Providence, Ky.. will install
an air compressor at its new mine.

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
LEHIGH VALLEY COAL COMPANY ANNUAL
REPORT MAKES EXCELLENT SHOWING.
The report of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. was
made public at a meeting of the board of directors
in Philadelphia, on Sept. 20, and shows:
The net income of the company amounted to the
sum of $1,512,844.40, an increase of $376,301.42,
as compared with the previous year.
The total production of anthracite coal from
lands owned, leased and controlled by the Lehigh
Valley Coal Co. and affiliated companies, including
that mined by tenants, was 9,021,206 gross tons,
an increase of 928,266 tons, or 11.47 per cent., as
compared with the preceding year.
The percentage of sizes above pea produced by
the mining operations of the company was 65.57
per cent., an increase of 1.03 per cent.
The operations conducted on the Snow Shoe
lands produced 236,930 gross tons of bituminous
coal, an increase of 1,952 tons.
The total expenditures for improvements and
betterments to the property deducted from income
during the year amounted to tbe sum of $444,677.
The new breaker at Mineral Spring, referred to
in the last annual report as being in process of
construction, was completed and is now in operation.
An additional breaker is in course of erection
at Buck Mountain No. 3 slope, and, upon completion,
will have a capacity sufficient to prepare the
coal from the old breaker at that point and from
Vulcan colliery as well. This breaker, as has
been the practice of the company in other cases
in recent years, will be constructed as nearly fireproof
as possible. The utmost concentration will
also be effected in the layout of pumping, ventilating
and haulage plants, which Is of material
benefit in curtailing those overhead expenses that
must go on not only while the mine is in operation,
but when mining is suspended as well.
The construction of a new washery at Spring
Brook has been authorized and the work is now
under way.
At Henry colliery the haulage system has been
concentrated. A central pumping plant has been
installed, dispensing with four pumps at Malt by
and 13 at Henry.
A new pumping plant has been installed at
Hazleton shaft and an electric hoist and haulage
system at Dorrance.
Additions have been made to the pumping plants
at Seneca and Centralia collieries. A repair shop
has been built and electric haulage installed at
Prospect colliery.
At Centralia colliery a central electric power
plant, with the necessary boilers, is being erected.
Coal pockets with the necessary handling machinery
have been erected at Riverside. New Jersey,
on the Passaic river, and enable the company
to serve a territory which it has been difficult to
satisfactorily reach heretofore.
The report of the Lehigh Valley railroad, also
made public, shows a notable increase in revenue
from the transportation of coal. Excluding that
used by the company itself, the coal and coke
transported amounted to 15.589,750 tons; this was
an increase of 1,555,354 or 11.08 per cent, over the
preceding year. The revenue from this class of
freight was $17,155,534, an increase of 8.43 per
cent. Coal supplied 54.68 per cent, of the total
tonnage.
The report of John H. Donahue, state mining
inspector of Maryland, for the year ended May 1,
1911, has just been issued. The total production
of coal for the year was 4,716,382 long tons, showing
an increase of 677,094 tons over the year 1909,
and an aggregate production of 798 tons for each
employe in and outside of the mines. The production
by counties for the year 1910 was Allegany
county 3,938,909 tons, and Garrett county produced
777,473 tons. During the fiscal year ended May 1,
1911, there were 17 fatal and 125 non-fatal accidents.
Governor Charles S. Deneen of Illinois has appointed
the members of the new Illinois state mining
board. They are: Richard Newsani of
Peoria, reappointed; Evan D. John of Carbondale,
reappointed; M. H. Linskey of Streator, reappointed;
William Spenney of Canton, vice Henry
Terriff of Colchester. S. M. Duggan of Girard,
vice Matt Davison of DuQuoin, deceased.
Contractors have just started work on a new
coal dock and freight terminal for the Canadian
Pacific railway at Fort William, Ont., which will
greatly increase the coal handling facilities of that
port. It is stated that $2,000,000 will be spent on
the improvements and that they will require five
years to complete.
President Wheelwright, of the Consolidation Coal
Co.. states that during the first week of September
the company mined 233.000 tons of coal. A
shortage of cars is the only trouble now experienced,
Mr. Wheelwright says.
It is reported that W. H. Piper & Co. have
awarded a contract for the opening of a new slope
at Lilly, Pa. This will be joined to the present
opening by a long trestle, which will permit of
dumping coal out of both slopes from one tipple.
For the year ended June 30 the Virginia Coal &
Coke Co. reports a decrease of $324,402 in gross
and $181,644 in net earnings, while the deficit expanded
$132,859.

Coal in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, Etc.
(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 26)
Southwestern States sought employment in Kentucky
and in other states not affected by the
strike order. By thus making up the deficiency
caused by the idleness in the competitive states
the miners aided materially in securing their demands.
During 1910 the coal mines of Kentucky gave
employment to 20.316 men, who worked an average
of 221 days. Labor disaffections in the Kentucky
mines were limited to short strikes in 14
mines.
Kentucky is one of the leading states in mining
coal by the use of machines and ranks next to
Ohio in the percentage of machine-mined output
to the total production. In 1910 out of a total
of 14,623.319 short tons, 9,362,851 tons, or 64 per
cent., were machine-mined.
New Mexico's production of coal for last year
showed a notable increase over that of former
years. The output for 1910 was 3,508,321 short
tons, with a value of $4,877,151, as against 2,801,-
128 tons in 1909. a gain of 707.193 short tons, or
25.25 per cent. The value of the product increased
from $3,619,744 to $4,877,151, a gain of
$1,257,407, or nearly 35 per cent.
The increased production is attributed to the
strike in the coal mines of the Middle States and
the Northern (Boulder) district of Colorado, and
partly to the growth of population and the settlement
of new lands in New Mexico, Arizona and
California—settlement that is
CREATING A DEMAND
which will be permanent and growing. Both the
bituminous and the sub-bituminous coals of New
Mexico are rapidly growing in favor for domestic
purposes, the bituminous coal being shipped from
the Raton field to markets in Kansas, Oklahoma,
and even farther east, and the sub-bituminous coal
of the Gallup district supplying the markets of
the Southwest and the Pacific coast. The domestic
demand for New Mexico coal in 1910 was so
great that the operators were unable to fill orders
promptly.
One of the benefits accruing to the coal mining
industry of New Mexico in 1910 was the reduction
in the freight rates on foreign coals by the Mexican
railroads. When the Mexican government
took over the control of the railroads of that country
it increased the freight rates on foreign coals
in the hope of encouraging the development of the
Mexican mines. As the railroads had considerable
coal on hand they were able to furnish a
sufficient supply of fuel during 1909, but with the
depletion of the reserves it was found that the
Mexican mines could not supply the demands of
the railways and the other industries. In order
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
to meet this deficiency with New Mexican coal.
the Mexican government reduced the freight on
coal to the old rate, and it is not probable that
any further attempt will be made to exclude foreign
coals from that republic.
During 1910 great improvements were made in
the methods of operating the mines.
Colfax county, which contains the New Mexican
portion of the Raton (New Mexico (-Trinidad
(Colorado) field, is by far the most important
coal producing county of the territory, contributing
over 75 per cent, of the total production and
more than 90 per cent, of the total increase in
1910. All the other counties except Rio Arriba
increased their output in 1910.
Oklahoma's coal production in 1910 was 2,646,-
226 short tons. Oklahoma was one of the states
most seriously affected by the prolonged strike of
1910. Naturally, in anticipation of the suspension
of operations, the mines of the Mississippi
Valley region were
OPERATED WITH UNUSUAL ACTIVITY
during the first three months of the year and about
50 per cent, increase over the normal tonnage was
won during that time. After mining was generally
resumed in September there was a strong
effort made by both operators and miners to make
up for lost time. Thus although the strike lasted
for 5rt months and considerable additional time
was required to put the mines into working order,
the actual loss in production was not in proportion
to the time lost by the strike. In Oklahoma
the production decreased from 3,119,377 short tons,
valued at $6,253,367 in 1909 to 2,646,226 tons, valued
at $5,867,947 in 1910, a difference against 1910
of 473,151 short tons or 15.17 per cent, in quantity,
and of $385,420 or 6.16 per cent, in value.
Because of the shortage caused by the strike the
average price per ton advanced from $2 in 1909 to
$2.22 in 1910.
The industry in Arkansas and Oklahoma has
suffered from other troubles than the strike.
There has been a strong tendency on the part of
the miners to use increased quantities of powder,
and it is also stated that dynamite is frequently
used. Moreover, it is the practice in nearly all
the mines to "shoot off the solid." This has increased
the quantity of slack so that it is now
double what it was 15 years ago. This results in
the complaint by purchasers that coal which appears
to be lump coal on arrival easily disintegrates
as a result of the crushing strain to which
it has been subjected by the mining methods employed.
The number of men reported as employed in the
coal mines of Oklahoma in 1910 was 8,657, who
worked an average of 144 days. The number of
men on strike was S.213 and the average time lost

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
by each man was 152 days, so that the idleness
was equivalent to 99 per cent, of the time worked.
The quantity of coal produced for each man employed
in 1910 was 306 short tons for the year
and 2.13 tons for each working day.
Arkansas's production of coal in 1910 was 1 ,-
905.958 short tons, with a value at the mines of
$2,979,213, a decrease of nearly one-fifth from the
tonnage of 1909.
The coal mining industry of Arkansas, like
that of the other states of the Western Interior region
except Iowa, was practically out of business
for six months in 1910. The coal strike which
began on April 1 and lasted until September 15
affected nearly 90 per cent, of all the coal mine
employes in Arkansas and
THE TOTAL TIME LOST
was wthin 1 per cent, of the total time made during
the year. The total working time amounted
to 713,794 days and the time lost was 713.210
clays. Efforts to make provision against the strike
were made during January, February and March.
in all the states affected by it, the operators being
inspired by a desire to accumulate stocks of coal
and the miners by the necessity for increasing
their earnings in order to tide over the period
of idleness. The struggle was evidently to be
bitter and prolonged, and both sides made preparation
for it.
After operations were resumed, about October 1,
every ton of coal which it was possible to mine
with the available labor was mined. The activity
before and after the strike made up for a part
of the loss in tonnage during the summer, so that
instead of a decrease in production of 50 per cent.,
proportionate to the loss in time, the output decreased
only 471.199 short tons, or 19.8 per cent.,
from 2,377,157 short tons in 1909 to 1,905,958 tons
in 1910. The value decreased from $3,523,139 to
$2,979,213, a loss of $543,926, or 15.44 per cent.
The most serious effects of this strike and of
the regularly recurrent difficulties every two years
are the loss of markets through the invasion of
coals from other states and the encouragement
given to large consumers to substitute oil or natural
gas for fuel, to the displacement of coal.
Many such changes have already been made. Another
evil effect is the migration of miners to
other fields, and in Arkansas and the adjoining
state of Oklahoma this is particularly serious,
for mining conditions in these states are not so
attractive as in some others, and miners once
leaving seldom return. The mining force has
therefore to be recruited from inexperienced labor,
which is always unsatisfactory and. in the long
run, expensive. The conditions in this respect
in Arkansas and Oklahoma are much the same.
There were 5,568 men employed in the coal
mines of Arkansas in 1910, and they averaged
128 working days each; there were 4,873 men on
strike, and the average time lost by each of these
was 146 days. The total working time made by
the 5,568 men was 713,794 days, and the total time
lost by the 4,873 men was 713,210 days.
A joint convention of the Kansas, Missouri and
Oklahoma Coal Dealers' Association and the Wisconsin
and Illinois associations was held at Cape
Girardeau. Mo., recently. President T. Percy
Bryan of Kansas City presided. The principal
speakers were H. G. McKinney, Kansas City; Secretary
F. E. Lukens, Chicago; Secretary John T.
Powers, St. Louis, and Robert G. Gannon of Cairo,
111. The chief topic for discussion was the demanding
of destination instead of mine weights
for coal shipments.
The retail coal dealers of Peoria, 111., have established
a credit department in the Merchants' Exchange
of that city and hereafter the ratings of all
people desiring credit will be looked up before
the coal is delivered. The dealers complain of
considerable loss through their credit sales during
the past year and hereafter no customer who has
been unusually slow in paying one dealer will receive
credit from the others.
A new law regulating weights became effective
in Wisconsin Sept. 1. It is drawn along lines
somewhat similar to the law which went into effect
in New York State on the same date, as it provides
that coal must invariably be sold by weight
and authorizes sealers to inspect scales and weigh
loads at any time.
The dealers of Lestershire, N. Y., as well as those
located in the nearby towns of Endicott and Union,
have agreed to do business on a strictly bash basis
after the first of October.
President Jere H. Wheelwright, Vice Presidents
G. W. Fleming and F. S. Landstreet, together with
several directors of the Consolidation Coal Co.,
Baltimore, Md., will make a thorough inspection
of the progress of the work being done in developing
the Elkhorn district of the company in Kentucky,
early in October. It is stated by a director
of the company that practically all of the work
being clone in the Consolidation's Elkhorn field,
including the building of the Sandy Valley and
Elkhorn railroad, is two months ahead of schedule
time.
What was probably the record coal cargo of the
season on the Great Lakes was unloaded at Escaaaba,
Mich., recently, from the steamer Shenango.
It consisted of 11,963 tons of bituminous.

(CONTINUED FROM ISSUE OF SEPTEMBER 15)
Sec. 12. Top Man and Bottom Man. (a) At
every shaft where men are hoisted or lowered by
machinery, the operator shall station at the top
and at the bottom of such shaft a competent man
who shall be and is hereby charged with the duty
of attending to signals, and is empowered to preserve
order and enforce the rules governing the
carriage of men on cages. Said top men and
bottom man shall be at their respective posts of
duty at least half an hour before the hoisting of
coal begins in the morning, and remain for half
an hour after the hoisting ceases for the day.
Speed of Cages and Other Regulations, (b) Cages
on which men are riding shall not be lifted nor
lowered at a rate of speed greater than 600 feet
per minute, except with the written consent of the
inspector. No person shall carry any tools, timber
or other materials with him on any cage in
motion, except for use in repairing the shaft, and
no one shall ride on a cage containing either a
loaded or empty car. No cage having an unstable
or self-dumping platform shall be used for
the carriage of men or materials, unless the same
is provided with some device by which said platform
can be securely locked, and unless it is so
locked whenever men or materials are being conveyed
thereon. No coal shall be hoisted in any
shaft while men are being lowered therein.
Rights of Men to Come Out. (c) Whenever men
who have finished their day's work, or have been
prevented from further work, shall come to the
bottom to be hoisted out, an empty cage shall be
given them for that purpose, unless there is an
available exit by slope or stairway in an escapement
shaft, and providing there is no coal at the
bottom ready to be hoisted. In case of injury
or bona fide illness, a man shall be given a cage
at once
Sec. 13. Safety Lamps, (a) At every mine in
this state, the operator shall provide and keep in
condition for use not less than
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
ILLINOIS NEW MINING LAW
TWO SAFETY LAMPS
and shall provide and keep as many more as may
be required in writing by the state mine inspector.
Davy lamps shall not be used for any purpose
except testing.
(b) All safety lamps shall be the property of
the operator and when not in use shall remain in
the custody of the mine manager or other competent
person designated by him, who shall clean,
fill, trim, examine and deliver same locked and
in safe condition to the men when they enter the
mine, or at some underground station designated
by the mine manager for that purpose. He shall
also receive the lamps from the men when they
leave the mine or as they pass the underground
lamp station at the end of their shift.
The person to whom lamps are thus given shall
be responsible for the condition and proper use
of the safety lamps while in their possession, and
their return to the lamp station.
No safety lamps shall be given to any person for
use in a mine nor shall any person use a safety
lamp in a mine until said person has given evidence
satisfactory to the mine manager that he
understands the proper use thereof and the danger
of tampering with the same.
(c) No person except one duly authorized by
the mine manager shall have in his possession in
any part of the mine where locked safety lamps
are used any matches or other means of producing
fire, or any lamp-key or other instrument usable
for the opening of a locked safety lamp. Any
person violating the provisions of this section shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable as
hereinafter provided relating to misdemeanors
under this act.
(cl) Electric lamps which will not ignite explosive
gases may be used instead of safety lamps
for purposes for which safety lamps are required
in this act except for testing for explosive gas.
Sec. 14. Ventilation, (a) At every coal mine
there shall be provided and maintained artificial
means for supplying an amount of air which shall
be not less than 100 cubic feet per minute for each
person, and not less than 500 cubic feet per minute
for each animal in the mine, measured at
the foot of the downcast and of the upcast; except
that in gaseous mines there shall be not less than
150 cubic feet of air per minute
FOR EACH PERSON
in the mine. The inspector shall have power by
order in writing to require these quantities to be
increased.
(b) The main current of air shall be so split
or subdivided as to give a separate current of reasonably
pure air to every 100 men at work, and
the inspector shall have authority to order, in writing,
separate currents for smaller groups of men,
if. in his judgment, special conditions render it
necessary.
(c) Doors, curtains or brattices shall be placed
at such places as may be designated by the mine
manager, subject to the approval of the state inspector
for conducting the required amount of air
into the working places. Curtains shall not be
permanently used in main entries without the
written consent of the state mine inspector.
(cl) Away from the pillar for the mine bottom,
crosscuts between entries shall be made not more
than 60 feet apart without permission of the state

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
inspector of the district and then only in case of
"faults." When such consent is given, brattice
or other means must be provided within 60 feet
of the face to convey the air to the working place
until a cross-cut is opened up.
When undercut or sheared, the entry, cross-cut
and room-neck may be advanced concurrently, but
not more than one cutting shall be shot in the
room-neck until the cross-cut is finished; and
after the entry has advanced 15 feet beyond the
location of the new cross-cut, only one shot shall
be fired in the entry to two in either or both the
cross-cut and room-neck at the same shooting time.
When not undercut or sheared, the entry and
cross-cut may be advanced concurrently, but no
room shall be opened in advance of the last open
cross-cut, and after the entry has advanced 15
feet beyond the location of a new cross-cut only
one shot shall be fired in the entry to two in the
cross-cut at tne same shooting time.
Not more than thrse shots shall be exploded at
one shooting time ahead of the last open cross-cut.
(e) After the taking effect of this act, the first
cross-cut in the first room off an entry shall not
be more than 50 feet from the rib of the entry,
and the first cross-cut in the second room shall
not be more than 80 feet from the
RIB OF THE ENTRV.
subsequently first cross-cuts in all the rooms shall
be not more than 50 and 80 feet respectively from
the rib of the entry. Additional cross-cuts shall
not be more than 60 feet apart
(f) All cross-cuts connecting inlet and outlet
air courses, except the last one nearest the face.
shall be closed with substantial stoppings, to be
made as nearly air-tight as possible. In the
making of the air-tight partitions or stoppings.
no loose material or refuse shall be used.
Cross-cuts between rooms, except the one nearest
the face, shall be closed sufficiently to carry to
the working places the amount of air required by
law.
(g) When explosive gas in dangerous quantity
is discovered in working places before the men
go into the mine in the morning, such gas shall
be removed by a special current of air produced
by bratticing or from a pipe, before men are permitted
to work in such places with other lights
than safety lamps.
(h) If, in any mine, the conditions are such
that in the judgment of the mine manager or the
judgment of the state mine inspector expressed
in writing, it is necessary to use safety lamps only
in working said mine, other lights shall not be
used therein.
11) The air from the outlet of the stable shall
not pass into the intake air current used for ventilating
the working parts of the mine.
(j) All doors in mines, used in guiding and
directing the ventilating currents shall be hung
and adjusted so as to close automatically.
(k) At all doors through which three or more
drivers are hauling coal on any one shift, an attendant
shall be employed on said shift for the
purpose of opening and closing said doors when
trips of cars are passing to and from the workings:
Provided, the mine inspector, in case of
specially dangerous conditions, shall have power
to require in writing that an attendant be placed
at doors through which less than three drivers
pass. Places for shelter shall be provided at such
doorways to protect the attendants from being injured
by the cars while attending to their duties:
Provided, that in any or all mines, where doors are
constructed in such a manner as to
OPEN AND CLOSE
automatically, attendants and places for shelter
shall not be required.
(1) If the inspector shall find men working
without the amount of air required by law, he
snail at once notify the mine manager to increase
the amount of air in accordance with the law.
Upon the failure or refusal of the manager to act
promptly, and in all cases where men are endangered
by such lack of air, the inspector shall at
once order the men affected out of the mine.
(m) In case the passageways, roadways or entries
of any mine are so dry that the air becomes
charged with dust, the operator of such mine must
have such roadways regularly and thoroughly
sprayed, sprinkled or cleaned.
Sec. 15. Refuse Places, Power Haulage Roads.
(a) On all single-track haulage roads where hauling
is done by machinery, which roads the persons
employed in the mine must use while performing
their work or travel on foot to and from their
work, there shall be places of refuge on one side
not less than 3 feet in depth from the side of the
car, and not less than 4 feet long and 5 feet in
height and not more than 60 feet apart. On ropehaulage
roads, means of signaling shall be established
between the haulage engineer and all points
on the road. A conspicuous white light must be
carried on the front, and a conspicuous red light
or white signal board on the rear of every trip or
train of pit cars moved by machinery.
Refuge Places—Mule Roads, (b) On all haulage
roads on which the hauling is done by draft animals,
whereon men are obliged to be in the performance
of their duties or have to pass to and
from their work, there shall be places of refuge
not less than 2% feet in width from the side of
the car, and not less than 4 long feet and 5 feet
in height and not more than 60 feet apart.
Room-necks as Refuge Places, (c) Refuge places
shall not be required in entries on which roomnecks
at regular intervals not exceeding 60 feet
furnish the required refuge places.

Keeping Refuge Places Clear, (d) All places of
refuge must be kept clear of obstructions and no
material shall be stored nor be allowed to accumulate
therein. They shall also be whitewashed
not less than once in six months.
Gob on Haulage Roads, (e) One side of all haulage
roads shall be kept clear of
REFUSE OR MATERIALS,
except timbering, unless the rib or timbering on
such side shall be 2rt feet or more from the rail,
but in such case materials or refuse shall not be
permitted within 2 ] _. feet of the rail.
Sec. 16. Cars. When there is more than one
link on either end of car, no swinging open-hook
coupling shall be used on mine cars installed after
this act shall be in force.
Mine cars in use when this act shall become in
force and effect shall be made to comply with this
provision within one year thereafter.
Sec. 17. Voltage, (a) Trolley wires or other exposed
electrical wires shall not carry a voltage
above 275 volts.
Wires Crossing Haulage Ways, (b) All trolley
and positive feed wires crossing places where
persons or animals are required to travel shall be
guarded or protected from such persons or animals
coming in contact therewith.
(c) All terminal ends of positive wires shall
be guarded so as to prevent persons inadvertently
coming in contact therewith.
Sec. 18. Oil Standard, (a) All illuminating oils
used in coal mines shall conform to such specifications
as shall be prescribed by the State Mining
Board.
Brands of Oil. (b) All oils sold or offered for
sale to be used for illuminating purposes in coal
mines shall be stamped or branded upon the original
barrel or package in which said oil is furnished
to the person, firm or corporation selling
or furnishing such oil to show that such oil has
been tested and found to conform to the specifications
prescribed by the State Mining Board.
Penalty, (c) Any person, firm or corporation.
either by themselves, agents or employes, selling
or offering to sell for illuminating purposes in any
mine in this state any oil not complying with the
specifications of the State Mining Board as suitable
for illuminating purposes as contemplated in
this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less
than $25, nor more than $100 for each offense;
and any mine owner or operator or employe of
such owner or operator who shall knowingly use,
or any mine operator who shall knowingly permit
to be used, for illuminating purposes in any
mine in this state any oil the use of which is forbidden
by this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,
and shall be fined not less than $5 nor
more than $25.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
Sampling and Testing, (d) The state mine inspectors
shall have authority to
SAMPLE ALL OIL
used for illuminating purposes in the mines of
this state, or kept on hand for use or for sale at
such mines, and for such purpose they may enter
upon the premises of any person. It shall be their
duty to send to the State Milling Board to be
tested a sample of any oil they have reason to
suspect does not comply with the specifications of
the State Mining Board in regard to illuminating
oil for use in mines; and if the said sample of
oil is found after suitable tests not to comply with
the provisions of this act, the person using said
oil or selling or offering the same for sale, shall
be prosecuted in accordance with the provisions
of this act.
Sec. 19. Amount of Powder Kept in Mine, (a)
No blasting powder, or other explosives, shall be
stored in any coal mine, and no workman shall
have at any time in the mine more than 35 pounds
of black powder nor more than 25 pounds of permissible
explosives, nor more than 3 pounds of
other high explosives: Provided, that nothing in
this section shall be construed to prevent the oper.ator
of any mine from taking into the mine, when
miners are not therein, and in electrically equipped
mines, while the current is turned off on roadways
thiough which it is transported, a sufficient quantity
of powder for the reasonable requirements of
such mine for the next succeeding working day,
but in the interim before such powder is delivered
to the men, it shall be kept in a closed receptacle.
Explosives shall not be carried in the same car
with tools or other materials.
Place and Manner of Keeping in the Mine, (b)
Every person who has powder or other explosives
in a mine shall keep the same in a wooden box.
securely locked, with hinged lid. and said box
shall be kept as far as practicable from the track;
and all powder boxes shall be kept as far as practicable
from each other and each in a secluded
place. Black powder and high explosives or caps
shall not be kept in the same box. Detonating
explosives and detonators shall not be kept in the
same box.
Manner of Handling, (c) Whenever a workman
is about to open a box or keg containing powder
or other explosive, and while handling the same,
he shall place and keep his lamp at least five feet
distant from said explosive, and in such position
that the air current cannot convey sparks to it,
and no person shall approach nearer than five feet
to any open box containing an open keg of powder
or other explosive with a lighted lamp, lighted
pipe or other thing containing fire. No miner,
workman or other person shall
OPEN ANY RECEPTACLE
containing an explosive except by the means of

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
opening the same provided by the manufacturer
thereof, and it shall be unlawful for any person
to have in his possession in any mine any receptacle
containing explosive which has been opened
in violation of this act.
Quantity of Powder in One Charge. (d I The
quantity of powder to be used in the preparation
of shots shall not, in any case, exceed five (5)
standard chargers full of powder in coal seams
five and one-half (5%) feet or over in thickness;
and shall not, in any case, exceed four (4) standard
chargers full of powder in coal seams under
five and one-half (5%) feet in thickness.
Standard Charger, (e) For the purpose of determining
the quantity of powder to be used in the
preparation of any given shot, a standard charger
is defined and prescribed to be a cylindrical metallic
charger not to exceed twelve (12) inches in
length and not to exceed one and one-half (1%)
inches in diameter.
Dead Holes, (f) No person shall drill or shoot
a dead bole as hereinafter defined. A "dead
hole" is a hole where the width of the shot at the
point measured at right angles to the line of the
hole is so great that the heel is not of sufficient
strength to at least balance the resistance at the
point. The heel means that part of the shot
which lies outside of the powder.
In solid shooting, the width of the shot at the
point, in seams of coal 6 feet or less in height,
shall not be greater than the height of the coal,
and in seams of coal more than 6 feet in thickness,
the width of the shot at the point shall, in no case
be more than 6 feet.
In undercut coal, no hole shall be drilled "on
the solid" for any part of its length.
Mixed Shots, (g) In no case shall more than one
kind of explosive be used in the same drill hole.
Copper Tools, (h) The needle used in preparing
a blast shall be made of copper, and any metallic
tamping-bar or scraper shall be tipped with at
least five (5) inches of copper. A scraper shall
not be used for tamping.
Tamping. (i) Every blasting hole shall be
tamped full from the explosive to the
MOUTH OF THE HOLE,
and no coal dust or any material that is
inflammable or that may create a spark, whether
the same shall be wet or dry, shall be used for
tamping.
Use of Squibs. (j) When a squib is used to fire
a shot it shall be unlawful to shorten or oil the
match of the squib or to ignite it except at the end.
Warning Before Firing. (k) Before firing a
shot, the person firing the same shall see that all
persons are out of danger from the probable effects
of such shot, and shall take measures to prevent
anyone approaching by shouting "fire" before lighting
the same.
Not More than One Shot at a Time. (1) Not
more than one shot shall be lighted at the same
time in any working place unless the firing is
done b.v electricity or by fuses of such length that
the interval between the explosions of any two
shots shall be not less than one minute, and in no
case shall any shot or shots be fired or lighted
which are termed depending or dependent shots,
until after the expiration of 10 minutes from the
successful firing of the relieving shot or shots.
When successive shots are to be fired in any working
place in which the roof is broken or faulty, the
smoke shall be allowed to clear away and the roof
examined and made secure between shots.
Missed Shots. (m) No person shall return to a
missed shot, if lighted with a squib, until five (5)
minutes have elapsed from the time of lighting
the same, or, if, lighted with fuse, until the following
day; and no person shall return to a missed
shot when the firing is done by electricity unless
the wires are disconnected from the battery.
(n) No missed shot shall be withdrawn excepting
by the use of copper-tipped or wooden tools.
Sec. 20. (a) It shall be the duty of the mine
manager:
1. To visit each working place in the mine at
least once in two weeks.
2. To provide a suitable checking system
whereby the entrance into and departure from the
mine of each employe shall be indicated.
3. To have the underground workings of the
mine examined by a
CERTIFICATED MINE EXAMINER
within 12 hours preceding every day upon which
the mine is to be operated. Such a mine examiner
shall make the examination as provided in
this act, and he shall enter his report thereof before
the men are permitted to enter the mine in
the morning in a book provided for that purpose,
which book shall be kept in some convenient place
on top, but not in the engine room or office, for
the information of the inspector and other persons
interested therein.
4. To examine the mine examiner's report in
the morning, and if the working places are reported
dangerous, he shall withhold the entrance
checks of men working in such places until he
has advised such men of the danger and instructed
them not to work in such places until the reported
danger has been removed, except for the
purpose of removing same.
5. When there is to be a night shift mining
coai, the mine manager shall require the places
in which such night shift are expected to work
to be examined for gas, or falls or dangerous roof,
by the person in charge of such night shift or
some competent person duly authorized by him
before the men enter such places for work. The
night shift may go into the mine while the night

examiner is in the mine, excepting in mines where
marsh gas has been detected in dangerous quantities,
provided they do not go into the working
places until the required examination is made.
Certificated mine examiners shall not be required
for the examination preceding the night shift,
excepting in mines where marsh gas is detected
in dangerous quantities. The night examiner,
or examiners, shall make a record of their examination
in a special book kept for that purpose.
\ rich shall be kept in some convenient place on
top when not in use by the examiner.
6. He shall provide a sufficient number of props,
caps and timbers, when demanded, delivered on
the miners' cars at the usual place, in suitable
lengths and dimensions for the securing of the
roof by the miners.
7. He shall see that the cross-cuts are made at
proper distances apart, and that the necessary
doors, curtains, and brattices are provided to secure
the men in the mine the volume of air required
by this act, or by the written demands of
the mine inspector; also, that all stoppings along
air-ways are properly and promptly built.
8. He shall keep careful watch over all ventilating
apparatus and the air currents in the
mine, and in case of accident to
FAN OR MACHINERY
by which the air currents are stopped or materially
obstructed, he shall at once order the withdrawal
of the men from the mine and prohibit
their return until the required ventilation bas
been re-established.
9. He shall measure the air current or cause
the same to be measured at least once each week
at the inlet and outlet, and shall keep a record of
such measurements for the information of the
mine inspector.
10. He or his assistant shall, at least once a
week, examine the roadways leading to the escapement
shaft or other openings for the safe exit of
men to the surface; and shall make a record of
any obstructions to travel he may encounter
therein, together with the date of their removal.
11. He shall examine or designate a competent
person to examine the hoisting ropes, cages and
safety catches every morning, and shall require
the ropes to be tested by hoisting the cages before
the men are lowered.
12. He must see that the top man and bottom
man are on duty and that sufficient lights are
maintained at the top and bottom landings when
the miners are being hoisted and lowered.
13. The mine manager or his assistant shall
be at his post at the mine when the men are lowered
into the mine in the morning for work, and
shall remain at night until all the men employed
during the day shall have been hoisted out.
14. He shall give special attention to and in­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
structions concerning the proper storage and handling
of explosives in the mines.
15. He shall see that all dusty haulage roads
are thoroughly sprinkled at regular intervals designated
by the mine inspector.
(b) The mine manager shall have power:
1. To instruct employes as to their respective
duties and to require of all employes obedience
to the provisions ot the mining law.
2. To prescribe special rules concerning the
proper storage and handling of explosives in the
mine and concerning the time and
MANNER OF PLACING
and discharging the blasting shots, and it shall be
unlawful for any miner to fire shots except according
to such rules.
3. In mines in which the works are so extensive
that all the duties devolving upon the mine manager
cannot be discharged by one man, competent
persons may be designated and appointed as
assistants to the mine manager, who shall exercise
his functions under the mine manager's instructions.
Sec. 21. Certificated Mine Examiners, (a) A
certificated mine examiner shall be required at all
coal mines. There shall be one or more additional
certificated mine examiners whenever required
in writing by the state mine inspectors
when the conditions are such as to make the employment
of such additional mine examiners necessary.
(b) It shall be the duty of the mine examiner:
1. To examine the underground workings of the
mine within 12 hours preceding every clay upon
which the mine is to be operated.
2. When in the performance of his duties, to
carry with him a safety lamp in proper order and
condition and a rod or bar for sounding the roof.
3. To see that the air current is traveling in
its proper course and in proper quantity; and to
measure with an anemometer the amount of air
passing in the last cross-cut or break-through of
each pair of entries, or in the last room of each
division in long-wall mines, and at all other points
where he may deem it necessary; and to note the
results of such measurements in the mine examiner's
book kept for that purpose.
4. To inspect all places where men are required
in the performance of their duties to pass or to
work, and to observe whether there are any recent
falls or dangerous roof or accumulations of gas or
dangerous obstructions in rooms or roadways;
and to examine especially the edges and accessible
parts of recent falls and old gobs and air courses.
5. As evidence of his examination of said
rooms and roadways, to inscribe in some suitable
place on the walls of each, not on the face of the
coal, with chalk, the month and the day of the
month of his visit.

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
6. When working places are discovered in
which there are recent falls or dangerous roof or
dangerous obstruction, to place
A CONSPICUOUS MARK.
or sign thereat as notice to all men to keep
out; and in case of accumulation of gas, to place
at least two conspicuous obstructions across the
roadway not less than 20 feet apart, one of which
shall be outside the last open cross-cut.
7. Upon completing his examination, to make a
daily record of the same in a book kept for that
purpose for the information of the company, the
inspector and all other persons interested; and this
record shall be made each morning before the
miners are permitted to enter the mine.
8. To take into his possession the entrance
checks of all men whose working places have been
shown by his examination and record to be dangerous,
and to give such entrance checks to the
mine manager before tbe men are permitted to
enter the mine in the morning.
Sec. 22. It shall be the duty of the hoisting engineer:
1. To be in constant attendance at his engine
or boilers at all times when there are workmen
underground. Whenever it is the duty of the engineer
to attend to the boilers, means for signaling
from the shaft bottom to the boiler room shall be
provided.
2. He shall not permit any one except persons
duly authorized to enter the engine room, and he
shall hold no communication with any officer of
the company or other person while the engine is
in motion or while his attention is occupied with
the signals.
3. The engineer or some other properly authorized
employe shall:
(a) Keep a careful watch over the engines.
boilers, pumps, ropes and winding apparatus under
his jurisdiction.
(b) See that the boilers under his care are
properly supplied with water, cleaned and inspected
at frequent intervals.
(c) See that the steam pressure does not exceed
the limit established by the boiler inspector,
and frequently try the try cocks and the safety
valves and shall not increase the weights on the
same.
(d) See that the steam and water gauges are
kept in good order, and if any of the pumps, valves
or gauges become deranged or fail to act promptly
report the fact to the proper authority.
4. He shall thoroughly understand the established
code of signals, and when he has the signal
that men are on the cage, he must operate his engine
at not to exceed the rate of speed permitted
by this act.
5. He shall permit no one to handle, except in
the discharge of duty, or meddle with any ma­
chinery under his charge or suffer any one who
is not a certificated engineer to
OPERATE HIS ENGINE
except for the purpose of learning to operate it,
and then only in the presence of the engineer in
charge and when men are not on the cage.
Sec. 23. Special Rules, (a) It shall be unlawful
for any person knowingly or negligently:
1. To injure or tamper with any appliance or
machinery.
2. To carry an open light, pipe or fire in any
form into any place worked by the light of safety
lamps, or within five feet of an open package of
explosive.
3. To open any locked safety lamp without permission
from the proper authority.
4. To handle or disturb any part of the hoisting
machinery without proper authority.
5. To obstruct or cause any obstruction in any
air current or to leave open any door or other
means provided to control the air current or to
perform any act that will interfere with the ventilating
current of the mine without permission
to do the same from the mine manager.
6. To deface, pull down or destroy any notice
board, danger signal, special rule or record book.
(b) No person shall be permitted to or shall
enter work in or about a mine or mine buildings,
tracks or machinery connected therewith while
under the influence of intoxicants.
(c) Every miner shall sound and thoroughly
examine the roof of his working place before commencing
work, and if he finds loose rock or other
dangerous conditions, he shall not work in such
dangerous place except to make such dangerous
conditions safe. It shall be the duty of the miner
to properly prop and secure his place for his own
safety with materials provided therefor.
(d) It shall be the duty of every operator to
post at some conspicuous point at the entrance to
the mine, in such manner that the employes of the
mine can read them, rules not inconsistent with
this act, plainly printed in the English language,
which shall govern all persons working in the
mine. And the posting of such notice, as provided,
shall charge all employes of such mine
witn legal notice of the contents thereof.
(e) It shall be unlawful for any person to disobey
any order given in pursuance of this act, or
to enter any place against a danger signal without
permission from the mine manager, or to do any
wilful act whereby the
LIVES OR HEALTH OF PERSONS
working in mines or the security of the mine or
the machinery thereof are endangered.
(f) No mine employe shall enter or leave a
mine without indicating the fact of entering or
leaving said mine by some suitable checking sys-

tern provided by and under the control of the mine
manager.
(g) No person, except the persons necessary to
operate the trip or car, shall ride on any loaded
car or on the outside of any car, or get on or off
a car while in motion.
(h) It shall be unlawful to change, exchange,
substitute, alter or remove any number or check
or other device or sign used to indicate or identify
the person or persons to whom credit or pay is
clue for the mining of coal in any car or appliance
containing the same, with intent to cheat or defraud
any other person of the value of his services
for mining the coal contained in such car or appliance;
and it shall be unlawful for a person with
intent to cheat or defraud any other to place
any number, check or other device or sign upon
any car or other appliance loaded by any other
person in or about the mine. Any violation of
this provision shall be deemed a larceny, and upon
conviction thereof shall be punishable as provided
in the general statutes of Illinois with respect to
larceny.
Sec. 24. Ten-Foot Limit, (a) In no case shall
the workings of any mine be driven nearer than
10 feet to the boundary line of the coal rights
pertaining to said mine, except for the purpose of
establishing an underground communication between
contiguous mines, as provided for elsewhere
in this act, or except by mutual agreement in writing
between the adjoining owners.
Approaching Abandoned Workings. ( b) Whenever
any working place approaches within 50 feet
of abandoned working's of which there is a map
prepared as required by law and which may contain
dangerous accumulations of water or of gas,
the operator of said mine shall advance by workings
not more than 20 feet wide and maintain in
advance of the face a bore hole
NOT LESS THAN 10 FEET
in depth and one hole in each rib of the working
place, 10 feet in depth, which side holes shall
be drilled so as to make an angle of not less than
45 degrees with the direction of the rib. If there
is not a map of the abandoned workings, the holes
heretofore provided for shall be drilled when the
new workings are within 100 feet of where the old
workings are supposed to be.
Sec. 25. Duty of Inspector, (a) Any loss of
life or personal injury in or about any coal mine
shall be reported without delay by the person having
charge of said mine to the state mine inspector
of the district in which the mine is located, and
the said inspector, in case of injury, if he deem
necessary from the facts reported, and in all cases
of loss of life, shall go immediately to the scene
of said accident and render every possible assistance
to those in need.
Every operator of a coal mine shall make or
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
cause to be made and preserve for the information
of the state mine inspector, upon uniform blanks
furnished by said inspector, a record ot all deaths
and all injuries sustained by any of bis employes
in the pursuance of their regular occupations.
Coroner's Inquest, (b) If any person is killed
in or about a mine, the operator shall also notify
the coroner of the county, or in his absence or inability
to act, any justice of the peace of said
county, who shall hold an inquest concerning the
cause of such death. The state mine inspector
may question or cross-question any witness testifying
at the inquest.
Investigation by Inspection, (c) The state mine
inspector shall make a personal investigation as
to the nature and cause of all serious accidents
within his jurisdiction. He shall make a record
of the circumstances attending the same, as developed
by the coroner's inquest and his own personal
investigation, which record shall be preserved
in the files of his office, and a copy thereof
filed with the State Mining Board. To enable
him to make such investigation he shall have
power to compel the attendance of witnesses and
to administer oaths or affirmations to them, and
the cost of such investigations shall have power
to compel the attendance of witnesses and to administer
oaths or affirmations to them, and the
cost of such investigations shall be paid by the
county in which such accident lias occurred, in
the same manner as the costs of coroner's inquests
are paid.
Sec. 26. Stretchers and Blankets. At every
mine it shall be the duty of the operator thereof
to keep always on hand, and at some readily accessible
place, a properly constructed stretcher, a
woolen and waterproof blanket, and a roll of bandages
in good condition and ready for immediate
use for binding, covering and
CARRYING ANY ONE
who may be injured at the mine. When 100 or
more men are employed at any mine, two stretchers
and two woolen and two waterproof blankets,
with a corresponding number of bandages, shall
be provided and kept on hand. At mines where
firedamp is generated, there shall also be provided
and kept in store a suitable supply of linseed or
olive oil, for use in case where men are burned
by an explosion.
Sec. 27. Scales, (a) The operator of every
coal mine where miners are paid by the weight
of their output, shall provide at such mine suitable
and accurate scales for the weighing of such
coal, and a correct record shall be kept of all coal
so weighed, and said record shall be open at all
reasonable hours to the inspection of miners and
others interested in the product of said mine.
Weighman. (b) The person authorized to weigh
the coal and keep the record as aforesaid shall,

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
before entering upon his duties, make and subscribe
to an oath before some person duly author­
ized to administer oaths, that he will accurately
weigh and carefully keep a true record of all coal
weighed, and such affidavit shall be kept conspicu­
ously posted at the place of weighing.
Check Weighman. (c) The miners at work in
any coal mine may employ a check weighman at
their option and at their own expense, whose duty
it shall be to balance the scales and see that the
coal is properly weighed, and that a correct account
of the same is kept, and for this purpose he
shall have access al all times to the beam box of
said scales, and be afforded every facility for verifying
the weights while the weighing is being
clone. The check weighman so employed by the
miners, before entering upon his duties, shall make
and subscribe to an oath before some person duly
authorized to administer oaths, that he will faith­
fully discharge his duties as checkweighman, and
such oath shall be kept conspicuously posted at the
place of weighing.
Sec. 28. Boys and Women. No boy under the
other official or religious
RECORD OF THE BOY'S AGE
shall be permitted to do any manual labor in or
about any mine, and before any boy can be permitted
to work in any mine he must produce to
the mine manager or operator thereof an affidavit
from his parent or guardian or next of kin, sworn
and subscribed to before a justice of the peace
or notary public, that he, tbe said boy, is 16 years
of age.
The parent, guardian or next of kin shall submit
in connection with said affidavit, a certificate
of birth, a baptismal certificate, a passport or
other official or religious record ol' the boy's age
or duly attested transcript thereof, which certificate
or transcript thereof shall, for the purposes
of this act, establish the age of said boy.
Any person swearing falsely in regard to the
age of a boy shall be guilty of perjury, and shall
be punished as provided in the general statutes
of the state pertaining to perjury.
Sec. 29. Penalties, (a) Any wilful neglect, refusal
or failure to do the things required to be
done by any section, clause or provision of this
act. on the part of the person or persons herein
required to do them, or any violation of any of
the provisions or requirements hereof, or any attempt
to obstruct or interfere with any inspector
in the discharge of the duties herein imposed upon
him, or any refusal to comply with the instructions
of an inspector given by authority of this act shall
be deemed a misdemeanor punishable by a fine
not exceeding $500, or b.v imprisonment in the
county jail for a period not exceeding six months,
or both, at the discretion of the court: Provided,
that in addition to the above penalties, in case of
the failure of any operator to comply with the
provisions of this act in relation to the sinking
of escapement shafts and the ventilation of mines,
the state's attorney for the county in which sucb
failure occurs, or any other attorney, in case of
his neglect to act promptly, shall proceed against
such operator by injunction without bond, to restrain
him from continuing to operate such mine
until all legal requirements shall have been fully
complied with.
(b) Any inspector who shall discover that any
section of this act, or part thereof, is being neglected
or violated, shall order immediate com­
pliance therewith, and, in case of continued failure
to comply, shall have power to stop the operation
of tiie mine, or remove any offending person or
persons from the mine until the law is complied
with.
(c) For any injury to person or property, occasioned
by any wilful violation of this act. or wilful
failure to comply with any of its provisions, a
right of action shall accrue to the party injured.
for any direct damages sustained thereby; and
in case of loss of life by reason of such wilful vio­
lation or wilful failure as aforesaid, a right of
action shall accrue to the
PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES
of the person so killed for the exclusive benefit of
the widow and next of kin of such person and
to any other person or persons who were, before
such loss of life, dependent for support on the
person or persons so killed, for a like recovery of
damages for the injuries sustained by reason of
such loss of life or lives not to exceed the sum of
$10,000; provided, that every such action for damages
in sase of death shall be commenced within
one year after the death of such person; And,
provided further, that the amount recovered by
the personal representative of the person so killed
shall be distributed to the widow and next of kin
of such person iu the proportion provided by law
in relation to the distribution of personal property
left by persons dying intestate. Provided, that if
and whenever there shall be in force in this state.
a statute or statutes providing for compensation
to workmen for all injuries received in the course
of their employment, the provisions thereof shall
apply in lieu of the right of action for damages
provided in this act.
Sec. 30. Definitions of Terms. Mine, (a) Where
used in this act, the words "mine" and "coal mine"
are intended to signify any and all parts of the
property of a mining plant, on the surface or underground,
which contribute, directly or indirectly,
under one management, to the mining or handling
of coal.
Excavation of Workings, (b) The words "excavation"
and "workings" signify any or all parts
of a mine excavated or being excavated, including

shafts, slopes, tunnels, entries, looms and working
place, whether abandoned or in use.
Shaft, (c) The term "shaft" means any vertical
opening through the strata which is or may be
used for purposes of
VENTILATION OR ESCAPEMENT,
or for the hoisting or lowering of men and material
in connection with the mining of coal.
Slope, (d) The term "slope" means any inclined
way in or to a seam of coal to be used for
the same purposes as a shaft.
Drift, (e) The term "drift" means any practically
horizontal way in or to a seam of coal to
be used for the same purpose as a shaft.
Operator, (f) The term "operator" as applied
to the party in control of a mine in this act, signifies
the person, firm or body corporate who is the
immediate proprietor as owner or lessee of the
plant, and, as such, responsible for the condition
and management thereof.
Mine Manager, (g) The "mine manager" is the
person who is charged with the general direction
of the underground work.
Mine Examiner, (i) The "mine examiner" is
the person charged with the examination of the
underground workings of the mine before the miners
are permitted to enter it in the morning.
Sec. 31. That an act entitled, "An act to revise
the laws in relation to coal mines and subjects relating
thereto, and providing for the health and
safety of persons employed therein, approved April
18, 1899, and in force July 1, 1S99," with amendments
to July 1. 1910; also
An act entitled. "An act to prohibit the use of
certain oils in coal mines and penalties for infraction
of same," approved April 30, 1895, in force
July 1. 1895; also
An act entitled, "An act concerning the use of
powder in coal mines, approved and in force May
14, 1903, as amended by an act approved May 24,
1907, in force July 1, 1907"; also
An act entitled, "An act to provide for the
weighing of coal at the mines, and to repeal a
certain act therein named," approved June 17.
1887, in force July 1, 1887, be and each of said acts
is hereby repealed.
Approved June 6, 1911.
Mr. B. Dawson Coleman of Lebanon, Pa., president
of the Ebensburg Coal Co., Ebensburg. Pa.,
has let to the South Fork Lumber & Construction
Co. the contract for 106 more houses at the corporation's
new coal town of Colver, Pa. Six of
these houses are for foremen and other responsible
employes, while the remaining 100 are ordinary
miners' houses. This makes the second 100
houses to be ordered b.v the company. Mr. Miller
now having the first 100 in the various stages of
completion.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
COMMERCE OF LAKE SUPERIOR.
The commerce of Lake Superior as measured by
the canals at Sault Ste. Marie reached 8.548,812
tons during August, being 2,993 tons in excess of
the July movement, when 8,515,819 tons were
moved. The movement to Sept. 1 was 31,488,323
tons as against 40,046,800 tons for the corresponding
period last year. The falling off of course is
in the ore movement, coal showing a respectable
gain over the figures for 1910. Following are some
of the figures:
EAST BOUND.
To Sept. 1, To Sept. 1,
1910. 1911.
Iron ore, net tons 28.055,531 IS,683,240
Pig iron, net tons 19,331 17,784
Lumber, M. ft., B. M 374,379 328,329
Wheat, bu 32,695.234 34,078,649
WEST BOUND.
Coal, anthracite, net tons.. 1.060,259 1,226,515
Coal, bituminous, net tons. . 7.297.7S8 8,116,034
TOTAL MOVEMENT.
East bound, net tons 30,657,557 21,100,586
West bound, net tons 9,389.243 10,387,737
IRON ORE SHIPMENTS.
40,046,800 31.488,323
Ore shipments during August were 5,548.311 tons
as against 6,964,381 tons for the corresponding
month last year, a decrease of 1.416,070 tons. The
movement to Sept. 1. 1911, was 19,606,068 tons, as
against 28,827,029 tons for the corresponding period
last year, a decrease of 9,220,961 tons. The August
movement of the present year exhibits a
slight gain over July of the present year, when
5,221,373 tons were moved, an increase of 326,938
tons. August will undoubtedly be the record
month of the present year.
The fleet last year moved 6,273,832 tons in September,
4.877,441 tons in October and 2,641,886
tons in November, which marked the close of the
iron ore reason on the lakes. Were the fleet to
move this year an equivalent amount during the
remainder of the season, the total shipments for
the year would be 33,399,227 tons. The fleet of
course will not move anything like that amount
during the remaining months of the year. It is
doubtful if the September movement will reach
5,000,000 tons, as heavy weather may be expected
at any time during the month and, moreover, ore
sales have not been such as to justify a heavy
movement under adverse weather conditions; and
as shippers expect to be through with outside ships
in October, the October and November movements
will be light. It is likely that the movement for
the entire season will not be much in excess of
31,000,000 tons.

56
PITTSBURGH DISTRICT CONSUMED
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
15,000,000 TONS OF COAL IN 1910.
The city of Pittsburgh with a population in
1910 of 533,905, consumes practically as much coal
as the city of Greater New York wdth a population
of 4,766,S83, according to a statement which will
appear in the chapter on "Coal" from Mineral
Resources of the United States, by E. W. Parker,
statistician of the United States Geological Sur­
vey. The total shipments of coal to and through
Pittsburgh exceed the movement in New York
harbor including the local consumption by nearly
50 per cent. As near as can be ascertained, there
were 15,600,654 tons of coal consumed in the Pitts­
burgh district in 1910. The consumption of coal
in the city of New York is estimated at 17,500,000
short tons. The total movement of coal to and
from the Pittsburgh district in 1910 was nearly
51,000,000 short tons. The total movement of
coal in New York harbor including the consump­
tion of the city, was about 33,500,000 tons.
In the total movement of coal to Pittsburgh and
points west thereof, there is an increase in 1910
over 1906 of 4,217.101 short tons, most of which
was in the movement of coal by rail to points west
of Pittsburgh. The rail shipments to the Pitts­
burgh district increased about 1,500,000 tons, while
the water shipments fell off about 275.000 short
tons. The water shipments to western points
were cut down by low water in the Monongahela
and Ohio rivers and tbe rail shipments to western
points were increased by the strike in the Illinois
and southwestern fields. The total shipments to
the Pittsburgh district by rail and water increased
from 14,391,754 short tons in 1909, to 15,600,654 in
1910. The shipments to points west of Pittsburgh
increased from 21.445,380 short tons to 24,-
453,581. The total shipments by rail to Pitts­
burgh and to points west increased 5,186,991 tons
in 1910 over 1909. while the total water shipments
decreased nearly 1,000,000 tons. These figures
do not include any coal mined in the Pittsburgh
district and shipped to eastern points nor do they
include any shipments of coke. The quantity of
CAN get you a large )
clean core of all strata un- 5
der your land tc be ex- ;
amined in broad daylight.
. No Guess Work. .
STheJ. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
\ Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
? Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA. )
, Contractor! for DIAMOND DRILLING. OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING ;
coal shipped to eastern points during 1910
amounted to 10,781,544 short tons, against 11,300,-
162 short tons in 1909.
The rail and water shipments to and from the
Pittsburgh district during the last five years have
been as shown in the following table:
Year. Short tons.
1906 37,251,690
1907 36.408,049
1908 30,643,943
1909 35,837,134
1910 40,054,235
The following table shows in detail the ship­
ments to the Pittsburgh district and to points
west of Pittsburgh, by rail and by water, in 1910,
in short tons:
To Pittsburgh (By rail, 6,139,959 (
district ) By water, 9,460,695 \ 15,600,654
To west of | By rail, 22,683,276 f
Pittsburgh ) By water, 1,770,305 \ 24,453,581
Total 40,054,235
The large dam recently constructed by the
Brothers Valley Coal Co., at Macdonaldton, Pa.,
broke Sept. 16, and the water rushed down the
valley. Failure to put the foundation on bed rock
is said to have caused the trouble.
':
HOW TO KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH
AFFAIRS.
Mines of information on every subject are at \
your disposal—Just say the word and we'll )
drive an entry for you
USE OUR |
PRESS CLIPPINGS. |
Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in the greatest j
Industrial Center of the World. >
We have two branches— j
A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
Both are splendid aids to busy men.
Ask us for definite information
and rates.
The Central Press Bureau,
806 & 908 WABASH BUILDING
T.l.phon. 2164 Court. PITTSBURGH, PA.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. 6k Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

58
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
FQN 1MI
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
Contains a Complete List for the United States and
Canada ot all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
C
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
Coke in oar Room load lots, with capital 1438 and SO. pay PENN ratines. SQUARE,C
: 550 Monon Building, 440 Deaiborn St.,
CHICAGO.
PHILADELPHIA. i
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres ot virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, IY tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909—IO.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
P. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
FOR SALE.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis' of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
For Sale or Lease.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER Co.,
817 N Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

ILLINOIS COAL TONNAGE GROWS ACCORD­
ING TO REPORT OF THE STATE MINING
BOARD.
There were 150 persons killed accidentally, of
which 139 were inside the mines and 11 were outside.
The average days of active labor for all
mines was 171, as against 165 for the preceding
12 months. Out of the 881 mines in the state 114
use machines for mining their coal.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 59
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following recently granted patents of interest
to the coal trade, are reported expressly for
THE In spite of the dull condition of the coal indus­ COAL TRADE BULLETIN by Mr. J. M. Nesbit.
try last winter, due particularly to mild weather, Patent Attorney, Park Building, Pittsburgh, from
there was more coal mined in Illinois during the
year ending June 30, 1911, than during the preceding
12 months.
The report of the Illinois State Mining Board
shows that during the year ending June 30 last,
50,165,099 tons of coal were mined, as against
48,717,853 tons during the preceding year ending
the same time in 1910.
During the year more mines were abandoned
than re-opened. The average number of miners
employed during the year was 39.6S9, as against
39,913 for the preceding year.
whom printed copies may be procured for 15 cents
each:
Elevator for mines, Wm. Channon, Des Moines,
la.; 1,001,S18.
Dumping apparatus for coal cars, H. H. Bennett,
Morley, Tenn.; 1,002,628.
Coal separator and grader. J. L. Cox, Murphysboro.
111.; 1.002,967.
Coal loading apparatus, H. J. Gilmore, Carterville,
Mo.; 1,002,984.
Mine car and the like, W. B. Lloyd, Yankee, N.
Mex.; 1,003,477.
Coking furnace and conveyer therefor. L. L. Summers,
Chicago, 111., assignor to Continuous Process
Coke Co., same place; 1,003,544.
WJfcs&j?m£M0/c£srMmji^^
The Maxler-Rodgers Coal & Limestone Co., Kittanning,
Pa., has been placed in the hands of J. D.
Daugherty, referee in bankruptcy.
£\~ Y Y;..v;:--.
TIMBER ANY SIZE FOR TIPPLES AND TRESTLES,
LINING, LAGGING, BRATTICE BOARDS
TERHUNE LUMBER CO.-Pittsburgh
I House Building, No. 4 Smithfield St. 'Phone—Court 3457
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
FAMOUS
SOUTH FORK, "ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS r
O A *
PENNSYLVANIA.

60 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
J. H. SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
Moisture
Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon
Ash
Sulphur
ANALYSIS :
1.53
- 35.96
56.34
- 6.17
1.79
B. T. U. per pound of Dry Coal, 13544.3
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory,
Jas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.
PROMPT
SHIPMENTS
GUARANTEED.
BEST FOR STEAM AITO
DOMESTIC USES
Offices : 1315 Park Building, PITTSBURGH.
Bell Phones, Grant 1822—1823—1824
DERRY GLASS SAND COMPANY
MANUFACTURERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGH GRADE CRUSHED ROCKSAND
For Motor, Engine and Building Purposes.
GENERAL OFFICES: LATROBE, PA.
PHONE 200.
WESTMORELAND COAL CO.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE,
224 South Third Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
COLLIERY OWNERS. MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
H STANDARD
WESTMORELAND COAL
MINES LOCATED IN WESTMORELAND COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA.
This Coal is unexcelled for gas-making, both in illuminating and for producer work.
For brick and terra cotta manufacture, locomotive use, steam threshers, high-pressure
steaming, and in all places where a strong and pure fuel is required, it has no equal.

GOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, OCTOBER 16, 1911 No. 10
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN:
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher.
H. J. STRAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
relating to coal or coal production are invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
SEASONABLE WEATHER HAS HELPED THE COAL TKADK
during the past fortnight, and in consequence a
better tone of the market is noticed from various
producing and distributing centers, with the fact
brought to light that fuel supply in storage is
not so large at many plants as has been the gen­
eral impression. Reports from all over the coun­
try show a slightly better demand, and. conse­
quently some slight increase in the number of
working days at the mines and better tonnage
figures. Operations just now are perhaps at the
maximum attained thus far during the year, but
indications point to further activity when the
real cold weather comes along to make consump­
tion of fuel heavier. The decrease in idle cars to
the lowest figures since the latter part of last year
is a sign that cannot be mistaken, as it means in­
creased calls for motive power and more fuel con­
sumption.
Buying by railroads of iron and steel for their
own use has been somewhat more active during
the fortnight, and this, coupled with large car
orders being placed, is indicative of a more active
fall and winter.
Reports from the head of the lakes point to a
record breaking year at the ports there, and the
prospects now are that all tonnage figures will
have gone by the board when ice closes the har­
bors and brings navigation to an end. Of course,
the strike in the Canadian Northwest has had
much to do with this condition, but enlarged docks
and better handling facilities are not being pro­
vided for any other reason than that they are
needed, hence the demand created by tbe strike
may lie taken as an incidental foretaste of whal
is to come. Shipments from lower lake ports are
being sent forward as fast as bottoms are obtain­
able, and some boats are making record time in
order to get another cargo to the upper lakes be­
fore navigation closes.
There seems to lie little of moment in the labor
situation, the matter of most interest being the
efforts now put forth to strengthen the miners'
organization, and the coming election of officers
in that organization. The threatened strike in
Iowa is off; Indiana troubles seem adjusted and
there remains only the Canadian and Colorado
stoppage of large import, although there are some
small strikes in different parts of the country.
In the Pittsburgh district from four days per
week to full six days (according as the mine finds
a market or has contracts to fulfill) is tbe rule in
operations. Like other districts shipping the
same way, the lake tonnage is heavy and during
the last half of the month probably will break
some more records. Because of good boating
stages in the rivers those companies shipping that
way have had an exceedingly good month and have
plenty of empty craft on band, as well as little
loaded coal awaiting shipment. Of course, the
news of most interest in the district was the mer­
ger of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. and the Mononga­
hela River Consolidated Coal & Coke Co.. but as
this was more momentous in a financial way than
in an operating way it had little if any bearing
on conditions other than prices of stocks. With
heavy lake shipments and a good river trade, along
with a somewhat better demand locally, it would
be exiiected, as a natural consequence that prices
would be inclined to firmness, but such does not
seem to be the case and there have been soft spots

22 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
noticeable, and a recurrence of rumors of price
shading in order to effect sales. These have not
Deen general, however, and it safely can be said
that prices generally are held to card rates, which
are: $1,25 to $1.35 for run-of-mine coal; $1.35 to ably will be equaled during the present year. The
$1.45 for three-quarter coal; $1.45 to $1.55 for inch
and one-quarter coal, and 75 to S5 cents for slack.
Tlie coke trade after a slump for a few weeks
once more is on the upgrade, and although the
increase, during the last week for which reports FIRST UD TU INJURED MINERS now engages atten­
are available, was slight, it at least holds out a tion everywhere and no better attestation of this
ray of hope to the manufacturers. Figures for fact can be found than the entry in the mine
the three-quarters of the year are now available safety demonstration in Pittsburgh this month of
and they show that the production during the nine first aid teams from a majority of the coal min­
months was approximately 4,300,000 tons less ing states of the 1'nion. When a team comes from
than for the same period in 1910. or a drop of over New Mexico to participate it shows to what ex­
25 per cent. The tonnage for the nine months
was 314,679 tons less than for the same period
in 1909. During the fortnight the rumors of
price shading in the coal trade had their counter­
government's stand relative to federal coal lands.
part in tbe coke trade and some sales are said
as will be seen on another page of THE COAL TRADE
to have been made at a reduction in price. But
BULLETIN. We have no intention, at this time,
in the main the producers maintained their rates
of entering into any discussion of the right or
and quotations were at $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace
wrong of his contention, but reproduce his address
coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for foundry coke.
because we believe he has a right to be heard, and
Anthracite continues to enjoy a heavy tonnage
should be given an opportunity to state the rea­
with a rather sharp increase in demand because
sons which led to action on the part of the Interior
of the cooler weatner and the proximity of Jack
Department, of which be is the responsible head.
Frost. Domestic grades show more effect of the
weather than does the steam coal, and the conse­
quent demand has been greater for the larger sizes
such as stove coal. September production figures
now are available and they show a heavy increase
over those of the same month last year, hence pro­
ducers begin to see visions of a new record for
the year when January 1 rolls around. Condi­
tions throughout this branch of the trade are satisfactory
in every way.
* * *
ABSORPTION OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER CONSOLI­
DATED COAI. & COKE CO. by the Pittsburgh Coal Co.
now is practically assured. This movement has
been rumored for a long time and now that it lias
taken place, one of the biggest coal deals of years
has been put through. Tlie passing of "River
Coal" is a consequent happening following the
organization of the two companies and the ac­
quirement of a majority of "River Coal" stock by
the Pittsburgh Coal Co. The merger strengthens
Pittsburgh Coal financially and in an operating
sense and makes it the largest going coal concern
in the world. The tonnage of the two companies
in 1910 was 22,026,238 tons and this amount prob­
disposal of coking coal lands to the H. C. Frick
Coke Co., previous to the merger but added
strength to the company in a financial way.
tent this phase of mining has taken hold of tbe
industry.
* * *
SECRETARY FISHER ENTERS INTO A DEFENSE of the
"Connellsville coke goes to Canadian Northwest"
is a newspaper headline. Well, it's good enough
to go anywhere.
* * *
Mr. Coal Man, you can afford to take a day off
and see those first aid teams at work.
* * *
Iowa miners decided to arbitrate rather than
strike. They're "Wise old owls."
* * *
Mr. Jack Frost is due to pay his annual visit
to the coal man's sanctum.
* * *
Government still is trying to take a fall out of
tbe Coal Trust (sic).
* * *
Just watch the miners' politics get warm.
* * *
Pittsburgh Coal now is "Big Coal" indeed.

PITTSBURGH COAL COMPANY ABSORBS THE
MONONGAHELA RIVER CONSOLIDATED
COAL AND COKE COMPANY, DEAL BEING
EFFECTIVE OCTOBER 10.
The Pittsburgh Coal Co. has elected to take
such shares of the common and preferred stocks
of the Monongahela Consolidated Coal & Coke Co..
as having been deposited under the tender of
July 12, last. The company took this action Oct.
9, effective at the close of business Oct. 10, and
the transaction is therefore practically closed.
Receipts for River Coal common and preferred
are now exchangeable, respectively, for Pittsburgh
Coal common and Pittsburgh Coal debenture 5
per cent, bonds. The L'nion Trust Co. Oct. 10 delivered
many of the Pittsburgh Coal debentures
and the bonds are now a regularly listed security
on the Pittsburgh Stock Exchange. Incidentally,
the price of the bonds rose to 88%, while River
Coal preferred stock sold up from 33 >L. to 35 by
noon.
The Union Trust Co. as depository has sent the
following self-explanatory letter to River Coal
stockholders.
The undersigned as depository under the agreement
between it and the Pittsburgh Coal Co..
dated July 12, 1911, relating to the deposit of
shares of the preferred and common stock of the
Monongahela River Consolidated Coal & Coke Co..
and the supplementary agreement dated September
30, 1911, extending to October 10, 1911, the
time for such deposit, has been advised by the
Pittsburgh Coal Co. of its decision to take such
preferred and common shares as sliall have been
deposited at the close of business October 10, 1911,
and make payment therefor as set out in the
agreements referred to, and the Pittsburgh Coal
Co. has deposited with the undersigned the
amount of debenture bonds and the shares of its
common stock required to make payment for all
of the shares which have been deposited under
said agreements.
Notice is hereby given that the undersigned
is prepared to deliver to the holders of the receipts
issued by it under said agreements, the
debenture bonds and the shpres of common stock
of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. in exchange for the
preferred and common shares respectively of the
Monongahela River Consolidated Coal & Coke Co.,
as provided in said agreements, upon surrender
of its receipts properly endorsed, on or after October
10, 1911, at its office, 337 Fourth avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
At the option of the depositor, for fi actional
parts of bonds or shares, scrip will be issued redeemable
as follows: for bonds at par upon presentation
of sufficient amount of such scrip to
entitle the party to a bond or bonds; and for
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 23
stock, upon presentation of sufficient amount of
such scrip to entitle the party to a share or
shares; or the undersigned, acting for the Pittsburgh
Coal Co., will either buy from or sell to
the depositor sufficient debenture bond value at
90 cents on the dollar, and Pittsburgh Coal Co.
common stock value at $20 per share to make an
even share or bonds as the case may be.
Tin: UNION TRUST CO. OF PITTSBURGH,
Depository.
The completion of the deal virtually means the
absorption of the River Coal Co. by the Pittsburgh
Coal Co., which will own practically all of tht
outstanding River Coal stock.
No large transactions, involving so many different
interests, has been consummated in Pittsburgh
in many years, which has been productive
of so little criticism. While some River Coal
preferred stockholders were inclined to hold out
at par. the fact that about 95 per cent, of the stock
in the hands of the public was deposited for exchange
is ample testimony of the popuarity of the
transaction. Both companies should profit by
the consolidation. The moving spirit in the negotiations
for the River Coal stockholders was
J. B. Finley. the organizer and first president of
the company. By the exchange of preferred
stock for the debenture bonds, molders are assured
of a fixed income, whereas the dividend record of
the River Coal Co. has been decidedly erratic the
past seven years.
SURPLUS OF CARS SHRINKS.
The report of the American Railway Association
shows that the total number of surplus freight cars
on the roads in the United States, Canada and
Mexico on September 13 was 70,722, and that at
the same time there was a shortage of 6,430 cars,
making the net surplus 64,283. This is a decrease
in the net surplus of 20,000 cars during the previous
two weeks.
The following statement shows the condition of
the car supply since March 15:
1911. Surplus. Shortage. Net Surp.
September 13 70,722 6,439 64,283
August 30 88,866 4,325 84,541
August 16 108.000 3,830 104,170
August 2 130,136 2,045 128,091
July 19 150,433 1,361 149,072
JulyS 165.508 1,887 163,621
June 21 165,934 2,764 163,170
June 7 169.006 2,204 166.802
May 24 168,233 S35 167,398
May 10 188,847 1,569 187.278
April 26 189,524 2,518 187,006
April 12 187,219 1,166 186,053
March 29 196,217 1,330 194,887
March 15 208,527 1,266 207,261

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
T. L. LEWIS ANNOUNCES HIS CANDIDACY
FOR PRESIDENCY OF UNITED MINE
WORKERS OF AMERICA AT COMING
ELECTION.
T. L. Lewis, former head of the United Mine
Workers of America, has announced his candidacy
for election as president of the organization at the
coming election, in the following letter:
"To the Officers anil Members 1'nited Mine Workers
of America:
"Fellow Mine Workers:
"Every mine worker in the country should be a
member of the United Mine Workers' organization.
Permit me to say now, that as far as I am concerned,
there will be no reduction in your wages
at the end of our present wage agreement. Many
rules in our present contracts which deprive you
of your rights must be abolished. We can win if
we keep our forces united and renieniber 'that an
injury to one is the concern of all.'
"For the first time since tbe year 1900, wage
contracts in tbe anthracite and bituminous districts
expire on the same date. April 1, 1912. We
will have an opportunity to act as a unit in defense
of our right. It is for you to decide what to do.
"You will soon nominate and elect men to defend
our interests. A large number of members
in different districts have requested me to be a
candidate for international president. If it is
your wish that I be a candidate you can indicate
the fact when you make nominations. Thanking
you for the honors shown me in tbe past, and with
the hope that the mine workers will be prepared
for any emergency next year and that I may hear
from you. 1 remain, fraternally and truly yours.
"T. L. LEWIS."
LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD WILL
SEGREGATE ITS COAL LANDS.
Since the return of President Thomas of the
Lehigh Valley Railroad Company from Europe,
more active work bas been taken up with a view
to formulating a plan for the segregation of the
railroad proper from the company's coal lands.
While much yet remains to lie done in the way of
details, it is learned from a trustworthy source
that the management has definitely decided to
divorce the coal lands from thn railroad company.
Officials of tbe corporation and its attorneys
now have under consideration tiie proposition.
but have not yet reached a final conclusion as to
the exact method of procedure to accomplish the
desired pufpose. It is understood that some interests
in the comiiany are not entirely favorable
to the adoption of the plan similar to that put
into effect by the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western Railroad Company, by which a selling
agency was formed to purchase the coal at the
mines, and the stock of this company distributed
among the railroad shareholders. Another plan
suggested is the distribution of the stock of the
company, which is now held in the Lehigh Valley
treasury, to the stockholders of the road. Both
of these propositions have been discussed, but it
is possible that some still different device may be
hit upon for carrying out the idea of the management.
Irrespective of the ruling which may be made
by the United States Supreme Court in the suit
now pending against the company, under the commodities
clause of the Hepburn Act, it is said
tbat the road will carry out its purpose of separating
the coal business from the railroad company.
The management is convinced that the interests
of the shareholders would be just as well served
b.v segregation, and is willing to concede that
much to public opinion, whether or not the present
status of the comiiany may be declared illegal.
From present indications, however, it seems hardly
likely tbat a definite plan of segregation will be
finally adopted in the near future. It is said,
however, that such a readjustment is only a
question of time.
COAL MINING REFUSE UTILIZATION.
At the Dalzell and Broomside collieries, Motherwell,
Scotland, a new process for the utilization
of refuse is now in full operation. The refuse
is carried by an endless belt to 2-inch mesh gratings,
through which it falls into a hopper. Thence
the material falls slowly on an inclined sluice on
which a stream of water is poured. The mixture
next passes into a 6-inch pipe, which takes
it at different gradients through a special borehole
to underground percolators 200 feet long by
12 to IS feet wide. Here the water is drained
off and is pumped back to the surface for use
again. The residuum sets into a hard mass,
which is broken up for building into the face workings
of the pit as required. When the pipes become
choked with mud there is some difficulty in
locating the fault, but, nevertheless, the arrangement
has proved satisfactory and economical, and
further additions are to be made to the plant.
Similar installations are proposed for other Scotch
collieries.
The Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. has
just completed a huge storage reservoir near
Ensley, Ala., to insure at all times an adequate
supply of water for its plants in that vicinity. A
feature of the new water system is a mile-long
tunnel connecting the reservoir with a pumping
station.

PROGRAM OF EVENTS AND LIST OF COM­
PETING TEAMS THAT WILL PARTICIPATE
IN NATIONAL FIRST AID MEET, OCTOBER
30 AND 31.
The officials of the Bureau of Mines have completed
arrangements for the national mine safety
demonstration, to be held at Forbes Field. Pittsburgh,
on October 30-31. Forty-one mining companies
from all sections of the country will be represented
in the demonstration and two sets of
problems of five each will be given for the competing
teams. Each set will be similar to the
other, so that the efficiency of the teams will be
tested along tbe same lines.
This plan was adopted because it was decided
there would be greater interest to the spectators
and greater instruction to the participants than to
have the teams repeating in two halves the performance
of tbe same five problems, as was originally
planned. The names of the entering teams
have been arranged numerically. Odd numbered
teams will perform together the odd numbered
problems, even numbered teams alternately performing
tbe even numbered events.
Each team will bring stretchers, splints, cotton
bandages, first aid packets, picric acid gauze, tour
niquets and two woolen blankets. The demonstration
will lie held from 9 to 10:30 o'clock on
the morning of October 31 and will be witnessed
by President Taft.
The problems to be performed by the entering
teams are as follows:
1. Treat a lacerated wound on the right side
of the head (temple) and a lacerated wound on
the top of right shoulder. One man event, four
minutes.
2. Treat a punctured wound over the left eye
and lacerated wound of palm of right hand. One
man event, four minutes.
3. Treat a simple fracture of left collar bone
and simple fracture of jaw. Two men event, two
minutes.
4. Treat a dislocated right shoulder and simple
fracture of right knee. Two men event, two minutes.
5. Treat conditions of a man who has fallen
on an electric wire back down, clothing burning;
rescue, extinguish fire, treat back and upper arms.
Team event, 10 minutes.
6. Treat conditions of a man who has fallen on
an electric wire face down; rescue and extinguish
fire, treat chest and upper arms. Team event, 10
minutes.
7. Treat gas burns of face, neck, ears and
hands. Team event, 10 minutes,
8. Treat gas burns of hands, right arm and
shoulder. Team event, 10 minutes.
9. Treat a broken back and simple fracture of
right forearm. Team event, 12 minutes.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
10. Treat a dislocated hip and simple fracture
of collar bone. Team event, 10 minutes.
The following companies will be represented in
the contest:
Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., Windber. Pa..
W. R. Calverley, General Superintendent—1, Squad
No. 1. Captain. William Brownlee; 2. Squad No. 2,
Captain, George Grove; 3, Squad No. 3. Captain,
J. C. Nedrow; 4. Junior Squad. Captain, Ed. Greyback.
Cabin Creek V. M. C. A. Team, Charleston, W.
Va.—5, T. J. Robson, in charge.
Consolidation Coal Co.—6, H. V. Hesse. Superintendent
Georges Creek Division. Frostburg, Md.;
7, E. B. Moore, Superintendent Fairmont Division.
Fairmont, W. Va.
Tlie Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad
Co.. Scranton, Pa., R. A. Phillips, Superintendent
Coal Mining Department—S, Brisbin Colliery
Team, Captain, John Pierce; 9, Woodward Collier.v
Team, Captain, Benjamin Lewis.
Dunbar Furnace Co.. Dunbar, Pa.—10, Stewart
B. Marshall, General Superintendent.
Ellsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth, Pa., W. A.
Luce, Assistant General Manager—11, Squad No.
1. Captain. K. C. Roberts; 12, Squad No. 2, Captain,
Fred Gulick; 13. Squad No. 3, Captain, George
Lindsay.
Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coai Co., Wilkes-Barre,
Pa.—14, C. F. Huber, Vice President and General
Manager.
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co.. Lansford. Pa.—
15, Board Snyder, Jr.. General Superintendent.
Lehigh Valley Coal Co.. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.— 16,
W. H. Davies, Superintendent, Deringer Colliery;
17, J. M. Humphrey, Superintendent. Centralia
Mines.
Miller Coal Co., Portage. Pa.—IS, J. H. Buckwaiter,
Superintendent.
Northwestern Improvement Co., Roslyn, Washington—19,
C. R. Clagborn. General Manager.
Oliver & Snyder Steel Co., Uniontown, Pa.—20,
F. C. Keighley, General Superintendent.
Pennsylvania Coal Co., Scranton, Pa.—21, Captain
W. A. May. General Manager.
Parrish Coal Co., Plymouth. Pa.—22. W. G.
Thomas, General Manager.
Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co.. Pottsville,
Pa.—23, George Richards, General Manager.
Pittsburg-Buffalo Co., Marianna, Pa.—24, S. C.
Reynolds, Superintendent.
Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh. Pa.. G. W.
Schluederberg, General Manager—25, McDonald
District, Superintendent, L. C. Sarver; 26. Finleyville
District, Superintendent, James Porter: 27.
West Newton District, Superintendent, John Hauser;
28, Carnegie District, Superintendent, H. Cattley;
29, Whitsett District, Superintendent, W. Kelvington.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Pittsburgh Terminal Railroad & Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
,Pa.—30, W. W. Keefer, President.
Portage Coal Mine Co., Portage, Pa.— 31, H. A.
Tompkins, Superintendent.
Republic iron & Steel Co., Republic, Pa.—32, W.
H. E. Royce, General Superintendent.
The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & lion Co..
Punxsutawney, Pa.—33, A. W. Calloway, General
Superintendent.
Spring Valley Coal Co.. Spring Valley, 111.—34,
J. M. Luther, Assistant to General Manager.
Stearns Coal & Lumber Co., Stearns, Ky.—35.
J. C. Butler. Manager.
Sunday Creek Mining Co., Poston, Ohio—36, Edward
Coll, President.
Susquehanna Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.—37.
R. A. Quin. Manager.
Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., Birmingham.
Ala.—38, Edward ( oxe. General Superintendent.
Tower-Hill Connellsville Coke Co.. Uniontown,
Pa.—39, L. W. Fogg, General Manager.
Victor American Fuel Co., Trinidad. Col.—40.
Stag Canon Fuel Co., Dawson, New Mexico—41.
NET EARNINGS OF PITTSBURGH COAL COM­
PANY FOR EIGHT MONTHS PLACED AT
$484,889.
In its listing application to the New York Stock
Exchange the Pittsburgh Coal Co. submitted the
following statement of earnings from mining and
marketing operations of the main and subsidiary
companies during eight months ended August 31.
1911, after deduction of all expenses of operation,
taxes and interest on bonds of subsidiary com­
panies, $2,225,089; less, reseive for depletion of
coal lands, sinking fund, $460,652; reserve for
depreciation of plants and equipments, $595,949;
interest on first mortgage bonds, $683,598; total,
$1,740,200; net earnings eight months ended
August 31. 1911, $484,889: undivided earnings at
December 31. 1910, $8,443,193; total, $S.928,082;
less, dividends paid on preferred stock, $1,015,192;
undivided earnings at August 31, 1911, $7,912,890.
The balance sheet as of August 31, 1911. follows:
Assets—Coal lands and real estate, $62,-
886,755; plants and equipments, $16,764,621; advance
royalties, $643,070; total properties, $80,-
294,447: treasury stock, par value shares prefer­
red, 49,282, shares common, 38,954, $8,823,600; investments
in bonds and stocks—110 first mort­
gage bonds of Pittsburgh Coal Co. of Pennsylva­
nia, $118,286; 32 bonds of Northwestern Coal Railway
Co.. $26.5211; !)5 bonds of Pittsburgh Coal Dock
& Wharf Co.. $96,306; 50.000 shares preferred. 300,-
000 shares common capital stock of the Mononga­
hela River Consolidated Coal & Coke Co., $6,756,-
750; 7S9 bonds, 7,409,941 shares capital stock Illi­
nois Collieries Co.. $403,999; 49 bonds Chicago
Virden Coal Co., $49,000; sundry other bonds and
stocks, $205,083; total, $7,655,945; deposited with
bond trustee for reinvestment in new property,
$26,208; pension fund investment, $86,243. Inventories—Coal
on docks and in transit, $3,64S,256;
supplies at mines. $722,621; supplies at shops,
$277,694; total. $4,648,571; accounts and bills receivable,
$5,169,523; cash, $1,523,510; total assets,
$108,228,049. Liabilities—To stockholders, pre­
lerred stock, $32,000,000; common stock, $32,000,oon;
stock purchase surplus, difference between
cost, and par values of treasury stocks, $3,733,621 ;
insurance funds, $219,829; coal sales contingent
fund, $58,747; depreciation reserve fund, $1,961,-
188; undivided earnings, $7,912,S90; total to stock­
holders, $77,886,275. To other than stockholders:
First mortgage bonds. $18,879,000; Shaw Coal Co.
tract purchase bonds. $1,410,000; bonds of sub­
sidiary companies as per schedule appended. $2,-
224.06i;; mortgage payable, $184,338; car trust
notes, $416,000; pension fund, $87,556; bills pay­
able, $3,757,067; accounts payable, $3,383,744: total
to other than stockholders, $30,341,773; grand
total. $108,2,28,049.
The income account of the Monongahela River
Consolidated Coal & Coke Co. and branches for
nine months ended July 31, 1911, after deduction
of all expenses, shows. $1,245,782; less, reserve for
depletion of coal lands, sinking fund, $383,808;
reserve for depreciation of plants and equipments.
$288,430; interest on first mortgage bonds, $340,-
807; total, $1,013,047; net earnings nine months
ended July 31, 1911, $232,735; undivided earnings
at October 31, 1910, $1,631,774; undivided earnings
at July 31. 1911, $1,864,510.
PROMOTIONS ANNOUNCED.
Vice President George T. Watson, of the Con­
solidation Coal Co., has announced the following
promotions:
John G. Smyth is appointed manager of the Elkhorn
division, with offices at Jenkins. Letcher
county, Ky.. mail to be addressed via Hellier, Ky.,
and C. F. Ice is appointed manager Millers Creek
division, with offices at Van Lear, Johnson county,
Ky., vice John G. Smyth, transferred.
Manager H. H. Watson, of the West Virginia
division, announced that T. S. Haymond has been
appointed general coal inspector, vice C. F. Ice.
Mr. John Boyd Atkinson, of Earlington, Ky.,
president of the St. Bernard Mining Co., the largest
mining company in Kentucky, died recently at his
summer home near Wrightston, N. J. He had
been in ill health for 18 months. Mr. Atkinson
was 71 years old and a pioneer operator in the
Western Kentucky coal fields.

BANKING FIRM GIVES CONSOLIDATION COAL
COMPANY A BOOST IN PAMPHLET—
ALMOST A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE
COMPANY BEING GIVEN.
The banking house of Hambleton & Co. of Baltimore
has printed and circulated a very interesting
article on the Consolidation Coal Co. It is:
Although many Baltimore investors are interested
in the bonds and stock of the Consolidation
Coal Co., probably few realize the vast extent and
value of its coal fields and operations or the wonderful
growth and expansion of the company during
recent years.
By far the most important chapter in the history
of the Consolidation Coal Co.—or. in fact, in
the history of the soft coal industry—is now in
tne making. We refer specially to tbe work in
progiess in the great "Elkhorn field" in the state
of Kentucky.
The Elkhorn tract comprises 100,000 acres of
coking coal and land which the Consolidation Co.
acquired about a year ago at a cost of approximately
$5,000,000. The coal is of a most superior
quality, the purest and highest grade by-product
coal that exists probably anywhere in the world.
It averages only three-fourths of one per cent, sulphur,
has practically but a trace of phosphorus and
averages only 4 per cent. ash.
These qualities make it exceedingly desirable
for use in the manufacture of high grade steel.
As is well known, a heavy percentage of sulphur
and phosphorous in coal used makes a rail brittle
while a coal which has a minimum content of these
elements makes a rail that will better withstand
climatic changes or pressure of trainload, and is
thus a highly important factor in the manufacture
of rails and other steel products.
There is no known coal, not even in the famous
Connellsville region, that equals in analysis the
Elkhorn product in point of purity and freedom
from objectionable qualities. It was the remarkable
quality of these deposits and the
ADVANTAGEOUS MINING CONDITIONS
obtaining that furnished the incentive for the Consolidation
Co. to acquire the Elkhorn property,
inasmuch as the company was already operating
200,000 acres in the states of Maryland, West Virginia
and Pennsylvania.
With the extension of the Louisville & Nashville,
the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton and the
Chesapeake & Ohio railroads into the Elkhorn
field unequalled transportation facilities will be
provided. Connection with the Chesapeake &
Ohio will be made via the Sandy Valley & Elkhorn
railway at its northeastern terminus, and
this road will connect with the extension of the
Louisville & Nashville on the southwestern or Kentucky
river side of the Elkhorn property.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
The Sandy Valley & Elkhorn is constructing a
road—approaching this field from the Big Sandy
river and penetrating the heart of the property—
30 miles in length, witli grade all in favor of the
load, laid with 85-pound rails, and having 4o steel
bridges and two tunnels. Eight mines are now
being opened by the Consolidation Co. on this line,
all drift or near-surface mines, and practically
self-draining; the coal vein at these openings being
from seven to nine feet thick, covering thousands
of acres. Next year the road will be ready to
handle the output of the mines; about 2,000 cars
will be built and as the tonnage increases the
equipment will be increased to 4,500 cars.
The Consolidation Co. is also openings up six
mines on the Louisville & Nashville extension from
Jackson, Ky., a distance of about 100 miles, into
the southwestern side of the Elkhorn field. The
Louisville & Nashville railroad is spending,
roundly, $15,000,000 in building and equipping
this line. A large part of the
GRADING IS NEARING COMPLETION
and the tunnels and track laying will be completed
b.v August of next, year.
In addition to the immense sums to be expended
by the railroads piercing this property, the Consolidation
Co. itself will spend millions of dollars
for improvements on the 100,000 acres, including
2,000 houses for the miners who will work in the
14 mines that have been laid out on the railroads
mentioned, mining equipment, machinery, cars,
tipples, etc., and the building of a central electric
power plant which, when in full operation, will
have 10,000 kilowatt capacity.
The aggregate outlay for the construction and
equipment of the railroads entering the Elkhorn
field, together with the improvement of the connections
necessary, will be about $30,000,000.
It is significant of the estimate placed upon the
Elkhorn output by prominent railroad interests
that they are willing to embark upon such a big
outlay of capital, in order to get into a new coal
field, at a time when there is really an overproduction,
generally speaking, of coal on account of
the slackening up of the country's manufacturing
industries since the 1907 panic. It can only be
because of the recognized superiority of the Elkhorn
coal that the transportation companies regard
it as most desirable to have these fields tributary
to their lines.
From the foregoing statement some idea may be
had of the reach and scope of the Elkhorn proposition
which may safely be said to be the most important
coal development that has ever been undertaken
at one time in this country.
While the Consolidation Coal Co. has been in
continuous operation for a half century, and
HAS PAID DIVIDENDS
for upwards of 30 years, the actual noteworthy

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
development of the company has taken place
within the last eight years.
Incorporated in 1860 under the laws of Maryland,
the company originally was composed of a num­
ber of properties in the George's Creek, Cumber­
land region, in this state, and its operations for a
long period of time were confined to about 12,000
acres. The first year's production, in 1864. to­
taled 33,641 tons, and the annual output during
the succeeding" 38 years had grown to but 1,753,783
tons in 1902.
The company was greatly enlarged in 1903 by
tbe purchase of the majority stock of the Fair­
mont Coal Co. and of the Somerset Coal Co. and
later the Consolidation took in all the lands and
stocks entire of its subsidiary companies in order
to secure greater efficiency and economy of operation.
B.v the acquisition of these properties the
yearly production was increased four-fold and it
has continued to expand until in 1910 the optput
reached 9,370,633 tons, or an increase of 437 per
cent., since 1902, making the Consolidation Co.
one of the largest producers of bituminous coal in
America.
The market for its output extends from the
head of the Great Lakes to the northeast Atlantic
seaboard, south as far as the Gulf of Mexico, and
west to St. Louis, and by water transportation to
various points on the Pacific coast. Coal is exported
to Canada, Mexico and the Central Ameri­
can countries. Storage plants are located at the
head of the Great Lakes and the New England
seaports. From the port of Baltimore, the Consolidation
Co.
HAS A FLEET
of four ocean-going tugs, 20 ocean-going barges and
one steamer engaged in carrying its coal to New-
England ports.
The Consolidation Coal Co. owns the entire capital
stock of the Cumberland & Pennsylvania railroad,
and a majority of the capital stock of the
Metropolitan Coal Co. of Boston. Mass. The com­
iiany also owns the entire capital stocks of the
Somerset Coal Co. and the Fairmont Coal Co., and
through the latter, owns tlie Clarksburg Fuel Co.,
the Southern Coal & Transportation Co., the Pittsburgh
& Fairmont Fuel Co., and a majority of the
capital stock of the Northwestern Fuel Co. of St.
Paul, Minn. The above holdings aggregate $24,-
871,100 par value.
The Consolidation Co.'s capital stock is $25,000,-
000 and its bonds outstanding amount to $22,500,-
000. Dividends on the stork have been paid without
interruption during the last 28 years, the pres­
ent 6 per cent, rate having been established in
1906. The securities of this great corporation
stand deservedly high in the esteem of investors.
The Consolidation Coal Co. operates 70 bitu­
minous coal mines, situated in the states of Penn­
sylvania, Maryland, West Virginia and Kentucky.
The far-reaching importance of its assets in natural
resources may be appreciated when it is
stated that the Elkhorn field alone is estimated
to contain from 800,000,000 to 900,000.000 tons of
minable coal, and
THE TOTAL HOLDINGS
of the Consolidation Co. are put at 150,000,000
gross tons, or a reserve of coal ample to last for
two centuries.
The company's latest report for the year 1910
shows gross earnings amounting to $12,712,255—
which compares with $3,659,146 in 1902—or an
increase of $9,000,000 over the earnings shown at
the beginning of the eight-year period 1903-1910.
The industrial and commercial supremacy of the
United States is in large measure due to the ex­
cellence and abundance of its coal supplies. The
widened domain and extensive operations of the
Consolidation Coal Co. have made it a great factor
in the industrial life of the country. The marvelous
growth of this company during the last
eight years furnishes a splendid example of what
may be accomplished by a vital, enterprising, aggressive
business policy, combined with large capital
expenditure.
The Consolidation Co.'s control and management
are in the hands of men with lifelong experience
in tbe coal mining industry and a thorough-going
practical knowledge of modern methods of distribution
and sale of the commodity. It naturally
follows that the company's outlook is for endur­
ing prosperity, and under normal business conditions
its productive capacity and earning power
should be materially enhanced through its recent
exceedingly valuable and well-placed investment
in the Kentucky coal fields.
Following the discovery of alleged omissions
in 27 groups of property of the Pennsylvania Coal
& Coke Co. sold at Ebensburg, Pa., recently, a
second sale was held at the same place. The
sale was made by Clarence Valentine, appointed
receiver for the company some time ago by the
courts of Lackawanna county and the property
was bought by an attorney for a committee of
bondholders for the company. It is the inten­
tion of the committee of bondholders to convey
this property to the Clearfield Bituminous Coal
Corporation. It is understood a new corporation
will be formed, which will lease portions of
the property from the Clearfield company.
Stockholders of the St. Clair Coal Co., Scranton,
Pa., will meet on Nov. 2S, to vote on a propo­
sition to increase the indebtedness of the company
to $300,000.

COAL PRODUCTION IN WYOMING, KANSAS,
TEXAS, NORTH DAKOTA AND OREGON
IN 1910.
Wyoming, like most of the states in the Rocky
Mountain section, exceeded in 1910 all previous
records in the quantity and value of coal produced.
From an output of 6,393,109 short tons, valued at
$9,896,S48, in 1909, the production increased to
7,533,088 short tons, valued at $11,706,187. accord­
ing to a statement just made public by E. W.
Parker, coal statistician of the United States Geo­
logical Survey. The increase in 1910 was 1,139,-
979 short tons, or 17.S3 per cent., in quantity, and
$1,809,339, or 18.28 per cent., in value. The gain
in output, and the advance in price in Wyoming,
as in Colorado and New Mexico, were due to the
shortage of coal for railroad, manufacturing and
domestic use in the states to the east, caused by
the six months' strike among the miners in the
Central and Southwestern States.
With the exception of Converse county, whose
production at best is relatively small, and tbe out­
put reported from coal banks, the increase in pro­
duction in 1910 was general throughout the state.
The most important increases were in Sheridan.
Sweetwater and Uinta counties, whose gains were,
respectively, 333,189 tons, 233,589 tons, and 374,-
351 tons.
The number of men reported as engaged in the
production of coal in Wyoming in 1910 was 7,771.
There were 1,196 men on strike, but as they lost
only an average of 11 days each, the idleness did
not affect the production.
The first production of coal in Wyoming was
reported in 1865, one year later than the first re­
ported output of coal in Colorado. This pioneer
coal mining was probably carried on in connec­
tion with the construction of the Union Pacific
railroad. The total output in that year amounted
to 800 tons. Five years later, when the railroad
was completed, the production amounted to about
50,000 tons.
The coal fields in Wyoming which have not been
reached by the railroads are the Henry's Fork-
field in southern Sweetwater county; the Rattlesnake
field in Natrona and Freemont counties:
the Owl Creek Mountain field in the Shoshone In­
dian Reservation in Fremont county, the Fall
River basin and Upper Green river field in Uinta
and Fremont counties: the Mount Leidy field, and
the Lander Peak field, and the Grays River field
in Uinta county.
The estimate of the original coal supply of Wyoming,
as made by M. R. Campbell, of the United
States Geological Survey credited that state with
the largest original supply, with the single exception
of North Dakota, which is estimated to have
contained originally 500,000,000.000 short tons of
coal. The areas of North Dakota are. however.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
entirely of lignite, while in Wyoming the coal is
either ot bituminous or semi-bituminous character.
Wyoming's supply is estimated to have been 424,-
085,000,000 short tons, compared with which the
aggregate iiroduction to the close of 1910 (97,234,-
864 short tons appears insignificant. The total
exhaustion of the beds up to the close of 1910
amounted to 146,000,000 short tons, or 0.34 of 1
per cent, of the total estimated supply.
Tbe total coal production of Kansas in 1910
amounted to 4,921,451 short tons, valued at $7-,
914,709.
Kansas lost heavily in coal iiroduction in 1910
by reason of the coal strike. In 1909, when in­
dustrial peace reigned throughout the coal mining
states, Kansas produced 6,986,478 short tons, and
in the boom year 1907 the output amounted to
7,322,449 tons, the maximum for the state. In
1910, when SO per cent, of the men were on strike
and the period of idleness exceeded that of activity,
the production decreased to 4,921,451 short
tons. Compared with 1909 this shows a loss of
2.065.027 short tons, or 29.56 per cent. As in the
other states Kansas prices were naturally ad­
vanced by the shortage in fuel and the decrease
in value was relatively less than the decrease in
quantity. The value of the Kansas product decreased
from $10,083,384 in 1909 to $7,914,709, in
1910. a loss of $2,168,765, or 21.5 per cent. The
average price per ton advanced from $1.44 to $1.61.
The number of men employed in the coal mines
of Kansas in 1910 was 12,870, of whom 10,346 were
idle during the strike. The average number of
days worked was 148 and the average number of
days idle was 153. The total working time was
1,906,151 days and the total idleness was 1,578,027
days. The average production per man was 382
tons annually and 2.58 tons for each working day.
In 1908, when 13.916 men were employed for an
average of 1S1 days in the production of 0,245,508
tons, the average output per man was 449 tons
for tlie year and 2.48 tons for each working day.
The value at the mines of Utah's coal produc­
tion in 1910 was $4,224,556, with an output of 2,-
517.S09 short tons.
Compared with 1909, when the coal production
of Utah amounted to 2,266,899 short tons, valued
at $3,751,810, the output in 1910 showed an in­
crease of 250.910 short tons, or 11.07 per cent, in
quantity and of $472,746, or 12.6 per cent, in value.
Utah's production in 1910 was affected only in­
directly, if at all. by the coal strikes in tbe Middle
west—that is, by the demand created on the mines
of Colorado and New Mexico, which possibly re­
duced the competition of coals from those states
in markets to the west and southwest reached
jointly by them and the coal from Utah mines.
This increased production of Utah coals is looked
upon as only an indication of normal growth that

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
may be expected to continue as the country de­
velops in population and industrial enterprises.
The year was one of general prosperity, says
Mr. Parker, to both operators and miners. Pro­
duction increased, prices advanced, and although
there wei e no strikes for higher wages or changed
conditions, some of the coal mining companies
voluntarily gave an advance of 5 per cent, in
the wages of their employes. During August and
September, when the crops were being moved,
there was a shortage in car supply, but as a general
thing throughout the year transportation fa­
cilities were adequate.
The number of men employed in the coal mines
of Utah in 1910 was 3,053, and that they were kept
steadily employed is shown by the fact that each
man averaged 260 working days. The average
quantity of coal mined by each man was 824.7
tons for tbe year, or 3.17 tons for each working
day.
The production of coal in Texas in 1910 was 1,-
S92.176 short tons, with a value, at the mines, of
$3,160,965, a slight increase over the figures for
1909.
The total production of coal and ignite in the
state increased from 1,824,440 short tons, valued
at $3,141,945, in 1909, to 1,892,176 tons, valued at
$3,160,965. in 1910, a gain of 67,736 short tons, or
3.71 per cent., in quantity and of $19,020, or 0.6
of 1 per cent., in value. The average price per
ton for the state declined from $1.72 to $1.67. The
relatively smaller increase in value, says Mr. Parker,
and the apparent decline in prices are not,
however, indicative of an actual falling off in
values. The fact is that tbere was in reality a
general advance in prices, and the seeming inconsistency
was due to an increase in the production
of the cheaper lignite and a decrease in the production
of the higher priced bituminous output.
Both grades showed advances in price, the average
for lignite being 87 cents per ton in 1910 against
85 cents in 1909, and that of the bituminous coal
$2.37 against $2.2S.
The influence of the coal strike in the Southwestern
States extended into the bituminous coal
fields of northern Texas, and the production for
the state decreased from 1,112,228 short tons, valued
at $2,539,064, in 1909 to 1,010,944 tons, valued
at $2,397,858, in 1910. Lignite production, stimulated
by the scarcity of coal caused by the strike,
increased from 712,212 tons, valued at $602,881,
to 881,232 tons, valued at $763,107. The decrease
in the production of bituminous coal was 101,284
tons; the increase in lignite production was 169,-
020 tons. One county, Van Zandt, was added to
the lignite producing localities in 1910, otherwise
the counties producing both bituminous coal and
lignite were the same in 1910 as in 1909.
The coal and lignite mines of Texas gave em­
ployment in 1910 to a total of 4,197 men for an
average of 234 days. The lignite mines employed
1,131 men for an average of 210 days and the bituminous
mines employed 3,066 men for an average
of 242 days, the working time in the bituminous
mines, notwithstanding the time lost by the strike
exceeded that made in the lignite districts. Tbe
strike in the bituminous mines of Texas lasted
fi om April 1 to June 1, and involved a total of
1,776 men or 58 per cent, of all the employes in
the bituminous mines.
The value at the mines of North Dakota's coal
production in 1910 was $595,139 with a total output
of 399,041 short tons.
All the coal produced in this state is lignite
and does not enter into competition with the coals
of other states except as these coals are brought
into North Dakota markets. Lignite does not
bear long transportation nor does it stand long
exposure, and the output of North Dakota is re­
stricted to relatively local markets. It is not a
high-grade fuel and requires special furnaces with
large grate areas when used for steam making,
but will serve for domestic use when other fuels
are not available or are obtainable only at a high
price. But although lignite is not a fuel of high
calorific values it is well adapted for certain pur­
poses and is used satisfactorily for burning brick
because it is smokeless and sootless and relatively
cheap. It is used in considerable quantities for
burning bricks at Dickinson, Scranton and Kenmare,
where experience has shown that one ton
of lignite is equal in efficiency to one cord of such
wood as is available.
Lignite is also an excellent fuel for generating
producer gas, and with the development of manufacturing
industries in the state and the extensive
lignite deposits of North Dakota will doubtless
receive more attention as a source of power. One
ton of lignite in the gas producer will yield as
much horsepower in internal combustion engines
as one ton of the best bituminous coal will yield
underboilers .
The production of lignite in North Dakota in
1910 compared with that of 1909 showed a decrease
of 23,006 short tons, or 5.45 per cent, in
quantity, and of $50,003, or 7.75 per cent, in value.
According to the reports of the North Dakota
Geological Survey, 97 townships contain in some
part of their area at least one bed of lignite 7
feet or more in thickness, and at least 100 other
townships contain beds from 4 to 7 feet thick.
The lignite is generally well exposed along such
streams as the Missouri, the Little Missouri, Knife,
Heart and Mouse rivers. The total area under­
lain by lignite-bearing beds is estimated to be 35.-
000 square miles.
The coal mining industry of Oregon is suffering
from the great increase in the production of

petroleum in California and its use as fuel, for
domestic needs as well as for railroads and for
manufacturing. The production of coal in Oregon
decreased from 87,276 short tons in 1909 to
63,241 tons in 1910, a loss of 24,035 tons, or 27.54
per cent. The value decreased $10,966, or 1.66
per cent., from $235,085 in 1909, to $224,119 in
1910. Only two mines, the Newport and the
Beaver Hill, both in Coos county, ship coal in
large quantity, the shipments being made almost
entirely by sea to San Francisco.
SALE OF COKING COAL LANDS TO H. C. FRICK
COKE COMPANY BY PITTSBURGH COAL
COMPANY AND MONONGAHELA RIVER
CONSOLIDATED COAL AND COKE COM­
PANY COMPLETED.
Announcement was made October 2 of the completion
of the deal whereby coking coal lands belonging
to the Pittsburgh Coal and Monongahela
River Consolidated Coal & Coke Co. become the
property of the H. C. Frick Coke Co.. a subsidiary
of the United States Steel Corporation. The deal
was agreed upon some few months ago, but final
transfer of titles was held up by various considerations,
among them a Federal investigation into
the various aspects of the sale. All adverse factors
gave way finally and the deal became fact on
September 30, announcement being made October 2.
The price consideration was $17,000,000, the
Frick Co. paying $1,450 per acre for about 7,000
acres of Pittsburgh Coal Co. lands and $850 for
about 9.000 in River Coal Co. lands. Payment
has been made in the bonds of the Frick Coke Co.
and the coal companies have turned them over
to the Union Trust Co. They will use the proceeds
of this sale to retire their own bonds, reducing
their bonded debt and annual interest
charges materially. The Pittsburgh Coal Co. has
outstanding $19,337,000 in bonds and this will be
reduced by $9,000,000. Outstanding bonds of the
River Coal Co. amount to $7,538,000 and this debt
will be nearly eliminated. The trust company
has not yet made any plans in regard to the distribution
of the Frick bonds.
It was quite generally expected that the Union
Trust Co. would announce the ratification of the
plan leading to a merger of the two coal companies
at the close of business October 2. Instead
of this an extension of time within which deposits
of River Coal Co. stock will be received was announced
and such deposits may now be made until
October 10 under the new ruling. No doubt is
entertained but that the deal will be ratified at
last and the leaders in the movement are optimistic
to a degree, although deposits of shares was
slower than they expected. It was said that sufficient
preferred stock had been deposited but that
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
the deposits of common were not up to the 90 per
cent, required by some thousands of shares.
SEPTEMBER ANTHRACITE SHIPMENTS.
The shipments of anthracite coal for September,
as compared with 1910, were:
Companies. 1911. 1910.
Philadelphia & Reading 1,056,542 973,429
Lehigh Valley 1,064.704 697,153
Jersey Central 760,329 661,252
Delaware, Lacka. & Western S49.444 723,749
Delaware & Hudson 616,169 601,765
Pennsylvania R. R 459.763 413.456
Erie 730.130 652,972
New York, Ontario & West. 193,854 243,740
Total 5,730,935 4,967,516
The shipments for the year by months were:
1911. 1910.
January 5,904,117 5,306,618
February 5,070,948 5,031,784
March 5,996,894 5,174,166
April 5,804,915 6,224,396
May 6.317,352 5,679,601
June 6,215,357 5,398,123
July 4,804,065 4,202,059
August 5,531,790 4,990,044
September 5,730,935 4,967,516
October 5,622,095
November 6,071.746
December 6,231,578
Totals 51,376,379 64,905,786
COAL MINING INSTITUTE
MEETINGS ARE ANNOUNCED.
The regular fall meeting of the board of directors
of the Coal Mining Institute of America will
be held in the office of the president. S. A. Taylor.
Lewis block, Pittsburgh, Wednesday morning, November
1, at 10 o'clock.
The winter meeting of the Institute will be held
in the Engineers' Society rooms. Pittsburgh, December
19, 20 and 21.
The Institute will meet in joint session with the
Engineers' society one day or evening as the guests
of the Engineers' society.
The H. C. Frick Coke Co. has engaged Dr. M. J.
Shields, of the American Red Cross Society, to
deliver a series of lectures to its employes on firstaid
to the injured. The first lecture was delivered
at Latrobe Sept. 26, with others on successive
dates at Uniontown, Brownsville, Connellsville,
Mt. Pleasant. Scottdale, and other towns in
the coking region. Exemplifications of first-aid
treatment are features of each of the lectures.

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
j MINING COAL AT COLLINSVILLE, ILLINOIS*
\ MINING MACHINES AND THE PANEL SYSTEM SECURE ECONOMICAL PRODUCTION
) AND SAFETY.
( By M. C. Mitchell. St. Louis. Mo.
Coal has been mined in and about CoIIinsville,
in Madison county, Illinois, since 1870. In tbe
early days it was produced by hand pick, and later
some machines were employed. But as the demand
for coal and the shortage of labor increased,
the practice of shooting from tbe solid became
general. While this increased the output per
man it was found to be dangerous and destructive,
decreasing the percentage of lump coal and raising
mining costs.
About 1900, the Lumaghi Coal Co..
whose main offices are in the Equitable
building, St. Louis, tested and finally
purchased about 16,000 acres of coal
land on Cantine creek, two miles east
of CoIIinsville, on a spur of the Vandalia
railroad.
DIAMOND DRILL TESTS.
Borings made with a Sullivan diamond
drill, removing a two-inch core.
proved the existence of an eight-foot
seam, 20o feet from the surface. In
this seam, geologically known as No.
6, the coal is hard and firm, with a
black slate roof six feet thick and a
fire-clay bottom. It lies practically
level, and is uniform in quality
throughout the area tested. It is used
for both steam and domestic purposes.
A hoisting shaft, 8 x 17 feet in tbe
clear, and an air shaft containing a
6 x 6-foot air compartment and a
4 x 6-foot stairway, were next sunk.
with Sullivan "UB" 2%-inch steam
drills. The large shaft required 60
days and the air shaft 47 days to
reach the coal at a depth of 200 feet.
It was decided to open up the mine
to a capacity of 1,000 tons per day
with machines, and then use the machines
for entry work only, shooting
from the solid in the rooms. The cross entry
system was adopted and a plant installed which
included 10 Sullivan class 5 pick machines of the
piston valve pattern, and a duplex single stage
compressor. These punchers weigh 825 pounds
and cut to a depth of 5% feet tinder the coal. The
main east and west entries were driven 10 feet
wide with these machines at an average speed of
18 feet per day of two shifts, for each entry.
^Reproduced from "Mine and Quai
Sullivan Machinery Company.
Sullivan Diamond Drill Used
in Testing the No. 6 Seam.
Lumauhi Mines.
by permission
Shooting was allowed at any time of the day, to
permit rapid progress.
After the mine had reached the capacity above
named, the question of shooting from the solid
in rooms was raised. The grade of coal produced
by the machines had proved so much better than
that secured b.v band work that the management
decided to continue the entire mine on a machine
basis. Accordingly a second air compressor was
installed, of the Sullivan "WB-2" straight line,
two-stage pattern, together with additional
Sullivan pick machines, of
which 26 are now in use. The Sullivan
compressor, which has a simple
steam cylinder, with balanced valves
and hand adjusted cut-off. proved so
much more economical of steam than
their old duplex compressor, that it is
kept running constantly, the smaller
machine being operated from time to
time to handle the peak load.
In 1910. this mine produced 461,103
tons, in 217 working days, making an
average of 2.124 tons per day. Each
machine of tbe 29 in operation that
year cut an average of 15,900 Ions, or
about 73 tons per machine per day.
It is leasonable to assume that all of
these machines did not work every
working day; therefore the actual production
per machine per day is in excess
of the above.
It may be noted that 4,054 kegs of
powder were required to shoot this
tonnage, or 114 tons per keg of 25
pounds. In a neighboring mine,
where solid shooting was in vogue,
and the tonnage nearly the same, only
26 tons were produced by one keg of
powder. The fact that the coal seam
in the second mine was one foot thin­
ner than at the Lumaghi property does not explain
the tremendous difference (more than four
to one) in the amount of powder needed when
the coal was mined on the solid and when undercut.
The price which the coal from this mine
brought during the above year was on an average
of 10 cents a ton higher than that secured for
coal in neighboring mines on a "solid" basis, indicating
the superior character of the coal produced
by machines.
About two years ago the company changed its

plan of operation in this mine, known as the No. 2,
to the panel system. The main entries are driven
10 feet wide and the air courses 20 feet, with a
50-foot pillar between. Panel entries and air
courses, also 10 and 20 feet wide, are turned at
right angles to the main entry, on 2.500 foot cen­
ters. The unusual width of the air courses permits
the roof slate to be dropped, leaving a rock
top 45 feet in thickness. The pillar between the
panel entry and air course is 45 feet thick; stub
entries are driven 20 feet wide, with a 40-foot
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
barrier pillar, and are 1,200 feet, center to center.
They are 1.200 feet deep, leaving a pillar 80 feet
thick between the two halves of the panel. A
protection pillar, 60 feet thick, is left on each side
of the main and panel entry systems. Rooms
are turned on 65-foot centers from the stub en­
tries, so that there are 18 rooms on each half of
the double entry, or 36 in the panel. The rooms
are carried 40 feet wide, leaving a 25-foot pillar,
and are 200 feet deep. A 10-foot pillar is left between
butting room faces, as each panel is kept in-

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
dependent, and no rooms or entries are broken to­
gether. The first room turned from each stub
entry is placed so as to leave a 60-foot pillar be­
tween the rib and the panel entry, and on the
stub entries turned first on the panel entry 60
Sullivan Electric Continuous Coal Cutter Crossing
the Face in Lumaghi No. 2 Mine.
feet of coal is left between the room face and the
main entry for protection.
Last January a chain mining machine of the
Sullivan continuous cutting type was placed in
the mine for a trial, and given an independent
territory to cut,
to determine its
capacity. After
squaring up the
places assigned to
it, this machine
was more than
able to cover tbe
ground, and is
now producing
250 tons per day
in a running time
of six to seven
hours.
In blasting out
the coal after this
machine it was
found at first that
the face was not
left square. Tbe
kerf or height of
mining is six
inches, the depth
of the cut 6'._,
feet. and the
height of coal 7 1 ':
to 8 feet, by 40
feet in width.
The first practice
was to shoot the
room "double" with four holes. This method pro­
duced only as much coal per keg of powder as
could be secured after the pick machine, mining
to 5'j feet. A new system of shooting was then
tried, employing three holes, one in the center
and one on each rib; the holes are three feet from
the bottom and drilled level to the back of the
mining. This brings the coal down in such shape
that all impurities are taken from it in loading,
making the coal clean. Three holes are then
drilled in the top coal; this takes a very small
amount of powder, and the coal thus shot is easy
to load, as almost all of it passes over a six-inch
screen. This system of shooting leaves the rib
and face perfectly square, and it is also found
that one-half the amount of roof timbers are
needed, as compared with those formerly neces­
sary when shooting four holes and using a considerably
larger amount of powder.
The first fan installed in this mine was a Cham­
pion ventilator with reversible wooden hood. This
fan had a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet of air per
minute against a two-inch water gauge, and provided
good ventilation until the mine reached a
capacity of about 1,800 tons per day. When the
present tonnage of about 2,500 tons per day was
reached, it was found that a larger fan was needed.
Owing to the size of the air shaft it was neces­
sary to provide a fan of large capacity to work
against high pressure. A Sullivan 10-foot, all
steel, reversible fan was therefore installed, with
a capacity of 250,000 cubic feet of air against a
six-inch water gauge. The fan is housed in a
brick building, with a tunnel of brick and con-

erete to the shaft, making it entirely fireproof.
As yet, it has been necessary to run at only half
speed, and the fan is uroduoing 125,000 cubic feet
against a water gauge of 2.1 inches. There are
four splits in the air, about 30,000 cubic feet per
split. All overcasts are built of concrete and
steel.
The sketch shows the arrangement of the shaft
bottom. The mine is divided, half of the work­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
ings on the west side and half on the east side.
There are three tracks to the bottom of the shaft;
one a passing track, and two for loads and empties,
with a diamond on the loaded car side and a
diamond on the empty car side. All coal is
caged on the east side of the shaft. Two 13-ton
electric locomotives haul the coal and distribute
the empty cars. The motor from the east side
pulls in on the straight track, and thence into the
empty car track, getting the empties and returning
to the east workings. The motor from the
west side comes in to the bottom over the passing
track, crosses the east load track and leaves
its cars on an elevated load track on the south
side. The elevated track is so arranged that
the cars will drop by gravity into the bottom.
This track to tbe bottom bas a capacity of 70
loaded cars. The motor then returns to the passing
track, and the west end of the bottom, taking
its cars from either of the "empty" tracks.
The empty cars can be taken from either end
of the tracks, so that motors will not conflict
with one another. A waiting room is provided
for the miners, so that when it is time for them
to go on top they come in turns and go up 10
men on a cage. This waiting room is arranged
so that the east and west men come to it in turn
and pass out the same way; seats are provided
for 300 men. The room is lighted with electric
lights and is well ventilated. A car repair shop
and a concrete and steel stable for the mules are
also on the bottom. The stable is between the
intake and exhaust of the air, to secure proper
ventilation.
The cars used have a capacity of 2V, tons each
and are made of wood. The equipment is being
changed as rapidly as possible to consist of steel
3'2-ton cars with brass bearings, which are more
easily handled. This change, when completed,
will mean an increase in production from 2,500
to 3,000 tons per day, as the territory is now
developed for that tonnage and all the other
equipment is of ample capacity.
The cars are hoisted in self-dumping cages by
a 20 x 36-inch slide valve hoist, with a six-foot
drum. The tipple has four tracks. The coal
is dumped onto shaker screens, with a compressed
air apron for handling the lump coal. By this
means the coal is very thoroughly screened and
sized to suit market conditions. All the fine coal
is sent to tbe washer, and sized from No. 1 to
No. 5. inclusive.
The power plant contains the hoist mentioned.
the two air compressors, and a 150-K. W. direct
connected generator, driven by a battery of eight
72-inch by 18-foot return fire tubular boilers. A
new power plant, now in course of construction,
will contain alternating current generators to provide
2,000 K. W. at 2,200 volts. This plant will

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
be used to light the city of CoIIinsville as well
as for power at the washer and mine. The 150-
K. W. generator is being replaced by a 500-K. W.
motor generator set, for supplying direct current
to the locomotives
and continuous electric
coal cutters, of
which more are to
be installed. A well
equipped machine
shop takes care of
all repairs.
The No. 3 mine of
this company, oper­
ating in the same
seam at CoIIinsville,
is equipped with a
steel tipple, selfdumping
cages and
shaker screens. The
coal from this opening
is sold chiefly to
large steam plants
on contract. It is
mined by 13 Sullivan
S25-pound pick machines
driven by a Sullivan "WB-2" straight-line.
two-stage air compressor with a 22 x 24-inch steam
cylinder and 24 and 14V, x 24-inch air cylinders.
A motor generator set is now being installed. The
present output is about 950 tons per day.
Messrs. Louis F. Lumaghi, president; Joseph D.
Lumaghi, secretary and treasurer; W. T. Scully,
superintendent, and Mr. Wandless, master me­
chanic.
The Fan House, Showing the Simplicity of the Structure Necessary for tlie Sullivan Fan.
Data and photographs for this article were ob­
tained through the courtesy and assistance of
James B. Clark of Baltimore has filed suit
to compel L. T.
Brandenburg to
create a voting
trust of 2,993
shares of an en­
tire issue of 3,000
shares of the
Brandenburg Coal
Mining Co., a
Pennsylvania cor­
poration. It is re­
cited that the
two agreed to buy
the property of
the Penwood Coal
Co., in receiver­
ship, and the pe-
tiononer says that
he and others en­
dorsed a $25,000
note to pay off
the receivership,
and give the new
Lumaghi No. 2 Mine, the Bot ° m - company a work­
ing capital. It is claimed that all but seven
shares of stock were to be transferred to voting
trustees, but that Mr. Brandenburg now refuses
to do this.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
CHEAP COAL
By Thomas L. Lewis. Ex-President United Mine Workers of America.
The onward march of civilization has brought
with it wonderful changes in life, and is continually
changing the commercial and political relation
of all nations. Within those countries where
the people have the greatest measure of liberty,
they have the highest standard of education. The
developed intellect of the human being is solving
many of the big problems of our agricultural, commercial,
industrial, educatiiual and Christian development.
The great problem of how to abolish
poverty seems to receive very little attention, even
from the progressive men and women of the present
day.
It is remarkable how distance has been annihilated
by modern methods of travel. It is wonderful
how quickly our thoughts can be flashed
around the world. It is marvelous, that with all
the tremendous physical and mental forces at
work in every country, no definite plan has yet
been devised to abolish the unjust conditions that
surround the masses of the people. The nations
of the earth are becoming better educated and
more enlightened. As this condition of our existence
gathers force there will be a more united
and determined effort made to remedy the evils
that now exist and afflict the human family.
The country in which we live is comparatively
new. Our commercial and industrial development
has become the envy of nearly all the nations
of the world. In connection with our industrial
and commercial progress, both can be traced directly
to the natural resources of our country.
This applies especially to coal and our ability to
produce cheap fuel. There is no commodity as
important as coal. There is no commodity more
valuable than coal. There is no commodity produced
as cheap as coal, that is commercially cheap.
Cheap fuel is only cheap as a commercial proposition.
There is no occupation as dangerous as
mining. There is no industry in which there is
such a reckless disregard of human life as in coal
mining. There is no industry in which there is
such a useless waste of one of the most valuable
of our natural resources. There is a cause for
this condition and there must be a remedy.
The importance of the mining industry is not
generally realized, and a few facts are herewith
given as a matter of information. In the year
1910. there were directly employed in and around
the coal mines of the country, over 700,000 mine
workers. Add to this large number the hundreds
of thousands of people employed in the mills and
factories and on our railroads, and we quickly
realize that the number of people depending on
the mining industry for employment numbers mil­
lions. As an industrial proposition, coal mining
is a big problem. When you attempt to consider
what coal is to the comforts of home life there
is no means of calculating its value.
A miners' occupation is dangerous under the
most favorable conditions of employment. When
we stop to think that in hundreds of mines, in
addition to the danger constantly surrounding the
individual miner, the lives of several hundred
men in one mine depend entirely on the care of
any single individual working in the mines. The
dangerous gases encountered in coal mines make
this condition possible. It is not generally understood
that more than three out of every one
thousand persons employed in the mine lose their
lives annually, as a result of what is known as
accidents. Few people seem to realize that the
lives of 20,000 mine workers have been hurled into
eternity within a 10-year period. This terrible
loss of life is charged to "accidents," but in reality
a majority of the lives sacrificed can be prevented.
In fact, the deplorable condition in the coal mining
industry can be traced to cheap fuel, or modern
commercialism, which plates a higher value
on wealth than on human life.
It is not generally known that in many of the
bituminous mining districts, fully 50 per cent, of
the coal in an acre is left in the ground, with no
possible hope of every being recovered. Coal is
a commodity that cannot be replaced when it is
once exhausted. It is too valuable a commodity
to waste one-half of it in the development of any
mine. To permanently lose one-half of one of our
most valuable natural resources, is a reckless disregard
for the welfare of future generations of
people.
The willful destruction of life and the unnecessary
waste of our fuel resources can be traced directly
to the "cheap" standard which the mining
industry occupies in the commercial world. Competition
for trade has reduced the celling price of
coal to such a point that the miner does not receive
the wages to which he is entitled in following
the most dangerous and disagreeable occupation
in the country. The price received for a ton
of coal compels the mine owner to use the most
rigid methods of economy in the production of
coal.
Cheap fuel means opposition to the enactment
of laws for the safety of the lives of the miners.
Cheap fuel means neglect to provide such safeguards
as will protect the health of the mine
workers. Cheap fuel means that the highest
standard of efficiency is not used in the protection
of human life. Cheap fuel means the pro-

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
duction of coal at the least possible cost in order
that profit on investment may lie assured. Cheap
fuel means that millions of tons of coal are wasted
annually by being left in tbe ground with no way
to recover it in the future. Cheap fuel means
that as a nation we are lending our aid to the
reckless sacrifice of human life and a foolish waste
of our fuel resources.
There is a remedy, but people must first understand
the necessity for doing something to pro­
tect the lives of the miners and conserve the re­
sources of tbe country. Those who are connected
with the mining industry should work for the
establishment of a minimum standard in the sell­
ing price of coal. This may be construed to be
a movement in restraint of trade, but what is for
the good of the nation should receive the encouragement
of all the people. In a future article I
shall have something to say about the remedy.
GERMAN COAL INVADES CARDIFF MARKETS
IN EUROPE AND SOUTH AMERICA.
U. S. Consul Lorin A. Lathrop. stationed at Cardiff,
Wales, reports the increasing loss of markets
to Cardiff through the incessant labor troubles in
South Wales coal fields.
Eager agents of the Westphalian Coal Syndicate
have been pushing German coals in every port in
the Mediterranean, and have even succeeded in getting
one cargo at least into Buenos Aires. These
are markets which have been exclusively supplied
from Britain and principally from South Wales.
The Germans have now. however, secured so firm
a foothold that a Cardiff journal admits that "years
of commercial nursing" will be necessary to re­
cover the lost ground. "In a number of cases."
continues the journal, "the trade will never be regained."
The half year 1911, as compared with the first
six months of 1910, shows thus an increase of
considerably over 1,500,000 tons. Almost all of
this increase represents a displacement of British
coal. Unofficial estimates of German shipments
for July, 1911, indicate the enormous increase
over the corresponding month of 1910 of nearly
800,000 tons. Nothing could more clearly illustrate
the extraordinary energy and quickness of
the Germans in taking advantage of an opening.
The question of freight is doubtless a handicap to
the United States, but it is bard to understand
why the favorable conditions should not have been
taken advantage of by American exporters. German
coal, too, has had to surmount an obstacle
thought usually to be fatal to coal shipments—distance
from tidewater. Their port of shipment is
Rotterdam.
• PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS •
The sales department of the O'Gara Coal Co..
Chicago, has been redistributing the work of its
selling force owing to the constantly growing
pressure upon it. Thomas S. Jones has, in addi­
tion to his duties as treasurer, taken charge of
the general sales end, J. R. McFarland, assistant
sales manager, now devoting his entire time to
the disposal of the output of the Harrisburg
mines. J. H. Moran is in charge of the sales
force in the balance of the Illinois field. E. H.
Irwin, well known to the trade, has been placed
in charge of the detail work of the selling department.
Effective October 15 a radical change will be
made in the freight depot organization of the Baltimore
& Ohio railroad in Connellsville. Pa. A
separate coal and coke billing agency will be estab­
lished, with offices at the scales, in the upper yards.
The local agency and the coal and coke shipments
both have been in charge of W. H. Towzey.
It is reported that the Reading, which for some
time past has been drilling near its West Shenandoah
colliery, trying to locate the Mammoth vein
and the Seven-foot vein, has been successful in
both instances. The Mammoth vein was found to
be 25 feet thick at that point, while the Seven-foot
vein proved to be full size.
The coal rate for the last trip and winter storage
from Cleveland, O., to the Canadian head of
the lakes has been fixed at 60 cents and a number
of big carriers have been chartered at that
figure. More capacity is wanted and some more
tonnage will probably be lined up before the close
of navigation.
The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. has ben at
work laying a branch road to an immense culm
bank in the very heart of Lansford, Pa., and it is
the intention of the company to remove it as
soon as possible. The ground is valuable and
will give room for scores of dwellings.
Chief of the Department of Mines J. E. Roderick
of Pennsylvania held a conference ou Oct. 4 at
Altoona, Pa., with the mine inspectors of the
bituminous district of Central Pennsylvania. The
inspectors took up and discussed matters pertinent
to their work in this field.
The annual meeting of the New York State retailers
usually held in Albany in October is being
looked forward to with pleasant anticipation by
the members who had such a fine time last year
under the auspices of the Schenectady coal dealers.

The Jeffrey Manufacturing company, of Colum­
bus, Ohio, will have a very elaborate exhibit at
the American Mining Congress which meets in
Chicago the latter part of ibis month. Headquarters
will be at the La Salle Hotel, and tbe
eighteenth floor will be set aside for exhibits.
Several rooms have been procured for Ihe Jeffreydisplay
and will be in charge of Mr. S. B. Belden,
Manager of the Mining Department, and Mr.
George C. Herst. Manager of tbe Elevating and
Conveying Department. There will be on ex­
hibition several hundred large photographs show­
ing installations of coal mining machinery, lie-
ginning with the handling of coal from the vein,
loading it in cars and underground systems of
haulage, including various designs of Jeffrey locomotives,
coal cutters and coal drills. Systems of
car haulage with chain and (able and other types
of car dumps for handling the coal at the tipple
and breaker, and methods of screening and loading,
including various types of elevating systems
around coal pockets and tbe interior of metal
mines, will also be shown. Visitors to the Con­
gress will do well to pay a visit to this exhibit.
The Ingersoll-Rand Co. of New York have is­
sued a pamphlet describing their class "PB" Du­
plex Power-driven Air Compressors, one of tlie
four types developed b.v them. This compressor
is designed for rope or belt drive and is of the
familiar duplex type, with the air cylinders close
coupled to the frame and a central driving wheel.
It is marked by rugged strength, ample reserve
power and unlimited capacity for hard work. All
the recognized advantages of the duplex construc­
tion are embodied in it, the balanced construction
with quartered cranks effecting an equalization of
impulses; the reduction of operation stresses by
this balanced construction; the ease with which
the air cylinders can be compounded, securing the
attendant compound economies without an in­
creased number of parts. The choking intake
controller is furnished on "PB" compressors on
order. This is a throttling or choking valve
placed on the compressor intake, furnishing regulation
under changing load by varying the volume
of air admitted and compressed.
The Ottumwa Box Car Loader Co. report sales
during a week past of an electric box car loader
to Marvin Ebersbach of Pomeroy, 0., and of a
steam-driven loader to the Peabody Coal Co.. of
Chicago and Marion. 111. They have also made
shipments of loaders within the past two weeks
to the Chinook Coal Co. of Lethbridge, Alberta,
the Diamond Coal Co.. of Diamond City. Alberta,
and of a steam-driven cradle loader to tbe Leth­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
bridge Collieries Co., of Kipp, Alberta. Within
a few days previous to tbe shipments mentioned.
the company furnished a steam-driven Ottumwa
loader to the McGigillivary Creek Coal Co., of
Cob-man, Alberta, and are installing at this time
a loader for the Cardiff Collieries at Edmonton,
Alberta.
The Ingersoll-Rand Co., 11 Broadway, New York
City, has issued form 3109, a bulletin of 12 pages,
descriptive of Class NF-1, steam driven, single-
stage, straight line air compressors; equipped
with twin fly wheel, center crank, enclosed type,
with the steam and air cylinders arranged in tan­
dem. Catalog shows several views of the ma­
chine in section and also gives tables of cylinder
dimensions, diameters and capacities. The air
inlet valves on the smaller machines are of the
"Direct Lift" type; on the larger machines "Hurricane
Inlet" valves are standard. "Cushioned
Direct Lift" discharge valves are standard on all
sizes.
The Dravo-Doyle Company of Pittsburgh, has
taken the agency of the American Steam Pump
Company. Battle Creek, Michigan. Mr. Edward
F. Austin ot the Dravo-Doyle Comiiany will have
charge ot this end of the business in his com­
mercial territory. Mr. Austin says that they have
made a ten-strike in securing" this agency. He is
an expert in pump practice and fully qualified to
judge. Te is fully familiar with the requirements
of coal mining and the other trades in his commercial
territory which are interested in this line,
his experience having run over a long term of
years.
Roberts & Schaf'er Co., Chicago, 111., have issued
Bulletin No. 22, on "Modern Coal Mining Plants."
The bulletin is devoted to beautiful half-tone illus­
trations and brief descriptions of plants built by
the firm in the United States and Canada. The
bulletin is an attractive piece of typographical art
as well as a convincing argument showing the
successful work of the company.
The reduction of rates on coal from the anthra­
cite regions of Pennsylvania to tidewater, made by
order of the Interstate Commerce Commission in
the case of Meeker & Co., of Pennsylvania, against
the Lehigh Valley railroad, was sustained Oct. 10
by the United States court of commerce at Wash­
ington, D. C, which denied an application of the
railroad for a temporary injunction against the
enforcement of the order.
The Pittsburgh Coal Co. has declared the regu­
lar quarterly dividend of 1 \\ per cent, on the
preferred stock, payable October 25 to stock of
record October 12.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
DISTRICT MINING INSTITUTE HOLDS INTERESTING SESSION
AT WILKES-BARRE.
Over 200 men attended the opening meeting of
the Wilkes-Barre District Alining Institute held
in the Y. M. C. A. auditorium on October 7. Re­
tiring I'resident Thomas introduced II. G. Davis
of the II., L. ii W. Co.. the newly elected president,
who in accepting the office said in part:
"It is with a great deal of pleasure and some
fear that I stand before you to-night in the position
of president of this institute. | know that
you bear with me that I have succeeded a most
worthy person in this position. Mr. Thomas, our
retiring president, took bold of this institute
when it was in a tottering condition and built it
up as he has already told you, to be the greatest
mining institute of its kind in America. It has
reached a total membership of over 1,400 men and
boys in the city of Wilkes-Barre who are anxious,
I believe, and expect to improve their condition.
The object of this institute is my subject tonight.
Contrary to perhaps most organizations or societies
we have no declaration of purpose. It is
simply an organization that has been built up
like a mushroom, spreading itself in lifting up men
and boys of our mines.
"It is the aim of the institute to be just as
helpful as possible to every mining employee who
comes within the range of its activities. The
object of the institute is to discuss perplexing
problems with a view to being mentally helpful
to conduct classes in mining and for the men of
foreign speech, thus helping students of the
schools and members of the institute to develop
their latent abilities. The institute aims to promote
good fellowship and friendliness among its
members and between employees of the various
companies. In the institute the members are on
an equality regardless of position or office held
and the discussions are frank and free. Every
official of this institute is determined to do all
he can to help the young men and boys who have
the ambition and stamina to advance themselves
in the world.
"In reading the program for the year you will
note that the slogan of this institute has been
placed at 2,500, and let me tell you, my friends,
it is not an impossibility for us to secure 2,500
men and boys in this neighborhood who are willing
to come, provided AVC make these institutes
interesting and instructive to them. Here is the
opportunity of a lifetime. Men of years of experience
talking on practical questions give rare opportunity
to younger men who wish to learn. I
want to ask you to help to make these meetings
entertaining. It is our desire to start at 8 o'clock
and close at 9:30. One hour and a half is not too
long to sit here in these meetings. We will have
a question box, but we can not help the young
man or boy who has no desire to help himself,
but we are ready to assist those who have the
necessary ambition to better themselves. I shall
not dwell on this matter other than to say we
will if possible prove that we are here for the
benefit of the mining men and the men who wish
to help themselves.
1 know I have the support of the institute in
this regard. I had intended to dwell further along
these lines, but on account of the young man who
is going to entertain us having another engagement.
1 shall give my other ideas at another time.
You know I talk on the installment plan."
Thomas H. Williams, of the Kingston Coal Co.,
who has been one of the most loyal members of
the institution since its inception, and whose deep
interest in the welfare of men and boys has been
shown in the many welfare undertakings supported
by the Kingston Co., in speaking on the
topic, "How Can We Help the Non-English Speak­
ing Mine Employees," said:
"This is a question that demands considerable
attention, first, in the lessons that we can teach
them practically in mining; second, the aid we
can give them intellectually; third, the examples
we can show them morally.
"One of the most important factors, that applies
to officials and workmen alike, is discipline.
It compels closer attention to duty, and a more
strict compliance to the anthracite mine law.
There is more danger in the mining of coal than
any other occupation, hence the necessity to teach
all beginners the proper methods of mining. It is
surprising how soon they will copy from the experienced
man the improper method of doing
things in all the different occupations of mining.
It is necessary that the door-boy, driver, company
hand, miner and all the officials do their duty in a
workmanlike manner. Better work could be ae
complished and possibly many accidents avoided
if every man and boy impressed the other that
the mine law must be observed, and that to be
careless as a driver or a miner is an infraction
of the mine law. It is a well known fact that
the proper cutting of coal is really a lost art,
for it is left entirely to the action of the powder
and not the ingenuity of the man. How important
then that the miners use their best judgment
in cutting coal and caring for their places, and
traveling in and out from their work, so that the
laborer may have a good example to copy from.
This also applies in a great measure to the officials,
for they run unnecessary risks, and are reckless

in a great many cases, where if the workman
would do such he would be censured severely for
it. The old excuse is that he is in a hurry, and
will do a thing any old way, regardless of the
impressions given to others. It is really very
important and essential that all men, young and
old, do their wink correctly and at all times be
thorough, prompt and reliable. That is the way
we can help make our foreign brethren competent
and industrious mining men.
"At present great interest is manifested in the
education of persons employed in and around the
mines, and special attention is given in some
places to the teaching of English to foreigners.
At present in this section this is being done by
the Y. M. C. A. and the Kingston Coal Co. with
great success. It is absolutely necessary that the
non-English speaking should understand the Eng­
lish language. They cannot comply with the or­
ders given nor understand the Fhiglish terms used
in mining, unless they partly understand the Eng­
lish language. Courses of lectures accompanied
by stereopticon views on how to do things prop­
erly will be of great help to them. A great deal
of good is being done in this direction by the dif­
ferent correspondence schools. It is necessary that
we have night schools established in every town.
And very important, in order to be successful with
such schools is that the officials take an interest
in this work, and see that attention is being given
by the different employees under their charge,
for it is evident that very little can be accomplished
in this direction unless some one with
influence will encourage them forward.
"Webster said: 'If we work upon marble it
will perish; if we work upon brass time will efface;
if we rear temples they will crumble into
dust, but if we work upon immortal minds, if we
imbue them with right principles, with the just
fear of God and of their fellow men, we engrave
upon these tablets something which no time can
efface, but which will brighten to all eternity.'
"The world calls for gentlemen in deed as well
as in name. We should cultivate all those sterling
qualities of mind and heart, which united with
the graces of action, form the highest ideal of
manhood. Personal influence has a great deal to
do in helping our fellow beings for good or evil.
Xo man can live wholly to himself, for our morals
and actions are in many ways directing, shaping
and controlling other men, then it behooves us
to consider well what manner of men we ought to
be. The quiet influence of being right and do­
ing right is powerful beyond all estimate. To
use the proper methods of speech, of dress and
of bearing will call the attention of many from
their departure from the right and excite in them
the desire to be the same. Let us not forget
the little things that mean so much to us in ac­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
quiring a good reputation. These are the qualifi­
cations that are necessary in all men in order to
be of help to our non-English speaking people."
Thomas Thomas, in speaking of the mining
school which begins its second year next Tues­
day evening, said:
"I was invited to make a few remarks to-night
on the 'Mining School and Its Advantages.' A
school, as defined in our dictionaries, is a place
of instruction and under the direction and dis­
cipline of one or more teachers. It is an insti­
tution for tlie cultivation of the mind. To culti­
vate anything, be it a plant, animal, a mind, is
to make it grow; growth, expansion, is the end.
"Prior to the formation of the International
Correspondence School of Scranton and tlie in­
auguration of the mining school b.v the Young
Men's Christian Association, theoretical mining
knowledge was difficult to acquire, due to the
lack of opportunity. In those days, while there
were a great many text books on the subject of
mining, it could be mastered only by the indi­
vidual effort of each young man who had been
loused sufficiently to do this. While we had night
schools, as a rule they were held in public school
rooms and taught by public school teachers. The
work taken up in these schools was part of that
taught in the regular day school, principally the
subjects were confined to arithmetic, spelling and
writing. While this afforded a good foundation
it did not, however, supply the young man with
what be needed. In order to successfully cope
with mining problems some knowledge of algebra,
trigonometry and geometry was necessary. To
acquire this he must depend on text books and
personal effort. Here and there, however, would
be found a man who would volunteer to teach
these subjects, but this scheme as a whole was
not at all satisfactory and no doubt had a depressing
effect on the young men in whom ambition
was budding. You will find that the height of
this ambition did not reach further than to acquire
sufficient knowledge to successfully pass an
examination that would qualify him as a mine
foreman.
"The opening of the schools mentioned above;
that is, the I. C. S. and the Y. M. C. A., has
changed all this. The young man of ambition
now has an opportunity to acquire that education
so necessary at the present time. Mining knowl­
edge is now within the reach of all who may be
willing to sacrifice the time that otherwise may
be wasted. The mining school being conducted by
the Wilkes-Barre branch of the Y. M. C. A. is so
conducted that interest on the part of the pupil
should not wane. He is taught the truth that
the acquisition of a certificate that qualifies him as
an eligible candidate for mine foremanship does

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
not by any means give him the education neces­
sary.
"The subjects taught in this school are so arranged
that the first year's work will prepare men
for the position of fire boss and assistant fore­
man. The instructions that are given during the
second year will prepare the student for the posi­
tion of mine foreman. The third year's course of
study is arranged to meet the needs of mine fore­
men, assistant mine foremen and men who are
well advanced in the study of mining. It is felt
that the young man having ambition sufficient to
graduate from this course will not stop here but
will have become a student and will remain so.
It is a fact that while the young man who has
delved in the breaker and mines from early youth
until he reaches the age of maturity, has un­
consciously acquired an assurance and skill in
the work of the different departments that enables
him to perform his duty with an ease that is
remarkable. It has been the habit of a great
number of these young men to give no thought
to the future. The successful accomplishment of
his daily labor seems to be the whole of his ambition.
"The task of acquiring an education in the past
was so great that it tended to put the young man
in this state of mind. There was nothing to
appeal to his manhood, he thought the sacrifice
too great. The examples of educated mine men
were so few, and the work done by them in
becoming educated was so great that the ambition
of the young man was rather depressed than appealed
to. Of course there were exceptions, some
who looked into the future realized that to reach
a higher plane of usefulness they must turn from
this rut of indifference; that they must apply
themselves to the study of mining. The result of
the work done by these men has been very gratifying.
Today a great many of them are holding
positions requiring good judgment and executive
ability. They are looked upon by our managers
as our ablest foremen. The habit of acquiring
knowledge has become a part of themselves, and
I feel that it is from among these young men
the superintendents of the future will be supplied.
"The showing of the Y. M. C. A. mining school
in Wilkes-Barre last year was very gratifying. We
had a total membership of eighty-six and they
were taught by men well qualified to teach in the
several branches, as they are graduates of some
of our prominent technical colleges and men who
have made the study of mining a specialty. I
will say that my opinion of the teaching and the
interest taken in the young pupil is of the highest
order, and I will be very much surprised indeed
if our membership for this year does not grow
very rapidly.
"Young man, your opportunity is very great,
grasp it! Do not be indifferent, you should con­
template, resolve and determine that you will
hereafter avail yourself of every opportunity to
increase your store of knowledge. Do what you
can to draw the attention of your friends to this
opportunity, cultivate a spirit of loyalty fo your
school, thus will you and your school be benefited,
and upon graduation you will be proud of
your alma mater."
Secretary Charles F. Johnson was introduced
and after calling attention to the day class in min­
ing to be taught by Edward Roberts. Mondays and
Thursdays at 1:30 p. m., said "we have as our
retiring president a man whom we all highly
respect and love to honor. His fidelity and un­
tiring zeal in developing the Institute are worthy
of recognition and at the directors' meeting held
in May a resolution reading as follows was ordered
spread upon our minutes:
" 'In accepting Thomas Thomas' desire to be relieved
from further service as president the board
of directors of the Wilkes-Barre District Mining
Institute deem it proper to place upon their
minutes an expression of appreciation of the loyalty,
fidelity and integrity with which he has dis­
patched the duties entrusted to him during his
three years' faithful service.' "
"In order that Mr. Thomas may be able to read
this even when eyesight may grow dim we have
had the resolution engrossed and framed and it
gives us more than usual pleasure to be the ones
selected to present this to our past president,
Thomas Thomas."
The next meeting of the Institute will occur
Xovember 11 and James B. Davis of Plymouth
will read a paper on flushing silt into the mines.
Music was furnished by the Y. M. C. A. or­
chestra, and the Institute Glee Club. Alfred Kierle
of Edwardsville pleased the audience with a recitation.
The Marmet Coal Co., of Cincinnati, has filed a
mortgage to the Ohio Savings & Trust Co., of
Toledo, to secure an issue not exceeding $1,500,-
000 of first mortgage 6 per cent, sinking fund
gold bonds. The amount to be issued is $650,000.
The Mosgrove mine, Mosgrove, Pa., owned by
the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., bas been closed
and will be dismantled. The coal was used
chiefly at the Ford City plant of the company,
south of Mosgrove, the surplus being marketed.
Tbe Union Trust Co. of Pittsburgh, as trustees
under the mortgage, is asking for tenders of
Pittsburgh Coal Co. first mortgage bonds to the
amount of $8,817,576, to be purchased with the
reinvestment fund in its possession.

SECRETARY OF INTERIOR FISHER DEFENDS
GOVERNMENT IN REGARDS TO FEDERAL
COAL LANDS.
Maintaining that the policy of the United States
government with regard to the valuation of coal
lands is not open to the criticisms against it. and
that it is designated to prevent monopolization
and to encourage development, Walter L. Fisher,
secretary of the interior, recently made public his
reply to protests against that policy submitted to
him last June by Representative Frank Mondell,
of Wyoming.
Representative Mondell charged that prices
fixed by the government were prohibitive, that
they paralyzed the coal industry in the West, re­
sulted in increasing the cost of coal to the con­
sumer from 50 cents to $1 a ton and created a
monopoly.
Mr. Mondell also said that prices for coal lands
in all the working fields run from $150 to $500
an acre; that millions of acres are rated at values
above $180 an acre; that prices in the better fields
are in excess of those charged in commercial prac­
tice in the same fields for better grade coals in
Eastern fields.
All these allegations Secretary Fisher, after
thorough study, submits as "apparently based on
misapprehension as to the basis on which valua­
tion is made as to the prices placed on coal lands
and as to the effect which the classifications have
had on the sale of public lands."
"There are estimated to be west of the 100th
meridian 620,000,000,000 tons of anthracite and
bituminous coal, 650,000,000,000 tons of sub-bitum­
inous and 720,000,000,000 tons of lignite," says Sec­
retary Fisher. "The valuation which the depart­
ment under the present scheme of classification
places on any given tract of coal land is based
primarily upon the tonnage and quality of coal
which underlies that tract so that the purchaser,
instead of paying a flat rate per acre, pays by the
ton for the coal which he buys, at values graded
according to the character of the coal. Thus prices
of lands underlain b.v anthracite and high-grade
bituminous coals are computed at a maximum of
3 cents a ton, whereas, sub-bituminous coals of
only moderate fuel value are rated at one-half a
cent a ton. An exception to the tonnage basis is
made in the case of lignites and the lower grades
of sub-bituminous coals. These are valued at the
prices fixed by law as the minimum prices of coal
land. No lignites are given values of hundreds
of dollars an acre, nor any value greater than the
minimum of $20 if within fifteen miles of a rail­
road, or $10 if at a greater distance.
"The tonnage values placed on coals are con­
sidered by no means unreasonable. The tonnage
value for coal sold in the ground should be in
general from one-fifth to one-half the royalty value
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
of the same coal if paid for as mined, since the
free buyer has large risks and interest charges
which a lessee has not. The price fixed under
present regulations for a single bed of high-grade
bituminous coal represents about one-fifth the
computed royalty value of that bed, while values
of additional beds, if more than one is present,
are computed at much smaller fractions. Fol­
lower grade coals the ratio of the government sale
price to the royalty values charged for the same
coals in the same general region is still lower,
being in some cases only one-fortieth and even
less.
"The government's price is in no case higher
than 3 cents per ton, and the great majority of
the Western fields are being classified at from y2
cent to 2 cents a ton. No land is classified as coal
land which is not underlain by a bed of a thickness
and quality which has been commercially demonstrated
to be workable in the United States.
"This system of valuation results in prices of
which only a comparatively small part are $150 or
niore. Great areas are valued at the minimum and
other great areas at comparatively low figures.
There can not be millions of acres of classified
lands rated above the figure you quote ($1S0) as
'the highest juice paid' by coal purchasers, since
only 16,000,000 acres of coal land have been priced
to date. Values running into hundreds of dollars
will be found only in the anthracite, bituminous
and very high-grade sub-bituminous fields, and
in these only where the tonnage of coal is large.
"In many, if not in most cases, the prices fixed
are less than the actual market price of private
lands of the same character in the same fields.
For example, coal lands in private ownership in
the Rock Springs field, Wyoming, are reported to
have been sold at from $180 to $430 per acre. The
government's prices in this field are from $20
to $465, the $465 being for land with a greater
tonnage than that covered by the land for which
the $430 sale is reported. In the Colorado Springs
district, of Colorado, sales of private land are re­
ported at from $100 to $500. The classified prices
in this district range from $20 to $50.
"It is true that some of the prices fixed by the
government are higher acre for acre than the
prices asked for some of the highest grade coals
of the Eastern fields, but the greater tonnage per
acre in the Western fields makes the value per
ton asked by the government considerably less
than that asked for even the low priced Eastern
lands. It must be remembered, moreover, that
some Eastern fields are more remote from de­
velopment or are subject to greater competition
than many of the Western fields. The prices fixed
in the most accessible and most active Western
fields should not be compared with the lowest
Eastern values, but with Eastern fields of the

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
same accessibility. Lands in certain of the Pennsylvania
fields are selling at $2,000 an acre,
whereas the highest price fixed by the government
on any of its lands is $608 an acre. The
difference in quality between the coking bituminous
coal of Pennsylvania and the non-coking bituminous
coal of Colorado is more than compensated
for by the fact that the Pennsylvania
land in private ownership is sold on the basis of
one bed of coal, and that less than ten feet in
thickness, whereas government prices for Colorado
land refer to tracts underlain by four beds, aggregating
twenty-three feet in thickness. The value
for privately owned lands in the Connellsville,
Pennsylvania, district, run as high as $500 an
acre foot. The highest government price is $30
an acre foot.
"It is plainly impossible that the net result of
the classification policy has been to increase the
cost of coal to the consumer from 50 cents to $1
a ton, since the maximum government price is
only 3 cents a ton.
"The prices now fixed are designed not to
create monopoly in the hands of present owners
of coal land, but to prevent monopoly by making
it unprofitable to purchase large tracts for indefinite
holding without development.
"ln view of all the facts, however, I am convinced
that the prices that are now being placed
on the public coal lands are neither unreasonable
nor exorbitant, and that the increase in the sale
of coal lands for the four-year fiseal period subsequent
to July 1, 1907, in comparison with the preceding
four-year period, together with the present
condition of the Western coal industry, demonstrates
conclusively that the present classification
policy is not open to the criticism you make.
"It may well be that a liberal but wisely protected
leasing law would be found to promote
development more vigorously than any system of
outright purchase. Such has been the case in
Australia and New Zealand; and Canada has
adopted the leasing system in its Yukon territory.
It relieves the coal operator from the large capital
expenditure of which you complain, and absolutely
requires development as a condition of the lease."
It is stated that the British Board of Trade
proposes to establish a board of commissioners
with power to deal with and arbitrate in all labor
disputes. The board will consist of 12 commissioners
representing in equal parts the interests
of employers and employes, with Sir George Askwith
as permanent chairman. There are two
causes which will entitle the board to intervene:
(a) Injury to trade; (b) public inconvenience.
The whole scheme is experimental, and the first
appointments are to be for 12 months only.
The official call for the tri-district convention
of the United Mine Workers of America for three
anthracite districts, Nos. 1, 7 and 9, to be held at
Pottsville, Pa., Oct. 31, was issued Oct. 5. The
call says: "The object of the convention will be
to consider and take action concerning conditions
of employment to become effective after
March 31, 1912, and such other matters as may
properly be brought before the convention. Inasmuch
as this will be a most important convention,
it is to be hoped that local unions will use
great care in selecting as delegates members who
are well known as best fitted to represent the
local union."
Candidates for office in the United Mine Workers
are coming to the front rapidly. Among those
announced are: Michael Comer, Baird, Pa.; Patrick
Callighon, Rossiter, Pa.; Arthur Blakely, Hartford,
Ark., and David Noble of Jackson Center.
Pa., for international auditor; John Zalenka of
Bridgeport, O.. for vice president of the Ohio district;
Alva -May of Cambridge. O., for the same
office; Alex Susnar of Ellsworth, Pa., for international
board member from the Pittsburgh district,
and Charles Prichard of Monongahela City, Pa.,
for vice president of the Pittsburgh district.
Complaints have been received by Labor Commissioner
Edwin Brake of Colorado that the coal
miners in various parts of the state are being
grafted by mine foremen. Two Italians appeared
at the office recently and declared they had
been forced to pay their foreman $10 a month on
the threat that they would lose their work if they
did not. Brake announces he will investigate
this and other cases that have been reported to
him.
Because their union was not recognized by the
P. D. Sherwin interests. 3o0 miners employed at
that company's Enterprise mine at Karns City.
Pa., walked out. The Sherwin mines have for a
number of years been operated on the open-shop
basis, and only recently the union accomplished
an organization against the operator's wishes.
Later the differences were adjusted and the men
returned to work.
For their work during the month of September,
1911, the mine workers in the anthracite re
gion of Pennsylvania receive an increase of 6 per
cent, on the rate of wages fixed by the anthracite
strike commission of 1902. As the average price
of coal at tidewater was $4.84 in September this
entitles the mine workers to 6 per cent, more pay
for the month.
The threatened strike in Iowa coal mines has

een averted. At a meeting held Oct. 6, at Oska-
loosa, it was agreed to submit all the differences
to arbitration. The operators are to select an ar­
bitrator, the miners another and these two a third
man. The mines that were closed down have re­
sumed work.
First aid teams from Colorado, Wyoming, Ari­
zona, Utah and New Mexico were represented in
a first aid contest at Trinidad, Col., recently. It
is reported the winning team will come to Pitts­
burgh this month to compete in the national first
aid meet.
Officials of the United Mine Workers of America
in the anthracite fields have requested permission
to reduce the initiation fee for the purpose of in­
creasing the membership before next spring.
The Fifth sub-district of Ohio, United Mine
Workers of America, will hold a special conven­
tion at Wheeling, W. Va., on Oct. 18.
Mr. Harry E. Zaring, formerly assistant secre­
tary of the Crucible Steel Co. of America, has
been elected secretary of the Crucible Coal Co.,
one of the subsidiaries of the former coinpany.
Mr. P. C. Williams, formerly assistant secretary
of the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, has been
elected assistant secretary of the Crucible Steel
Co. of America, succeeding Mr. Zaring.
Mr. E. D. Davis, foreman of the United States
Rescue Car No. 1, located at Wilkes-Barre. Pa..
has been temporarily transferred to Pittsburgh for
field duty. His place at Wilkes-Barre has been
taken by Walter D. Roberts, of Ashley, who has
been in charge of the instruction department at
Pittsburgh.
Mr. Robert M. Black, formerly mining engineer
with the New River & Pocahontas Consolidated
Coal Co., and other companies in West Virginia.
has been appointed instructor in civil and mining
engineering in the State University of Iowa at
Iowa City.
Mr. August Naderhoff. of Dusseldorf, Germany,
an inspector of mines for the German government,
was a recent visitor at Los Angeles. He has been
visiting the coal fields of Pennsylvania, Virginia,
Michigan and Colorado.
Mr. Fred M. Chase, heretofore assistant gen­
eral manager of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co., has
been appointed general superintendent, with head­
quarters at Wilkes-Barre. Pa., as previously.
Mr. F. S. Landstreet. vice president of the Con­
solidation Coal Co., Baltimore, has been elected a
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
director of the Atlantic Fruit & Steamship Co.,
vice J. S. W. Holton, resigned.
Mr. James D. Barkdull, agent for the Pitts­
burgh Coal Co. at Natchez, Miss., suffered a par­
alytic stroke recently and at latest reports was in
a critical condition.
PRODUCTION OF COAL IN CONNELLSVILLE
REGION FOR NINE MONTHS OF 1911.
The production of coke in tbe Connellsville re­
gion for the nine months ending Sept. 30, accord­
ing to figures gathered by the Connellsville Cou­
rier, was 11,981,499 tons, as compared with 16,-
294,223 tons in 1910. The statistics for the nine
months follow:
Week Ovens in Ovens
Ending. Ovens. Blast. Idle. Tons.
Jan. 7 39,336 22,540 16.796 281.885
Jan. 14 39,474 22,630 16,842 280,320
Jan. 21 39,423 22,633 16,760 287,475
Jan. 28 39,431 23,832 15,509 291.705
Feb. 4 39,605 24,741 14,804 302,275
Feb. 11 39,617 25,873 13.744 323,333
Feb. IS 39,617 26,231 13.3S6 322,756
Feb. 25 39,617 26,160 13,457 339,388
Mar. 4 39,617 26,541 13,076 352,077
Mar. 11 39,617 27.14S 12,469 357,471
Mar. IS 39,617 2S,115 11,502 364,590
Mar. 25 39,617 28,337 1U2S0 371,255
April 1 39,617 28,385 11,232 368,029
April 8 39,399 28.514 10,885 362,769
April 15 39,399 28,427 10,972 349,475
April 22 39,399 26,297 13,102 312,942
April 29 39,399 26,130 13,269 300.540
May 6 39,399 25,180 14,219 280,367
May 13 39,399 24,612 14,787 278,037
May 20 39,399 24.332 15.067 273.10S
May 27 39.399 24,214 15,185 270.749
June 3 39,399 24,080 15,319 269,256
June 10 39,399 23,754 15,645 266,646
June 17 39,399 23,604 15,795 271,088
June 24 39.399 23,616 15.783 273,422
July 1 39,399 23,876 15,523 275,950
July 8 39,399 23,933 15,466 267,122
July 15 39.399 23,714 15.685 270,700
July 22 39,399 23,757 15,642 282,633
July 29 39,399 23.S11 15.58S 2S4.297
Aug. 5 39,165 24,377 14.7SS 290,767
Aug. 12 39,165 25,823 13,342 304,044
Aug. 19 39,165 25,887 13,278 313.722
Aug. 26 39,165 26,143 13,022 322,157
Sept. 2 39,165 25,992 13,172 347,284
Sept. 9 38,872 25.964 12,903 329,759
Sept. 16 3S.872 25,997 12,875 310,743
Sept. 23 3S.872 26,017 12,855 317,035
Sept. 30 3S.902 26,034 12.S60 313,652

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
MINE INSPECTORS OF PENNSYLVANIA.
In compliance with the provisions of the new
mining law. tiie Chiel of the Dapartment of .Mines.
• lames T. Roderick, lias assigned inspectors to
newly defined districts as follows:
The districts, and the name and headquarters
of the inspectors are:
1. Part of Washington and Allegheny counties,
Alexander McCanch, Monongahela.
2. Par! of Westmoreland county; C. B. Ross,
Greensburg.
3. Lawrence and Mercer counties, and parts of
Armstrong. Beaver, butler and Clarion counties;
Thomas A. Adams, inspector, Mercer.
4. Elk. McKean, Cameron counties, and parts
of Clearfield, Clarion, Jefferson, Armstrong and
Clinton counties; Elias Phillips, DuBois.
5. Part of Fayette county; Isaac G. Roby, Uniontown.
6. Pari of Cambria county; Thomas D. Williams.
Johnstown.
7. Part of Washington, Allegheny and Beaver
counties; Charles P. McGregor, Carnegie.
8. Bradford, Lycoming and Tioga counties, and
parts of Clearfield, Center and Clinton counties;
Joseph Knapper, Philipsburg.
9. Part of Fayette county; I>. J. Walsh, Connellsville.
In. Blair county, and parts of Cambria and
Clearfield counties; Joseph Williams, Altoona.
11. Parts of Fayette and Westmoreland counties;
D. R. Blower, Scottdale.
12. Parts of Armstrong, Clearfield, Indiana and
Jefferson counties: Thomas A. Furniss, Punxsutawney.
13. Parts ol Allegheny. Washington and Westmoreland
counties; John F. Bell. Monongahela.
14. Parts of Allegheny, Armstrong. Butler. In­
diana and Westmoreland counties; David Young,
Freeport.
15. Parts of Cambria, Clearfield and Indiana
counties: Alexander Monteitb, Patton.
16. Greene county, and parts of Fayette and
Washington counties; W. H. Howarth, Brownsville.
17. Parts of Allegheny and Washington counties;
John I. Piatt. 7740 Bennett street. Pittsburgh.
18. Bedford and Huntingdon counties and parts
of Clearfield ami Center counties; Thomas A.
Mather, Tyrone.
19. Parts of Allegheny and Westmoreland counties;
Arthur Neale, Irwin.
20. Parts of Somerset county; Richard Maize,
Somerset.
21. Parts of Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland
counties; F. W. Cunningham. Charleroi.
-s-
22. Parts of Allegheny, Fayette and Westmore­
land counties; Charles P. Byrne, 3023 Versailles
avenue, McKeesport.
23. Part of Fayette county; Edward E. Girod,
Masontown.
24. Parts ot Cambria, Indiana, Somerset and
Westmoreland counties; Nicholas Evans, Johnstown.
25. Parts of Armstrong, Clarion, Indiana and
Jefferson counties; Thomas S. Lowther, Punxsutawney.
The anthracite region is divided into twentyone
flistiicls. the boundaries of which, and the
names and addresses of tlie inspectors, are:
1. Part of Lackawanna county; P. J. Moore,
Carbondale.
2. Part of Lackawanna county; L. H. Evans,
Scranton.
3. Part of Lackawanna county; D. T. Williams,
Scranton.
4. Part of Lackawanna county; H. C. Prytherch,
Scranton; S. .1. Phillips, acting inspector.
5. Parts of Lackawanna and Luzerne counties;
Augustus McDabe, Rendhan.
ii. Part of Luzerne county; Hugh McDonald,
Pittston.
7. Part ol' Luzerne county; Thomas H. Price,
Wilkes-Barre.
8. Parts of Lackawanna and Luzerne counties,'
T. .1. Williams, Kingston.
9. Part of Luzerne county; D. T. Davis, Wilkes-
Barre.
10. Part of Luzerne county; Joseph J. Walsh.
Nanticoke.
11. Parts of Carbon and Luzerne counties;
David J. Roderick, Hazleton.
12. Part of Schuylkill county, P. C. Fenton,
Mahanoy City.
13. Part of Schuylkill county; A. B. Lamb,
Shenandoah.
14. Columbia and part of Schuylkill counties;
James A. O'Donnell, Centralia.
15. Part of Northumberland county; Benjamin
I. Evans. Mount Cannel.
16. Part of Northumberland county; Martin
McLaughlin. Shamokin.
17. Parts of Carbon and Schuylkill counties;
Isaac M. Davis, Lansford.
IS. Part of Schuylkill county; John Curran,
Pottsville.
19. Part of Schuylkill county; M. .1. Brennan.
Pottsville.
20. Dauphin county and part of Schuylkill
county; Charles J. Price, Lykens.
21. Sullivan. Susquehanna and Wayne counties;
Benjamin Maxey, Forest City.
David Crawford, president of the David Crawford
Coal Co., with office in the Monadnock block,
Chicago, died in that city recently.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
THE COAL MINES OF DAWSON, NEW MEXICO"
By Jo. E. Sheridan, Silver City. New Mexico. Territorial Mine Inspector.
The Dawson coal mines are owned and operated
by the Stag Canon Fuel Co., of which Dr. James
Douglas is president and E. L. Carpenter general
manager. The mines are in the southern end
of the Raton coal field, which extends north from
Colfax county. N. Mex., into Colorado and embraces
the coal mines of the Trinidad section.
The coal measures, known as the Laramie series
of the Cretaceous system, have a thickness of about
SOO feet in the vicinity of Dawson.
The coal makes an excellent coke. There are
but few dikes in the southern portion of the field
and little or no faulting along the dikes. There
is but little disturbance of the strata throughout
the Raton coal field in as far as it extends into
New Mexico.
There are two workable seams in the coal measures,
and two or three smaller coal seams, ranging
from 1 to 2.5 feet in thickness. The Dawson
mines are located upon the lower of the two workable
seams, which is known as the Raton or Blossburg
seam.
The Stag Canon Fuel Co. owns about 38.300 acres
of land underlain by this great coal seam. In
the Dawson mines the thickness of the developed
seam varies from 6 to 11 feet, with an average of
at least 7 feet. Computing the tonnage which
may be recovered upon the usual basis of 100 tons
per inch of thickness per acre, there are 321.720,-
000 tons of coal in the property, and deducting 20
per cent., or 64,344,000 tons, for eroded gulches
and insurance against unforeseen losses, such as
mine fires, squeezes, and other unfortunate conditions,
there remain 257,376,000 tons to be recovered.
The topography of tbe field favors the economical
and rapid development of the coal. The
eastern projection of the elevated table land has
been eroded, exposing the green shales
BELOW THE COAL MEASURES,
and leaving a bold escarpment along the entire
side, whereon each stratum and coal seam is distinctly
identified. The Vermejo river and a few
small canons or gulches intersect the land in such
manner as to expose a crop line which aggregates
a length of about 40 miles. From these exposures
the coal seam may be developed by as many
openings as are necessary to supply the demand
for the product. At present five openings are in
operation, known as mines Nos. 1, 2. 4, 5 and 6.
Mines Nos. 3 and 5 were connected by entries
more than a mile long, between Rail canon and
the Vermejo river. Mines Nos. 1 and 2, located
•Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
in Rail canon, have entries driven into the coal
for more than a mile; the coal at the faces shows
a thickness of 8 feet 4 inches, and is apparently
cleaner than that near the outcrop. All of the
mines are opened by drifts, which are rendered
practicable owing to the continuous outcrop of
the coal and the easy and constant dip of the
seam, from N 10° W to N 30° W.
The system of mining is by triple main entries,
double cross-entries, room and pillar, and robbing
on retreat, when the district becomes exhausted.
The width of main entries and cross-entries and
air-courses is 9 feet; the height of air-courses, 6
feet 6 inches; the height of roads, 6 feet; room
necks are 20 feet long; average width of rooms,
24 feet; average length of rooms, 350 feet; distance
between room centers, 50 feet. The coal
is hauled by mules from the rooms to the partings
within the mine, whence it is brought to the outside
yards by electric locomotives, of which there
are 10, of the Jeffrey. Westinghouse and Goodman
types. A system of electric signal lights is used,
a red light hanging beside the regular mine light.
As the motor enters each block a red light is
turned on automatically to give warning that a
car is coming on that block. Mines Nos. 1 and 2
are ventilated by two Vulcan fans, 24 feet by S
feet, exhausting, but reversible. These fans are
driven by two 50-horsepower alternating current
induction motors of slip ring, variable speed type.
There are also auxiliary, direct current 50-horsepower
motors, which
CAN' HE RUN INDEPENDENTLY
in case of emergency. Each fan, operating at 60
revolutions per minute, and a pressure of 1.2
inches water gauge, produces an intake ventilating
current of about 80.000 cubic feet per minute.
Mines Nos. 4 and 5 are ventilated by two Cole
15-foot diameter straight-vane fans.
The following data, pertaining to the operation
of mines Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5, are of interest:
Average number of miners on the pay roll, 70O;
average number in the mines each day, 620; number
of company men constantly employed underground,
including drivers, trappers, timber men,
fire bosses, motor men, and pit bosses, 115; the
total air-intake averages 260,558 cubic feet per
minute; 59 mules are used for gathering the coal
from rooms to the partings; and allowing 600
cubic feet of air per minute for each mule, or
35,400 cubic feet for 59 mules, there remains for
the use of the 735 men underground 225,158 cubic
feet of air per minute or 306 cubic feet
per minute for each man employed. The

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
water gauge varies from .8 inch in No. 4
mine, with the shortest pull, to 1.2 inches at No.
2 mine, the longest pull. The air measurement
is given in the aggregate, for brevity, but each
mine has its proportionate share for persons underground,
which amounts to three times the
quantity required under the United States law
governing the operation of mines in the territory.
From mines Nos. 1 and 2 the coal is conveyed
to the tipple in mine cars over a tramway 6.60o
feet long, which has a rise of 112 feet from the
tipple to the mines. Six locomotives haul these
cars, as follows: Two 28-ton Porters, one 20-ton
Vulcan, one 18-ton Lima, and two 6-ton Porters.
The tipple contains a double Phillips dumper, with
two chutes for loading railroad cars; the tipple
equipment also includes stationary and shaking
screens, for sizing coal for various purposes, also
a moving slate-picking table.
The coal from mine No. 4, which is located immediately
opposite the tipple of mines Nos. 1 and
2, is delivered over a steel Phillips tipple abutting
the tipple of mines Nos. 1 and 2. At mines Nos.
5 and 6, the
COAL IS SCREENED
as it is dumped on to railroad cars, the slack being
hauled to the slack bin, whence it is elevated to a
belt traveling to the washery storage bins.
A complete telephone system, having stations at
the most convenient points within the mine, affords
communication with every important place
in the camp, and through the central station with
Santa Fe, Albuquerque. Denver, and other cities.
The mines are sprinkled by water cars to lay
the coal dust, which is removed from the roadways,
as far as practicable, and taken out of the
mine. Extra fire bosses have recently been employed
at each of the mines to instruct the men
in regard to timbering and to see that every precaution
is taken to guard against accident from careless
work by the miners.
The following rules and regulations have been
adopted by the Stag Canon Fuel Co. for the government
and operation of its mines, and distributed
to the employes in convenient pamphlet form.
1. It shall be the duty of each and every employe
of this company to injorm himself in reference
to his duties under the mining laws of this
territory and to comply strictly therewith.
2. No person in a state of intoxication shall
be allowed on any of the works, or allowed to enter
any of the mines, under penalty of prosecution
for trespass under the law.
3. No person or persons shall be allowed to
enter any mine except he be a regular employe of
that mine, or unless he has a permit from the
mine foreman or superintendent.
4. Persons seeking employment shall procure
it outside of mine. No boy under 12 years of
age shall be permitted to work in any mine.
5. If any person rides upon or in the mine
cars going in or out of the mine or on the tram
road, he does so at his own risk.
6. All persons, except those duly authorized,
are forbidden to meddle or tamper in any way
with any electric lights, switches, signal wires,
or shooting wires in or about the mines.
7. No person or persons shall go into abandoned
parts of any mine unless permission be
granted by the mine foreman.
8. All persons before entering the mine must
deposit a check at check house, and get the same
when they come out of the mine.
9. The fire boss shall make, before any person
is allowed to enter the mine,
A CAREFUL INSPECTION,
with a safety lamp, of every working place in the
mine, marking the day of the month on the face
of the coal in each working place where it can be
readily seen. If dangerous gases are found in
any working place be will mark on a cap piece
or shovel two large crosses with the day of the
month between them, thus: X27X, and will place
these marks so that it will be impossible for any
one to pass them without seeing them.
If a quantity of gas is found, which, in the
opinion of the fire boss, would endanger the operation
of the mine, he is authorized to close the
mine or any part of it he thinks endangered. The
fire boss must always be on the safe side. The
fire boss must not allow gas to be moved where
men are working in the return air from it.
After complete examination of the mine has
been made the fire boss shall come out of the mine
and make a report in Report Book of all dangerous
conditions found, which report must be read
b.v the mine foreman before any men are allowed
fo enter the mine. The fire boss shall remain at
mouth of mine, or some convenient place, until
all the men have entered the mine, instructing
each man as to the condition of his working place.
The fire boss must make an inspection at least
once a week of all old or abandoned parts of the
mine and report conditions of same in Report
Book.
10. The mine foremen shall familiarize themselves
with the mining laws of the territory, and
shall comply with the requirements thereof by
discharging every duty imposed upon them by
law and by the rules of the corporation.
11. They shall visit each working place at
least once every week and direct the miners and
all other employes in their work, and see that
their instructions are complied with. They shall
direct the miners to securely prop their working
places and see that break-throughs are driven at
proper distances. They shall see that the ven-

tilation of the mine is kept in good condition and
that all dangerous conditions are removed as soon
as possible. They shall
HAVE ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY
over all underground employes, and shall see that
all the rules and regulations are carefully carried
out.
12. All employes shall use every precaution to
prevent accidents in or about the mine; they shall
not work in an unsafe place when timber would
remedy the danger. If timber is not at hand they
must stop work and report the fact to the mine
foreman. The miner shall each day. before beginning
work, examine his working place and
take down all dangerous rock, or otherwise make
it safe by properly timbering, and shall carefully
sprag the coal when undermining.
13. No miner or other employe shall be permitted
to burn kerosene, black strap, or machine
oil in his lamp.
14. It shall be the duty of every miner to ascertain
from the fire boss the condition of his working
place before entering the mine.
15. It shall be the duty of the wireman to see
that all the employes are out of the mine and the
power cut off the mine before he enters the mine
to connect up shooting circuits, and to see that all
shooting circuits are disconnected from power
lines after shots have been fired; also to see that
shooting lines are kept up in good shape and that
miners are furnished wire for extensions, and to
see that all wire is removed from pillars and
abandoned places.
He shall make daily report in Record Book of
the cutting out and cutting in of shooting circuits.
SHOOTING REGULATIONS.
The following regulations for drilling and charging
shot holes, mining and cutting the coal, will
hereafter be in effect at Dawson mines, and must
be strictly carried out by all parties:
1. The mining or cutting must extend at least
6 inches beyond back of holes in all cases.
2. All holes must be at least 2% feet in length;
no shorter holes will be fired.
3. All coal dust must be extracted from holes
before they are charged.
4. No holes must be charged with more than
five (5) sticks of powder.
5. Standing holes, or parts of standing holes.
must not be recharged.
6. The hole in a tight corner must be at least
1 foot from rib at back end of hole.
7. In solid faces, holes must not be more than
six (6) feet apart horizontally, and not less than
two such holes shall be fired.
8. The object of these rules is to prevent and
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
REMOVE THE DANGER
from blown-out or windy shots, and it shall be
the duty of the shot inspectors, in addition to the
above rules, to refuse to shoot any holes which,
in their judgment, may be dangerous, whether
the circumstances are fully covered by the rules
or not.
9. When giant powder is used in mines not
more than fifteen (15) sticks must be taken in
the mine for any one working place for any one
shift, and in no place must there be more than
twenty (20) sticks at any one time.
10. No giant powder must be taken in the mine
in a frozen condition, and any attempt to thaw
it out in the mine is strictly prohibited. Miners
must have their powder supplied to them at the
proper temperature to be exploded. Miners are
prohibited from accepting, and powder men forbidden
from giving out, powder in a frozen condition,
and shot inspectors are hereby made responsible
for the strict carrying out of this rule.
11. Giant caps must not be kept in the mine;
the shot inspectors will give them out to the men
one for each shot, as they are needed, and personally
supervise the placing of them in the hole
with the powder. Under no condition must they
be kept with the giant powder.
12. The powder man will not give giant powder
to any person not supplied with a canvas bag
in which to carry it.
13. Mine foremen, shot inspectors, powder men,
and all others connected with the handling of
giant powder going into the mine, must personally
see that the above rules are carried out, as
far as their supervision in the matter extends.
14. No intemperate man or habitual smoker
must be employed as powder man, and when on
duty at the powder magazine, the powder man
must not have on or about his person, in the
magazine, any pipe, tobacco in any form, or
matches, nor any tools or materials from which
a spark might be emitted or a light created.
15. When powder is being given out to the
miners no one but the powder man must be inside
the magazine, and no person must be allowed
around the door of the magazine with a light or
while smoking.
16. The presence of women, children, or any
person under 18 years of age
IX OR AROUND THE MAGAZINE
is prohibited at all times; also their employment
in handling powder, and no powder shall be given
out to them.
The shooting is done by electricity after all the
men are checked out of the mine. As the men
enter the mine they are required to deposit a
metal check at the shot firing house outside, near
the entrance to the mine. These checks are

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
placed on a check board and returned to the men
as they come from the mine. A record of the
working place of each check number is kept in
the shot firing house, and in case any check is
uncalled for, the shot firer makes a search for the
man until he is found. No shots are fired until
it is known positively that no one is in the mine.
To insure safety against accidental discharge
of the shots by electricity, there are two or more
locked switch boxes in each mine, with throw-off
switches, one at the mouth of the mine and at
one or more stations inside the mine. After inspecting
the inside connections with the shots to
be fired, the shot firer en route from the mine
makes connection at each of the switches mentioned.
He then goes to the shot firing cabin
to turn on the electric current, but before doing
so he turns on an electric signal light in a red
globe, to warn all persons to remain away from
the vicinity of the mouth of the mine; so that
should an explosion occur within the mine, no
one outside could be injured by flying debris. Tbe
shot firing system has proved a success; the safety
of the men from disastrous dust explosions due
to blown-out shots is assured: miners make better
wages, and the production of coal is proportionately
greater per man employed. A record is
kept of the number of shots fired, showing less
than 2 per cent, of missed shots. The missed
shots are left for the next day's shooting, and
are either reprimed or a new hole drilled to perform
the work intended for the original shot.
Very little firedamp has been encountered thus
far in the mines; but a supply of safety lamps is
kept ready for use.
A Babcock two-cylinder chemical fire engine is
kept on a side track, under cover, ready for instant
use; also portable chemical fire extinguishers,
and helmets of various types to supply means
of respiration in any vitiated atmosphere. Hose
reels, each carrying 500 feet of
REST GRADE OF FIRE HOSE.
are kept at stations throughout the camp, and a
man is employed to inspect daily the hose and
fire fighting appliances.
An organized first aid corps has had regular
practice and competitive drills during the past
year, for which the company contributed appropriate
prizes and medals for the most efficient
team work.
A large building is being erected for a rescue station
in which the first aid corps and others may
practice and exercise while wearing the helmets
in a chamber filled with vitiated gases. An instructor
watches the men, and on showing any
signs of exhaustion they will be quickly removed
and the gases dispelled from the chamber by
suitable outlets. After sufficient experimental
work to demonstrate which type of helmet is best
adapted to the needs of the mines, a supply will
be purchased for use in cases of emergency.
The rescue station is designed after plans of the
one in use at the mine of the Dominion Coal Co.,
MOVEMENT OF COAL AND COKE OVER VARIOUS RAILROADS, RIVERS, AND CANALS
FOR SEVEN MONTHS AND JULY, 1910 AND 1911.
RAILROADS.
Baltimore and Ohio*
Buffalo. Rochester and Pittsburgh
Buffalo and Susquehanna
Chesapeake and Ohiot
Huntingdon and Broadtop Mountain* ...
New York Central and Hudson River • • •
Norfolk and Western*
Pennsylvania (east of Pittsburg and Erie)* •
Pittsburg and Lake Erie • •
Pittsburg, Shawmut and Northern
Southern Railwayt
Virginian Railway
Western Maryland Railway
RIVERS AND CANALS.
Barren River. Lock No. 1
Black Warrior River. Lock No. 12 • ...
Canal and Falls at Louisville
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Davis Island Dam
Green River. Lock No. 1
Great Kanawha River
Kentucky River. Lock No. 1
Monongahela River
MONTH OF JULY-
Tons
2.855.774
618.142
164.549
1.250.406
80.791
548.815
1.692.031
4.771.937
428.209
103.662
363.670
123,644
232,587
168
1.225
35.285
10.711
20.648
80.520
1.960
114,720
9.075
866.504
Tons.
2.836,929
672,786
144.706
1.312.697
72.345
609.744
1.776.383
5.011,599
1.530,094
99.006
287.913
220.900
184.743
232
158
6.484
5.759
13.687
27.865
384
36.880
10.900
485.792
SEVEN MONTHS—
1910
Tons.
20.781.773
4.482.346
941.182
7.916.074
732.391
3.602.843
11.537,764
38.028.476
3.880.078
658.117
2.120.934
687.610
1.946.419
1.538
3.880
863.926
58.581
88.134
1.458.205
19.634
850,520
43.675
5.802.968
"Includes coal received from connecting lines. tjune and six months figures-
1911
Tons
18,977.604
4,537.567
1,122.144
7.411.090
629.433
4,638,927
11.146.791
36.044.761
8.650.403
814.731
1.850.329
1.436,582
1,534,533
1.230
2.281
974.746
59.781
82.181
1,908.855
16.186
763.800
58.600
5.593.754

in Nova Scotia, modified to some extent. In the
upper story of this building there will be a technical
library on coal mining, and a "School of
Mines" will be conducted by a competent instructor.
The superintendents, pit bosses, fire bosses.
and others occupying responsible positions in the
mines will be required to pass an examination, and
if not proficient in tbe technical and theoretical
studies pertaining to their respective positions, as
well as in the practical application of these studies,
they will be given G months in which to perfect
themselves. If after this time, they are still deficient,
they will be reduced in rank or discharged.
It is the aim of the company to introduce and
maintain such an excellent standard that a certificate
to a graduate of the Dawson School of Mines
will be recognized as a guarantee of competency.
The powder magazines at the mines, built of
stone, iron and cement, are absolutely fiieproof.
The heat is supplied by electric radiators, which
maintain a constant temperature within the magazine;
the electric stove or radiator and all wires
are at a considerable distance from the stored powder,
and out of reach of anything combustible or
explosive.
The main building of the coal washing plant is
112 feet long, 70 feet wide, and 70 feet high, and
the
LABORATORY AMI CRUSHER BUILDING,
are absolutely fireproof, being built throughout of
reinforced concrete and structural steel.
Starting at the tipple, the undersize coal from
the Nos. 1 and 2 tipple screens is delivered on a
28-inch cross-belt conveyor, running at right
angles to the main belt, and carried to a 36-inch
belt conveyor. Another 2S-inch belt conveyor
delivers the slack from the screens of No. 4 tipple
to the same 36-inch belt conveyor, and an elevator
carries the slack from mine No. 5 slack bin to
join the undersize from the other mines on the
36-inch belt conveyor, which conveys tlie whole
to the two 1,000-ton storage tanks, each 40 feet in
diameter and 40 feet high. These storage tanks
guarantee a constant supply to the crusher house
and washery. so that they are not dependent upon
the work of the tipples.
Under the storage tanks are two 28-inch parallel
belts, upon which the slack coal is delivered from
the storage atnks, through eight rocker-gate, adjustable
automatic feeders, and conveyed by these
belts to the crusher house, where it drops from
the belts upon two 6'X12' shaking screens, about
1.5 inches slope to the foot, .5-inch plate, with 1.5inch
round perforations. The oversize is delivered
to two 32-inch toothed rolls, making 125 revolutions
per minute and having 100 tons per hour
capacity, which reduce the material to 1.25-inch
size to correspond to the sizing of the shaking
screen above. The two 28-inch belts and the
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
screens and rolls are driven by an 85-horsepower
General Electric motor. The product from the
screens and rolls is deposited upon a 30-inch belt
conveyor, which carries it to the dust-proof room
on the third floor of the washery. As this belt
with its load of slack leaves the crusher house en
route to dust-proof room, each 25-foot section is
automatically weighed and recorded by a Blake-
Dennison automatic and continuous weighing machine.
Thus the data of results are based upon
accurate figures. This belt is 278 feet long, center
to center, 76 feet 8 inches rise, has a capacity
of 250 tons per hour, and is driven by a 5o-horse
power Western Electric motor.
In the dust-proof room water is added by two
5-inch centrifugal pumps to the crushed coal, and
the whole is carried in launders to eight jigs of
the Stewart type, two double jigs on each side of
jig floor. The jig and water-supply tanks are of
steel plate, concrete lined. Tbe pumps which
supply water to these jigs are driven by two 50horsepower
Western Electric motors.
From the dust-proof room onward the washery
plant is built in two units on the east and west
sections of the building, and
OPERATED INDEPENDENTLY
or together, so that an accident on one side offers
no hindrance to the continued operation of the
other half of the plant.
The hutches of the jigs taper downward, and
are connected with two Luhrig elevators by 8-inch
pipes. These elevators discharge the refuse into
launders, which deliver it to two refuse trommels
4 feet by 8 feet. All trommels have iVinch perforations,
[Vinch plate, 1.5-inch slope to tbe foot,
and are operated at a speed of 17 revolutions per
minute.
The oversize from the refuse trommels passes to
rewash jigs of the Stewart type; the undersize is
rewashed in four Luhrig jigs, two on each side;
the recovery from these jigs joins the washed
coal from the primary Stewart jigs, and is conveyed
by launders under the jig floor to four
dewatering trommels, two on each side, the oversize
from which is spouted into two 60-inch Steadman
disintegrators, operated at 325 revolutions
per minute, where it is crushed to desired size
for coke ovens. The east and west side sections
of tbe jigs are each driven by an 85-horsepower
General Electric motor.
The undersize from the trommels is recovered
from settling tanks beneath by perforated-bucket
elevators running 15 feet per minute; and, together
with the washed coal from the Stewart and
Luhrig jigs, is delivered to a conveyor belt traveling
287 feet 3 inches, to seven 300-ton cylindrical
storage tanks, each 20 feet in diameter, 40 feet
high, and distributed by two drag conveyors operating
above the bins, whence it is taken by elec-

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
trie larries to the coke ovens. The rejected
material from the various washings and rewashings
is picked up by elevators and discharged into
the waste tank at the south end of the washery
building", whence it is taken by electric trolley
cars to tbe waste dump.
The recovery from the oversize from the refuse
trommels carried to Stewart rewash jigs, is a product
equal in fuel value to the unwashed mine
product, and is
USED AS NUT COAL
for domestic or steam purposes. This material is
carried by belt conveyor to a circular steel storage
bin.
Twenty-seven electric motors, having an aggregate
capacity of 1,159 horsepower, are operated in
conveying the coal from the tipple and through
the crusher house and washery until delivered in
the washed coal storage bins. All motors on the
alternation current are three-phase, 25-cycle, 220volts.
An adjunct common to the mine tipple of mines
Nos. f and 2 and to the washery is the "run-ofmine"
crusher situated at the tipple. The crusher
is a McCully gyratory, with a capacity of 200 tons
per hour. Should there be any temporary cessation
of orders for screened coal for commercial
purposes, the whole product of these mines could
be crushed and conveyed to the storage bins to be
washed and made into coke.
The washery has proved an eminent success.
Even in the experimental stage the fuel value of
the waste was as low as 8 per cent., and the average
loss of fuel values in the waste from the washery
now and hereafter will probably be below 5
per cent. The capacity of the plant is 2.500 tons
per day of 10 hours, but as there are not a sufficient
number of coke ovens erected to utilize this
tonnage, the plant has never exceeded 8 hours in
constant operation. The washery is located in
Rail canon, at a common center to the greatest
area of the coal lands of the company.
A complete laboratory is in a two-story concrete
and iron fireproof building, 38 feet by 26 feet 6
inches, opening into the main washery building.
The lower story is used for grinding and preparing
for analysis samples of coal, coke, bone and
waste; the upper story contains the laboratory
proper, which is fully equipped with every modern
appliance necessary for the work at hand.
All of the machinery for handling the unwashed
coal, jigs, and other appliances used in the washing,
as well as machinery for handling the washed
coal, was manufactured by the Jeffrey Manufacturing
Co.
The membership of the Retail Coal Dealers' Association
of the New England States has been increased
by 65 since the first of the present year.
Tbe association was formerly composed mainly
of dealers receiving coal all-rail, but those receiving
supplied by water are now enrolling, a considerable
number of the new members handling
only water-borne coal.
The East Boston breaker of the Payne Coal Co.
at Luzerne. Pa., was destroyed by fire Oct. 3. The
loss is placed at $100,000. The smoke fielled the
passageway of the mine and at first it was thought
four pumpmen had been suffocated. The men,
however, made their way out of the underground
workings by a second opening. Twelve hundred
men and boys are thrown out of work.
Announcement is made that the Pennsylvania
Railroad Co. has taken over the transfer chutes
of the Susquehanna Coal Co. at Lewistown Junction.
Pa., with J. M. Webb, scale agent at that
point, as general foreman. Notice to this effect
has been posted by L. W. Allibone. superintendent
of the Sunbury and Susquehanna division.
STATEMENT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINED IN OHIO AND SHIPPED OVER RAILROADS
SPECIFIED, DURING JULY AND SEVEN MONTHS, 1910-1911.
RAILROADS
Hocking Valley
Toledo and Ohio Central
Baltimore and Ohio
Wheeling and Lake Erie
Cleveland. Lorain and Wheeling
Zanesville and Western . .
Toledo Division Pennsylvania Company •
Lake Erie. Alliance and Wheeling
Marietta. Columbus and Cleveland Railway
Wabash Pittsburg Terminal Railway . . . .
Kanawha & Michigan Ry
Total
1910
Net tons
357.576
205.960
178 903
304.026
228.306
97.953
149.143
102.913
6 600
6.324
1,637.704
JULY- SEVEN MONTHS—
1911
Net tons
296.659
168.496
118.861
284.883
295,411
85 431
142.010
86.708
1,343
2.964
13.621
1.496.387
1910
Net tons
2.416,367
1.126.609
1.332.413
2.117.183
1.843.063
697.264
1.259.261
648.384
57.417
33,397
11,531.358
1911
Net tons
1.754.999
957.007
935,241
1.787.606
1.542.899
572.648
1,074.433
650.872
15,455
39,748
46.287
9.377.265

STATISTICS OF ILLINOIS COAL PRODUCTION.
Herewith is presented the summary of the Illi­
nois coal statistics, for the year ended June 30,
1911, as compiled by Martin Bolt, chief clerk,
State Mining Board, under the direction of that
board;
Number of counties produc­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
1911. 1910.
ing coal 53 55
Number of mines and open­
ings of all kinds 845 881
New mines or old mines re­
opened during the year... 184 86
Mines closed or abandoned
since last report 217 91
Total output of all mines, in
tons of 2000 pounds 50,165,099 48,717,853
Number of shipping or com­
mercial mines 3S7 390
Total output of shipping
mines, tons 48,758,657 47,225,201
Number of mines in local
trade only 458 491
Output of local mines, tons. 1,406,442 1,492,652
Total tons of mine-run coal. 13,025,663 10,220,456
Total tons of lump coal.... 19,558,409 20,769,930
Total tons of egg coal 3,725,073 3,334,059
Total tons of nut coal 2,425,712 2,S46,693
Total tons of pea coal 10,268,458 10,174,677
Total tons of slack coal 1,131,784 1,372,038
Total tons shipped 44,578,400 43,007,015
Tons supplied to locomotives
at the mines 877.793 886,217
Tons sold to local trade 2.617,977 2,867,871
Tons consumed ( or wasted)
at the plant 2,090,929 1,956,750
Average days of active operation
for shipping mines. . 169 179
Average days of active opera­
tion for all mines 165 171
Average value per ton all
grades at shipping mines. $1,101 $1,016
Total aggregate home value
of product $56,064,494 $50,204,207
Average value per ton, all
grades at all mines $1,118 $1,031
Number of motors in use
underground 316 229
Number of mines in which
mining machines are used 126 114
Number of mining machines
in use 1.430 1.2S9
Number of tons undercut by-
machines 20,191,865 18.176,254
Number of tons mined by
hand 29,973,234 30,541,599
Average number of miners
employed during the year. 39,912 39,069
Average number of other em­
ployes underground 30,052
Average number of boys em­
ployed underground 1,009
Average number of boys em­
ployed above ground 71
Average number of other em­
ployes above ground 6,366
Total number of employes.. 77.410
Number of persons employed
at shipping mines 74,508
Number employed at local
mines 2,902
Number of persons at work
underground 70,973
Number at work on surface. 6,437
Average price paid per gross
ton for hand mining, ship­
ping mines $.027
Average price paid per gross
ton for machine mining. . $.494
Number of kegs of powder
used for blasting coal.... 1,240,191
Number of kegs of powder
used for other purposes. . . 3,568
Number of men accidentally
killed 157
Number killed inside of the
mines 149
Number killed outside of the
mines S
Number of wives made widows
87
Number of children left fath­
erless 245
Number of men injured so as
to lose a month or more of
time 709
Number of gross tons mined
to each life lost 319,523
Number of employes to
each life lost 493
Number of death per 1,000
employed 2.03
Number of gross tons mined
to man injured 70,754
Number of employes to each
man injured 109
Number killed to each mil­
lion tons produced 3.1
Number injured to 1.000 em­
ployed 9.2
*Not including Cherry mine disaster.
2S.137
1,154
47
0,227
74,634
72.520
3,114
68,360
6,274
$.597
$.462
1,254.095
3,128
*150
*139
*11
*88
*236
742
*324,7S6
*498
*2.01
65,657
101
*3.1
9.9
The Warner-Youghiogheny Coal Co., of Cleve­
land, O., will open a new mine in Fayette county,
Pa., and will develop 200 acres of coal. A spur
from the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie railroad will
reach the new mine.

64 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE UNDEVELOPED COAL RESOURCES OF CANADA''
In the present paper a review of the area and
probable coal content of the various coal fields
of Canada is attempted. Such a survey, however,
must be regarded as tentative, exhibiting
merely the information available at the present
time. The terms "areas" and "coal content"
where employed have reference to the mineable
quantitly of coal available under ordinary min­
ing conditions now obtaining.
The age of the coal beds may be briefly sum­
marized as follows:
Lower Carboniferous.—Cannel coals of the Arc­
tic Islands. Anthracite at Lepreau, N. B.
Carboniferous.—Bituminous coals of Nova Sco­
tia and New Brunswick.
Lower Cretaceous.—Bituminous and anthracite
coals of Rocky Mountains; Queen Charlotte Islands;
small areas on Upper Skeena river, B. C,
and areas in Lewes river district, Yukon.
.Middle Cretaceous.—The bituminous coals of
various horizons in the cretaceous are here in­
cluded. On the prairies of Alberta and Saskatchewan,
where a minimum alteration has taken place,
lignites are found. The areas included here are
the Vancouver coal fields; certain exposures in
the foothills of the Rockies, the Lethbridge-Medicine
Hat area, and exposures on Peace river.
Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary.—Lignite beds
of Turtle Mountain, Man.
Lignite beds of Wood Mt. and Souris, Sask.
Lignite beds of Cypress hills, Saskatchewan
and Alberta.
Lignite beds of Edmonton formation, Alberta.
Coal bearing rocks of Edmonton formation in
the foothills.
In the central part of British Columbia a num­
ber of small areas contain seams of lignite and
coal. The larger basins near the coast, such as
the delta of the Fraser river and the north end
of Graham Island, have not been thoroughly prospected.
In the Mackenzie basin lignite-bearing
beds are found at Fort Norman and at the mouth
of the Mackenzie. On Peel river an important
lignite bed has been located.
Interglacial.—The lignites found in northern
Ontario are covered by boulder clay and are reported
to be of glacial age.
DETAILS APPEOXIMATE AREA AND AMOUNT OF COAL
SUPPLIES.
Arctic Islands.—Exposures of cannel coal or oi!
shale are noted by many Arctic explorers. Al­
though these deposits are not at present available
By D. B. Dowling.
they should be included in the coal assets. The
beds are dipping at low angles, hence when mine­
able seams are exposed it may be assumed that
the field is wide. The exposures extend across
the following islands:
Banks Land 150 miles.
Melville Island 150 miles.
Bathurst Island 50 miles.
North Devon 50 miles=400 miles.
Since the exposures are found over a width of
3o miles, the possible area (mined with difficulty
for the most part) may approximate 6,000 square-
miles. With each foot of coal this area would
furnish 3,840 million tons.
YUKON. Million
Sq. Miles. Tons.
Northeast of Dawson 300, Av. 4 ft. coal, Lignite 750
Tantalus area 10. Av. 5 ft. coal, Bitum. 32
Whitehorse & vicinity 3, Av Anth.. 9
Pelly River, possibly 50, Unexplored, Lignite 50
Liard River 50, Unexplored, Bitum. 50
413, Lignite 800
Anth. . 9
Bitum. 82
MACKENZIE DISTRICT.
Lignite-bearing rocks are reported near the
mouth of Mackenzie river.
Square Million
Miles. Tons.
Fort Norman area 200, 4 ft. coal Lignite 500
Peele River area 200, 30 ft. seam known, Lignite 500
too
L ignite 1,000
BRITISH COI tWIBIA.
Square Anth ra- Bitu- Lig
Miles. cite. minous. nite
Koskeemo
5 at 3 ft. . . 9
Suquash ... 10 at 3 ft. . . 19 ...
Comox
.. . 300 at 6 ft. . . 1,152 ...
Nanaimo . . . 350 at 6 ft. . . 1,344 ...
Cowichin 9 at 4 ft. ...
Graham Island... 60 at 8ft. ...
Graham Island... 100 at 4ft. ...
Elk- River 230 at WO ft. ...
Elk River n 140 at 100 ft. ...
Nicola 12 at 4 ft. ...
Princeton 52 at 5 ft. ...
Tulameem 5 at 20 ft. ...
Telkwa 10 at 5 ft. ...
Hat Creek 2 at 50 ft. ...
Skeena River .... 16 at 6ft. 61
Peace and Pine R. 50 at 3 ft. ...
307
22,600
14,000
30
•Abstract from a paper read before the Canadian Mining
Institute 1,351 sq. m. 61 39,674 490
64
30
96
256
166

ALBERTA.
The coal areas of this province occur in three
divisions of the cretaceous. The lowest is exposed
in long narrow belts in the outer ranges
of the Rocky Mountains and the foothills. These
areas, besides providing the best coal, are also
important in that they contain many thick seams,
thus ensuring a large supply of valuable coal.
The middle division found occasionally in tlie
foothills is better known as the Lethbridge coal
bearing rocks which are exposed over a large
area in eastern Alberta, and furnishes a coal
which grades from bituminous to sub-bituminous
and lignite. The higher coal bearing beds are
well exposed in Central Alberta and from the well
known coal seams on tbe North Saskatchewan
have received tbe name "Emonton beds." These,
in the western edge of the area, contain seams
approaching bituminous, but in the eastern part
the coal is sub-bituminous.
Kootanie Measures, Rocky Million Tons.
Mountains. -,
Square Anthra- Bitu-
Miles. cite, minous.
Coleman 45 at 50 ft. . . . 2,000
Blairmore, Frank.... 50 at 30ft. ... 1,500
Livingstone 60 at 25 ft. ... 1,500
Moose Mt 15 at 15 ft. ... 250
Cascade 40 at 25 ft. 400 1,200
Palliser 6 at 6 ft. ... 20
Costigan 12 al S ft. ... 60
Bighorn 100 at 90 ft. ... 6,600
Nikanassin 60 at 20ft. ... 770
Jasper Park 20 at 10 ft. ... 250
Smoky River, not explored ... ....
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
40S ... 400 14,150
Million Tons.
Belly River Coal. , ,
Square Bitu- Sub-
Miles, minous. Bit.
Foothills 200 at 6 ft.
Lethbridge-Medicine
Hat 4,000 at 4 ft.
Battle River 3,000 at 2 ft.
800
In Southern Manitoba the occurrence of lignite
seams in the beds forming Turtle Mountain is
500 10,000
known. The coal, however, has never been thor­
. . . 4.000
oughly prospected. An available area of 48
7,200 ... 1,300 14.000
square miles is conjectured to contain 160 million
tons of lignite.
Edmonton Bitu- Sub-
Measures, minous. Bit.
Foothills, Red Deer-Athabasca, 300
square miles at 10 ft 2,000
Rocky Mt. House to Athabasca,
2.000 sq. m. at 10 It 12.SOO
Pembina River area, 5.000 sq. m. at
10 ft 30,000
Edmonton area. 5,000 sq. m. at 6 ft 20,000
Bow and Red Deer, 10.000 sq. m. at
4 ft 15,000
Total, 22,300 sq.m. 14,800 65,000
Alberta total—Area, 29.908 square miles:
Anthracite 400
Bituminous 30,250
Sub-bituminous 79,000
Coal is mined on the How River at Bow Centre
and Crowfoot. These seams may be reached by
deep mining as far west as near Calgary. The
principal mining centre on the Red Deer River
is near the mouth of Rosebud River. While mineable
seams are not discoverable over the whole of
this area of about 10,000 square miles, an available
4 feet of coal may be expected over about
6,000 square miles, representing approximately
15,000 million tons.
SASKATCHEWAN.
The western edge of the province has a large
area of the same rocks as are exposed in the
Lethbridge-Medicine Hat area of Alberta. Coal
may be found in the south and western part of
this area which is roughly estimated at 4.200
square miles; 2,000 square miles may prove to be
productive, which, on the basis of 4 feet of coal,
would yield a total of 5,400 million tons.
Although the term "Laramie" is not at present
in favor as a formational name, the horizon indicated
is probably the same as the Edmonton formation
of Alberta. The exposures are confined to
the southern part of the province and include the
Cypress Hills, Wood Mountain and the Souris
coal field. Four thousand square miles are believed
to be productive and contain 13,000 million
tons of coal in grade near the lignite.
Sub. Lig-
Bituminous. nite.
Western Saskatchewan, 2.000 sq. m. 5.000 400
Southern Saskatchewan, 4,000 sq. m. 3,000 10,000
MANITOBA.
ONTAEIO.
8.000 10,400
The glacial deposits overlying beds of peat and
the remains of forests have formed these into lignite
beds. In places the deposits may be mined
or stripped. The known localities are those on
the slope to James Bay, while others have been
discovered between Abilibi and Missinaibi rivers.
An estimate of 10 square miles with 25 million
tons has been made. This, however, may prove
to be excessive.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
Area 119 square miles = 161 million tons of coal.
NOVA SCOTIA.
Estimate total for Mineable areas with seams
over 4 feet.
Pictou 26 sq. miles=620 million tons.
Cumberland S4 sip miles=871 million tons.
Cape Breton 66 sq. miles^ SOS million tons.
Marine 85 sq. miles 701 million tons.
Richmond io sq. niiles=102 million tons.
Inverness 12 sq. miles 62 million tons.
313 sq.miles ^3,224 million tons.
SUMMARY.
Million Tons.
Anthra- Bitu- Sub- Lig.
District. Area. cite, minous. Hit. nite.
Yukon 413 9 Si' .... SOO
Mackenzie 400 .. .... .... 1,000
Br. Columbia.. 1.351 61 39,674 490 ....
Alberta 29,908 too 30,250 79,000 ....
Saskatchewan.. 6,000 8,000 10,400
Manitoba 4S 160
Ontario lo 25
N. Brunswick. . 119 . . f 61
Nova Scotia... 313 .. 3.221
Total.
38,562 4611 73,391 S7.490 12,485
173,826 million tons.
The Consolidation Coal Co. has opened offices
in tbe Billiter Square buildings. London. England,
for the purpose of extending its already large
business, and coals produced by the company are
now being shipped abroad. First-class bunker
coal will be supplied to the various steamship
lines plying between American and European
ports. All of this business will lie handled
through the London office which is in charge of
G. W. Rutherford as European manager. Mr.
Rutherford was for 20 years a steamship broker
and coal exporter at Swansea, South Wales.
YOU CAN'T
LOOK INTO THE
EARTH, but W E
CAN get you a large
clean core of all strata un- S
der your land tc be ex- S
Joseph C. Head, of Latrobe, has sold 169.775
of coal in Fairfield township, Westmoreland
county, Pa., to the Shenango Furnace Co. for
$75,000.
The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal &
Coke Co. has purchased the Coulson farm of 202
acres, near Monongahela City, Pa., for $50,000.
Jacob S. Patterson and Joseph Inghram have
bought 282 acres of coal in Perry township, Greene
county. Pa., from Spencer Colwell for $37,990.
The Tye Fork Coal Co. has sold Sou acres in
Knox county, Ky., to the Interstate Coal Co., for
$5o.o0o.
NEW ENTERPRISES
Henrietta Pocahontas Coal Co.. English, W. Va.:
capital, $25,000: incorporators, Chipman Botsford,
of English: Jesse V. Hockworth, Fannie R. Botsford.
of Worth: Wyndham Stokes, J. Graham Sale,
of Welch.
Knott County Coal & Lumber Co., Lexington,
Ky.; capital. $250,000: incorporators, George W.
Reese, David H. Davies, Charles S. Ling, A. P.
Stephens, Johnstown, Pa.; and T. T. Foreman, Lexington.
Miami Coal & Coke Co., North Fork, W. Va.;
capital, $25,000; incorporators, Walter Proctor.
C. S. Dieffenderfer, W. H. Sperow, J. H. Bowman
and J. W. Allison, all of North Fork.
Gray Coal Co.. Pennington Gap, Va.; capital,
$10,000; incorporators, Joshua Burdett, Middles-
IJOIO. Ky.; R. H. Gray, Robert Carson, of Pennington
Gap.
Lilley Coal Co., Charleroi, Pa.; capital, $200,000;
incorporators, Thomas Lilley. I. B. Nixon, John H.
Moffit, and Thomas B. Elliott, all of Charleroi.
Martins Fork Coal Co., Pineville, Ky.; capital,
$40,000; incorporators, W. C. Cheff. Ben F. Un-
thunk and H. H. Fuson, all of Pineville.
A cargo of 7,602 tons of coke arrived at the
head of the lakes last week, being part of a 100,-
000 ton lot purchased in the Connellsville region
by British Columbia smelters. It is said to have
been the largest cargo of coke ever shipped, either
on the lakes or on tbe ocean.
amined in broad daylight.
The Elmore-Benjamin Coal Co. has appealed
. No Guess Work. . to the Interstate Commerce Commission for a re­
'The J. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO. duction in the all-rail rate on anthracite from
j Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
Harrisburg, Pa., to Milwaukee. A recent in­
; Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA. crease of three cents a ton in the rate was the im­
; Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING ; mediate cause of the action.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
PEALE, PEACOCK ti RER
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
Contains a Complete List for the United States and
Canada of all Coal Operators. Shippers and Dealers
Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coal and
Coke in oar load lots, with capital and pay ratines.
'. Room
{ 550 Monon Building, 440 Doarborn St.,
• ; CHICAGO.
1438 SO. PENN SQUARE. '.
PHILADELPHIA. !
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WAHUEX, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, IVi tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909-10.
Showing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
FOR SALE.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
For Sale or Lease.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VEXEER & LUMBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

HOW TO KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH
AFFAIRS.
Mines of information on every subject are at
your disposal—Just say the word and we'll
drive an entry for you - - - - - - - -
USE OUR
PRESS CLIPPINGS.
Ours is the only Clipping Bureau in the greatest
Industrial Center of the World.
We have two branches—
A LOCAL SERVICE—AND—A GENERAL SERVICE.
Both are splendid aids to busy men.
Ask us for definite information
and rates.
The Central Press Bureau,
906 & 908 WABASH BUILDING.
Ttitphom 2164 coun. P I T T S B U R G H . PA.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 59
Old Jake La Rue was a very crusty man, full of
gouty aches due to age and overeating. He lost
patience with his physician one day because the
latter did not make enough fuss over the pain his
patient suffered.
"Doctor," lie thundered, "you don't understand!
You don't seem to grasp the case! You talk as
though there were nothing the matter with me,
whereas 1 am suffering the torments of the
damned!"
"What, already?" queried the doctor, in apparent
amazement.
-o-
"Was his vacation in the country good for his
nervous trouble?'"
"No, the farmer at whose place he stopped kept
geese."
"But I don't see "
"JMM w. J.LI-.H JLIU ,*memm*s*imm£^fi
"Every time a goose honked he tried to climb a
tree."
Mother may 1 go out to swim?
Yes, my darling daughter,
I know a girl with such a limb
Won't go near the water!
r w 1 ,?
' ^F 'Yi -^.-"tv?:^ '-:!•' r" Y*.:Yf£YL ^Yf-L-'' V&4MtG/£S/ ^.^-tfdfAEi /te£Si
TIMBER ANY SIZE FOR TIPPLES AND TRESTLES,
LINING, LAGGING, BRATTICE BOARDS
TERHUNE LUMBER CO.-Pittsburgh
House Building, No. 4 Smithfield St. 'Phone—Court 3457
PROMPT
SHIPMENTS
GUARANTEED.
DERRY GLASS SAND COMPANY j
MANUFACTURERS AND SHIPPERS <
H IGH GRADE CRUSHED ROCK SAND !
For Motor, Engine and Building Purpo
GENERAL OFFICES: LATROBE, PA.

60 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Here is a story which Baron Douse, the celebrated
English judge, once told in that exagger
ated Irish "brougue" which he loyed to employ:
"I was down in Cork last month, holding assizes.
On the first day, when the jury came in, the officer
of the court said:
" 'Gentlemen av the jury, ye'll take your accustomed
places, if ye plaze.'
"And may I never laugh. said tbe baron, "if
they didn't all walk into the dock!"—London
Globe.
-o-
Patrolman Casey had ordered a pair of shoes at
Rosenberg's store and was about to try one of
them on when the clerk reached for a box and
deftly sprinkled some French chalk in it to ease
the forthcoming strain. When he handed it back
to the patrolman he threw it on the floor, pulled
on his own shoe and started out.
The proprietor had noticed the scene. "What's
the matter, Mr. Casey?" he panted as he caught
up with him. "Was the clerk sassy or anything?"
For a moment Casey glared at him in almost
speechless anger, then observed with icy dignity:
"If I can't come into a place to thry on a pair iv
shoes widout havin' chloride av lime put in thim
beforehand I'll thrade somewhere Use."—Success
.Magazine.
Mine Inspector Devore of Ohio ordered tbe mine
of the Fort Pitt Coal Co., at Martin's Ferry, 0.,
closed on account of gas an firedamp. Some
time ago the miners tapped old workings and the
gas and firedamp filled the new mine. The mine
was closed until the openings into the old workings
are walled up, which is being done, and it is
expected operations will be resumed shortly.
The Quemahoning Creek Coal Co. is the name
under which Messrs. John C. Brydon, Charles J.
Harrison and Charles J. Harrison, Jr., the last
two of Somerset, Pa., and the former of New
York, will apply for a charter for a corporation
under the laws of Pennsylvania on October 16.
The Cresson shaft of the Pennsylvania Coal &
Coke Co., which was badly damaged by fire about
a year ago is being repaired and will be deepened
to reach the B or Miller vein of coal. Hitherto
only the Lemon seam has been operated.
J. H- SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
ANALYSIS :
Moisture 153 BEST FOR STEAM ARID
SSJ&SSr ---•--.- 5634 DOMESTIC USES
Ash - - - - - - 6.17
Sulphur - - - - - 1.79
° ffices : 1 3 I 5 Park Building, PITTSBURGH.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, ^ ph Qrant 1822_1823_1824
Jas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
. FAMOUj
TT
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
PENNSYLVANIA.

JGOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, NOVEMBER 1, 1911 No. 11
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN;
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STRAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
relating to coal or coal production are invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDING, PITTSBURGH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at the Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
COUNTRY WIDE REPORTS FAIL TO sno\\ r THE ADVANCE
in the coal trade the first of November generally
is expected to bring about and the indications for
the remainder of the year point to only a normal
movement in the trade, unless something unex­
pected should transpire to bring about a sudden
and decided jump in tonnage and prices. The
movement of coal fom all fields to central dis­
tributing markets is on about the same tonnage
basis as at the middle of last month. Cooler
weather in the past few days has brought about
some, increased demand from domestic consumers,
and this is bound to bring about some betterment
in the near future. On the other hand, manufac­
turing and transportation buyers are not making
strenuous efforts to secure fuel in large amounts,
but rather are purchasing from hand to mouth,
with the result that demand does not nearly meet
production capacity. This, of course, makes for
idle days at mines where otherwise steady pro­
duction would be the rule.
Announcement by the largest carrying concern
that the ore carrying season is about to close has
brought with it the fact that the lake shipments
of coal also will cease shortly and that producers,
if they would augment coal in storage at the lakes'
head, they must rush cargoes forward in a few
days. Government statistics on the amount of
coal shipped via water for the period ending Sep­
tember 30, show that eight hundred and sixty odd
thousand tons less of bituminous coal went for­
ward than during the same period in 1910. An­
thracite lake shipments show an increase, but on
the whole the trade was less active. From these
figures and market reports the inference is that
the 1911 season will not exceed the tonnage of
1910 if it reaches that figure.
According to press repots and pronouncement
by government officials the strike in the Canadian
Northwest has been settled, and this means a re­
newal of mining activity in that section. All
other labor matters just now seem centered on
the choice of officers by the miners' union and the
probable demands the next international conven­
tion will make in the way of wages and in regard
to the anthracite arbitration agreement.
In the Pittsburgh district the final shipments
intended for water transportation up the lakes are
being gotten ready and are being sent forward in
the main. Of course, some coal thus intended
will be mined and shipped later, but the main
part of the movement is over. River shippers
have sent practically all their coal laden craft
south and the steamers have returned and are re­
turning with empty craft, in consequence of which
the river mines have the better of the argument
insofar as working is concerned. Mines in the
district are operating at between 75 to 80 per cent.
of capacity, in this regard showing but little
change from last report, but whatever change there
may be is on the better side of the ledger. Ton­
nage for the last two days of October is likely to
show a big drop because of the mine rescue demon­
stration, but that is only an incident that will be
made up later. With activity practically station­
ary prices are not showing any tendency to move
upward although at this time of year the trade
rather looks for such a condition. Most grades of
coal are stationary, but prices on slack have been
shaded to a certain extent by those carrying a
large amount of it. Quotations in the district

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
are $1.25 to $1.35 for run-of-mine coal; $1.35 to
$1.45 for three-quarter coal; $1.45 to $1.55 for
inch and one-quarter coal, and 75 to 85 cents for
slack.
The coke trade shows little difference during the
past fortnight, the production being almost sta­
tionary, with a slight gain during the final week
of the month. Some stock coke has been shipped
but not in sufficient quantities to make a decided
change in tbe market. Producers are keeping
tonnage down to demand, practically, and by this
method aie automatically upholding prices and
thus preventing bargain hunters from reaping a
harvest. The suit of the United States govern­
ment to secure the dissolution of the United States
Steel Corporation includes, among the defendant
companies the largest coke manufacturing com­
pany, but this legal tangle likely will have but
little effect on tonnage, because, no matter what
the final outcome, the demand for coke will con­
tinue even if the dissolution should come. The
manufacturing companies are maintaining card
quotations, which are, $1.75 to $1.85 for furnace
coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for foundry coke.
Anthracite tonnage continue good and unless
the next eight weeks show a decided dropping off
the year will establish a new record. There are
rumors of storage by producing concerns because
of wage negotiations in prospective, but if product
is going into the yards, it probably is because of
provision being made for greater demand during
the cold weather that is to come. Mines are
working steadily and prices are held closely to
winter card rates, with some of the grades held at
a premium because of a scarcity.
* * *
THERE WAS PRESENTED AT THE AMERICAN- MINING
CONGRESS a basis for a workmen's compensation
law, and the recommendation of the committee was
adopted and mine owners were urged to use it
when settling cases of the kind. An awful howl
is sure to come over the figures mentioned and all
sorts of epithets will be hurled at the mine owner
or association of mine owners that adopt it.
Whether it is just we do not care to say at this
time, but in view of the fact that it is a basis
from which to start and formulate an agreement
or a law that will lie mutually satisfactory to
mine owner and employes, it deserves considera­
tion. It were better to fix some rate for compen­
sation and have the beneficiary get the whole
amount than to go into the courts and have both
employer and employe fatten the earnings of court
officials and attorneys.
* * *
SOME HITHERTO UNKNOWN FACTS HAVE BEEN ASCER­
TAINED through the medium of the explosive dem­
onstrations at the First Aid meet in Pittsburgh
during the past few days. Also some theories
have been proved and others disproved. Skeptics
of a certain class have had their skepticism driven
out and there is a chorus of "I told you so's" at
work. But above all. the explosions at the Ar­
senal grounds, at the experimental mine at Bruce­
ton and at Forbes Field have demonstrated this
one great truth, that there is constantly recurring
in the mines situations that are dangerous and
which will nun into disasters unless great care
is had and every precaution is taken. These ex­
periments also have brought the coal mining in­
dustry closer together and have bonded the em­
ployer and employe together in a stronger effort
to prevent disaster in the pits.
* • •
AMERICAN COAL IS GOING TO AFRICAN RAILWAYS
on contract. True, the amount is only relatively
large, but it is another opening wedge in the effort
by American operators to take their place as world­
wide suppliers of fuel and is pointing the way to
Still other contracts that will, in all probability
be profitable to mine owners.
Explosives had their inning during the fortnight.
No one was hurt in the experiments and
mayhap they'll prevent loss of life.
• * •
Old Man Winter is just around the corner.
Even the President got interested in the mine
experiments.
# # #
More coal from America going into a new market
has a pleasant look to operators.
* * *
One more strike settled. Why not. apply the
ounce of prevention hereafter.
* * *
Coke makers surely are sitting on the lid these
days.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 25
NATIONAL MINE SAFETY DEMONSTRATIONS,
OCTOBER 30 AND 31.
During the past two days, October 30 and 31,
Pittsburgh has been the scene of one of the most
notable and interesting gatherings of operating
and mining men in theh history of the country's
coal industry. The occasion was the National
Mine Safety Demonstration under the auspices of
the United States Bureau of Mines, the American
National Red Cross Society and the Pittsburgh
Coal Operators' Association. Some of the most
prominent figures in the affairs of our national
and state governments, and representatives of
large and influential coal companies in all sections
of the United States and foreign countries where
"Coal is King," were in attendance. They witnessed
a splendid exhibition of what the United
States Bureau of Mines is doing to bring about
safer and saner methods in extracting the black
diamonds from the bowels of the earth and placing
them within reach of the producer.
The big event of the two days' meet was held
yesterday at Forbes Field, the magnificent Stadium
of the Pittsburgh Baseball Club. The program
consisted of first aid exhibitions and explosion
rescue and first aid work in an experimental
steel gallery. Among the notables present
were President William Howard Taft, who presented
the badges of efficiency and Red Cross first
aid cases to the miners who participated. Secretary
of the Interior Walter L. Fisher, Governor
John K. Tener of Pennsylvania, Director Joseph
A. Holmes of the Bureau of Mines, and other
prominent men. Probably 15,000 spectators were
in attendance.
Teams of trained miners, representing mining
companies from all sections of the United States,
participated in the following demonstrations: —
1. Treating a lacerated wound of the right side
of head (temple) and a lacerated wound on top
of the right shoulder; one man event.
2. Treating a punctured wound over the left
eye and lacerated wound of palm of right hand;
one man event.
3. Treating a simple fracture of left collar
bone and simple fracture of jaw; two men event.
4. Treating a dislocated right shoulder and simple
fracture of right leg; two men event.
5. Treating conditions of a man who has fallen
on an electric wire back down, clothing burning;
rescue, extinguish fire, treat back and upper arms:
team event.
(1. Treating conditions of a man who has
fallen on an electric wire, face down; rescue and
extinguish fire, treat chest and upper arms; team
event.
PITTSBURGH,
7. Treating gas burns of face, neck, ears and
hands; team event.
8. Treating gas burns of hands, right arm and
shoulder; team event.
9. Treating a broken back and simple fracture
of right fore arm; team event.
10. Treating a dislocated hip and simple fracture
of collar-bone; team event.
Even more interesting from the spectator's
standpoin were the exhibitions given in the large
steel explosion gallery, representing an ordinary
coal mine. This gallery was cylindrical in shape
and was 133 feet long.
A test of a permissible explosive was first made,
such explosive being equal in disruptive force to
one-half pound of 40 per cent, nitroglycerine,
tamped with one pound of dry fire clay. The
explosion was fired at the end of the gallery
within which was 133 pounds of fine coal dust
from the Pittsburgh seam, distributed uniformly
throughout, and 20 pounds on a wooden bench
20 feet long near the mouth of the cannon, making
a total of 153 pounds. The coal dust was not
exploded by this test.
An experiment of bow birds are used in exploring
mines was one of the most unique on the
program. It is known that birds are more sensitive
to the effects of poisonous gases than are
men, and this principle has been used to advantage
in mine rescue work. A few birds can be
taken into mines which are known to be gaseous,
and when they show distress the party can retreat
in safety. To bring this forcibly before the minds
of the spectators, G. A. Burrell, a representative
of the Bureau of Mines, entered a glass case containing
.25 of one per cent, carbon monoxide gas
(the miner's "white damp"), taking several canary
birds with him. The birds were soon unable to
withstand the gases and collapsed, although Mr.
Burrell apparently was not affected. The birds,
on being removed from the chamber, were resuscitated
by the use of oxygen.
The effect of black powder exploding in the
presence of coal dust was shown when a charge
of "FFP" black powder equal in disruptive force
to one-half pound of 40 per cent, nitroglycerine
was fired in the gallery containing 153 pounds of
coal dust, being the same kind of dust used in
the permissible explosive experiment. An explosion
of great impact, which blew clouds of
smoke and flame in the air, resulted. Rescue
parties of mine foremen of the Bureau of Mines,
aided by squads representing the Illinois Mine
Rescue Station Commission, the Philadelphia and
Reading Coal & Iron Co., and several local com-

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN
panies, and equipped with the various types of
artificial breathing apparatus, then entered the
gallery and recovered supposed victims of the explosion.
First aid problems were demonstrated
with these rescued men as subjects, by Messrs.
C. O. Roberts, W. A. Raudenbush, William Burke,
W. D. Roberts and J. T. Ryan.
After the field events were completed, addresses
were delivered by President Taft, Secretary
Fisher, Governor Tener and Miss Mabel
Boardman, of the American National Red Cross.
Governor Tener introduced the speakers. In his
introductory remarks he referred to the fact that
his home was in the heart of one of Pennsylvania's
largest coal mining sections.
President Taft, before awarding the badges and
Red Cross cases to the competing miners, said
in part:—
"It is proper that this magnificent demonstration
should be held on the soil of a state which
plays so important a part in the coal mining industry
of our country. Three hundred thousand
miners and their families live in the state of
Pennsylvania. Therefore, this state is interested
more than any other in the cause of saving the
lives of these workmen. There are over 700,000
miners in the United States and in the past ten
years 30,000 have been killed and 70,000 wounded
in the mines through various agencies of destruction—one-seventh
of the entire body. This
is surely not a record to be proud of and it is
time that we take steps to restrain and restrict
the loss.
"The establishment of the Bureau of Mines
was the initial movement. The Federal Government
does not have direct supervision over the
mines but it has the authority under the constitution
to act ior the general welfare of the people.
It is, therefore, right that it shall expend
money to see that correct methods are adopted
and pursued to protect the lives of the miners.
Ultimately, we must depend on the miners themselves
for this. We must have their co-operation."
Secretary Fisher spoke of conservation as related
to tbe work of the Bureau of Mines. "Conservation,"
he said, "is no longer a matter of
sentiment, but is a practical proposition. Nothing
demonstrates this more than the experiments
we have seen here. The work of the Bureau of
Mines typified more than anything the true spirit
of the conservation movement—the conservation
of human life. There are two kinds of waste,
the destruction by fire and the reckless waste due
to improper methods. Then, there is the waste
which arises through the perversion of our national
resources. Both should be prevented. The
greatest waste is the loss of life and energy, how­
ever. This is the problem to which the Bureau
of Mines is devoted."
The program opened Monday with demonstrations
and exhibits of explosives and explosions,
safety lamps, fuel testing, etc., at the Bureau of
Mines Building in the morning, and at the Bureau's
experimental mine at Bruceton, Pa., in the
afternoon. The latter was one of the most interesting
and spectacular features connected with the
entire demonstration.
This experimental mine was opened some
months ago in order to study the phenomena of
dust and gas explosives and to test various methods
of preventing and checking explosions in
progress, under actual mine conditions. Situated
back in the hills, far removed from buildings
and structures which might be damaged by the
effects of explosions, the Bruceton mine supplies
ideal conditions for the purpose.
At the demonstration Monday were present
about one thousand spectators who made the trip
from Pittsburgh to Bruceton by special train over
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The mine was
prepared for the explosion by placing coal dust on
the floor of the steel gallery and on wooden
shelves along the sides of the entries, which was
exploded by firing a charge of black blasting powder
(representing a blow out shot) into the steel
gallery-
The visitors were first permitted to explore the
inner workings of the mine under the direction
of guides. The mine was well lighted and the
spectators, many of whom were laymen on the
subject of practical coal mining and had not seen
actual mining conditions, were permitted to walk
from one entry to the other, a distance of about
1,400 feet. Careful account was kept of the number
entering the mine and the number coming
out to avoid any fatalities.
After the mine had been vacated and all wire
connections which were foreign to the experiment
had been removed, the signal was given for firing
the shot. Considerable trouble was experienced
in getting this result, but on the third trial
the explosion occurred. Owing to the delays, it
was dark at the time and the spectators were
treated to a most beautiful yet terrifying sight.
At first it seemed as though the entire hillside had
given away. Large pieces of concrete from the
entries were blown high in the air and the fan
house, located at one of the entries, was almost
completely demolished. Mine cars nearby were
blown off the tracks and the wooden shelves on
which the coal dust had been placed were blown
from the entries like bullets from a rifle. It was
a splendid example of the dreadful destruction
which may result from the explosion of coal dust
ignited by blow-out shots or from other sources.
(Continued on Page 46.)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 27
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS IN ANNUAL SESSION AT CHICAGO
DEALS WITH PRESENT DAY PROBLEMS
The fourteenth annual session of the American
Mining Congress was held in Chicago, October
24-28. and with President Taft in attendance, took
up and discussed present day mining problems.
The opening session was held October 24, and
after welcoming addresses and responses a smoker
was held.
The second day's session was featured by the
report of the Workmen's Compensation committee,
which presented the following recommendation
for adoption by the congress:
Scale foi compensation for workmen in mines:
Loss of one life. $1,500.
Loss of one limb, $500.
Loss of one eye, $250.
Maimed hand, right. $500; left, $250.
Loss of one finger, $50 to $100.
The figure for loss of life represents the average
earnings of all miners for three years and it is
urged that operators adopt it. The recommendation
includes a clause that acceptance of the schedule
preclude, on the part of the workmen, any
damage suits. The report was adopted later in
the convention.
At the afternoon session resolutions were adopted
indorsing the deep waterway movement, recommending
the passage of an equitable workingmen's
compensation act and urging a modification of the
Sherman anti-trust law to allow reasonable agreements
between coal operators.
John Mayer of Kansas City, Kan., urged the congress
to consider means for procuring the passage
of a general workingmen's compensation law,
which will be just and equitable to all parts of
the country- Mayer opposed employers' liability
legislation and expressed the belief that the interests
of the workingmen and employers alike
would be better served through a comprehensive
act.
Z. Y. Vincent of Huntington, W. Va., contended
that the passage of uniform laws in the several
states was a hopeless task and that the only solution
of the problem was through national legislation
or through a national bureau.
"Compensation to injured and disabled employes."
Vincent said, "should be made a charge
in the cost of production and should be paid by
the consumer. This is a legitimate charge in the
cost of production and the consumer should pay it."
"The Sherman anti-trust law is almost cruel in
its operation against our industry and if it were
strictly enforced would not only bankrupt us but
would bankrupt 90 per cent, of the business interests
of the United States. The only reason that
we have been able to attain the business importance
which we have is because the Department of
Justice has found it impossible to enforce the Sherman
anti-trust law."
John Dern, owner of the Mercuric Consolidated
mine of Utah and president of the American Mining
Congress, made a strong plea for more help
from the government for the miners.
"We miners must stand up for our rights. There
is no higher calling in tbe world than ours and
we should make tbe government feel that we are
entitled to their help to just as great an extent as
the farmers. The Bureau of Mines in the government
should be to the miners just what the Bureau
of Agriculture is to the farmers. Why is it that
agriculture bas always been the favorite child
when mining is nothing less than her twin sister?
We are not jealous, but believe that mining deserves
to be recognized as much as agriculture and
should be given its just dues."
Horace J. Stevens of Houghton, Mich., spoke on
"The Copper Industry," and T. Poole Maynard of
Atlanta, Ga., read a paper on "The Cement Industry
in the South."
John Hays Hammond made the report of the
« ommittee on federal legislation.
Other speakers and their subjects were:
"The Relation of Congress to the Mining Industry,"
by Dr. Martin D. Foster, chairman mines and
mining committee, U. S. House of Representatives.
"Electric Hoisting," by W. A. Thomas, Pittsburgh,
Pa.
"Hydroelectric Power," by David B. Rushmore,
Schenectady, N. Y.
At the evening session the annual meeting of the
members was held and illustrated addresses were
delivered as follows:
"Problems of the Mining Industry," I illustrated),
by Dr. J. A. Holmes, Washington, D. C.
"What is Being Done to Protect the Lives of
Coal Miners." (illustrated), by Dr. James Douglas,
New York.
"The Mining Industry of California," (illustrated),
by E. H. Benjamin, San Francisco, Cal.
The third day's sessions were devoted almost
entirely to tbe coal industry and Messrs. B. F.
Bush, Charles S. Keith. W. S. Bogle, Carl Scholz,
F. A. Delano, H. N. Taylor and A. H. Purdue were
the principal speakers.
In the evening a paper prepared by D. W. Kuhn
of Pittsburgh, on "The Sherman Law and Its Relation
to the Coal Industry," was read by J. W.
Wardrop. In part it said:
"The history" of the Sherman act has been a

28 IHE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
"comedy of errors." Its supporters have deserted
it, the part which fathered it has sought to change
it and the supreme court has repeatedly reversed
itself in rendering decisions upon it. It does not
conserve business, but is destructive of it. It is
not a remedial act, but an act of repression. It is
a good illustration of how nol to legislate, for it is
impossible of literal enforcement. Labor has in­
fringed the provisions of the act, but labor will
not be prosecuted, for that would be politically
inexpedient. It does not make for conservation,
but has exactly the opposite effect. The national
commercial loss has been tremendous as a result
of the repressive effect of this law. If there are
evils of restraint and monopoly, making ihe De­
partment of Justice a police department will not
remedy them. We must adopt something con­
structive as well as corrective.
"Coal barons are like ghosts. If any one was
ever between the upper and nether millstones, it
is the coal producers. A kodak and toy concern
shows an annual profit for last year of $8,000,000,
while all the coal operators of the Allegheny district
did not make 8,000 cents while depleting the
national resources and taking human life. An
equitable merger would be a positive benefit.
There should, of course, be publicity in corporate
conduct, but a concentration of production is absolutely
necessary and must come sooner or later.
Unless the coal business is freed from tbe iniqui­
tous operation of the Sherman act the only possible
course for the operator is to cut wages and
this will have to be done soon. I predict that it
will come next spring when the operators again
meet the workmen, and there will be an industrial
war in this country by the side of which tiie recent
strike in England will seem as mere child's play."
The principal efature of the fourth day's session
was llie address of Hon. Walter L. Fisher, secre­
tary of the Interior, who, declaring that be spoke
officially and with the consent of President Taft,
said that the coal lands comprised in tbe public
domain in Alaska, would be available to tbe public
under a leasing system.
Secretary Fisher said the government might
operate certain properties as models and would
lease the remainder to private capitalists under
suitable government regulation. The amount of
land to be leased would lie limited, he said, to the
area that profitably could lie mined to meet current
demands for coal.
Secretary Fisher's announcement that the leasing
system would prevail in the coal fields nf
Alaska was diametrically contrary to the pro­
nouncements of previous speakers concerning the
Alaskan domain. A number of Alaskans and
others had spoken during the day. strenuously denouncing
a government leasing system as bad in
every way for both land and people.
Quoting the fnited States supreme court to sup­
port his contention that in undertaking railroad
construction the government is in effect "simply
resuming one of its own proper functions," and
not invading the legitimate domain of private en­
terprise, Secretary Fisher suggested government
ownership and operation of mines and transporta­
tion facilities in Alaska on a limited scale. He
declared, however, that direct government operalion,
including the mining and sending of coal,
involved such deep and far-reaching changes, both
ol' policy and of administration, that there is no
likelihood at the present time of its adoption to
the exclusion of private operation, and that while
much can be said in favor of the government entering
experimentally into those fields, he did not
believe in the policy of having the government
alone own and mine Alaskan coal.
At the closing day's session, October 28, Presi­
dent William H. Taft spoke on "The Federal Gov­
ernment and the Mining Industry," and among
ether things endorsed the stand taken by Secretary
Fisher.
The following officers were chosen: President.
S. A. Taylor, Pittsburgh, Pa.; first vice president,
D. YV. Brunion, Denver; second vice president, A.
A. .Montgomery, Los Angeles; third vice president.
('ail Scholz, Chicago; secretary. J. F. Callbreath.
Denver.
MERGER OF OHIO COMPANIES IS PLANNED,
WITH ABOUT 15.000 ACRES OF COAL
INVOLVED.
Negotiations are in progress for the merging of
several of the larger coal companies in the No. S
nr Pittsburgh vein district of Ohio, and the committee
of five in charge of the negotiations are
sanguine of success.
Among tbe properties tbat are said to be in­
cluded in the negotiations are those of the Rail &
River Coal Co. and the Belmont Coal Mining Co.,
with offices in Pittsburgh, and the Youghiogheny
& Ohio Coal Co., Lorain Coal & Dock Co., Roby-
Sommers Coal Co., and the M. A. Hanna Co., all
with offices in Cleveland, O.
In addition to these larger companies about 40
smaller operating concerns in the district have
been invited to put their properties in the new
corporation. A total of approximately 150,000
acres of coal is involved, while the monetary con­
sideration involved is said to be approximately
$20,000,000.
The committee in charge of the merger plans
expect to bring them to a successful conclusion
within a short time, and to have the merger successfully
underwritten.
An almost identical move was started early in
the year, but for some reason, the deal was not
successfully carried out.

EXPERIMENTAL EXPLOSION WRECKS GOV­
ERNMENT MINE AT BRUCETON AND
PROVES COAL DUST TO BE EXPLOSIVE
IN ITSELF.
An experimental explosion was successfully carried
out at the U. S. Bureau of Mines Bruceton
mine on October 24, which proved the theory that
coal dust, in itself is explosive, and which wrecked
the mine.
The explosion, whicli occurred about 9 p. m.,
October 24, was the first one in the experimental
mine of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, which lias
done any great damage—and the experts were
startled, even though they were pleased with the
proving of the theories for which some have
laughed at them. The experiment was in line
with those the engineers have been conducting
right along since the taking over of the mine some
time ago.
The test was an explosion of 2(ju pounds of coal
dust placed at tbe end of one of the 700-foot entrances
of the mine. The coal dust was touched
off by an electric spark from the outside. There
was no thought on the part of the engineers that
the explosion would have anything like the results
it had. They proceeded on the theory that the
amount of coal dust they were igniting represented
the condition in tbe average mine. It is also a
theory of the mine experts that coal dust explosions
affect the whole mine, whereas gas explosions
affect only the particular locality in which
they occur. The theory was abundantly upheld
by the experiment, inasmuch as everywhere in the
mine there was evidence of damage.
About two-thirds of the way down one of the
mine entrances there was placed the barrier of
sand bags and at the mouth of another entry the
iron doors were weighted down with 40 simnlar
bags, each weighing in tbe neighborhood of 150
pounds. The big barrier in the entry was knocked
to bits while the blockade at the mouth of the
other entry was hurled aside and some of the bags
were thrown 30 or 40 in the air. About 25 feet
away from the second of the three mine openings
stood a freight car. which was found 300 feet further
off after the smoke had cleared. Where one
entry runs into another the concrete work was
broken down, this being possibly the biggest surprise
the engineers received as showing the force
of the explosion. The main entry of the mine is
built unusually solid of concrete work and this
escaped any damage.
"Had the experimental mine been working as a
normal coal pit and the explosion caused October 2 4
of 200 pounds of mine dust been accidental, it
would have killed 150 coal miners. The explosion
was of such terrific force that it would have
probably blown every miner within the mine into
an unrecognizable mass."
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
This was the statement made by tbe Bureau of
Mines engineers who on October 25 went through
the mine. Tbe force was so terrific on the mine
that some of the registering apparatus was
wrecked. One of them showed a pressure of 100
pounds to the square inch. One hundred feet of
concrete lining at the mine opening had been
i aised and dropped, as well as the entire roof.
Several heavy falls were noted and the entire
working badly wrecked. A gasoline motor standing
100 feet from the entry of tbe mine and supposed
to be out of danger had a small red flag
on it in order that an explosive force might be
noted on the flag. A part of this flag was found
in a tree several hundred feet away. The motor
was wrecked.
George S. Rice, in charge of the mine; Clarence
Hall, in charge of the explosives, and J. W. Paull,
in charge of the rescue department, entered the
mine and made a thorough investigation. The
wreckage was worse than was supposed. That an
explosion can occur when a mine is unusually
moist, as this one was, and tbat the force of the
blast is general and follows every lead of the
workings and in all directions with apparently
equal force was clear.
The test, which is held by experts to be one of
the most appalling ever given, will be studied by
tbe experts of the world. It is held that this will
be the beginning of the solving of many of the
greatest dangers of mining and also offer means
of finding remedies for them.
OFFERS TO BUY INDIAN COAL LANDS.
E. A. Perry of Muskogee, Okla., has offered the
Choctaw nation of Indians $15,000,000 for the half
million acres of segregated coal and asphalt lands
of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations.
Fifteen million dollars is the exact amount that
the government placed as the value of the land
after spending eighteen mom lis anil $100,000 investigating
with diamond drills.
More then 10 years ago the government undertook
to ascertain just what the coal land was
worth. Government experts with diamond drills
were sent into the Choctaw nation. They worked
18 months and spent approximately $100,000. Fifty
test holes were drilled. Some of these were 200
feet deep and some were 2,000.
The segregation consists of a chain of irregular
areas stretching clear across the Choctaw nation
from Tanaha. on tbe Arkansas river, southwest
and into the Chickasaw nation. The asphalt lands
lie almost entirely within the Chickasaw nation.
and the biggest deposits are in the vicinity of Ardmore.
The Bon Jellico Coal Co., Jellico, Tenn.. will develop
1,250 acres of coal in Whiteley county, Ky.

30 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
PITTSBURGH COAL RATE HEARING
SET FOR NOVEMBER 20, 1911.
Officials of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. and other
Pittsburgh district coal operators, who have joined
in the fight for lower freight rates to the lakes,
will gather in Washington for the resumed hearing
before the Interstate Commerce Commission
on November 20, instead of November 13, as has
been announced. The further adjournment of a
week is considered an advantage for the operators
as some of them, who have recently come into the
case, will be better prepared to go before the Commerce
Commission and state their reasons why
rates should be equalized.
The hearing, which is a continuation of the
hearing of a couple of months ago, is expected to
take up the remainder of the month of November,
and the Pittsburgh operators are hoping" that all
the evidence may be presented and the matter
laid before the Commission in such shape as to
permit of a decision being rendered soon. This
is the case brought before the Commission by independent
operators, the Pittsburgh Coal Co. intervening
in the petition alter the first hearing
had been held. Since then there has been a
unanimity of sentiment among the operators and
the fight is expected to be one of the hardest
fought of any dispute the Commerce Commission
has had to decide.
At the coming hearing, which is expected to be
the final one. there will be a big array of counsel.
Chief among the coal men's counsel will be Louis
D. Brandeis, the famous Boston lawyer, while
many well known attorneys will be on band to
look after the interests of the railroads.
KANAWHA OPERATORS ASK FOR
NINE-FOOT STAGE IN RIVER.
The Kanawha Coal Operators' Association met in
annual session at Charleston, W. Va.. Oct. 20, and
among other business transacted adopted this resolution:
That Whereas, the system of locks and dams
now being constructed by the United States government
in the Ohio river provide, when the dams
are up for a nine-foot stage of water through the
locks, thereby permitting tbe large size coal barges
and flat boats to pass down the river to the markets
of Cincinnati, Louisville, Memphis and New
Orleans; and
Whereas, the system of locks and dams heretofore
constructed in the Great Kanawha river are
so built as to furnish only a six-foot stage of water
when the dams are raised, thereby making it impossible
for the barges and flat boats of the size
now used on the Ohio and requisite for lower river
transportation, to pass through the Kanawha locks;
and
Whereas, present and future conditions of the
river coal markets for the lower Ohio and Mississippi
cities demand for general use the larger sized
barges and flat boats for whose accommodations
the Ohio river locks are now constructed; and
Whereas, in order to secure an abundant and
steady supply of this cheap coal from the coal
mines along the Kanawha river it will be necessary
that the dams be increased in height and the locks
also raised to assure a nine-foot stage of water
similar to what is now provided in the Ohio.
Now therefore, in consideration of the premises,
be it unanimously resolved, that the senators and
congressmen of the state of West Virginia at
Washington be and are hereby urgently requested
to secure such further and adequate appropriations
from the United States Congress as will immediately
assure the work of heightening the dams and
raising the lock walls of the Great Kanawha river
improvement, to the end that, at all times, the
mines of the Kanawha valley may be kept continuously
running and the markets of the lower
Ohio and Mississippi may be continuously supplied
with an abundance of cheaply carried coal,
and the original intent and purpose of the lock
and dam system already constructed may be the
more perfectly carried out.
Among the operators present were: Hon. W. S.
Edwards, Joseph Franz, N. D. Monsarratt, T. H.
Huddy, W. F. Mandt. James Kay, L. C. Tippett,
C. M. Fenton, J. W. Dawson, E. 0. Dana. D. T.
Evans, D. C. Kennedy, J. H. Nash. Quinn Morton.
F. H. Morton, W. L. Morris, W. R. Johnson, Jr.,
Frank Harris, John L. Dickinson, Thomas Woodward,
F. E. Wright.
The officers elected were: President, Quinn
Morton; vice president, E. O. Dana; treasurer,
John L. Dickinson; secretary, D. C. Kennedy. The
new executive committee is composed of the following
members selected at the meeting: William
Seymour Edwards, Edward Schoebaum. W. S.
Wood, N. S. Monsarratt, W. R. Johnson, L. C.
Tippett and Frank Harris.
As a result of the various changes made by the
last Illinois legislature in creating two new mining
districts in the state, the coal producing counties
of Southern Illinois have been redistricted. Frank
Rosebottom, assistant superintendent of the State
Mine Rescue Station at Benton, becomes inspector
of the Eleventh district, composed of the counties
of Franklin, Saline, White and Gallatin. Oscar
C. Cartlige, formerly of Benton, is transferred to
the new district, which embraces Williamson and
Johnston counties, with headquarters at Marion.
Specifications have been issued by the Pitts
burgh Coal Co. for the construction of 1.000 to
1,200 steel underframes for coal cars.

The public interest in the Alaskan situation is
such that, with the consent of the President, I
have concluded at your request to make at this
time a candid, if somewhat informal, expression
of the views I have formed as Secretary of tht
Interior, under whose official supervision much of
the administration of the territory is now placed.
Pressure of other matters imperatively requiring
attention has prevented their presentation in as
precise and comprehensive a form as I had hoped.
This and the absence of the President from Washington
has also prevented the submission to him
of what I have prepared. I wish to say, however,
that no one is more earnest than he in the desire
to see a policy of prompt and wise development
inaugurated in Alaska and that the general policy
contained in this address has been discussed with
him, meets his approval, and will have his support.
I have but recently returned from an altogether
too brief but nevertheless a most interesting and
profitable visit to those portions of Alaska which
are more immediately involved in the questions
now under public consideration. Favored by extraordinary
weather and tbe co-operation of steamship
and railroad lines and the assistance of all
of the governmental agencies, including tbe revenue
cutter service. I visited every port in Alaska
which seems likely in the near future to become
an important entrance to tbe country. I examined
all of the
HARBOR A Nil TOWS SITES
which for this purpose have attracted any considerable
public attention. f traversed the entire
length of each of the three railroads which have
been constructed in the territory and made a short
trip from White Horse down the upper Yukon.
Both before and during the journey I examined a
mass of books, records and papers relating to the
country and its resources. I had conferences
with official committees representing the principal
communities I visited and with numerous individuals,
residents both of the coast and of the interior,
and conerred with engineers, miners, prospectors,
railroad officials, business and professional
men.
I had the good fortune to have with me throughout
the entire Alaska trip Alfred H. Brooks, geologist
in charge of the Alaskan division of the United
States Geological Survey. For 14 years Mr.
Brooks has been studying Alaskan conditions on
the ground; for nine years he has been in charge
01 the mineral division of the Geological Survey
work there. I had arranged for Dr. J. A. Holmes,
*Paper read before the American Mining Congress at
Chicane October 27. 1911.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
ALASKAN PROBLEMS*
By Walter L Fisher, Secretary of the Interior
Director of tbe Bureau of Mines, to precede me to
the Bering River coal field, which he examined
thoroughly before joining me at Cordova. In
the examination of the Bering River field Dr.
Holmes was accompanied by L. T. Wolle, of Ohio,
an engineer of large experience both in coal mining
and railway construction; F. W. C. Whyte, of
Montana, whose coal mining and railway experience
has been extensive in the management for
years of the coal developments and operations of
the Anaconda Copper Co.; T. H. O'Brien, who for
a number of years has been organizing and managing
the coal operations of the Copper Queen,
Stag Canyon, and other companies in the Southwest;
and George Watkins Evans, a coal mining
engineer of experience in tlie Northwest States.
who had already made several professional examinations
of the Bering River coal field. To these
gentlemen, one and all, I am greatly indebted for
the valuable service they have rendered in this
connection. In his subsequent examination of
tbe Matanuska coal field Dr. Holmes was accompanied
by Mr. Whyte and Sumner S. Smith, who
is a mining engineer and the inspector of mines for
Alaska.
At the very outset I wish to express the high
opinion I formed of tbe remarkably large and fine
body of people who have become permanent residents
of Alaska. While there is unquestionably
a considerable floating population of a character
which does not add to the real strength or stability
of the territory, there is a substantial per centage
of vigorous, law-abiding, law-respecting men
and women of the highest type of American citizenship,
and I found that they possessed what is
perhaps the highest form of moral courage—the
ability and the willingness to look at both sides of
the questions which affect their interests and to
admit that they are wrong when once convinced
that they have been led into a mistake of fact or
of opinion. The total population is about 65,000,
of which a little less than half are whites.
They are entitled to a territorial government
better adapted to their peculiar local conditions
and needs. The existing
COAL-LAND LAWS
applicable to Alaska neither promote development
nor protect the public, and all its coal fields are
withdrawn from entry. Numerous claims under
entries made or attempted to be made prior to the
withdrawal are pending in the Department of the
Interior. Their investigation is now being pushed
as rapidly as possible, and wherever indictments
are not pending they will be decided as promptly

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
as this can he done properly.
I found Alaska a country of wonderful scenic
beauty, which in itself will in future years be one
of its greatest financial assets. From all the information
I could gather, i believe it to he a coun­
try of great mineral and agricultural possibilities;
indeed; 1 should go furtlier and say a country of
great mineral and agricultural probabilities, need­
ing development, ready for development, and invit­
ing development, but held back chiefly by inade­
quate transportation facilities and inadequate laws.
Its present steamship lines are probably as good
as could be expected, in view of the restricted com­
merce and the inadequate manner in which its
coasts are marked and lighted. Its present roads
are almost entirely those which have been built
out of the meager appropriations made by Con­
gress for this purpose. Travel by road or trail
in Alaska is still generally of the roughest pioneer
description. Its present railroads are incidents
to the exploitation of its mineral resources.
Aside from the White Pass & Yukon road there
is only one real railroad in Alaska, and that is
the Copper River & Northwestern Railroad, which
leads from Cordova, on Prince William Sound. 200
miles up the Copper River, and its eastern tribu­
tary, the Chitina, to the Bonanza copper field, and
is reported to have cost approximately $20,000,000.
The White Pass & Yukon Railroad is an excellent
narrow-gauge road along the line of the historic
trail which leads over the mountains and down
the Yukon to the gold fields of the Klondike, but
only a small part of this railroad is in the territory
of the United States. The Alaska Central
Railroad starts from Seward for the Matanuska
coal fields and the Yukon, but stops, discouraged,
70 miles north of Seward. The present cry in
Alaska and among those who are financially in­
terested in Alaska is that development has been
stopped by the withdrawal of the coal fields from
entry. T am convinced that the coal withdrawals
have exerted only an incidental influence uuon
the development of railroads in Alaska. If the
coal fields had remained open to unrestricted private
exploitation, railroad development might
have been stimulated, but in that event the profits
of the coal and not of the railroads would have
been the incentive to construction.
We have already seen in this country the in­
jurious effects of the joint or common ownership
of coal fields and railroads, and we are now en­
gaged in the attempt b.v drastic legislation to remedy
the evils which
THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE COAL FIELDS
of Alaska should prevent from recurring there.
We should not repeat in Alaska or elsewhere the
mistakes which have been made in the older portions
of the United States. This does not mean
thai Alaskan coal should nol he developed and
developed at once. It means merely that it
should be developed properly as well as promptly.
Alaskan coal is of great value, but its extent
and character have been much exaggerated. There
are great quantities of lignite and low grade bitu­
minous coal in several parts of the territory, but
there are only two known fields of high grade coal
in Alaska. The better known of these two fields
is the Bering River field, which is near Controller
Bay, and in which the Cunningham claims were
located. It is the field about which the Alaskan
controversy has been fiercest and most bitter. The
Matanuska field is larger and may prove to be
the more important. Both of these fields contain
anthracite and high grade bituminous coals. Tbe
question is how they shall be opened so as to promote
development and protect the public interests.
Before answering that question it is necessary to
consider tbe general conditions which now exist
and the real end which we wish to attain. Alaskan
coal can be opened so as to enable a larger or
smaller number ot individuals or groups of individuals
to make money out of their development,
bringing with this development considerable inci­
dental benefit to the community as a whole
through tbe expenditure of money and the em-
ployment of men, or it can be opened on terms
which will offer to the operator a sufficient profit
to furnish an adequate incentive for his investment
and bis efforts, but which will result in plac­
ing the coal upon the market at the cheapest price
consistent with this incentive, conferring upon the
community the manifold advantages of cheap fuel
and of the development of the many forms of industrial
enterprise which cheap fuel renders possible.
I think there can be no room for doubt that the
second of these objects is the one to be attained.
If. however, Alaskan coal is to be mined and sold
under any plan, it is important to know what is
likely to be the present and future market. There
is at present on the Pacific, coast no available anthracite
except that in Alaska. It would be nat­
ural, therefore, to expect an immediate demand for
this particular kind of coal. There is little high-
grade bituminous coal on either the eastern or
western border of the Pacific, and it would be
natural to expect a considerable demand for coal
of this character. There is little, if any
HIGH-GRADE COKING COAL
mi Ihe Pacific unless in Alaska, and there is an
immediate demand for a certain amount of coking
coal for smelting copper and other ores. There
is, of course, a certain present limited demand in
Alaska for coal for steaming purposes. Tbe
amount used for all purposes during the last fiscal
year was 116,000 tons. Except for coking use.
it is clear, however, that Alaska coal must now
contend with serious competition. There are

considerable quantities of lignite and low-grade
bituminous coal throughout the lower Pacific
Northwest and in British Columbia. Much of the
bituminous coals are of fair quality. When freight
and handling charges are taken into consideration
it is clear that for steaming purposes the coal of
British Columbia and of the Northwestern States
will hold everything but the Alaskan market it­
self against competition from any of the Alaskan
coals except that of the very highest grade, and
coal of this quality can expect to win only where
special considerations control.
For ordinary heating and steaming purposes it
is always possible for low-grade coal at lower prices
to control the market. But for these purposes
the most serious competitor of Alaska coal is Cali­
fornia oil, which is already supplanting coal in
many fields and possesses advantages in economy
and convenience of handling. The most reliable
estimate as to the life of the California oil fields
of which f have any knowledge is that they will
be an active competitor for the entire heat-pro­
ducing market for the next 50 years. Oil has
already supplanted coal on many of the western
railroads, and is now being installed in the rail­
roads and steamships of Alaska and the Pacific
coast. Whether it will be possible for Alaska
coal to compete with it, once the necessary changes
in the boiler equipment have been made, is ex­
ceedingly doubtful. Oil. however, is a iess dan­
gerous competitor in smelting and in making steel.
It is not now used for either of these purposes,
except experimentally.
Vast deposits of copper are already known to
exist in Alaska, and smelters will undoubtedly be
established in that country as well as farther south
upon the Pacific coast. Some iron exists in the
Pacific States, and there are numerous indications
of its presence in Alaska, although commercial de­
velopment there is as yet practically negligible.
My own judgment is that the present market for
Alaskan coal is limited and uncertain, but that
the demand will rapidly increase as the country is
developed. There are now the local needs of a
comparatively small population and comparatively
few industrial enterprises. There is also some
demand for high-grade coal on the lower Pacific-
coast which Alaska alone can furnish and supply.
If the mines are opened there should be, and in
my opinion there will be, immediately established
on Prince William Sound one or more smelters
capable of smelting the copper ores whicli are now
being mined and of taking care of the develop­
ment of this ore which seems sure to come in the
early future. There will be at some time a de­
mand for coke for making steel; and if adequate
transportation facilities are furnished so as to
permit, of the development of the iron and other
minerals which probably exist in the country there
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
will be an increasing demand for coke for these
and for the ores of the lower Pacific. After all,
however, important as these needs and opportuni­
ties are, it seems reasonably clear that Alaskan
coal will not dominate the coal market ot the Pa
cific coast as it was confidently thought it would
when the fields were first discovered. That this
is true will be apparent upon a further considera­
tion of the physical condition of the coal fields
and of the coal itself. I personally visited
THE BEKING FIELD
and examined some of its coal veins and coal
mines. It is located along the foot of the Chugach
Mountains, in the region a little south of Prince
William Sound and some 1,200 miles from Seattle.
The fields cover an urea of 50 square miles or
32,000 acres, lying approximately 25 miles from the
coast at Controller Bay with an immense glacier,
known as the Bering glacier on the east from
which the Bering River runs and empties into
Controller Bay. This field was discovered in 1896
and practically all of it appears to have been cov­
ered b.v claims entered under tbe law of 1904. The
country is exceedingly rough and broken and the
rocks are faulted and folded to an extraordinary
degree.
In addition to the titanic upheavals which must
have occurred at Ibis point, the stratification has
slid or moved within itself in such a way as to
crush the larger portion of the coal beds in this
field, leaving what otherwise would have been the
highest grade of bituminous coal so that much
of it cannot be mined as lump coal, but only in a
finely crushed condition. There is. however,
some coal in tbe field which doubtless can be
mined as lump, but how much there is of this coal
remains a question of considerable doubt. This
doubt is further intensified by the fact that in the
crushing process the coal beds have become pinched
so that beds of considerable thickness at one point
become thin or even pinched out within a short
distance, making it difficult to determine what will
be the condition of the beds at any given point
beyond the explored area. All of these conditions
will add materially to the cost of mining, which
will be further increased by the fact that the coal
itself cannot be lelied upon to support the roof
of the mine and that timbering will have to be
resorted to to an unusual extent. Although the
local timbei" is of poor quality, it will probably
answer for ordinary mining purposes, but the cost
of labor will be high. -Vside from its crushed condition,
much of the coal itself is of excellent qual­
ity, possessing high thermal value. The crushed
condition does not interfere with its coking qual­
ity if otherwise good. Although it can be bri-
quetted, or with the use of specially constructed
furnaces it can be burned successfully in its pres­
ent form, its physical condition will undoubtedly

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
interfere with its immediate commercial value.
The erection of smelters on Prince William Sound
will cause an immediate demand for this coal, as
the first smelters will probably be erected at or
near Cordova, which is the tidewater terminal of
the Copper River and Norlhwestern Railroad,
which now taps the principal copper field of the
territory.
One of the pressing needs of the territory is the
construction of such smelters at which the copper
ore especially can be smelted without the labor and
expense of transporting the ore the enormous distance
now necessary for this purpose. The main
purpose and practically the only present use of
tbe extensive railroad from Cordova tip the Copper
River is the transportation of the ore from
the so-called Bonanza copper field in which the
Morgan-Guggenheim syndicate, which owns this
railroad, already has extensive interests. No
smelter, however, has as yet been constructed, and
none would be profitable until the coal and the
copper can be brought together. Once tbe Bering
coal fields are open tbe transportation problem becomes
in this, as in other respects, the most important
problem upon the solution of which future
development will depend. The enormous expense
of railroad construction through the mountainous
and glacier-covered territory makes it practically
certain that the
COPPER RIVER RAILROAD
will remain the natural distributor for any of this
coal for which there may be a demand in the interior
of the particular district in which it is
located. I think it may be assumed, not only from
the statements made to me by its officials but also
from the very nature of the case, that tbe people
interested in this road will construct smelting
works at Cordova as soon as Alaskan coal is available
for its use. Smelters at Cordova would be
able to take care of tbe copper ores, of which there
are many indications throughout the entire district
tributary to Prince William Sound.
The exploitation and commercial development
of these ores would promptly follow the construction
and operation of such smelters. Representatives
of the Copper River Railroad state that
they will immediately construct a branch line to
the Bering coal fields as soon as they are opened
to development. Under these circumstances it is
natural to inquire what, if any, advantages there
would be in the construction of another railroad
from tidewater to these fields. Tbe answer to the
question depends largely upon the extent to which
the government will be able to regulate the service
and the rates of the Copper River road. Such
regulation, however, should be comparatively simple
and effective, especially if we insist upon keeping
the railroad or its owners from acquiring a
controlling interest in the coal fields. That this
can be done by a proper system of leasehold I see
no reason to doubt. Representatives of the railroad
have assured me that its owners recognize
and intend to accept in good faith, so far as the
coal fields are concerned, the principle upon which
public opinion and the law now insist in the states
and will undoubtedly insist in Alaska—the principle
that transportation lines should not be interested,
directly or indirectly, in the commodities
which they transport. Whatever may be
thought of such assurances, the law itself should
divorce the railroads from tbe coal business, so
that all the lessees of coal lands may receive impartial
service from the roads and the incentive
to favoritism mav be removed. If this can successfully
be accomplished, it is apparent that a
competitive railroad will simply divide the profits
of transportation, which are now not adequate to
pay the cost of operation, and whose future cannot
be foretold with any certainty because of the
doubts as to the future market for the coal to
which reference has already been made.
There is, however, abundant opportunity for
competitive roads if they should ever become desirable.
Not only is there room at or near Cordova
for competitive terminals, but there is ample
frontage for a government railroad if one should
ever lie desired. The harbor at Cordova is so
clearly superior in all respects to any other harbor
available for the Bering coal fields that the
slightly longer transportation necessary by this
route appears entirely unimportant, especially as
the grade is practically a water grade to the coal
fields. Nevertheless, there is a possible harbor,
although a poor and expensive one, available at
CONTROLLER BAY.
This much discussed bay, tempest tossed by controversy
as well as by nature, is inclosed partly
by rocky remnants of the hills and partly by low
reefs built up of mud brought down by glacial
streams and raised above the water surface by
action of the waves. The bay itself is gradually
being silted up by similar material from the same
extensive glaciers which border the coal fields on
the north and east and probably cover many beds
of coal. These long, low reefs and flats, together
with the rocky islands of Kayak and Wingham
on the southwest, protect its waters from the open
sea. The area from tbe base of the coal-bearing
mountains on the north, along the east side of
Bering River, to the bay, a distance of 15 to 20
miles, is a low-lying plain but a few feet above
water level, much of it flat and swampy, built up
of glacial deoris.
The entire bay is shallow except a narrow, irregular
channel from a few hundred yards to a
mile in width and a few fathoms in depth leading
southward and westward to the sea. The tidal
currents passing into and out of this bay diminish

the settling of glacial silt in this channel, but
these do not appear to prevent the silting up of
the larger part of the bay itself; and doubtless
the channel is slowly but continuously becoming
smaller and more shallow. This channel lies
from 2 to 3 miles out from the present shore, with
these shallow mud flats intervening. Of course,
whether and how rapidly the large quantities of
silt brought down from the glaciers will continue
to fill up the waters of Controller Bay can only be
deteimined by careful and protracted observation,
but there is every reason for believing tbat this
process will continue in the future as it has done
in the past unless the conditions are improved Inartificial
construction and dredging.
I should add, however, that some persons insist
that the future deposits brought down by the Bering
River will in no appreciable way affect the
navigability of the bay; and that the conditions
can be easily improved by dredging. As the Controller
Bay region is only 20 to 30 miles distant
from the coal fields, there have naturally been
numerous investigations to determine the possibility
of constructing harbor facilities there. 1
am told tbat it was carefully investigated on behalf
of the Copper River Railroad by engineers of
high standing and was discarded as impracticable.
The attempt, however, was made under the advice
of engineers of this road to construct a harbor at
Katalla, which is outside of the range of islands
to the westward of Controller Bay, where there
is deep water immediately off shore and where a
pier or breakwater was constructed at considerable
expense in the vain attempt to protect shipping
from the force of the winds and waves of an open
roadstead. A storm promptly demolished these
works and led to the removal of the railroad to
Cordova. Tts representatives say they would not
now construct a harbor at Controller Bay even if
they should become interested in a railroad to the
coal fields, and give as an added reason the necessary
duplication of clock facilities which they are
now constructing at Cordova.
Obviously, if modern dockage is provided at Cordova
for copper ore and other heavy freight, it
can be made to provide for coal with less additional
expense than if separate facilities should be constructed
on Controller Bay. Nevertheless, several
other railroad enterprises have been projected at
Controller Bay. but apparently all have become
inactive except that in which R. S. Ryan and his
associates are interested. Tt was the persistence
of Mr. Ryan which led to the elimination of the
shore of Controller Bay from the Chugach National
Forest, and he has made three scrip entries on
the shore, which are still pending before the Department
of the Interior. Following the law.
these entries each have a frontage of 160 rods,
leaving 80-rod intervals between them, which the
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
law provides shall be kept free from entry. On
one of these 80-rod strips
A RAILROAD TER JUN AL
bas been located, but this entry appears to be
without any warrant of law and is based wholly
upon the theory that a railroad terminal location
does not constitute an entry within the meaning
of the act. It seems to have been made merely
to exclude others and upon the chance that the
statute may be open to the construction mentioned.
I do not believe thai it is even intended
to be seriously pushed. At all events, all the rest
of tbe shore, except as stated, remains free from
entry, thus disposing effectively of tbe claim that
a railroad monopoly has acquired the frontage of
Controller Bay. Whatever may be the merits
or demerits of this harbor, it has not passed out
of the control of the government.
To develop it at all it will be necessary to c-onstruct
piers or roadways from the shore out over
the shallow Hats to the channel I have described;
and after the elimination from the national forest
Ryan secured from Congress, without apparent objection
from any source, a special act containing
many provisions for the protection of the publicinterests,
permitting him to construct a pier with
dockage facilities where it reaches the deeper
water. Here, 3 miles from the shore, he proposes
to create a harbor. Similar facilities can
be created at other points along the shore if this
should be desired, and by dredging, a certain
amount of which Mr. Ryan admits he will have to
do, facilities equally advantageous with his can
apparently be created, if desired. Ice from the
Bering River and other small streams forms in
winter and collects in the shallow waters of Controller
Bay. Some of those familiar with Alaskan
conditions, whose opinions are entitled to
weight, regard this ice as a menace to tbe harbor,
but the greatest disadvantage, aside from the shallow
waters, appears to be conceded to be the fierce
winds which sweep down over the bay from the
glaciated regions on shore. Under somewhat
similar conditions elsewhere, shipping is said to
be actually blown from the docks in extreme cases;
and if winds of this character would blow while
vessels were attempting to enter Controller Bay
the danger would be great.
Mr. Ryan has recognized the difficulties and
thinks they can be met, at least so far as the docks
are concerned, by constructing them so that ships
will dock with their bows directly facing the prevailing
winds. The plans which he has recently
prepared are so drawn. That such precautions
are necessary even in his judgment is a sufficient
indication of the importance of this particular
problem. If he should really construct a road and
extend it from the coal fields to a connection with
the Copper River Railroad, copper ore might be

3fi THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
diverted either by enforced or voluntary switching
arrangements to smelters established in the coal
fields themselves or at Controller Bay, but these
smelters would not possibly be as available for
the copper ores of Prince William Sound as would
smelters at Cordova. For the reasons which I
have thus indicated. I am unable to see how a rail
road at Controller Bay would be of any particular
advantage to the Alaska syndicate and if a real
competitive railroad should be built, it would
serve as a check upon the Copper River road. If.
on the other hand.
A GOVERNMENT RAILROAD
is desirable now or in tbe future, there is ample
opportunity for it. If the Ryan railroad should be
built, and the government desired its acquisition,
the opportunity for the government to build a
competitive road should be effective in preventing
an exorbitant price.
However, under the conditions which exist, in­
cluding the character of the Bering coal fields,
the present state, and the immediate future of the
coal market, and the fact that the Copper River
Railroad is already in the field, 1 see no reason
why the government sliould at this time take upon
itself the unnecessary financial risks of supplying
transportation. If railroad rates and service can
ever be effectively regulated, this can be clone in
the case of a railroad carrying but a single com­
modity between fixed points, as would be the ease
with the Ryan railroad, or carrying but few commodities
and those chiefly in bulk, as is now tbe
case with the Copper River Railroad, and is likely
to be the case with it for many years to come.
While I am an optimist as to the future of Alaska,
I see no reason why the Alaska syndicate should
not be permitted to continue the enormously ex­
pensive experiment to which its present investment
has already committed it and which that investment
prevents it from abandoning. The es­
sential thing is that we shall adopt proper coal
laws under which monopoly will be impossible and
that we shall preserve ample opportunities for
whatever action by the government the future may
require. The immediately important thing is that
the Bering coal field should be open to wise development
so that it may supply local needs and afford
ample opportunity for supplying any market for
this particular coal which may now exist or which
it may be possible to create on the Pacific coast.
My visit to Alaska has led me to take a far
greater interest in the future of
THE MATANTJSKE COAL FIELD,
which is larger in extent, having an area of 74
square miles or 47,360 acres, better in coal, better
in physical condition, and freer from the compli­
cations of private claims than is true at Bering
River. Against these advantages must he set off
its greater distance from tbe sea, hut this very
distance connects it more intimately with the real
problem of Alaskan development—that of adequate
transportation Irom tide water to the Yukon.
What Alaska needs more than all else is a trunk
line railroad from the ocean to the great interior
valleys of the Yukon and the Tanana. opening up
the eountry so that its future development may
really be possible. To-day, as I have said, Alaska
is a country of large probabilities, minerally and
agriculturally. Mineral resources of great variety
and extent are indicated by such surface explora­
tion as is possible. The real value of these min­
eral indications, however, cannot be effectively
determined while the cost of transporting even the
simplest of mining machinery into the interior is
practically prohibitive and can be justified only as
a gigantic gamble by men of sufficient means to
pocket their losses. The vast interior valleys are
covered with luxuriant grasses and can be made to
raise cattle and sheep and even grain if proper
seed and proper methods are experimentally developed
by scientific agriculture. But agricultural
development cannot go forward where the local
markets are small and scattered and exportation
is impossible.
The Matanuska coal field lies north of Prince
William Sound and from 150 to 200 miles from
Seward, on Resurrection Bay. It is known to contain
extensive beds of coal of the same or slightly
superior quality to that of Bering River, and in
better physical condition both as to the coal itself
and as to the obstacles to profitable mining. Tbe
country is not so broken, faults and pinching are
less in evidence, and the crushing process appears
to have gone on to a much less extent. A far less
percentage of the field has been entered by private
claimants, and most of these appear.to be clearly
illegal on account of dummy entries and other violations
of the law. for which indictments are now
pending. A railroad to develop this field and to
open up the great interior valleys has been started
from Seward, which has by far the best harbor
and the best town site in Alaska which T saw or of
which I have been able to obtain auy knowledge.
THE TOWN OI SEWARD
lies at the head of Resurrection Bay, which is a
magnificent and extensive harbor, landlocked and
free from ice, and already selected by the govern­
ment as a naval coaling station, and where smelter
operations may be one of the future industries.
The only criticism of the harbor of which I have
heard is that the water is so deep that docks and
fixed moorings will be necessary for perfect safety,
but as this is also true of the harbor of Seattle,
which has been regarded as one of the most magnificent
in the world, it seems to be a fault which
closely approaches a virtue. The railroad from
Seward—the so-called Alaskan Central or Alaskan
Northern- at present extends only seventy odd

miles to a point on Turnagain Arm, where it stopped
for lack of funds and for various other reasons,
among which the withdrawal of the coal fields
from entry is particularly emphasized. 1 think,
however, that its financial plans afford a more convincing
reason for its failure. At all events, it
has passed through the courts into the custody
of its bondholders, who are not particularly eager,
if they are able, to finance its further extension.
While a part of its construction does not seem
wisely adapted to the transportation of coal or
other heavy freight. I believe this road should be
continued on to the coal fields and beyond them
to the interior, and that if private interests do not
care to undertake the task the government itself
should do so. The situation here is not like that
in the Copper River country. No large financial
interests are back of the railroad; no large investments
have been made which it will be necessary
for private interests to protect.
Such a railroad as I have suggested w ill pass
through a country which appears to have large agricultural
possibilities as well as great mineral
resources. These possibilities and resources,
however, will require time for their development.
The adoption of a leasing policy will take away
from the promoters of such a road the lure of
great gain from the exploitation of tbe coal fields.
This exploitation clearly should be prevented in
the public interest. But at tbe same time, the
government must recognize that if it withdraws
from private capital this incentive for railroad
construction the government itself must assume
the obligation of making possible that kind of
development upon which it insists for the general
good. It has been urged that the government
should meet this objection by guaranteeing the
payment of bonds or the interest on bonds equal
to the cost of the construction of the road. I can
see no advantage whatever in this policy. If the
government is to guarantee the cost of construction,
I see no reason why the government should
not own the road outright, whether it operates it
or leases to an operating company.
If a plan for construction at the
JOINT RISK AND JOINT PROFIT
of the private investor and of tbe public- along the
lines of the Chicago Traction ordinances could Input
into successful operation, this might reconcile
the conflicting views of public policy as to the
government ownership of railroads, especially if
the government's share of any future profits should
be commuted into an equivalent reduction of the
rates or should be directly expended in furnishing
to Alaska, the other means of transportation of
which it is and will continue to be so much in
need. After such careful consideration, however,
as I have been able to give the matter, I believe
that the uncertainty of immediate financial return
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 37
will prevent the adoption of this plan and that the
imperative need of immediate transportation development
calls for the construction of at least
one main trunk line from tidewater to the Yukon,
which can better be constructed from Resurrection
Bay through the Matanuska coal fields than in any
other way. There seems to be no likelihood that
the Copper River Railroad will be extended into
the interior for years to come, and even then its
route would probably be far removed from tbe line
I have suggested.
The -Matanuska coal should be brought to Seward
for the use of our naval coaling station, and a
mine for that purpose can well be opened by tbe
government on the Matanuska, where it can be
made to serve as an example for private mining,
where it can furnish information and serve as a
check upon tbe profits of the lessees tinder government
leases. The Secretary of the Navy authorizes
me to state that he believes there should be
reserved a sufficient portion of high-grade Alaska
coal, suitable for the use of the Navy, to be mined
hereafter for this express purpose under the Bureau
of Mines. The Navy Department is now conducting
a test of the available coals in the Pacific-
Coast States with the result that none of these
coals have been found suitable for naval uses. It
is the intention to test additional coals from New
Mexico and Wyoming.
I have made some inquiries to ascertain whether
the present owners of the Alaska Central are willing
to give any assurances that they will extend
that railroad through the coal fields to the interim
in the near future, with tlie result that some at
least of those interested in it have indicated a
preference to sell the railroad to the government
for the face of the outstanding bonds, which
amount to some $4,600,000. I assume that it can
be purchased for the real value of the road, whatever
that may be, and that it will not he extended
by its present owners.
In undertaking railroad construction there is
ample precedent at Panama, and it must be borne
in mind that as a matter of principle the government
is not thus invading the legitimate domain
of private enterprise, but is in effect simply resuming
one of its own proper functions. The
Supreme Court of the United States said in United
States vs. Joint Traffic Association I 171 U. S.,
505-570) : "Tbe business of a railroad carrier is
of a public nature, and in performing it Ihe carrier
is also performing, to a certain extent, a
function of government." "Iu Talcott vs. Pine
Grove (23 Federal Cases, 652), the United States
Circuit Court for the West Division of Michigan.
said that railway corporations "exercise delegated
sovereign rights" and are "but a portion of the
public government. * * * And it is not true, we
submit, that it is in degree only that these fran-

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
chises differ in their relations to the public from
mills and inns, as is said in People vs. Salem.
The one is private property; the other is a political
function, which, when resting in the hands of
government where originally it. resided, or dele­
gated still for the same public- use, to either per­
sons or corporations, ever has been, and of right
may be, aided by taxation. * * * It is lor the per­
formance and regulation of this old and
FAMILIAR GOVERNMENTAL DUTY,
in a mode deemed by the legislature most efficient
and economical, that in modern times railway and
other corporations have been created. And in
the most plenary and critical sense, under the general
railroad law of Michigan, they are parts of the
political organism. The road, once constructed,
is, instanter and by mere force of the grant and
law, embodied in the governmental agencies of the
state and dedicated to public use. All and singu­
lar its cars, engines, rights of ways, and property
of every description, real, personal and mixed, are
but a trust fund for the political power, like the
functions of a public office."
Indeed, the most important features of our rail­
road law are squarely based and depend upon this
theory of the relation of railroads to the functions
of government. What has happened, then, with
respect to railroads is simply that the government
has delegated one of its own functions to private
agencies for what, at the time, are believed to be
considerations of wise expediency. If. for reasons
of equal expediency, the government decides
at any given time or place to resume its true func­
tion, it cannot he said to be in any sense invading
the field of private enterprise.
If we may assume that some of the coal claims
which have been entered in Alaska in either tbe
Matanuska or the Bering fields have complied with
the law and should be allowed, the suggestions 1
have made will enable us to compare in practical
operation the development of coal under private
ownership, under government leasehold, and under
the direct operation of the government itself. We
shall have an important railroad under private
ownership, with governmental regulation, to compare
with one under public ownership, and these
two railroads will operate in separale fields where
they will not directly conflict, but where each may
serve as a check upon the other, and the advocates
of both methods w.ill doubtless come to appreciate
more fully and more fairly both the difficulties
and the advantages of the railroad as a governmental
agent.
It remains only to consider more in detail the
methods by which the coal fields should be opened.
Those suggested have been the sale of the lands
in fee, their development under lease from the
government, and their operation by the govern­
ment itself. I believe that the time has passed
when the government should convey an unre­
stricted title to its coal fields. The day is done
in whicli the government should deliberately en­
courage the
UNRESTRICTED PRIVATE EXPLOITATIO-N
of the sources of power. To impose effective
regulations upon these sources after they have
passed to private individuals in fee is exceedingly
difficult, even if not impossible. The ownership
of the fee carries with it under the law the right
of unrestricted sale, and many regulations which
are desirable in the public, interest can be im­
posed, if at all, only after radical changes in the
laws and prolonged litigation in the courts, per­
haps only after constitutional amendments. It is
therefore unwise, and in my opinion unnecessary,
to sell our coal lands in order to secure their effec­
tive development.
On the other hand, direct government operation,
including the mining and the selling of coal, involves
such deep and far-reaching changes, both of
policy and of administration, that there is no likelihood
at the present time of its adoption to the ex­
clusion of private operation. Unlike the govern
ment ownership of railroads, public coal mining
has never been held b.v the courts to be a function
of government. It would be regarded by many
sincere and disinterested citizens as an invasion
of the field of private enterprise, and would involve
such general and uncompromising opposition
tbat even those who believe in its adoption
as a matter of principle should not insist upon
tying up the coal fields of Alaska until the great
economic and political questions which are involved
in its exclusive application to these fields
have been fought out to a practical conclusion.
The true function of government is not merely the
preservation of public- order or the regulation of
the conduct of individuals, but the carrying on ot
any enterprise which will promote the welfare of
the community as a whole more effectively if carried
on by the organized community than if left to
the voluntary action of individual members of the
community. But to determine whether a particular
activity answers this test depends in every
instance on a final and complete analysis involving
a. consideration not only of immediate results, but
of the far-reaching consequences upon humanity
and upon the social order. While, therefore, much
can be said in favor of permitting the government
to enter experimentally into those fields upon which
industrial development and the welfare of society-
depends, which perhaps may in the future include
the development and distribution of power and the
means by which power may be created, I do not
believe that the government alone should preempt
these fields or exclusively control their develop­
ment until it becomes far clearer than it is to-day
(Continued on Page 52.)

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
THE MINING BUREAU'S FUEL INVESTIGATIONS*
WHAT THE GOVERNMENT HAS DONE AND IS ENDEAVORING TO DO
By Dr. J. A. Holmes. Chief of the United States Bureau of Mines.
The United States is to-day producing coal at
an annual rate of about one-half billion tons, and
of this amount the railroads of the country are
consuming approximately one-fifth. Any work,
therefore, relating to the development of new
sources of fuel or to improvements in methods of
use is of vital importance to the railroad interests.
That the officials of the different roads have so
considered the fuel investigation of the Geologi­
cal Survey and the Bureau of Mines is evidenced
by their readiness at all times to co-operate in any
way with those in charge.
The government fuel testing plant began its
work at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St.
Louis in 19U4, during which year Congress appro­
priated $60,000 for analyzing and testing "the
coals and lignites of the United States, in order
to determine their fuel values and the most eco­
nomical method for their utilization for different
purposes." This work was continued at St. Louis
until early in 1907, when the plant was removed
to the Jamestown Exposition at Norfolk, Va. It
was operated at the latter place during the expo­
sition period, and in 1908 moved to the present
location in Pittsburgh, Pa., where a portion of the
buildings and grounds of the old Allegheny Ar­
senal were temporarily transferred to the Geo­
logical Survey by the War Department. The
buildings so transferred were altered so as to per­
mit the installation of equipment, and some new
structures were erected. In addition to these
laboratories at the Pittsburgh station, the bureau
has also a coal laboratory in Washington for the
analysis of fuel inspection samples.
At the time investigations were commenced, in
1904, there was not a lack of reliable information
concerning the character and analyses of different
fuels found in the various sections of the country.
but data as to the use of these coals and lignites
in power-generating equipment was very limited.
This was particularly true of the newer fields and
those in which the poorer coals are mined. In
contrast with this we have to-day not only the
bulletins of the United States Geological Survey
and of the Bureau of Mines, but also recent pub­
lications of some of the State geological surveys
and of the State universities, as well as some
texts which may be referred to for the above men­
tioned information. It is also certain that to the
work done at this fuel testing plant may be at­
tributed in a large measure the increased interest
in fuel economy, the more intelligent purchase of
"Paper read before the International Railway Fuel Association,
at Chattanooga. Tenn.
fuel, and the progress in smoke abatement during
the last few years.
It was because of the general lack of informa­
tion about the fuels of the country and the best
methods for their use that the work was originally
planned and carried out as it was. Coke ovens,
briquetting machines, producer-gas and steam
power generating equipments, such as were in
most general commercial use, were installed at the
plant. Carload samples, loaded in most cases
under the supervision of a Geological Survey engineer,
were
SHIPPED Id THE PLANT,
together with mine and car samples collected by
this engineer at the time shipment was made and
tests were conducted in the several kinds of equip­
ment to determine the value of each coal for cok­
ing, briquetting or steaming purposes, or for use
in producer-gas plants. On account of the great
demand to have more and more coals tested, and
also because of the fact that the work was not es­
tablished on a permanent basis, investigations
could be planned for only one year in advance, and
therefore the making of these commercial tests
was continued for several years.
During this period there were collected and analyzed
5,000 mine car and test samples of coals
from many fields. Most of these analyses have
been published in the several bulletins of the Geological
Survey or the Bureau of Mines, the demand
for which has been great. On account of the fact
that some of these publications are now out of
print, the Bureau, in order to meet this demand.
which still continues, is now preparing a bulletin
which will contain in one volume the analyses of
all coals tested at St. Louis and at Norfolk.
That there is to-day much greater interest in
matters relating to fuel economy is shown by the
extent to which the specifications method for the
purchase of coal is being adopted. People are
coming to see that it is no more unreasonable to
specify what quality of fuel is to be delivered for
their use than it is to require that maple flooring
shall be of a certain width and thickness and shall
not have knots of all sizes, or that paints shall be
made of certain materials in given proportions. In
most localities where this method of purchase has.
been in use for some time tbe dealers, as well as
consumers, have become accustomed to it, and
recognize that it is fairer to both parties than is
the buying of coal at a fiat price without specifica­
tions.
The government is to-day buying about $6,000.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
000 worth of coal each year, about one-half of
which is purchased on specifications. The proportion
of coal so bought, both for the government
and for commercial plants, is increasing each year,
and requests are constantly being received by this
Bureau for more information as to the method and
the results obtained.
The question is sometimes asked, "What does it
cost the government to inspect the coal, and what
is the net saving resulting from the adoption of
this method of purchase?" Unfortunately, this
question cannot be answered at this time. Figures
show that the laboratory cost for making the
analyses was, for the year 1909-10, $1.54 per sample,
and it is estimated that the cost for the current
fiscal year will be $1.44 per sample. The
cost of inspection of the coal and of collection of
samples is, however, much more difficult to determine,
for the reason that a portion of this expense
is borne by other departments or bureaus, and also
because of the fact that some of the engineers who
look after the inspection work are frequently detailed
for special
TESTS OR INVESTIGATIONS
and are therefore unable to give their entire time
to coal inspection.
The calculation of the net saving resulting from
the adoption of any method is practically impossible.
This can be readily seen when it is remembered
that the fuel is bought not only for a
number of separate bureaus or departments but
for a far greater number of plants scattered
throughout a large part of the United States, as
well as on the Isthmus of Panama. The records
do show that in some cases the penalties alone have
more than offset the entire cost of inspection; also
that in some plants cheaper grades of coal are now
used. By the substitution of such a fuel in one
plant where tests were made by this bureau, and
upon the results of which tests the recommendation
for this substitution was based, a saving of about
$S00 per month is being effected.
One very noticeable result of buying on specifications
is that the material delivered is much
more uniform in quality than before the coal was
so bought, and this, in itself, is conducive to more
economical and satisfactory operation. Some of
the operating engineers also state that when the
coals delivered to them are inspected and the
analysis of the inspection samples reported to
them they are enabled to check their operating
costs more easily, and the knowledge of this on
the part of the firemen results in more careful
stoking.
In addition to the laboratory work on the analysis
of mine, car and test supplies of coal, some
experimental investigations were conducted to determine
the nature and quantity of volatile matter
driven off from several typical coals when heated
in different ways. The results, which are published
in Bulletin No. 1 of the Bureau of Mines,
show that there is a marked difference in both
the nature and quantity of this volatile matter
evolved from two different coals when subjected
to the same conditions, and that the conditions
of heating also affect the evolution. At the request
of the Navy Department the Geological Survey
began some time ago a study of the causes
of spontaneous combustion and also of the deterioration
of coal when stored under various conditions.
This work is being continued at the present
time by the Bureau of Mines and tests are
made at intervals of from three to six months to
ascertain what changes are taking place.
Other experiments had for their purpose the
separation of some of the compounds composing
the coal substance and their determination. This
work has not been completed as yet. but it has
been found possible by the use of inert solvents
to separate about 35 per cent, of the component
substances.
A laboratory study of the petroleum of some of
our large oil fields was taken up in 1907. and
analyses and calorimetric determinations of many
samples were made. Tests in a laboratory still
were also conducted on these oils to determine
what distillates could be obtained from them.
Other experiments had to do with the separation
of water from oil, and the determination of other
physical characteristics. In connection with the
collection of samples in the field, a study was also
made of the various methods of using the oil and
of the kinds of equipment for its use now on the
market.
The gas producer work has, from the time these
investigations were begun, been one of tbe most
important branches. Not only were all kinds of
coals, lignites and peats successfully gasified, but
the fuel consumption per
ELECTRICAL HORSE POWER
hour was much lower than in the steam plant of
similar rated capacity. Some of these fuels were
of such quality that it would have been impossible
to use them in ordinary steaming equipment and
carry the loads which were kept on the gas engine
for many hours, and with which no particular
difficulties were experienced. Several bulletins
were published by the Geological Survey
giving results of these trials, but practically all are
out of print to-day, and on account of the continued
demand for the same, the Bureau of Mines
is now preparing and will soon have ready for publication,
a bulletin giving results of some 195 tests.
This bulletin will have in it practically all the data
contained in the earlier ones, with such revisions
and additions as the authors deem advisable.
During the years that the testing plant was in
St. Louis many tons of briquets were made from

a number of the coals shipped to the plant. Various
materials were tried as binding agents and
the briquets were subjected to weathering and
physical tests while some of them were also used
in combustion tests in domestic and power boilers.
In the earlier briquetting experiments the coals
used were, for the most part, of the better grades,
the object being to determine if such fuels could
be sufficiently improved by briquetting to justify
the expense connected therewith. The results of
the combustion tests on stationary boilers showed
that it will usually prove unprofitable to briquet.
these better grades of coal, although in some localities
the conditions may warrant the manufacture
of briquets from the slack coal in order to supply
the domestic trade.
Of particular interest to the members of this
association are the investigations relating to the
use of briquetted fuel in locomotive practice.
Our series of such experiments was conducted
at the locomotive testing plant of the Pennsylvania
railroad at Altoona, Pa., in which work the Geological
Survey actively co-operated. All the fuel
used was inspected by the Survey at the time
shipment was made, a portion of this coal going
to the testing plant in St. Louis to be briquetted.
and then forwarded to Altoona for the test. The
details of these tests and the conclusion drawn
therefrom are set forth in Bulletin 363 of the
United States Geological Survey. They show that,
although the evaporation per pound of briquets
was greater than it was per pound of raw coal,
and the amount of smoke made was less with briquets,
the increased cost of the briquetted fuel was
not warranted by the resulting increase in evaporation
efficiency.
In tbe same bulletin mention is made of about
100 locomotive road tests conducted by a number
of other railroads in co-operation with the engineers
from the testing plant. The chief purpose
of these tests was to observe the behavior of the
briquetted fuel under service conditions and in
most of them no accurate data were obtained as
to the coal and water used. For this reason exact
figures as to the differences in the efficiencies with
coal and with briquets could not be computed, but
the conclusions drawn from this work were, in
general, the same as stated for the Altoona tests.
Another series of comparative trials of run-ofmine
and briquetted
COAL IN A LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
was conducted jointly by the Seaboard Air Line
railway and the representatives of the Survey in
tne company's yards at Portsmouth, Va. During
these trials such steam as was necessary for the
Iiroduction of "draft" was exhausted directly
through the cylinders to the nozzle, the valves in
both steam chests having been removed so as to
make this possible. Any surplus steam generated
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
was discharged through special piping into the
steam mains of tbe company's shops.
Bulletin 412 of the Geological Survey describes
the method of conducting the tests and gives results
of same. The comparative showing made
by the raw coal and the briquets, under the conditions
there obtaining, was somewhat more in
favor of the briquets than it was in the other tests
mentioned. Among the conclusions drawn by the
authors of this bulletin may be quoted the following:
(a) "At low rates of working, run-of-mine coal
gives a higher equivalent evaporation than briquets;
at medium rates there is little difference;
at high rates briquets do considerably better.
(b I "The smaller briquets are easier to fire and
to level on the fire than are the larger ones; either
form gives the fireman far less work and trouble
than run-of-mine coal.
(c) "In sparks briquet fires lose less than coal
fires.
(d) "On roads having heavy grades it will probably
pay well to burn briquets, at least part of the
time.
(e) "Perhaps it would pay to add combustion
chambers to the front ends of some locomotive
fire boxes, and use a larger number of boiler tubes
of shorter length and smaller diameters."
In connection with the conclusion last quoted,
it is jiossible that the special furnace combustion
investigations to be mentioned later on may furnish
some interesting data.
The most of the later briquetting tests have been
made on the low grade fuels, of which there are
immense deposits in some parts of this country.
In some localities the deposits of these sub-bituminous
or lignite coals have reniained practically
undeveloped because of the fact that there was
only a small local demand, and the fuel in its raw
state could not be shipped to any distant points
because of the slacking or disintegrating action
of the air. By partially drying these coals and
then subjecting the material to heavy pressure in
an open-mould-type press it has been found possible
to make from some of them, without the use
of any binding material, briquets which could be
handled without excessive breaking and which
also withstood the action of the weather reasonably
well.
Washing and coking investigations were conducted
at St. Louis and then later at a plant built
by the Geological Survey in Denver, Colo., all the
work being done with ovens of the bee-hive type.
It was found that by employing proper methods
of treatment many coals which had always been
considered as non-coking would yield a satisfactory
coke. Several of the bulletins of the Geological
Survey contain

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
RESULTS OF THOSE COKING TESTS,
some of which bulletins are out of print, but the
others may be obtained by addressing the director
of the Bureau of Mines.
Probably no o«e part of the work of the fuel-
testing plant has attracted quite as much atten­
tion as the steaming tests, and the smoke preven­
tion investigations so closely related thereto. The
interest in this part of the work has been due
partly to the large number of fuels tested and the
impossibility of obtaining from any other source
information of the same nature relative to such
a variety of coals from different sections of the
country. The most important result, however, of
this work is that operating engineers have had
their interest in the economical use of fuel so
aroused that the use of scientific methods of plant
management has greatly increased. There has
been such a demand for some of the bulletins relating
to this work that every available copy has
either been given away or sold. To meet the re­
quests that are still being received, the Bureau of
Mines will soon publish a revised bulletin containing
the results of over 500 boiler trials conducted
at the testing plant.
The rapid growth of the movement for smoke
abatement has been helped to a large extent by
the work of the Technologic Branch of the Geological
Survey and of the Bureau of Mines. Ten
years ago hardly a city in this country had a smoke
ordinance that could be enforced, or a smoke department
to look after the enforcement of the
ordinance. The smoke abatement investigations.
however, showed that the prevention of smoke in
boiler furnaces and the great reduction in the
amount produced in other furnaces is a possibility.
As the bulletins relating to these investigations
were circulated, people began to realize that the
improvement of conditions in our cities is not im­
possible, and with this realization came the demand
for practical smoke ordinances and for officials
to carry out the purposes of the same. As a
result we find that to-day in many of our cities
real progress is being made toward smoke abatement.
In the cities where the work is being most suc­
cessfully carried on, the ordinances require that all
plans for new construction or for extensive altera­
tions must be approved by the smoke requirement.
and in this way the installation of work which
would certainly cause trouble is prevented. In
order that such supervision may be properly car­
ried out the smoke department personnel should
include those, who by training and experience, are
qualified for such duties.
The work of the government along the line of
smoke prevention has included not only tbe study
of some phases of the problem at the testing plant,
but also investigations in commercial plants in
different sections of the country, and the dissemi­
nation through bulletins and other channels of the
information obtained. In this way the work be­
comes co-operative, because ever}' bit of interest
aroused directly or indirectly results in efforts
toward the desired end.
In this connection it may be said that better re­
sults are obtained by smoke departments whose
offic ials endeavor to secure the co-operation of plant
engineers or owners, than by those who attempt to
ELIMINATE THE SMOKE
of a city by simply entering suits and collecting
fines.
The abatement of locomotive smoke is one of
the most difficult problems with which a city
smoke inspector has to contend, and yet in many
of our cities where efforts are being made to im­
prove conditions the amount of locomotive smoke
has been greatly reduced. In such places the railroad
companies have made some changes in their
equipment, but in addition to this they have put
on their own inspectors, whose duties are not only
to watch for and report firemen who are violating
the ordinance, but also to instruct such men as to
methods of firing by which the smoke could be
prevented or greatly reduced. The entire elimina­
tion of locomotive smoke does not to-day appear to
be a possibility in sections where a high volatile
coal is used—at least, it will not come without
snme decided changes in locomotive design—but
it can safely be stated that there is no locality
where the present conditions cannot be improved
upon.
With the establishment of the Bureau of Mines
these fuel investigations were put on a more substantial
base than they had ever been prior to
that time. During the earlier years of the testing
work special appropriations were made from year
to year for its continuance, but the plant was not
permanently located, nor was there any assurance
that it would not be discounted any year. This
fact not only made it impracticable to plan and
carry out work as would otherwise have been
clone, but it also increased the difficulty of getting.
and particularly holding, the technical men to conduct
the investigations.
Since the new Bureau of Mines was created the
plans for part of tbe work have been changed and
investigation of a more fundamental nature taken
uii. The coking tests in bee-hive ovens, for ex­
ample, have been discontinued and at the present
time a study is being made of some of the basic
principles of cupola practice, for the purpose of
bringing about the more economical use of coke in
cupola operation. In the not distant future it
is hoped that funds may be provided for the in­
stallation of by-product coke ovens and investiga­
tion of some of the problems connected with the
manufacture of by-product coke.

A change of plan has also been made in the gas
producer work. The earlier experiments were
conducted in producers such as are in use in commercial
plants, the tests at St. Louis and Norfolk
being in an up-draft producer, while the later tests
at Pittsburgh were in one of the down-draft type.
fn neither one of these installations could be carried
on some of the lines of investigation it was
desired to pursue, so the bureau has now established
at Pittsburgh an experimental equipment
of special design, in which certain problems are to
he studied. One of the latter relates to the possibility
and practicability of using in a gas producer
fuels of excessively high ash content. It is considered
that, in view of the many unsettled questions
in connection with gas producer design and
operation, a study of some of these in an experimental
installation will prove of greater value
than the continuance of tests of a more or less routine
nature in one of the commercial producers.
A similar conclusion has been reached regarding
the steaming investigation, and for this reason the
Bureau is no longer conducting the
COMMERCIAL BOILER TESTS
on various coals, as was done at St. Louis. This
statement is not be interpreted to mean that work
such as that done during the first few years is not
of value to the people of the country. There are,
however, factors which affect the results obtained
from the test of any one coal, and when there is
a wide variation in the coal to be tested, as there
is in the fuels from different sections of this
country, it is impossible to select any one type
of boiler and setting as installed in commercial
practice, and expect to get in this equipment the
best possible results from each coal. Such being
the case, it is readily seen that it will not beequally
fair to all fuels to test them in any one
equipment, if the results of these tests are to be
taken as an indication of the comparative value
of the coals for steaming purposes. Such trials.
it carefully conducted, would show very well the
values when used under certain conditions, bul
there is to-day little available information upon
which to base an opinion as to how much better
results for any one coal could be obtained byusing
a boiler and furnace of different design.
Of the factors affecting the evaporative results,
those dependent on furnace design and operation
may be separated from the factors governed by
boiler proportions, and are of greater moment
than the latter. For these reasons the bureau is
now making, in a specially constructed furnace and
combustion chamber, a study of some of the fundamental
principles of combustion and their relation
to furnace requirements.
It is now commonly known by engineers that to
completely burn a high-volatile coal at a given
rate of combustion, more combustion space is re­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
quired than to burn at the same rate a semibituminous
or semi-anthracite coal, assuming that
hoth fuels are stoked in the same way. There is,
however, no iniblished data as to what space is
required for any one of the typical coals, nor is
it known what losses occur if the space is less
than it should be. The study of this problem is
now being carried on by the Bureau of Mines and
constitutes the principal part of the steaming investigations.
For this work a special testing equipment has
been designed and built, consisting of a Murphy
mechanical stoker of 25 square foot grate area,
with the usual arch over the grates, to which is
joined a tunnel or combustion chamber about 35
feet long and with an internal cross-section approximately
3' 0" x 3' 0", and Heine water tube
boiler to absorb the heat generated. Provision
is made for taking gas samples, temperatures, and
other observations at intervals of five feet from
the bridge wall of the stoker throughout the length
of the tunnel. The latter discharges the products
of combustion into the combustion chamber proper
of the boiler setting, the gases then passing ovei
the heating surface of the boiler in the usual manner.
By taking simultaneous gas samples at a number
of places in the tunnel it is possible lo determine
not only how far the gases travel before the
coal is completely burned, but also what losses
would occur if the combustion was arrested at any
point. In this way data will be obtained as to
the furnace requirements for burning different
coals under various conditions. The
WORK NOW PLANKED
and being carried out includes tests with several
typical coals, in whicli tests the effect of the following
factors is to be studied:
(a) Nature of the coal.
(b) Rate of combustion.
( c) Supply of air.
(dl Rate at which the coal is heated.
(e) Rate ot mixing the volatile combustible and
air.
Another line of investigations related to the use
of fuel in boiler furnaces is the study of the
clinkering properties of ash, and of boiler feedwater
treatment. Tbe object of the work in clinker
formation is to determine the factors governing
this tendency and to devise, if possible, methods
for reducing the troubles from this source. It
is probable that when these investigations have
been continued a while, laboratory tests will be
developed, which, together with an analysis, wili
enable one to predict the clinkering action of an
ash under given conditions.
The boiler feed-water problem is being studied
along a line different from those followed heretofore,
in that experiments are to be conducted un-

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
der the pressure and temperature conditions which
obtain in boiler practice. It is very probable that
the reactions which take place under high temperature
and pressures may be found to be quite
different from those observed at atmospheric, pressure,
and the methods of treatment changed accordingly.
In the foregoing the speaker has endeavored to
give, without entering too much into details, a
general outline of the fuel investigations as carried
on under the Geological Survey and also as
they are being continued by the Bureau of Mines.
No attempt has been made to point out the many
applications of the results ot this work, but the
inquiries continually being received by the bureau
indicate that they are as varied as they are numerous.
In the future, not only will the present
lines of research be extended, but as soon as funds
are available, the study of other and larger problems
than those now in hand will be taken up.
In connection with your paper, I wish to call
your attention to a paper by Paul P. Bird, smoke
inspector of Chicago, on "Locomotive Smoke in
Chicago," presented February 15, 1911, before tbe
Western Societ> of Engineers. Some ot the conclusions
of Mr. Bird are interesting and 1 am repeating
them here:
1. Although the locomotives of the city use
only 18% per cent, of the total coal, they make
43 per cent, of the total smoke and over one-half
of the total dirt.
2. The locomotives consume, within the city
limits. 5,600 tons of soft coal daily, or about 1,850,-
000 tons annually.
3. According to the Ringlemann system of judging
the density of
BLACKNESS OF SMOKE,
the average density of locomotive smoke in Chicago
is 23 per cent.
4. Railroad locomotives make 4? per cent, of all
the smoke made in Chicago.
5. Because smoke from locomotives carries with
it large quantities of sparks and cinders, such
smoke is a greater dirt producer than smoke from
stationary plants.
6. Although locomotives make 43 per rent, of
the total smoke, because of the character of the
smoke, they produce over one-half of the total dirt
traceable to smoke.
7. The lowest average density of smoke produced
by any one road is about 10 per cent. This
figure probably represents as low an average as
can be maintained with steam locomotives using
soft coal.
8. If all locomotives in Chicago maintained an
average smoke density as low as 10 per cent., the
locomotive smoke would still form 29 per cent, of
the total smoke and probably produce over onethird
of the dirt.
9. Locomotives in the neighboring towns outside
of Chicago make an average smoke density
of about 41 per cent., showing that the anti-smoke
campaign in the city has already reduced the
smoke nearly one-half.
10. Approximately 10 per cent, of all coal fired
in a locomotive fire-box, is discharged from the
stack in form of cinders. Within the city limits
ot Chicago about 560 tons (14 car loads) of cinders
from locomotive smokestacks are dropped
every day.
11. There are about 2,200 miles of railway
track in the city limits. At all times there are
about 1,400 different locomotives working in the
city, and during a week as many as 3,740 different
locomotives are in Chicago.
BELIEVES ALABAMA COAL OUTPUT
•WILL SHOW A DECREASE.
"Prospects for renewed activity and good business
among the coal mines of the state are very
bright for this winter, but I do not believe the
annual output of tonnage will equal that of last
year," said State Mine Inspector Nesbitt of Alabama
to a Birmingham reporter. "In 1910, the
output amounted to 16,300,000 tons, but I do not
estimate it to be over 14,000,000 tons this year,
as a number of the mines have been closed and
many of them only working three or four days out
of the week.
"Within the next few days, several of the mines
which have been idle for the past few months and
longer will begin to work again. The Sloss Co.
will give work to 375 men, both white and colored,
at the opening soon of the ivy mine at Dora, in
Walker county, after being out of operation since
June. At West Corona, also in Walker county,
the Corona Coal & Iron Co. will open their mine
and over 75 men will be employed. The Seaboard
Coal & Coke Co. will resume the working of the
Coal Branch mine in St. Clair county soon, and
smaller mines scattered over the northern part of
the state are also getting busy.
"The loss of life among the 22,500 miners now
employed in Alabama during September was 7,
just one above the average number, which is 6.
Wach year we are lowering the mortality list of
fatal accidents, but as long as the mining industry
continues there will be the death toll to pay."
Among the recent charters made for transporting
American coals to foreign ports, is noted that of a
British steamer, to load coal from Norfolk consigned
to Dakar, Africa, the rate being 13 shillings.
The schooner Stanley M. Seamen, has been chartered
to take a cargo of 1,500 tons of coal from
Philadelphia to San Juan, Porto Rico. Terms are
private.

SOME LEADING LINES FOR
PROPER WATER PURIFICATION.
Everywhere where for industrial purposes no
suitable mineral water is at hand, there arises the
demand upon the promoter cn- operator to make
the raw water good. The ingredients that most
oppose proper use are minerals in solution with
gases and air that were absorbed in the water as
it passed on its way through the earth's crust. It
must be distinc-tly emphasized that both categories
act injuriously when present alone in the water,
as for instanc-e if much of the water before using
is distilled or formed by condensation, for on the
way through the condensers and pumps air and
gases are taken up, therefore it appears over and
over again that the water most freed of minerals,
those just mentioned, are quite as injurious as
natural waters if the opportunity offers them to
deposit the contained air or gases upon metal sur­
faces. Thus it bas been repeatedly observed with
stationary and marine boilers that water from con­
densers has corroded them, the oxygen of the air.
in the absence of other minerals to combine with,
was forced to react with the metal. The view that
corrosions come but from free acids in the water
is erroneous, rather are they due to air contained
in the feed water. The minerals dissolved in the
water are mostly combined with carbonic- acid and
sulphuric acid and have the peculiarity of separat­
ing from the solution to deposit them somewhere.
With steam boilers these phenomena are of pre­
cipitated slime and scale which cause at overheat­
ing the tearing of the plates as with the sudden
flying off of the hard deposited scale the water
strikes red hot metal. Though these cases are
rarer now with periodical cleansing of boilers, yet
the formation at all of scale brings in a loss of
heating effect—a waste of fuel—at any rate the
building up within the boiler of an insulating stra­
tum influences the factor of steaming.
Because of the difficulties with water purification
there arose the secret means, the so-called anti-
scales. In Eckermann's report of 400 analyses
there is shown the danger from applied neutraliz­
ing coatings that while keeping away the encrusta­
tion keep off tbe water from the walls to cause
their overheating, bulging swellings and so weakening.
A particular group for anti-boiler scale
dosing are the soda solvents, to be regularly drop­
ped in by supply pipe. Named automatic the ap­
paratus may be a failure as having less regard for
the hardness of the water and requisite measure
of its feeding, and further because the entrance to
the boiler is at another place than that of feed
water supply. If such like device is to work,
there must be excess of soda in the boiler; besides
•Translated for The Co.cl Trade Bulletin from Stein-und
Braunkohlc. I.cip^it. Aunusi .s. nil. by Mr. F. Z. Schellenbcre.
C. E.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 46
if has occurred in practice that the piping has cor­
roded or fouled to narrow the main opening, or
filled tin- drop-by-drop way with soda crystalliza­
tion. Only the outside purifications have met
approval.
Among the preliminaries should belong the daily
examinations of the water because of changing
circumstances affecting the ground water and dif­
fering atmospheric precipitations. Mostly with
that apparatus, too, the chemicals are a steady
addition so that to-day too much, to-morrow too
little soda may be contained in the treated water.
Of late there has been introduced "The Pernm-
tating Method of Purification." Tt is for obtaining
zero hardness by filtration. Tbe actual re­
sult outside the boiler is the exchange of soda
given against lime and magnesia salts contained
Its regeneration after six hours is the pouring over
the filter of hot common salt solution. So there
is much circumstance and two filters are required.
But if there is dissolved iron an anti-ferrous installation
is called lor. More weight is to be
accorded to the fact tbat while the heavier salts
are thrown out soda dissolving reacts with the
separated CO. and SO, to form salts spoiling the
boiler. Those interested are advised to consult
a chemist.
Tn 1906 it was found that scale formers could
be removed without chemicals if the water at one
place in the boiler was brought to the temperature
at which the former became insoluble. For this
there suits best a special apparatus upon which
the scale solidifies and the slime settles, to be re­
moved by blowing off the steam at times. Condi­
tioned is a continuous feed and even pressure of
six atmospheres minimum.
A boiler sparing apparatus is the "Vapor," patented
by the Htilsmeyer firm in Dusseldorf. It
undertakes the dehardening of the feedwater auto­
matically and removes air and gases from the
boiler water. ft consists of cast iron platterns
perforated, stacked up in horizontal terraces at
near intervals, by feeding water pipes prepared to
spray out along for trickling over the surfaces,
enlarging plattern circles in the descent. The
apparatus is hung above the water cone, slowly
preheats the water and gives off the air and gases
directly into the steam, and saves out the minerals
in crumbly form for easy removal from the shelves.
The Interstate Commerce Commission on Oct.
26 further suspended until May 16. 1912, the pro
posed advances in the rate on bituminous coal over
the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
railroad and its connecting lines. These rates
were first suspended until Nov. 16. but the commission
finds that it cannot dispose of the matter
in that time.

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
National Mine Safety Demonstrations.
(Continued from Page 26.)
After tbe explosion, the entry doors were closed
and men equipped with oxygen helmets entered
the mine through a slide door in the main entry
door. (las samples were taken, incipient fires
were extinguished and a complete inspection made
of the mine. Later, when conditions were safer,
the fan was started and the mine cleared of after­
damp. Complete records were taken by tbe Bu­
reau of Mines' authorities of the results of th.
explosion and the entire experiment handled as
it is done in actual practice when aid is rendered
at the time of explosions in coal workings.
The special train bearing the sight-seers did
not return to Pittsburgh until after s o'clock, and
all those present, although tired and hungry, felt
that, it had been an afternoon well spent. Undoubtedly
it was something that should have been
witnessed by every coal operator in the country.
On Monday morning, the physical and chemical
laboratories of the Bureau of Mines were the
mecca for the visitors and quests, laboratory ex­
periments being given on explosions, fuel testing,
safety appliances, etc. Among the most realistic
experiments were those showing the effects of a
gas and coal dust explosion caused by the ignition
of blasting powder and showing the benefits
derived from having a hood over the motor of
electric coal cutting machines. In the latter test
the motor was equipped with a hood. The space
between the hood and motor was filled with gas
and ignited on signal. No explosion occurred outside
of the hood, proving the value of the appb
ance. When the same machine was used without
such equipment, but otherwise under the same
conditions, there was a terrific explosion, paper
and wood in the tube being ignited.
At 10:30 o'clock the address of welcome was
delivered by Secretary of the Interior Walter L.
Fisher, the speaker being introduced by Director
Joseph L. Holmes of the Bureau of Mines. Secretary
Fisher declared the government would furnish all
the aid iiossible to keep the local station on a
high plane and expressed hope that the old buildings
on the Arsenal grounds which have been
fitted up temporarily for the wink of the Bureau
of Mines would soon be replaced by modern structures,
so that even better results can be obtained
in the future.
In the evening, 500 people attended the infor­
mal n ception to Secretary Fisher and Director
Holmes in the English room of the Fort. Pitt hotel.
After the guests were- introduced, brief addresses
were made by Secretary Fisher and Director
Holmes. John Laing, president of the State Mine
Inspectors association, spoke on "The Work of the
Mine Inspectors and Safety Conditions that Exist
in Mines." W. A. Lathrop, president of the Lehigh
Valley Coal Navigation Co., spoke on behalf of the
operators on "Co-Operation Between Operators,
Miners and the State and National Mining Bu­
reaus."
While the officials of the Bureau of Mines and
their guests were at Bruceton, Secretary Fisher
took a trip to the plant of the Carnegie Steel
Company in Homestead. He was accompanied by
Director George Otis Smith of the United States
Geological Survey.
The management of the demonstration was
perfect, every detail being arranged so that the
program was carried out right on scheduled time
and without a single delay.
The following men were in charge: —
Board of Managers—H. M. Wilson, representing
United States Bureau of Mines; Major Charles
Lynch, U. S. A., representing American National
Red Cross; S. A. Taylor, representing Coal Opera­
tors ol the l'uited States; Francis Feehan, representing
United Mine Workers of America; John
Laing, representing the State Mine Inspectors;
Thos. B. Dilts. representing Industrial Department
of International Y. M. C. A.
General Committee—H. M. Wilson, Chairman;
J. W. Paul. Mine Rescue and First Aid; Clarence
Hall, Arsenal Demonstration; L, M. Jones, Experimental
Mine; Lauson Stone. Program; A. W.
Belclen, Reception; J. K. Clement, Ushering; C. S.
Stevenson, Secretary.
Presidential Reception Committee—George T.
Oliver. T". S. Senator; John Dalzell, A. J. Barch-
fielcl. James Francis Burke, S. G. Porter, Repre­
sentatives in Congress; W. A. Magee, Mayor of
Pittsburgh; Joseph A. Holmes, Director Bureau
of Mines; F. R. Babcock, President Chamber of
Commerce; Wm. H. Stevenson, President Historical
Society.
Field Officers—.1. W. Paul. Manager of Field
Events; Dr. M. J. Shields, Manager of First Aid
Events; Clarence Hall, Manager of Explosion;
Francis Feehan, Field Marshal; .1. K. Clement,
Chief Usher.
The following is a list of mining companies and
their representatives at the demonstration: —
Allegheny Coal Co., Cheswick, Pa.—P. Townsend,
Gen. Manager; J. J. Adams, Supt.
Argyle Coal Co., Greensburg, Pa.—John Jones.
President; J. J. Sams, Manager; John Jacobs,
Supt.; S. M. McHenry, Physician; (two teams).
Ashland Coal & Coke Co., Ashland, W. Va.
Anaconda Copper Co., Coal Dept., Anaconda,
Mont.—F. W. C. Whyte, Manager.
Allegheny River Mining Co.. Conifer, Pa —
Arnold Hirst, Supt.
Alden Coal Co., Alden, Pa.—K. M. Smith, Gen.
Manager.
American Coal Mining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.—C.
C. Powers, President.

Atlas Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—J. H. Henderson,
Supt.
Ada Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—Ira W. Dawson,
Treasurer.
Barnes & Tucker Coal Co., Barnesboro, Pa.
Belmont Coal Mining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa-
Mark Adams, Manager; Theo. K. Maher, Gen.
Manager and Vice Pres.
Black Betsey Coal & Mining Co., Black Betsey,
W. Va.—F. W. Woodward, Gen. Manager.
Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., Windber, Pa.—
W. R. Calverly, Gen. Supt.; (four teams).
Big Bend Coal Mining Co.. Expedit, Pa.—J. W.
Harrison.
Bessemer Coal & Coke Co., Russelton. Pa.—Thos.
A. Jackson, Mine Foreman.
Bessemer Coke Co., Masontown. Pa.—Ed. Wilkinson,
Supt.
Briar Hill Coke Co., Briar Hill, I'a.—Thos. M.
Caffery, Supt.
Brown & Cochran. Dawson, Pa.—J. T. Loughrey,
Manager.
Beech Bottom Coal Co., Mt. Pleasant, Pa.—Jas.
Braddock, President.
Browning Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa. -A. L.
Davis, Gen. Manager.
Brownsville Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—J. W.
Abraham, Gen. Manager.
Brownfield-Connellsville Coke Co., Uniontown,
Pa.—I. H. Brownfield, Gen. Supt.
Byrne, James Coal Co., New Salem, Pa.—F. W.
Byrne, Manager.
Consolidation Coal Co., Baltimore, Md.—T. R.
Lyon, Manager Penn'a Division, Somerset, Pa.;
(two teams).
Cedar Grove Mine, Hanlin Station, Pa.—W. J.
Flanagan, Lessee.
Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation, Clynier,
Pa.
Carnegie Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.—R. P. Burgan,
President.
Clark Bros., Coal Mining Co., Smoke Run, Pa.—
J. H. Miller, Supt.
Century Coal & Coke Co., New Salem, Pa.—C. E.
Lenhart, President.
Connellsville-Central Coke Co., New Salem, Pa.
—C. Bartz, Gen. Supt.
Connellsville Consolidated Coke Co., Gray's
Landing, Pa.—H. B. Bollman, Supt.
Cambria Fuel Co., Cambria. Wyo.—L. T. Wolle.
Vice Pres.
Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Denver, Colo.—E. H.
Weitzel, Gen. Manager.
City Coal Co., Beckley, W. Va.—Mr. Thomas,
Gen. Manager.
Carbon Coal Co., Dudley, Pa.—Daniel Ryan,
Supt.
Cascade Coal & Coke Co., Buffalo. N. Y— C. C.
Gadd, Gen. Supt.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
Chicago-Wilmington & Vermillion Coal Co.,
Streator, 111— H. A. Herbert, Gen. Supt.
Chicago & Carterville Coal Co., Herrin, 111.—J.
H. Peters, Vice Pres. and Gen. Manager.
Clark Coal & Coke Co., Peoria, 111.—Horace
Clark, Sec'y.
Commercial Coal Mining Co., Expedit, Pa.—M.
(.'. Smith, Supt.; (one team).
Creighton Coal Co., Creighton, Pa.—Chas. E.
Craig, Supt.
Cunningham Coal Co., Chicora, Pa. — P. A.
Jordan.
Cochrane Coal Co., Williamsport, Pa.—R. T. S.
Steele, Treas.; W. H. H. Miller, Supt.; Thos. Stratton,
Mine Foreman.
Connellsville Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—H. J.
Ellsworth.
Dunbar Furnace Co., Dunbar, Pa. -Stuart B.
Marshall, Supt.; (one team).
Dodson Coal Co., Morea, Pa.—Truman Dodson,
Vice President.
Donehoe Coke Co., Crabtree, Pa.—C. R. King,
Supt.
Diamond Coal Mining Co., Rimersburg, Pa.—
Jas. Mahoney, Supt.
Delaware-Lackawanna & Western Coal Mining
Co., Scranton, Pa.—R. A. Phillips, Supt.; H. G.
Davis, Div. Supt.; P. H. Devers, Dis. Supt.; C. E.
Robey, Asst. Supt.; (two teams).
Dayton Coal & Coke Co., Dayton, Tenn.—L. C.
Crew, Supt.
Dawson Bros. Coke Co., Dawson, Pa.—H. C.
Cochrane, Sec'y; A. J. Cochrane, Pres.
Delaware & Hudson Co., Scranton, Pa.—C. C.
Rose, Gen. Supt.; E. R. Pettebone, Chief Engineer
of Mines; E. S. Van Home, Asst, Chief Engineer
of Mines.
Ellsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth, Pa.—F. B.
Dunbar, Supt.; W. A. Luce, Gen. Manager; (three
teams).
Fairmont Coal Co., Fairmont, W. Va.—E. C.
Roberts, Gen. Manager; (one team).
Fayette Coal Co., Noblestown, Pa.—John Mc-
Vicker, Mine Supt.
Fayette Coke Co., New Salem, Pa.—Geo. H.
Reynolds, Supt.
Franklin Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—Orville
Hibbs, Sec'y.
Huff Coal Co., Humbert, Pa.—F. Huff.
Hillsdale Coal & Coke Co., Glen Campbell, Pa —
Levi Conner, Supt.
Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.—Kenneth Seaver, Chief Engineer.
Hitchman Coal & Coke Co., Wheeling, W. Va.—
Wm. H. Koch, Manager.
Hope Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—J. E. Hustead,
Gen. Manager.
Hustead-Semans Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown,
Pa.—J. M. Hustead. President.

48 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Iron City Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa —
M. S. Moore.
Jacob Creek Coal & Coke Co., Grays Landing,
Pa.—Wm. Beal.
Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg, Pa.—
G. B. Hutchinson, Chief Engineer; H. B. Bovard,
Gen. Supt,; Lloyd Huff, Gen. Manager; Frank
Miller, Asst. Gen. Manager; A. N. Pershing, Auditor;
William Xesbit, Inspector; K. C. Taylor,
Supt; Foster Cook, Supt.; Jas. Duncan, Foreman;
A. W. White, Supt.; Joe Wentling, Supt.; H. H.
Null, Supt.; Henry Welty. Supt.; M. R. Morris,
Supt.; Alex. Coultes, Supt.; H. M. Knight, Supt.;
G. H. Francis, Engineer; Paul Johnson, Chief
Clerk.
Kemmerer Coal Co., Kemmerer, Wyo.—P. J.
Oneal, Vice Pres. and Gen. Manager.
Krag Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—W. W. Parshall.
Kennerly, J. Blair. Philadelphia, Pa.—J. B.
Kennerly.
Kingston Coal Co., Kingston, Pa.—T. R. Zerber.
Kaine & Wilkey Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—
Theo. D. Blisss.
La Belle Coal Co., Wellsburg, W. Va.—O. S.
Marquis, Supt.; H. F. Bovard, Gen. Supt.
Latrobe Coal Co.. Latrobe, Pa.—1). W. Jones,
Supt.
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Lansford, Pa.—
Baird Snyder, Jr., (Jen. Supt.; Wm. G. Whilden,
Supt.; John Simons, Inspector; Ur. Young, Instructing
Physician; W. A. Lathrop, Pres.; Collin
B. Wilbur, Vice Pres.; (one team).
Lehigh Valley Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.—F.
M. Chase, Gen. Supt.; W. H. Davies. Div. Supt;
J. M. Humphreys, Div. Supt.; John Lloyd, Inspector
of Equipment; A. H. Bowen, Asst. Inspector
of Equipment; Paul Sterling, Mech. Engineer;
A. B. Jessup, Chief Mining Engineer; (two
teams).
Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre,
Pa.—C. F. Huber, Vice Pres. and Gen. Manager;
D. R. Roberts, Div. Supt.; John Josephs, Dist.
Supt.; M. R. Morgans, Supt.; Douglass Bunting,
Chief Engineer; F. L. McKee, Surgeon; (one
team).
Loyal Hanna Coal & Coke Co., Omalinda, Pa.—
Joseph Patterson, Supt.
Latrobe-Connellsville Coal & Coke Co., Latrobe,
Pa.—M. W. Saxnian, 'treasurer.
Lincoln Coal & Coke Co., Walterstown, Pa.- -
D. Priest, Supt.
Madera-Hill Coal Mining Co., Phillipsburg, Pa.
—L. F. Heller, Chief Engineer.
Marquet Coal Co., New Cumberland, W. Va.—•
C. F. Wagoner, Supt,
Mifflin Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.—W. I. Berryman,
Sec'y; J. M. Taylor, Treasurer.
Monmouth Coal Co.. Bereton, 111.—N. .1. Spencer,
(ten. Manager.
Mullins Coal Co., James, Cleveland, O.—A. P.
Mullins.
Myersdale Coal Co., Listie, Pa.—W. L. Hoblitzel,
Gen. Manager; J. H. Seurfield, Supt.
Monongahela River Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.—Geo. 1'. Osier, Gen. Manager.
Marion Coke Co., Udell, Pa.—H. A. Davis.
Miller Coal Co., Portage, Pa.—J. H. Buckwater,
Supt.; ( one team ).
McTurk Coal Co., The W. R., Girardville, Pa.—
W. R. McTurk, Sr., President; W. R. McTurk, Jr.,
Asst. Supt.; J. M. Holt, Supt.
New River & Pochahontas Consolidated Coal
Co., Layland, W. Va.—A. K. Wood, Asst. Supt.,
Lowell Creek Division.
Northwestern Improvement Co., Coal Mining
Dept, Tacoma, Wash.—C. R. Claghorn, Gen. Manager;
(one team I.
New York & Cleveland Gas Coal Co., Turtle
Creek, Pa.—Hugh Dunning, (Jen, Supt.
Oak Hill Coal Co., Minersville, Pa.—Jacob
Butler, Supt.
Oliver & Snider Steel Co.. Oliver, Pa.—F. C.
Keighley, Gen. Supt.; (one team).
Orient Coal Co., Orient, Pa.—Charles Opperman,
Supt.
Pennsylvania Coal Co., Scranton, Pa.—Capt. W.
A. May, Gen. Manager; W. W. Inglis, Supt.: G.
W. F. Neuffer, Mining Engineer; (one team I.
Pittsburgh & Westmoreland Coal Co., Manor,
Pa.—J. G. Ferguson, Supt. No. 1 Mine.
Plymouth Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.—Gilbert
S. Jones, Supt.
Prospect Hill Coal Co., East Palestine, 0.—
Grant Hill, Supt.
Portage Coal Mining Co.. Portage, ra.—H. H.
Tompkins, Supt.; David Fraggett; (one team).
Puritan Coal Co., Uniontown, Pa.—F. R. Crown,
Supt.
Pennsylvania Gas Coal Co., Irwin, Pa.—A. P.
Cameron, Gen. Manager.
Prospect Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—G. H. Bortz.
Pardee Bros. & Co., Latimer Mines, Pa.—G. W.
Barager, Gen. Manager.
Parrish Coal Co., Plymouth, Pa.—W. G. Thomas,
Gen. Manager; G. O. Thomas, Gen. Foreman; (one
team).
Pittsburgh Terminal R. R. & Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.—W. W. Keefer, President; Wm. WIT;
fred, Jr., Supt.; (one team).
Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Pottsville,
Pa.—W. J. Richards, Vice Pres. and Gen.
Manager; (one team and one rescue team I.
Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.—W. K.
Field, Pres.; G. W. Schluederberg, Gen. Manager;
William Blower, Supt.; Henry Cattley, Supt.;
Emil Gerry, Supt.; P. J. Garvey, Supt.; Matthew
Herron, Supt.; Thomas Easton, Pricedale, Pa.,
Supt.; L. ('. Sarver. Sept.; Robert C. Smith, Supt.;

T. W. Gray, Supt.; John Hauser, Supt.; M. T.
Jones, Supt.; Wm. Ferguson, Supt.; Wm. Kelvington,
Supt.; Wm. Carter, Supt.; W. H. Linsley,
Supt.; W. A. Lockhart, Supt.; F. P. Mank. Supt.;
H. R. Miller, Supt,; S. P. McCaffrey, Supt.; Alex.
McClymont, Supt.; Samuel McKay, Supt.; William
Neil, Supt.; Samuel Pritchard, Supt.; James
Porter, Supt.; James A. Gould, Supt.; James M.
Sloan, Supt.; F. W. Stark, Supt.; H. D. Thomson,
Supt.; Jules Waterloo, Supt.; Edw. Ryan, Supt.;
Thomas Whiteman, Supt.; F. A. Schulte, Supt.;
Dr. Russell, Dr. Douglas, Dr. Miller, Dr. Taylor,
Dr. Dutton, Dr. Walker, Sr., Dr. Curishank, Dr.
Minnehan, Dr. Fife, Dr. Kocher, Dr. Williams,
Dr. Phillips, Dr. Hansel, Dr. Collier, Dr. Stollar,
Dr. Nicholls, Dr. Royers, Dr. Rupert. Dr. Day,
Dr. Lynn, Dr. Woods, Dr. Sinister, Dr. Shidler,
Dr. Burkett, Dr. Patterson, Sr., Dr. Broadhurst.
Dr. McCullough. Dr. Hutton, Dr. Shepler, Dr.
Taylor, Dr. Newell, Dr. Kirk, Dr. Moore, Dr. La-
Ross, Dr. Dickson, Dr. Folz. Dr. Walker, Jr., Dr.
McGrew, Dr. Moore, Dr. Haney, Dr. McGarvey,
Dr. Golden, Dr. Dague, Dr. Hopwood, Dr. Quinn,
Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Lawel, Dr. bowman, Dr. Warner,
Or. Speck, Dr. Murphy, Dr. Brown, Dr. Hamilton,
Dr. Lyle, Dr. Miller. Dr. Patterson, Jr., Dr. Walsh,
Dr. Heath, Dr. Aspey, Dr. Lawhead, Dr. Robinson.
Dr. Peairs, Dr. Shields. Dr. Kelly. Dr. Davis,
Dr. Long. Dr. Goodpasture; (four teams).
Pocahontas Consolidated Collieries Co., Pocahontas.
Va.—A. M. Elwood Jones, Gen. Manager.
Pocahontas Coal & Coke Co.—L. E. Tierney,
Gen. Manager.
Pittsburgh-Buffalo Co., Mariana, Pa.—Mr. Guffin,
Manager; S. C. Reynolds, Supt.; P. T. Jones;
(one team ).
Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co., Punxsutawney,
Pa.—A. R. Calloway, Supt.; (one team).
Republic Iron & Steel Co.. Republic. Pa.—W. H.
E. Royce, Supt.; (one team ).
Rich Hill Coal Co., Hastings, Pa.—W. H. Allport.
Rock Island Coal Co., Chicago, 111.—Carl Scholz,
Vice President and Gen. Manager.
Sunday Creek Co., Poston. O — Edw. Call, Supt.;
(one team).
Stag Canon Fuel Co., Dawson, N. M.—T. H.
O'Brien, Gen. Manager; Dr. F. C. Diver; (one
team).
Shawmut Mining Co.. St. Mary's, Pa.—W. R
Craig, Chief Engineer.
Sterling Coal Co., Cleveland, O.—W. H. Hillman,
Gen. Manager.
Stearns Coal & Lumber Co., Stearns, Ky.; one
team).
St. Clair Coal Co., St. Clair. Pa,—Win. T. Smith,
Supt.
Shannon Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—Jas.
Shannon.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
Struthers Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—
John Shultz. Supt.
Sunshine Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—
Francis Rock, Supt.
Susquehanna Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.—
Robert A. Quinn, Manager; Mr. Kohlbraker, Supt.;
C. V. Dougherty, Asst. Manager; (one team).
Shannon Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown, Pa.—1.
Hunt, R. Hunt.
Spring Valley Coal Co., Spring Valley, 111.—S.
M. Dalzell, Gen. Manager; (one team).
Smithfield Coal & Coke Co.. Smithfield, Fait.
S. Burchinal, Supt.
Scranton Coal Co., Scranton, Pa.—John R.
Bryden, (ten. Manager.
Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., Birmingham,
Ala.—E. II. Coxe, Gen. Manager; (one team).
Temple Iron Co.. Scranton, Pa.
Thompson-Connellsville Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.—J. V. Thompson, President.
Tower Hill Coal Co., Uniontown, Pa.—F. M.
Osborne, Pres.; (one team).
Taylor Coal & Coke Co., Searight, Pa.—J. J. Mc-
Tntyre, Supt.
U. S. Coal & Coke Co., Anawalt, W. Va.—H. T.
Graham. Supt.
Unity Coal Co.. Latrobe, Pa.—Thomas Fish,
Supt.
Unity-Connellsville Co., Latrobe, Pa.—J. F.
Irwin, Supt.
l'uited Coal Co., Meadowlands, Pa.—Wm. Clark,
Supt.
Union Pacific Coal Co., Omaha, Neb.—D. O.
Clark, former Vice Pres. and Gen. Manager; Frank
0. Mauley, Vice Pres. and Gen. Manager.
Virginia-Maryland Coal Co., Adamstown, W. Va.
—A. L. White, Supt.
Vesta Coal Co., California, Pa.
Valley Camp Coal Co., New Kensington, Pa.—
H. Kinlock, Supt.
West Penn Coal Mining Co., Philadelphia, Pa.—
E. D. Davis. Supt., Apollo, Pa.
Whyel Coke Co., Dniontown, I'a.—Harry Whyel,
President.
Widnoon Coal Mining Co., Lawsontown, Pa.—
W. E. Layton, Supt,
Waltersburg Coal Co., Waltersburg, Pa.—O. P.
Stone, Mine Supt.
Westmoreland Coal Co., Rillton, Pa.—F. P. Mc-
Clain, Supt.
Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
—Wm. G. Muse, Chief Engineer; Dr. J. H. Lawhead,
West Newton, Pa.; W. G. Patterson, Gen.
Supt.
Yukon Coal Co., Deerfield, 0.—John P. Williams,
Sec'y.
The State Mine Tnspeetors present were: —
Alabama Mesbitt. Chas. H., Birmingham.

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Colorado—Dalrymple, Jas. H.. (Chief Inspector),
Newcastle.
Idaho—Moore, F. Gushing, Boise.
Indiana—Pearce, F. I., (Chief Inspector),
Indianapolis.
Illinois—Williams. W. W., Litchfield; Little,
Thomas, Carbondale; Cartlidge, Oscar, Benton.
Iowa—McAlister. Hector, Streator; Rhys, R. T.,
Ottmuwa; Sweeney, Edward, Des Moines.
Kentucky—Barr, F. J., Lexington; Crumbaugh,
John J., Louisville; Norwood, C. J. (Chief Inspector),
Lexington; Jones, H. D., Central City.
Maryland—Donahue, John H., Frostburg.
Michigan—Quine, John T„ Ishpeming.
Minnesota—Ramquist, P. 1,., Coleraine.
New York—Jones, Wm. W., 14 Manning Square,
Albany.
Nevada—Ryan, Ed., Carson City.
Ohio — Harrison, George (Chief Inspector),
Columbus; Kennedy, Edward, Carbon Hill; Miller,
W. H., Massillon: Burke, John, Vellston; Hill,
Isaac, Zanesville; Ellwood, Abel, Cambridge;
Smith, Alex., New Philadelphia; Devore, L. D.,
Route 2, Bellaire; Hennessy, Jas., Barton; Jenkins,
Lot., Martins Ferry; McDonald, John L.,
Glouster; Morrison, Thos., Sherrodsville; Wheatley,
Robt. S., Salineville.
Oklahoma—Boyle, Ed. (Chief Inspector), Mc­
Alester; Clark, Martin, McAlester; Haley, Frank.
McAlester.
Pennsylvania—Adams. T. K., Mercer; Bell, John
F., Dravosburg; Brennan, M. J., Pottsville; Blown.
D. R., Scottdale; Byrne, C. P., Punxsutawney;
Curran, John, Pottsville; Cunningham, J. F.,
Charleroi; Davies, Isaac M., Lansford; Evans. B.
I., Mt. Carmel; Evans, Nicholas, Johnstown; Furniss,
F. A., Punxsutawney; Howarth, W. H.,
Brownsville; Lowther, T. S., Punxsutawney; Mc­
Gregor, C. P., Carnegie; May, Alva, Punxsutawney;
Maize, Richard, Somerset; Moore, P. J.,
Carbondale; Neale, Arthur. Irwin; O'Donnell, Jas.
A., Centralia; Phillips, Elias. DuBois; Pratt. J. L..
Pittsburgh; Price, Charles J., Lykens; Ross, C. B.,
Greensburg; Roby, J. G., I T niontown; Roderick,
Jas. E., Harrisburg I Chief of Dept. of Mines);
Roderick, D. J., Hazelton; Walsh, P. J., Connellsville-;
Walsh. Jos. J., Nanticoke; Williams, Jos..
Altoona; Young. David, Freeport.
Tennessee—Sylvester, Geo. E. (Chief Inspector),
Rockwood; Rose, John, Dayton.
Washington—Rotting, D. C. (Chief Inspector),
415 Malhorn Bldg., Seattle; Corey, John J., Seattle.
West Virginia—Laing, John, Charleston (Chief
Inspector); Nicholson, Win,, Bluefield; Plaster,
W. D., Elkins; Holliday, L. B., Blenley; Schoew,
Karl F., Fairmont: Parsons, F. E., Clarksburg;
Vaughn, L. D., Grafton; Henry, E. A„ Clifton;
Hill, B. H., Chelyan; Martin, James, Charleston;
Muir. R. Y., Prince: Mitchell, Arthur, Bluefield;
Grady, P. A., Huntington.
* RETAIL TRADE NOTES *
At the recent meeting of the Reading. Pa., Retail
Coal Dealers' Association, the following were nominated
for election to offices: President, H. .1.
Heck; vice president, A. H. Schroeder; secretary,
W. T. Snyder; treasurer, C. P. High; directors,
I. B. Steibert. E. E. Moore, George J. Shindelbeck.
C. F. Shilbert, H. Y. Landith. George J. Scheirer,
Edmund Fischer. J. Eaches, and J. A. Strunk.
There was no opposition to this ticket.
If the ordinance introduced by the Coal Dealers'
Correct Weight Association, composed of the
dealers of Ottumwa, Iowa, is passed, that city will
have an inspector of weights who will see to it that
all drivers are furnished with tickets and that
consumers receive full weight, by demanding the
re-weighing of wagons which appear light.
Following the example of some other organizations
in the trade the New York State & Western
Pennsylvania Coal Merchants' Association will soon
engage a field secretary, the purpose being of
course to have some one travel around and keep in
close touch with members and prospective members.
At a meeting of the executive board of the
Michigan-Ohio-Indiana Coal Association it was decided
to hold the mid-winter meeting of the organization
at Cincinnati January 18. Secretary B. F.
Nigh presented a satisfactory report to the board.
The Martin-Strelau Co. is building a 2,000-ton
concrete coal pocket at Dubuque, Iowa, which, it
is said, is the first retail plant of its kind to be
erected in that part, of the state.
The plan to put the retail trade at Binghamton,
N. Y., on a cash basis seems likely to come to
naught owing to the oppospition of some of the
leading dealers.
8 KO-KOALS' DOINGS ft
Chicago KoKoals, taking advantage of the large
number of KoKoals attending the mining congress.
held a koruskation at the Automobile Club October
28. A new initiation stunt and the annual
election of officers for the Chicago Breaker were
two of the many important events which brought
out a large crowd.
The annual dinner of the Philadelphia Breaker
of the Order KoKoal was held October 20 at the
Hotel Roosevelt. Addresses were made along educational
lines by prominent speakers.

• PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS •
The Black, Sheridan, Wilson Co. has recently
laken new and considerably enlarged offices in the
Fidelity building, Baltimore, moving from the
second floor to the 11th, thus securing much better
light and air. The building itself, which is owned
by the Fidelity & Deposit Co., has been greatly
enlarged during the past year. H. Crawford Black
is prominently identified with tbe banking company
that owns the structure and two of his sons
are now identified with the coal company in official
capacities.
Permission was granted by tbe Interstate Commerce
Commission on Oct. 26 to the Pennsylvania
and tbe Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington
railroads to establish a rate of $1.10 a ton on bituminous
coal from Wehrum, Pa., to Lackawanna,
N. Y., although the rate to intermediate points is
as high as $1.52. The low rate, which affects a
heavy traffic, was permitted to enable the pro
posing lines to meet close competition at Lackawanna
At the annual meeting of the Cumberland &
Pennsylvania Railway Co., which is controlled by
the Consolidation Coal Co., C. W. Watson, J. H.
Wheelwright, H. Crawford Black, A. B. Fleming
and Samuel McRoberts were re-elected directors.
Mr. Wheelwright was elected president.
United States Judge K. M. Landis of Chicago
has appointed the Central Trust Co. of Chicago
receiver for the Wabash Valley Coal Co. at the request
of the creditors, aggregating over $20,000
loans. The petition alleges that the company admitted
its inability to pay.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 61
The Davis Coal & Coke Co. has appointed Mr.
Robert Grant as superintendents the Henry plant
of the concern at Thomas, W. Va., to succeed Mr.
W. J. Christopher, resigned. Mr. H. H. Harrison
has been appointed superintendent of the Elk Garden
plant, at Thomas, succeeding .Mr. Grant.
Special Master John C. Berry of Wheeling has
sold 26,906 acres of coal and mineral lands in
Berkeley and Morgan counties, W. Va., the property
of the Sleepy Mountain Anthracite Coal Co.,
to Hay Walker of Pittsburgh for $250,000.
The new Natalie breaker near Shamokin, Pa.,
which replaces the one burned in tbe spring, was
put in operation recently. It is much larger than
the old one and is equipped throughout with the
most up-to-date machinery.
By court order the Lehigh Valley, Philadelphia
& Reading, Susquehanna and other coal companies
will have to remove nine feet of culm from
Shamokin creek and thereby restore drainage facilities
to Mt. Carmel, Pa.
It is announced that the Virginia & Southwestern
Mr. James Epperson, former state mine inspector Ry. will augment its coal-handling equipment in
of Indiana and for several months superintendent the course of the next few months by the addition
of the Crescent coal mine, Evansville, Ind.. has of six new locomotives of the heaviest type and
resigned his position and has gone to Terre Haute. 525 coal cars.
where he will take a position with a new liability
insurance company, which will make a specialty of Henceforth the headquarters of Inspector P.
mine risks.
J. Grady, of West Virginia, will be at Williamson,
he having been assigned to look after all mines
on the Norfolk & Western railway from Kenova
to Welch.
The formal opening of the government mine rescue
station which has been established near Birmingham,
Ala., will be held early in November
under the auspices of J. W. Paul of the Bureau of
Tenders have been invited by the Cardiff, Wales, Mines.
Coal exchange on behalf of the Egyptian state
railways for 40,000 tons of American coal. It is The Chicago, Wilmington — Vermillion Coal
reported that this is intended as an experiment to Co., Chicago, will sink a shaft near Zeigler, 111.,
ascertain whether American coal is a suitable sub­ to develop 6,000 acres of coal. It is planned to
stitute for the Welsh coal now used.
have a plant that will load 4,000 tons per day.
The hearing before the Interstate Commerce
Commission on coal freight rates to the lakes.
scheduled for October 23, has been set forward
by the commission to November 13.
The Northern Coal & Coke Co. of Denver, Col.,
has sold to the Rocky Mountain Fuel Co. all its
Mr. Robert H. Morris, late superintendent for mines the in the northern and southern Colorado coal
Mexican Coal & Coke Co., is now superintendent fields, the price being $2,000,000.
for the Jasper Park Collieries, Ltd., which is opening
coal mines at Pocahontas, Alberta, along the The Lacolle Coal Mining Co., Indiana, Pa., will
line of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway, 205 miles develop 2,000 acres of coal near Bolivar, Pa. Work
west of Edmonton.
of opening a drift is to be started soon.

52
Alaskan Problems.
(Continued from Page 38.)
tbat their development by private enterprise can
not be effectively controlled. For this reason 1 am
OPPOSED TO THE POLICY
of having tbe government alone own and mine
Alaskan coal.
1 believe tbat tlie leasing system avoids the con­
troversies and the difficulties of both extremes of
public and of private ownership. It has been
adopted with conspicuous success in the gieat min­
ing communities of Australia and New Zealand.
It is now the established law of the Yukon terri­
tory lying in Canada just across the border line
from Alaska. It is the system under which much
of the privately owned coal land of tbe United
States is in fact to-day being developed. Under
it we can insert as matters of contract and as conditions
to which the lessee voluntarily consents
those regulations and requirements which promote
the public interest, the enforcement oi some of
which by mandatory law might be unconstitutional.
By making the terms of our leases liberal
we can make them even more attractive to capital
than if we adopt the policy of an outright sale of
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
the fee.
Let us consider for a moment what ordinarily
happens with coal land which is sold outright.
Comparatively little of it is mined b.v the original
purchaser. He usually disposes of his title to a
succession of others, each of whom in turn adds
to the cost of his purchase the profit in consideration
of which he sells, and with increasing fre­
quency the final result is the operation of the coal
mines by a lessee, who must pay a return on these
accumulated profits and who acids his own, trans­
ferring the burden of it all to the consumer. Ont
hundred and fifty-six million tons of coal, or 34
per cent, of the total production of the United
States for the year 1909, were mined from lands
operated under private leases, and these leases are
common in every coal mining state, naturally much
more so in some states than in others. Consider­
ing the areas involved, we find that in West Virginia,
in the great Pocahontas and New River coal
fields, which yield the finest steaming coals of the
continent, about t'O per cent, of the area in the
Pocahontas district and about 60 per cent, of that
in the New River district are mined on a private
lease basis, which pays the lessor a royalty fee
averaging 10 cents per ton.
In the Southern Appalachian coal fields, just
south of the Pocahontas region, it is estimated that
75 per cent, of the area is mined on a lease basis;
in the Hocking Valley region of Ohio. 75 per cent.;
in Iowa, more than 70 per cent.; in Arkansas, 60
per cent.: and in Oklahoma, nearly all of the coal
land is operated on a lease basis.
Taking all of our principal coal mining states,
the census figures for 1909 show that out of a total
of 6,900,000 acres of coal lands under operation,
more than 2,000,000 acres, or 30 per cent, of the
whole, was in 1909 operated under a
SYSTEM OE PRIVATE LEASES.
It is therefore substantially correct to say that,
whether we like it or not, the choice is not as to
whether we shall mine our coal on the leasehold
system, but whether we shall mine it under leases
from private owners or from the government di-
lect. That the consumer has everything to gain
under tbe governmental leasehold must be ap­
parent, for the government can make its royalties
as little as it chooses and it has no invested capi­
tal and no unearned increment on which to pay
returns. Opposition is to be expected only from
those who wish to secure our coal lands for stock
jobbing or speculative purposes or so that they
may make a greater profit than is essential to se­
cure immediate development. Indeed, immediate
development can he assured only under the lease­
hold system. Without it there is no reason why
private individuals should not secure the property
and hold it out of development until they can take
advantage of the increasing demands of the future.
Expedients could be adopted in the effort to enforce
development by requiring the purchaser to
mine a certain amount of coal or to expend a cer­
tain amount of money in developing the land under
pain of forfeiting his title to the government, but
this, after all, is only a crude and awkward device
for securing what can be far more effectively se­
c-tired by means of lease. Indeed, these devices
are economically unsound, for they compel development
whether the immediate market justifies it or
not. The leasing system, upon the other hand,
can be given much of the flexibility necessary for
meeting automatically the fluctuating demands of
the market.
The opponents of the leasing system delight to
dwell upon the fact that in the first half of the last
century the Federal government undertook to lease
the lead mines on the public domain and that the
effort was not a success and was abandoned in
1847, but when we consider the conditions under
which the attempt was made, and especially that
the leases were limited to five years, with a royalty
of one-sixth of the lead for government use; that
the validity of the leases was constantly attacked
upon the ground that the statute did not contain
the necessary provisions for carrying it into effect;
and that the system was permeated with the same
kind of fraud and evasion which until recently
characterized the operation of certain of our later
land and mineral laws, we can understand the fail­
ure and that the experiment is of no value what­
ever in determining tbe merits or demerits of a
properly drawn and properly enforced law for the
leasing of the public coal lands of to-day. The

whole experiment was carried on under such crude
and inefficient methods that the total rental received
by the government for the four years ending
with 1844 was only $6,354.74, while the expenses
for the same period amounted to $26,111.11.
A few persons who have expressed themselves
as being "unalterably opposed" to a leasing system
for the coal lands of Alaska have stated that
they were unalterably opposed to it because, in the
first place, it would be impossible to get any leasing
legislation through Congress; and in the second
place, if a leasing bill did pass Congress, it would
be impossible to get anybody to work coal lands
on a lease basis. I need not discuss at this time
what Congress may or may not do, except to saythat,
in my judgment, Congress is far more likely
to pass
A RATIOS Al LEASING MEASURE
than it is to throw the coal fields of Alaska open
for unrestricted private exploitation.
As to the second of these objections, whether or
not the leasing of the coal lands in Alaska is a
practicable proposition, let us see what the experience
has been with reference to such a proposition
in our own and other countries. A similar objection
was raised when it was proposed to lease the
coal lands in New Zealand and in the Australian
States, such as New South Wales, West Australia,
Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. In each of
these far-away countries Ihe local conditions in
some respects resembled those in Alaska. They
were remote from commercial centers, with meager
or no transportation facilities, and industrial development
was carried on under great difficulties.
It was argued in each of these countries that the
great need was capital and development, and that
the coal fields should be thrown wide open to all
who were willing to risk (heir capita] in helping
to open up and build up the country. In some
eases the sale of the fee was tried; but the wise
Anglo-Saxons of that region thought it better as a
matter of national policy to keep the ultimate control
of these essential resources in the hands of
the state, and they adopted a leasing system as the
only safe means of doing this. And what was the
result? The coal lands in each of these countries
have been taken up and are being developed and
mined under tht leasing system; and under that
system coal is not only being mined "or home consumption,
but it is being exported to our own
Pacific coast, and to other countries bordering on
the Pacific. The difficulties that stood in the way
of leasing the coal lands in those countries were
imaginary difficulties, and they disappeared when
the matter was put to a practical test.
Again, in Nova Scotia and in the far-away Yukon
country, where the conditions for investment are
even more unfavorable than they are in many parts
of Alaska, those who were opposed to the adoption
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 63
of a leasing system said that it would be impossible
to lease public coal lands on any basis; but
when the experiment was tried, parties came forward
to take out the leases and are operating the
coal lands.
In our own country, in the state of Wyoming
and Colorado, when it was proposed that these
states should lease their coal lands instead of selling
them outright, it was argued that nobody
would take out the leases. But experience has
shown otherwise. In Colorado in 1900, in addition
to the large acreage of coal lands held in private
ownership, nearly 6,000 acres of state coal
lands were operated under lease, and in 1910 nearly
20,000 acres of the state coal lands were being
operated under such leases, with a royalty charge
of lo cents per ton. In Wyoming to-day more than
3,000,000 ACRES OF STATE LANDS
of all kinds are being operated under 5,700 leases.
While only a small portion of this acreage relates
to coal, the state statistics do not indicate what
this proportion is.
With records at hand giving the results of a
large volume and great variety of experience covering
the operations of both private and public coal
land leases in our own and many other countries,
it should not be difficult to decide upon the ordinary
conditions and requirements that should be
incorporated in a leasing system for the Alaskan
coal fields—working conditions that will meet the
legitimate demands of the prospector, the investor,
and the operator, safeguard the health and life
of the mine worker and the property of the government,
to the end tbat the public may secure an
adequate supply of fuel at the lowest cost consistent
with these conditions.
Some of the bills which have been recently introduced
in Congress provide that the Interstate
Commerce Commission shall regulate the prices at
which the coal mined under these leases is sold
not only by the miner but by the middleman and
the retailer to the consumer. Important as is the
question of protecting the consumer, it seems unwise
that price regulation by the government
should be insisted upon as a necessary feature of
a coal leasing law for Alaska. Obviously such
regulation must extend to the retailer if it is to
do anything but enable the middlemen to make
the profit denied to the miner. Regulation of this
sort would be a new departure in either state or
federal administration. It raises fundamental
questions of public policy about which differences
exist that are as yet uncompromising. It would
doubtless prevent any early action by Congress.
Certainly if enacted in the form presented in these
hills, which merely declare the general principle
and leave all of the real difficulties to be worked
out by the commission and the courts, it would
prove a serious, if not prohibitive, barrier to the

54 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
development of a new country and a new and uncertain
market. Under these conditions it would
seem a sufficient undertaking to inaugurate a new
system of tenure, without imposing upon Alaska
the additional difficulties of the administration of
a hitherto untried attempt to settle by public regulation
what would constitute a reasonable profit
for the miner, the wholesaler, and the retailer of
coal. It is especially hard to understand how
those who doubt the success of railroad regulation
in Alaska can now advocate entering the more
difficult field of the regulation of commodities.
PRICE REGULATION
has been suggested by some representatives of
large corporate interests as a safeguard under
which the modern economic tendency toward consolidation
might be safely permitted to continue,
but the bills referred to do not propose to treat
Alaska coal on the principle of a regulated private
monopoly. This question should be left for
more mature consideration as a question of broad
general policy, applicable, if at all, to the states
as well as to Alaska.
It may be practicable to provide in connection
with the renewal of leases at their termination
that such renewals shall be subject to the then
existing laws applicable thereto. This principle
has been successfully adopted in the Australian
leases. Our first leases can well be made more
favorable than those which follow, and if they
are for reasonable but fixed periods, and if we
lease only as much of our coal lands as may be
required for the existing market and its effective
extension, we can thus proceed experimentally,
correcting early mistakes and meeting future conditions
as they arise.
The prime requisites of a leasing system are that
only sufficient coal lands should be leased to meet
the existing market and encourage its development;
that the quantity leased to any one lessee
should be limited to the amount that can be profitably
mined as a unit and yet be large enough to
attract investors; that the lessee shall pay his
royalty as he mines his coal; that this shall annually
amount to at least a fixed minimum which
will make it unprofitable for him to hold the land
without production; that he shall mine his coal
without unnecessary waste and with clue regard
to the health and safety of his employes; that he
shall not engage directly or indirectly in any combinations,
agreements, or understandings to control
the price of coal, and that the revenues derived
by the government shall not be used as a
source of federal revenue or as a substitute for
taxation, but shall be devoted to the development
of the state or territory in which the coal is mined.
These at least are the principal features which
should be embodied in a leasing law.
From the information which I have at hand, I
infer that in Australia and New Zealand the quantity
embraced within a single lease does not seem
to be limited, but reliance is placed upon the re
quirements which make it unprofitable for a tenant
to lease more land than he really develops.
That both the government and the coal operators
are believers in the leasing system is apparent
from the universal application and from the investigation
made in 1907 and 1908 at the instance
of President Roosevelt by Arthur C. Veatch, of
the Geological Survey.
The comparison with the coal production oi
Alaska is, of course, of no consequence as the coal
lands in Alaska were not really open to development
in 1905. In the Yukon territory of Canada
coal lands are now leased by the government for a
term of 21 years at an annual rental of $1 an acre,
and not more than 2,560 acres can be leased by
one applicant. The royalty is 5 cents per ton on
the merchantable output of the mine. Here, as in
Alaska, facilities for transportation are necessary
uefore any extensive development can be expected.
Shortly before I went to Alaska I improved an
opportunity to discuss the question of its coal development
with a group of prominent coal operators
in the state of Pennsylvania and I was surprised
to find that they were unanimously of the
opinion that the leasing system should be adopted
and that only sufficient land should be leased to
meet the demands of the market and provide the
incentive for developing that market in a vigorous
and rational manner.
When I reached Cordova I was presented with
a series of resolutions adopted by the Cordova
Chamber of Commerce expressing its
DISAPPROVAL OF A LEASING SYSTEM
for Alaska coal lands. Since my return to the
states I have received from the Chamber of Commerce
a most courteous statement to the effect that
after further careful consideration the chamber
did not now desire to be considered as opposed to
a leasing system, and suggesting certain requirements
or conditions which it believed should be incorporated
in leases if such a system is adopted.
What is desired in Alaska is prompt action by
Congress in some direction that will promote development.
I have already stated that Director Holmes, of
the Bureau of Mines, and his associates have personally
visited both the Bering and the Matanuska
coal fields, and I am glad to be able to say that
Dr. Holmes has read this address and concurs in
its statements of fact and in its recommendations.
That they are infallible I do not claim. It may
include inaccuracies of statement and more serious
mistakes; but these I reserve the right to correct
whenever I discover them or whenever new facts
or more mature consideration lead me to a different
conclusion. For the present they are offered

as definite suggestions for a policy under which
the territory of" Alaska may be immediately opened
for wise and vigorous development.
I have been greatly pleased with the fair-mindedness
and public spirit of the Alaskan people on
this subject. I believe back of their naturally
great and justifiable desire for immediate action
they want done in this matter .whatever will in the
end prove best for Alaska as a whole, without regard
to special individual or corporate interests;
and I believe that Congress and the American
people as a whole will be in accord with that purpose.
The members of the American Mining Congress
can do much to aid in carrying that purpose into
effect.
The convention of the Ninth district, United
Mine Workers of America, in session at Pottsville.
Pa., during the fortnight, adjourned October 21.
after formulating the demands to be made upon
the operators for higher pay and better working
conditions. The demands call for a 20 per cent.
increase in the rate of pay for all employes over
and above the rates awarded in 1902, a work-day
of not more than eight hours, complete recognition
of the union, including the check-off. A resolution
was adopted declaring it the sense of the
convention that it is unalterably opposed to a renewal
of the award of the anthracite coal strike
commission. Pottsville will get the convention
next year and these officers were chosen: President,
John Fahy; vice president, John Strambo;
secretary-treasurer, Thomas J. Richards; international
executive board member, Martin A. Nash.
The district board members elected are: Edward
Harris, George W. Henry, M. J. McGrath, Martin
J. Boyle, Stiney Geguzie, Joseph Turnto, Peter
Zemetis and Martin Powasie.
At a meeting of Hocking Valley miners at Nelsonville,
0., recently, steps were taken towards
negotiations for the wage scale for the Hocking
district which expires April 1, 1912. It is hinted
that the operators' contention that they must receive
more relief if they are to compete with West
Virginia operators will receive some attention from
the miners' organization.
The coal strike which has kept 7,000 miners in
Alberta and British Columbia idle for moie than
six months has been settled, according to an announcement
by Robert Rogers, Canadian Minister
of the Interior, on October 27.
A referendum vote of Illinois mine workers on
the question of organizing a labor party in Illinois
resulted in an overwhelming defeat for the proposition.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
The Ingersoll-Rand Co. of Broadway, New York
City, has just issued Form 3210, bulletin of 12
pages, descriptive of Class NE-1 power-driven,
single-stage, straight-line, air compressors. This
compressor consists of an air cylinder supported
b.v a main frame with a piston operated by means
of a center crank shaft with a belt wheel on one
side and a fly wheel on the other. Shaft and
wheels can be reversed in the bearings if the belt
wheel is preferred on the other side. Air inlet
valves on the smaller machines are of tbe "Direct
Lift" type; on the larger machines "Hurricane inlet"
valves are standard. "Cushioned Direct Lift"
discharge valves are standard on all sizes. The
catalogue shows several views of the machine in
section and gives tables of sizes and capacities.
"Heat Treated Axles, Shafts and Similar Parts,"
is the title of a neat booklet from the press of the
Carnegie Steel Co., in which the company treats
of axles and their relative strength and usefulness
after they have passed through certain processes
and become known as "Annealed," "Toughened"
and "High Test" axles.
The Carnegie Steel Co. has just issued a new
"Shape Book," containing profiles, tables and data
appertaining to the Shapes, Plates, Bars, Rails
and Track Accessories manufactured by the company.
The book supersedes and cancels the book
of shapes issues in 1903 together with all supplements
thereto.
CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY SELLS
COAL TO EGYPTIAN STATE RAILROADS.
The Consolidation Coal Co. of Baltimore, has
just closed a contract through its London agents
to furnish 40,000 tons of coal to the Egyptian State
Railways Co. President Jere H. Wheelwright,
of the Consolidation, received a cable to this effect
October 23. The coal is asked for immediate delivery,
and the loading of steamers at Baltimore
for Egypt will soon begin. The securing of this
contract is expected to open up a new field for
this product. Its commercial importance to Baltimore,
apart from tbe profit made by the local
company, is that it will take new vessels there for
the loading. These may come with cargoes and
open up a line of traffic beneficial in its results.
The stock of the Consolidation Coal Co. has been
showing steady improvement for some weeks. It
has advanced in this time from 99% to 102 though.
in the meantime the quarterly dividend of 1% per
cent, has been declared. The full price was bid
recently without offerings.

66 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
GOVERNMENT COAL MINES
IN NORTH DAKOTA.
As an auxiliary to an irrigation project, the
Department of the Interior has gone into the coal
business. At Williston, N. D., the government
owns and operates a coal mine. It pays its miners
good wages, operates a model mine, uses all
modern safety appliances, and produces fuel at a
cost of $1.60 a ton.
In its mining enterprise the government does
not enter the market in competition with private
operators, the mine simply furnishing fuel for the
Williston and Buford-Trenton irrigation project.
As the retail price of coal in Williston is $2.50, the
government saves 90 cents a ton. besides always
being certain tbat it will not suffer from a shortage
of fuel.
The conditions tinder which the miners live and
work are as nearly ideal as they can be made. The
men are worked eight hours a day, six days a week,
and are able to make $100 a month above living
expenses. On the average the miners make $5 a
day, the schedule being 60 cents a ton for room
work, 70 cents in 10-foot entries and 80 cents in
7-foot entries.
For the single miners the government furnishes
free barracks, the men furnishing only their own
bedding. A "mess" is provided where meals are
given for a quarter each. Neat cottages are provided
for the married miners at a rental of $10 a
month.
As to the safety of the mine itself, the Interior
Department has sought to develop a model mine.
Adequate exits are arranged so that entombment
is considered impossible; all modern safety appliances
have been installed, while a system of ventilation
has been put in by which the air in tunnels
2,000 feet underground is said to be kept almost
as fresh as on the surface.
Notwithstanding the expense of operating a
model mine, the coal costs the government only
$1.60 a ton for mining. The mine is run during
the crop growing season only, four months a year,
and the engineers of the reclamation service who
IY0U CAN'T
are in charge declare that if the mine were operated
the year around, the cost of mining would be
cut to $1.25 a ton.
So far tbe government mining experiment has
been free from most of the troubles generally incident
to mining. No one has ever been killed or
seriously injured in the mine. There have been
no strikes; labor disputes have been absent.
RECENT COAL TRADE PATENTS.
The following recently granted patents of interest
to the coal trade, are reported expressly for
THE CAL TRADE BULLETIN by J. M. Nesbit, Patent
Attorney, Park Building, Pittsburgh, Pa., from
whom printed copies may be procured for 15 cents
each:
Miner's safety lamp tester, Fred Benedetti and
Andrew Stella, Black Diamond, Wash.; 1,004,348.
Method of mining (2), Wm. Griffith, West Pittston,
Pa.; 1,004,418 and 1,004,419.
Mine car stop, G. W. Jenkins and Edward Lowry,
Nelsonville, O.; 1,004,652.
Mine safety apparatus, Maturen Gold, Hayward,
Okla., and W. A. Montgomery, Solano, N. Mex.;
1,005,196.
Apparatus for exploding mine charges, Johann
Krannichfeldt, Cologne, Germany; 1,005,649.
Mine car wheel lubricator, U. U. Carr, Pittsburgh.
Pa.; 1,006,059.
Safety stop for elevators, John Hotter, Baxter,
W. Va.; 1,005.837.
Automatic car dumping mechanism, F. C. Greene,
Cleveland, and G. C. Palmer, East Cleveland, O.;
1,005.961.
Coke oven door, Louis Wilputte, Joliet, 111.; 1,-
006,036.
Prop for mines, August Winz, Ruttenscheid, Germany:
1,006,163.
Mining machine, L. F. Hess. Hawks Nest, W. Va.;
1,006,213.
Car for quenching coke, Hans Ries, Munich, Germany;
1.006,281.
Car or truck. W. M. Duncan, Alton, 111.; 1,006,369.
LOOK INTO THE
EARTH, but WE
CAN get you a large i
The directors of the St. Bernard Mining Co.,
Lexington, Ky., have postponed the election of a
president until the May meeting out of respect to
the late president, John B. Atkinson. George C.
clean core of all strata un- } Atkinson, who has been in control for some time,
der your land tc be examined
in broad daylight.
was vested with all the rights and powers of president
and resigned as treasurer. Dan M. Evans.
for the past year secretary, was chosen treasurer.
. No Guess Work. . Frank D. Rush, the efficient general manager of
'The J. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
; Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
J Field Office, House Buildine, PITTSBURGH, PA.
the company, and W. S. Packard, of Philadelphia,
were elected to fill vacancies in the board of directors,
Mr. Rush representing the local stockholders
S Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING. OIL AND ARTESIAN WEIL DRILLING ; and Mr. Packard the eastern.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
PEALE, PEACOCK ti KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H. W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA,
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
THE J. B. SANBORN CO.
Special Mercantile Agency
COAL TRADE.
PUBLISHERS OF
The Coal Dealers' Blue Book
Contains a Complete List for the United States and
Canada of all Coal Operators, Shippers and Dealers
Gas Companies, Elevators, Foundries, Mills, Iron
Works, and all Manufacturers who buy Coaland
Coke in oar load lots, with capital and pay ratines.
-: Room
: 550 Monon Building, 440 Dearborn St.,
CHICAGO.
1438 SO. PENN SQUARE.C
PHILADELPHIA. (
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch gauge, 1% tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909 IO.
Rhowing the location of the mines, and giving
ihe names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT.
P. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
FOR SALE.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection with reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis' of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VENEER & LUMBER Co.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on Liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

Laurel Hill Valley Coal & Coke Co., Somerset,
Pa.; capital, $50,000; incorporators, Cyrenius W.
Kurtz, Humbert, Pa.; Jacob Kreger, Kiugwood,
Pa.; George Drunbauld, Upper Turkeyfoot township,
Somerset county, Pa.; John A. Berkey, Somerset,
Pa.; Cosmos D. Kutz, Lyons, Pa.; Daniel H.
Schweyer, Maxatawney township, Berks county,
Pa.; Albert Knobb, Pittsburgh; Edwin DeLong,
Bowers, Pa.
Quemahoning Creek Coal Co., Somerset, Pa.;
capital, $100,0(10; incorporators, Charles J. Harrison,
Jr., Somerset, Pa.; John C. Brydon. New-
York; L. B. Brydon, Grafton, W. Va.; Charles J.
Harrison. Norman T. Boose, Somerset, Pa.
The Pond Fork Coal Co., Huntington, W. Va.;
capital, $75,000; incorporators, William H. Yawkey,
of New York City; C. H. Freeman, of Huntington,
W. Va.; and F. C. Leftwich, of Huntington,
W. Va.
Pittsburgh Coal & Coke Clearing House, Inc.,
Pittsburgh; capital, $5.OOP; incorporators, H. F.
Dannals, Jr., F. P. Foster, E. B. Taylor, Henry F.
Dannals and James R. Murphy, all of Grafton, Pa.
Lertz-Johnston-Gaillard Coal Co.. Montgomery,
Ala.; capital, $20,000; incorporators, Wm. C. Lertz,
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 59
Hattie H. Lertz, A. J. Ahlum, W. Frank Johnston,
and James F. Johnston.
Big Hupp Coal Co., Huntington, W. Va.; capital,
$400,000; incorporators, Thomas W. Garvey,
Thomas H. Harvey, of Huntington; J. B. Wilkinson,
of Logan.
Bon Jellico Coal Co., Jellico, Tenn.; capital,
$100,000; incorporators, Arthur Groves, F. F. Floyd,
W. J. Everett, E. B. Taylor and F. M. Haynes, all
of Jellico.
Central Illinois Fuel Co., Rock Island, 111.; capital,
$25,000; incorporators, F. M. Goddard, Davenport;
F. W. Young, Rock Island; H. C. Kohl, Moline,
III.
A Scheppers & Son. Lake Forest, 111.; capital.
$35,000; incorporators, A. D. Jackman, E. Buekel,
A. Warren, Lake Forest.
Miss D., a teacher of unquestioned propriety in
all its branches, was in the throes of commencement,
and to the best of her ability was entertaining
some young men—the suitors of her fair pupils.
They conversed on some beautiful flowers
in the drawing room.
"Yes," exclaimed the old lady; "but if you think
these are pretty, you just ought to go upstairs and
look in the bath tubs of the girls' dormitories.
They are just full of American beauties?"
"OLD COMPANY'S LEHIGH"
MINED AND SHIPPED BY
THE LEHIGH COAL AND NAVIGATION COMPANY
SUMMIT
Registered U. S.
GREENWOOD
Pateut Office
GENERAL OFFICES, 437 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA
W. A. LATHROP, President ROLLIN H. WILBUR, Vice President
RICHARD T. DAVIES, General Coal Agent
F. N. ULRICK, Assistant General Coal Agent
NEW YORK: CARROLL MOORE. SALES ACENT
REPRESENTATIVES I
BOSTON: 0. B. JOHNSON, EASTERN SALES ACENT
143 LIBERTY STREET
141 MILK STREET

60 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
LARGEST STEAMER ON THE LAKES.
The steamer Colonel James M. Schoonmaker is
the biggest freight carrier on fresh water, being
617 feet long, 61 feet beam, and 33 feet moulded
depth, with 35 hatches, and a maximum capacity
of 14,000 tons at a draft of 21 feet. She recently
had her first load at Toledo, taking on a cargo of
coal mined by the New Pittsburgh Coal Co.
The pilot house equipment consists of regular
and auxiliary steering gear, operated by two wheels
and two separate steering engines; McNab engine
indicator, automatic helm indicator, pelorus, bearing
finder and a delicate little lever that starts an
electric motor which pulls the cord to the big
steam whistle.
The wireless telegraph and chart rooms are just
abaft the pilot house, and the private state rooms
of the captain and mates and tbe quarters for
wheelmen and watchmen, all equipped with hot
and cold water marble baths and electric fans, are
adjacent.
On the forecastle deck is the observation and
grill room, where meals are served to the ship's
guests. Cooking is all done below quarters on a
great electric range. Adjoining the grill rooms
are the dining room for the navigation officers, the
captain's library and office, in which he may sit
and telephone orders to all parts of the ship while
watching the course as indicated by one of the
newest navigating instruments, a Schuette recording
compass. A pen tracing, made automatically,
shows at a glance each course and the length of
time the ship has been upon that course.
Directly under the pilot house is the lounging
or smoking room, with buffet and costly mirrors,
and all the furniture is of expensive weathered
oak in mission style.
There are eight large staterooms for guests, all
on the forecastle deck, all with private tub and
shower baths, electric fans and bells, and furnished
as luxuriously as the rooms in the best hotels.
The quarters for the engine room force are
nearly an eighth of a mile aft, just above the great
power plant, and are almost as luxuriously fitted
as those of the navigating officers forward.
Even in the quarters of the stokers and deck
hands there are electric fans, bells, baths and steam
heat.
J. H. SANFORD COAL COMPANY
MINERS AND SHIPPERS
HIGHEST GRADE PANHANDLE COAL
ANALYSIS :
Mois,ure 153 BEST FOR STEAM AID
Volatile Matter - -35.96 „ „ „. „
Fixed Carbon - - - - 56.34 DOMESTIC USES
Ash 6.17
Sulphur - - - - - 1.79
B. T. U. per pound of Dry Coal, 13544.3 ° fficeS : ' 3 ' 5 Park Bidding, PITTSBURGH.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, _ „ -,, _ „, , .
. •" Bell Phones, Grant 1822—1823—1824
Jas. Otis Handy, Chief Chemist.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
. FAMOUj
TT
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
C r\ A V O A
PENNSYLVANIA.

GOAL TRADE BULLETIN
Vol. XXV PITTSBURGH, NOVEMBER 15, 1911 No. 12
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN;
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY.
Copyrighted, 1911, by THE COAL TRADE COMPANY.
A. R. HAMILTON, Proprietor and Publisher,
H. J. STHAUB, Managing Editor.
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR
FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
Correspondence and communications upon all matters
relating to coal or coal production are Invited.
All communications and remittances to
THE COAL TRADE COMPANY,
926-930 PARK BUILDINO, PITTSBUEQH.
Long Distance Telephone 250 Grant.
[Entered at tbe Post Office at Pittsburgh as
Second Class Mail Matter.]
SEASONABLE WEATHER HAS ARRIVED, and as a re­
sult the coal trade is looking for better demand
for product, and for a picking up in trade that
will make the closing six weeks of the year the
best portion of it. Not only is this the hope, but
appearances indicate that it will have fulfillment.
From all over the country comes the cheering news
that the spot coal market is somewhat firmer, and
that there is less chance of picking up a bargain in
the way of coal that is approaching demurrage or
that has to be disposed of in order to avoid a loss.
Also there is less coal being offered at a bargain
in order to keep mines going.
Two factors enter into the trade at this time
that are responsible for this condition of affairs,
a condition that is satisfactory particularly to the
producers. These factors are a tightening up in
the car supply and the wintry weather. The for­
mer seems to have the most influence on the trade,
and reports of a shortage of cars art heard in a few-
sections, with promise that it will become more
general as the cold weather continues and the
demand increases. While the operators do not
like a car shortage, it surely presages one thing.
and that is that fueling demands of railroads will
increase and therefore, a betterment of trade will
follow.
The lake coal trade is tapering off at this time,
and some of the producing companies are con­
tracting for bottoms for storage of coal to await
the opening of navigation next spring. With the
close of the present season practically at hand, a
partial summing up of the season's shipments is
possible, and from advance reports it looks as
though the season of 1911 has been a record
breaker. However, this may be changed by offi­
cial figures when they are available. From all
the districts where lake coal is forwarded, the re­
port of tapering off is at hand, and it is only for
last cargoes and storage that coal is going forward.
The car situation, as mentioned above, is becom­
ing one of the factors the operators must watch
closely from now on until the warmer weather of
spring is at hand or tlie general merchandise and
manufactured products shipments fall off. In
some of tbe fields the shortage is acute, especially
where certain kinds of cars are demanded to take
care of the trade. The outlook is that within the
next month the entire surplus of idle cars will
be wiped out and that a general shortage will be
the resume of the situation. Of course, the trade
doesn't like this, and when it comes there will be
the usual scramble to get cars.
Coupled with this situation is another that is
not to the liking of the trade and that is the
shortage of labor. Many of the operating con­
cerns in many districts are advertising for men to
man the mines, and the cry for help is increasing
rather than showing signs of a decrease. The
political situation in the miners' organization also
is attracting attention, and the outcome of the
election next month is one of the things in which
the trade is taking a very decided interest.
In the Pittsburgh district the demand is some­
what better and there has been a hardening in the
way of prices. On the other hand the production
has not increased to any great extent, save the
river shipping mines, and probably 70 per cent.
of capacity is the extent of the working of the
mines. The last lake coal is going forward, as
it is in other districts, and the mines now are pre-

24 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
paring to take care of the all-rail trade. Because
of the rise in the rivers during the fortnight, the
river shipping companies have gotten their empty
craft into the Pittsburgh harbor and are now
busily engaged in loading them at the mines and
sending them to the landings to await another
shipping stage. But little is heard in this dis
trict of the car shortage, nor is there much to be
said in the way of labor shortage. The cold snap
that struck the district during the past few days
is exiiected to help matters materially. With the
trade jogging along without much that is notice­
able, the price quotations have shown signs of
stiffening, and while no increase has been an­
nounced, tonnage is held closely at $1.25 to $1.35
for run of mine coal; $1.35 to $1.45 for three-
quarter coal; $1.45 to $1.55 for inch and one-
quarter coal, with slack at 75 to S5 cents.
The coke trade has taken on activity of a kind,
in that the large furnace interest, has fired dur­
ing the fortnight something over six hundred
additional ovens. Production has therefore taken
a spurt, and is approaching the time when the
weekly output will exceed that of 1910, a thing
that has not happened during the whole eleven
months of the year. Not much change is notice­
able in the merchant ovens, and the increase is
almost altogether due to the furnace interests.
The independent producers, however, are keeping
their tonnage close to the demand, and they can
be expected to meet any increased inquiries with a
prompt increase in production. Thus, at the
eleventh hour the coke trade seems to have a spark
of life in it. and coke men seem to see better
things for the remainder of the year. The orders
for iron and steel that are reported have a good
look to the coke manufacturers and it is probable
that, as soon as these orders begin going out to
the buyers, the coke trade will move steadily up­
ward. With the small improvement at hand,
prices are held more firmly than ever at $1.75 to
$1.85 for furnace coke and $2.00 to $2.25 for foun­
dry coke.
The anthracite branch of the trade is the one
that is enjoying real prosperity, and the tonnage
figures for the ten months of the year show a big
increase in total coal shipped, with the prospect
that when final figures are at hand the year will
have been the banner year of the industry. Al­
ready the records are broken and now that the
cold weather really is here there is little likeli­
hood that the remainder of the year will cut down
the tonnage to any appreciable extent. Prices
are at winter figures, although in some instances
an increase has been asked because of distance
and local conditions. Mines are operating stead­
ily now that the demand is so good.
* * *
DEMANDS TO HE MADE HY THE ANTHRACITE MI.NEHS
were formulated at the tri-district convention. We
print them for information of our readers with­
out comment, save to say that if insisted on, the
period of negotiation of a wage contract is likely
to be a long one.
# * *
COAL .MEN WILL HAIL WITH GLADNESS the report
that the railroads will reduce freight rates to and
from the lakes on coal and ore, and, if the pro­
mulgation of the new rates bears out the early re­
port will be in a mood to enjoy more thoroughly
their Thanksgiving dinner.
Producers of anthracite certainly seem to be
getting back their markets or else are practicing
"intensive farming" of the ones already at hand,
judging from the way they are breaking records
on tonnage.
* * *
The coal man is looking around for his Thanksgiving
turkey and a suitable sauce of better con­
ditions to garnish it with.
* * *
Anthracite miners have made their position
clear. Now comes the rub, what do the operators
say?
* * *
Reduced rates to the lakes is the rainbow of
promise. It seems too good to be true.
* * *
Six hundred ovens going alight at once puts
new life into the coke regions.
* * *
Real winter at last. Let'er come. The more
the better.
* * *
May you really have something to be thankful
for.
* * *
Even government figures don't always tally up.

DEMANDS OF ANTHRACITE MINE WORKERS.
The anthracite mine workers of the three districts,
Nos. 1, 7 and 9, concluded their tri-district
convention at Pottsville, on November 3, and
adopted a schedule of demands to be presented to
the operators when the meeting to formulate a
wage scale is held after April 1. The demands
were:
1. We demand that the next contract be for a
period of one year, commencing April 1, 1912, and
ending March 31, 1913.
2. We demand a work day of not more than
eight hours for all inside and outside day labor
with no reduction in wages.
3. We demand the recognition of the United
Mine Workers of district Nos. 1, 7 and 9 as a
party to negotiate a wage contract, and the right
to provide a method for the collection of revenues
for the organization.
4. We demand a more convenient and uniform
system of adjusting local grievances within a reasonable
time limit.
5. We demand an advance of 20 per cent, on
the rate of wages for all employes over and above
the rates awarded in 1903.
0. We demand a minimum rate of $3.50 per
day for miners and $2.75 for laborers.
7. We demand that the system whereby a contract
miner has more than one working place or
employs more than two laborers shall be abolished.
S. We demand that tbe rights of the cheekweighmen
and check docking bosses shall be recognized,
and that they shall not be interefered with
in the proper performance of their work.
9. We demand that all coal shall be mined and
paid for by the ton of 2,240 pounds wherever practical.
10. Your committee would recommend that a
joint scale committee composed of the executive
boards of the three anthracite districts, together
with the national president, be appointed by this
convention and clothed with discretionary power
to negotiate an agreement on the basis agreed to
by the convention and in the event of their feeling
unable to do so they shall be empowered to order a
suspension of work in accordance with the laws
of the organization.
It is reported that the Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh
& Lake Erie. Baltimore & Ohio, Erie, Bessemer &
Lake Erie and the Wheeling & Lake Erie railroads
will file joint notice with the Interstate Commerce
Commission shortly, on a voluntary reduction of
from 75 to $1 a ton, equivalent to from 20 to 25
per cent, in the transportation charge on coal, coke
and iron ore to and from the lakes.
THE COAL TRADE BUL.LETIN. 25
EIGHT PER CENT. BONUS
FOR HARD COAL MINERS.
The "sliding scale," established b.v the commissioners
whom President Roosevelt appointed to settle
the strike of 1902, brought the anthracite mine
workers a bonus of S per cent, last month. United
States Commissioner of Labor Charles S. Neill
has just sent out a notice directing the payment of
the bonus. It applies to all classes of employes.
and is added to their November pay.
The Strike Commission granted a 10 per cent.
increase in pay to the mine workers, but decreed
that to be a minimum. Then it decreed that, for
every rise of 5 cents above $4.50 in tlie average
price of the domestic sizes of coal at tidewater, in
any month, the workers should receive an additional
1 per cent., to be applied to the payroll ol
the following month. Certified records of sales
are sent to the Commissioner of Labor, who computes
the average and then sends out the official
notice of the bonus. As the average price was
$4.91 in October, the advance to tbe miners is 8
per cent.
As the increased minimum pay granted by the
commission is used as the basis upon which to
calculate this 8 per cent., the total increase to the
mine workers over the 1902 wages is more than IS
per cent. The total benefits to the mine workers
from the sliding scale, since it went into effect on
April 1. 1903, have amounted to about $28,500,000.
In his latest bulletin on anthracite iiroduction,
Edward W. Parker of the United States Geological
Survey, who was a member of the Strike Commission,
calls attention to the increased earnings of
the mine workers. "From 1906 to 1910," says Mr.
Parker, "the average number of working days
ranged from 195 to 229, with a mean average of
210. This means that, in addition to the increase
in wages following the strike of 1902, and the further
benefits secured to the miners through the
sliding scale created at the same time, the miners,
by reason of an increase of 27 per cent, in their
working time, are able further to supplement their
earnings by that percentage."
EARNINGS SHOW A DECREASE.
Gross earnings from operation of the Colorado
Fuel & Iron Co. for the year ending June 30, 1911,
were $22,934,685, a decrease of $705,127 compared
with the previous year, according to the annual report
made public at Denver, Col.
Operating expenses were $19,456,335, a decrease
of $440,861, leaving net earnings from operating
$3,478,349, a decrease of $264,265. Income from
sources other than operation amounted to $671,599,
bringing the net income to $4,349,948, a decrease
of $219,586, compared with the previous year.
After providing for all fixed charges, sinking
funds, etc., a surplus of $1,259,672 was left.

26 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
OKLAHOMA'S COAL PRODUCTION
FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1911.
The production of coal in Oklahoma from July 1,
1910, to June 30, 1911, was 2,569,869 tons, worth on
board the cars $6,424,672; the total daily production
of gas was 1,400,000,000 cubic feet: total production
of oil. 47.450,000 barrels, according to the
figures given in the annual report of Chief Mine
Inspector Ed. Boyle. Aside from coal, tlie values
of the mineral products are not given.
To mine the coal, the services of 4,667 miners,
2,330 inside or day men and 1,194 outside men, a
total of 8,191 men, were required. In blasting
the coal the miners used 124,227 kegs of black powder.
1,575 cases of dynamite. 58,500 pounds of carbonite,
33,724 pounds of masurite and 7.S50 pounds
of monobell. The total cost of all explosives was
$227,065.84. More than 19 tons of coal were produced
to every keg of powder used.
During the period there were 29 fatal accidents
and 102 non-fatal accidents. Of this number, 12
fatal and 40 non-fatal accidents occurred since
Chief Inspector Boyle assumed office January 9,
1911. One man was killed for every 88,616 tons
of coal produced, a slight decrease over the preceding
year.
For the year, each miner produced 551 tons of
coal, on an average. At an average price of 80
cents per ton, this would mean an earning capacity
of $440.80 per miner per year. Deducting the cost
of explosives and incidentals, a net balance of
$374.68 is left as the average earning capacity.
Mining the 8,638 tons of lead and zinc required
the services of 148 men, among whom there were
one fatal and two non-fatal accidents.
Forty-five men were required to mine the 5,713
tons of asphalt during the year, while 69 men
mined the 111,013 tons of gypsum.
The 14,259 oil wells of the state produced an
average of 130,000 barrels a day, or 47,450,000 barrels
for the year. During the period there were
inspected 141,974 barrels of refined oil, and the
receipts of the office from such inspection were
$25,245.50.
The first district of the state led in coal production
with a total of 1,143,799 tons, the second
district produced SS.803 tons, and the third district
558,035 tons.
A pretty young woman had been away from
home all afternoon, had overstayed her time. Her
mother asked:
"Where have you been?"
"Only walking in the park."
"With whom?"
"No one, mama."
"Then explain to me, please, how you happen to
lie carrying a gentleman's cane instead of your
parasol."
CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY START
ANOTHER TOWN ON KENTUCKY PRO­
PERTY.
The Consolidation Coal Co., building the new
town of Jenkins on Elkhorn Creek, Ky., has started
another model town on its property across the
mountain from the headwaters of Elkhorn on
Wright's fork of Boone creek at the terminus of
the extension of the Lexington & Eastern railroad
under construction. The new town has been
christened McRoberts and a postoffice will shortly
be established. Already telephones, electric
lights, hotels, boarding houses, barns and many
conveniences have been built, while there is much
building under headway. The Nicola Building
Co. of Pittsburgh, which has the contract for building
the new town, has a large band mill and several
small mills cutting lumber from forests of
Wright's Park. Its contract includes about 1,000
houses for McRoberts, as well as 1,500 for Jenkins.
Another 1,000 may be built in Jenkins.
It is intended that the building shall be completed
and mining under way by the time the railroads
are completed to the new town. Tbe Elkhorn
& Big Sandy will reach Jenkins, while the
L. & E. will cover McRoberts. Over 500 men will
be employed at McRoberts within a short time.
NEW AND IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS OF
THE WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SUR­
VEY.
There has just been issued from the press a
new publication by the West Virginia Geological
Survey, Morgantown, W. Va., an important volume
which those interested in oil and gas have been
eagerly expecting for several months. This
volume is described in the following extract from
the printed circular of the Geological Survey, and
the reader is also told how to secure the publication
in question:
Detailed County Report, on Wirt, Roane and
Calhoun Counties, 573 pages-|-XX, with case of 3
maps—topographic, geologic, and soil—published
under date of July lst, 1911, and ready for delivery
in October. Besides the detailed study and
description of all the rocks, minerals, soils,
streams, industries, etc., found within the area,
the geologic map gives also the true location of
all the oil and gas pools developed up to July lst,
1911, and shows by structural contours the several
anticlinal and synclinal arches including the
southern extension of the famous Burning Springs
or Volcano anticlinal. Price, with case of maps,
postage paid by the Survey, $2.00. Extra copies
of geological or topographic map, 50c each.
Send remittances to the West Virginia Geological
Survey, Morgantown, West Virginia, Lock Box
No. 448.

COAL PRODUCTION OF THE
UNITED STATES FOR 1910.
The coal production of the United States by
states for the year 1910, as shown by statistics pub­
lished by the United States Geological Survey,
Idaho 4,553
Illinois 45,900,246 50.970.364 50,904,990
Indiana 18,389,815 14,881,699 14.834,259
Iowa 7,928,120 7,755,362 7,757,762
Kansas 4.921,451 6,979,778 6,986,478
Kentucky 14,623,319 10,648,981 10,697,384
Maryland 5,217,125 4.1137,343 4,023,241
Michigan 1,534,967 1,783,692 1,784,692
Missouri 2,982,433 3,096,785 3,756,530
Montana 2,920,970 2.560,272 2,553,940
New Mexico 3,508,321 2,808,325 2,801,128
North Dakota... 399,041 404,496 422,047
Ohio 34,209,668 27,919,891 27,939,641
Oklahoma 2,646,226 3,116,500 3,119,377
Oregon 67,536 90,228 87,276
Penna., Bituminous
150,521,526 137,845,815 137,966,791
Tennessee 7,121,380 6,328,073 6,358,645
Texas 1,892,176 1,824,4411 1,824,440
Utah 2.517,809 2,269,481 2,266,899
Virginia 6,507,997 4,750,045 4,752,217
Washington 3,911.899 3,576,406 3,602,263
West Virginia. .. 61,671,019 51,446,010 51,849,220
Wyoming 7,533.(188 6,38(1,897 6,393.109
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Miscellaneous . . 5.44S 7,353
Total Bitumin's.417,091,659 378,551,024 379,744,257
Pa. Anthracite.. 84,485.236 80,658.049 81,070,359
501.576,895 459.209,073 46(1,814,616
•California and Alaska were combined in the
reported production of 1909.
tCensus figures for 1909 production were gathered
in conjunction with the U. S. Geological Survey
and were published in 1910 with the census
returns. The U. S. Geological figures cover the
same period, but show a discrepancy of 1,605,543
tons between the two sets of government statistics,
both supposed to have been collected and compiled
by the same officials.
The Merchants Coal Co. at Boswell, Pa., is spend­
ing about $1(10,000 in improvements, which will
increase the output from 2,000 to 3,500 tons daily
and give employment to 300 more men. The improvements
include an enlarged tipple, two dumps
for load coal, new crusher, new fan house, new
haulage engine, an addition to the power plant to
house a new generator and boilers.
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
BREAKS THE RECORD.
The iron and steel industry in the United
States broke all previous records in 1910, accord­
ing to Ernest F. Burchard, of the United States
E. W. Parker, statistician, was:
Geological Survey. The iron ore production was
State.
1910.
Census
Figures, f
1909.
U. S. Geo.
Survey
Figures, f
1909.
56,SS9,734 long tons, the pig iron production, 27,-
303,567 tons, and the steel production, 26,094,919
tons. These figures show increases over the pro­
Alaska
Alabama
*1,000
16,111,462
*
13.703,910
*
13,703,450
duction in 19(19 of iron ore, 5,734,297 tons, pig
iron 1,508,096 tons, steel 2,139,898 tons. The fol­
Arkansas 1,905,958 2,379,100 2,377,157 lowing table shows the enormous growth of the
California *11,164 *4S,636 *45,836 iron and steel industry in the United States since
Colorado 11,973,736 10,722,746 10,716,936 1900:
Georgia 177,196 211,196 211,196
Iron Ore. Pig Iron. Steel
1900 27,553,161 13,789,242 10,188,329
1905 42,526,133 22,992,3S0 20,023,947
1906 47,749,728 25,307,191 23,398,136
1907 51,720,619 25,781,361 23,362,594
190S 35,924,771 15,936,018 14,023,247
1909 51,155,437 25,795,471 23,955,021
1910 56,889,734 27,303.567 26,094,919
The value of the iron ore produced in 1910 was
$140,735,607, as against $109,964,903 for 1909, and
that of pig iron was $425,115,235, as against $419,-
175,000 in 1909.
Iron ore was mined in 28 States in 1910. The
following table shows the production of the five
leading States:
Long Tons. Value.
Minnesota 31,966,769 $78,462,560
Michigan 13,303,906 41,393,585
Alabama 4,801,275 6,083,722
New York 1,287,209 3,848,683
Wisconsin 1,149,551 3,610,349
Virginia was sixth in output and Pennsylvania
seventh, each producing less than 1,00(1,000 tons.
In the production of pig iron, however, Penn­
sylvania heads the list as usual. The five leading
States in pig iron production were as follows:
Long Tons. Value.
Pennsylvania 11,272,323 $180,695,338
Ohio 5,752,112 88,122,356
Illinois 2,675,646 42,917,362
Alabama 1,939,147 23,754,551
New York 1,938,407 32,410,165
Michigan and Indiana together ranked sixth,
with a production of a million and a quarter tons
and no other State reached the half million mark.
During 1910, of the 451 ore mines in operation,
191 mines produced over 50,000 long tons each,
the largest quantity produced by a single mine
being 3,190,093 tons, by the Hull-Rust mine, of
the Mesabi range, Minnesota. Nine mines in
Minnesota, besides one group of mines in Michi­
gan and one group in Alabama, produced more
than 1,000,000 tons each, the second greatest pro­
duction being 1,769,067 long tons by the Red
Ti

28 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Mountain group of mines, near Birmingham, Alabama.
Twenty-five mines produced more than
500,000 tons each.
Importations of iron ore in 1910 were the greatest
in the history of the industry, being 2,591,031
tons, valued at $7,832,225. Exports were 644,875
tons valued at $2,074,164. Figures showing the
foreign production of iron ore are not yet available
for 1910, but the following table for 1909
shows the supremacy of the United States in iron
mining.
United States, long tons 51.155,437
Germany and Luxemburg, metric tons. .25,506,000
United Kingdom, long tons 14,979,979
France, metric tons 11,890,000
Cuba, long tons 1,417,914
No other country produced so much as a million
tons. It will be seen that the United States
produced nearly one-half of the total of the world's
output.
In steel production in 1910 Pennsylvania led all
States, with 13,207,539 long tons and Ohio came
second with 5,050,608 tons. The total production
of the l'uited States was 26,094,919 tons.
THE HEADS OF MINING DEPARTMENT AND
STATE INSPECTORS OF THE UNITED
STATES.
The following are the heads of the mining departments
and the chief mine inspectors of the
different coal producing states of the Union, together
with their titles and addresses:
Charles H. Nesbitt, Chief Mine Inspector, 420-422
chamber of Commerce building", Birmingham, Alabama.
Summer S. Smith. U. S. Mine Inspector, Juneau,
Alaska.
T. A. Freeze, Mine Inspector. Huntington. Arkansas.
T. R. Henahen, Commissioner of Mines. State
Capitol. Denver. Colorado.
F. dishing Moore, State Inspector of Mines,
Boise. Idaho.
J. .1. Jeff leys. Mine Inspector District No. 1,
Albia, Iowa.
R. T. Rhys, Mine Inspector District No. 2, Ottumwa,
Iowa.
Edward Sweeney, Mine Inspector District No. 3,
Des Moines, Iowa.
Frank I. Pearce, Deputy Inspector of Klines and
Mining, Indianapolis, Indiana.
David Ross. Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Springfield, Illinois.
Leon Besson. State Secretary of Mines, Pittsburg,
Kansas.
Charles J. Norwood. Chief Inspector of Mines,
Lexington. Kentucky.
John H. Donahue, Mine Inspector, Frostburg,
Maryland.
John T. Quine, Mine Inspector, Ishpeming, Mich.
Andrew Stevenson, Mine Inspector, Bay City,
Mich.
John Ashton, Mine Inspector, Calumet, Mich.
State Commissioner of Labor, Si. Paul. Minn.
George Bartholomaeus, Secretary Bureau of
Mines and Mine Inspection, Jefferson City. Missouri.
William Walsh, State Mine Inspector. Helena.
Montana.
Jo E. Sheridan, U. S. Mine Inspector, Silver
City. N. M.
T. R. Atkinson. State Engineer. Bismarck,
North Dakota.
Ed. Ryan, Mine Inspector, Carson City, Nevada.
George Harrison, Chief Inspector of Mines, Columbus,
Ohio.
Ed. Boyle, Chief Inspector of Mines. McAlestei.
Okla.
H. M. Parks. State Mine Inspector. Corvallis,
Oregon.
James E. Roderick. Chief Department of Mines,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Robert L. Daugherty, Lead, South Dakota.
George E. Sylvester, Chief Mine Inspector, Nashville,
Tenn.
Isidore Broman, State Mine Inspector, Austin.
Texas.
J. E. Pettit, State Coal Mine Inspector, Salt Lake
City. Utah.
James B. Doherty. Commissioner of Labor. Richmond.
Virginia.
D. C. Botting, State Coal Mine Inspector, Seattle,
Washington.
John Laing. Depaitment of Mines, Charleston,
W. Va.
George Blacker, Inspector. District No. 1. Cumberland,
Wyoming.
William E. Jones, Inspector, District No. 2,
Sheridan, Wyoming.
Numerous changes in the management of the
Upper Lehigh Coal Co. mines at Freeland, Pa..
have been announced. Albert C. Leiserling. general
manager of the company for 30 years, has resigned
to take effect January 1 ; Thomas Kiommes.
inside superintendent, left November 1. He was
succeeded by Adam Lesser, of Upper Lehigh. The
outside superintendent, C. S. Beidlman, and the
carpenter foreman, Daniel Shellhanger, also left
November 1.
The October output of the Dominion Coal Co.'s
mines in Nova Scotia was 349.992 tons, an increase
over the September tonnage, which was exceptionally
heavy.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 29
WHAT THE WEST NEEDS IN COAL LAND LEGISLATION
By George Otis Smith. Director United States Geological Survey.
In any discussion of the needed revision of our
public land laws, a due share of attention must be
given to the statutes relating to the coal lands.
While certain classes of lands in the Western
States have largely passed into private ownership.
the public's holding of coal lands is still large
enough to deserve most serious consideration.
West of the One Hundredth Meridian lies the nation's
greatest coal reserve, estimated at more
than a million million tons of anthracite, bituminous
and sub-bituminous coal, and title to from
60 to S5 per cent, of this tonnage is in the United
States. It is self-evident that this fuel reserve
is the key to the present and future industrial development
of the Rocky Mountain region. Utilization
of the water power resources will be an important
factor locally, and for several decades fuel
oil may be expected to affect the industrial situation,
but so far as we (an now foresee coal must
be regarded as the principal source of power. Its
present importance is shown by the fact that the
coal production of the Rocky Mountain States was
14.7 per cent, greater in 1910 than in 1909, although
for the whole United States the increase
in coal output for the same period was less than
9 per cent. Utilization of these western coal deposits
that will meet both present and future demands
is the end that must be served in whatever
public policy is adopted. The West needs and
has a right to demand full opportunity for legitimate,
energetic business development, but that
does not include the right to infliet an unearned
speculative tax on the future consumer.
Full opportunity on the public coal lands can
be defined both from the standpoint of the coal
operator and from the point of view of the consuming
public. In my opinion the operator can
justly ask two things: First, the right to occupy
an acreage sufficiently large for economic operation
during an average mine-life period, and second,
freedom from too
CHEAT INVESTMENT UISKS.
Economic operation we will understand to mean
the installation of such equipment as will secure
maximum reco\ery at low cost with proper safeguarding
of both life and property, while excessive
investment risks refer to capital outlays out of
proportion to expected profits of operation. Both
of the factors are in reality of hardly less interest
to the public than to the operator. For upon
them depend in the last analysis much that determines
prices and concerns general welfare. The
public should also demand that no light to the
'Paper read before the American Mining Congress at
Chicago. October 27. 1911.
public coal land shall be granted except for present
use. Actual development must be made the
first condition of occupancy of any part of what
now remains in the public domain.
The present status of coal mining in the West
is the resultant of two factors, land ownership
and consumptive demand for coal. Tlie large
holdings of coal land legitimately acquired through
railroad grants and those secured by coal companies
through dummy entrymen, and by purchase
of agricultural entries as well as those patented
to the states as non-mineral lands, together constitute
a coal land supply that has practically met
the demand. The strict administration of the
public domain during the past few years,
however, has shut off all opportunity for wholesale
accumulation of coal lands under cover of
the homestead and other laws. Up to the present
time the acquisition of the coal land in the
public domain has been largely accomplished without
recourse to the coal land law, so that the question
becomes opportune—is the present coal land
law adequate to meet present and future needs?
This law relating to coal lands is less unsatisfactory
than many of the mineral land laws now
on the statute books. By its provision for the valuation
of coal lands at an adequate price the law
makes possible a selling price that may promote de
velopment and at the same time prevent monoplization.
As is pointed out in a public statement by
Secretary Fisher, the
PRESENT GOVERNMENTAL POLICY
of basing the valuation of public coal lands upon
the tonnage and quality of coal which underlies
the tract results in prices that are neither unreasonable
nor exorbitant; the purchaser instead
of paying a flat rate per acre in reality pays for
the coal by the ton at values graded according to
the quality and the character of the coal. Consideration
is also given to every known physical
and commercial factor affecting tlie value of the
coal of the particular locality. The purpose has
been to protect the present interests of the West
b.v making the selling price of coal land approach
but in no case exceed the present purchase value
of a royalty under a lease-bold, such as the states
of Colorado and Wyoming or land companies in
the West grant to the lessee, and at the same time
to protect the future interests of the people by
having these prices such as to discourage longtime
speculative holdings. W'e must always keep
in mind the fact that large speculative holdings
are sure to affect the future price of coal in two
ways: through the possibility of monopoly and

.'50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
through the certainty of accumulated interest
charges on the cost of the idle land.
The test of any policy is in the results it pro­
duces. That the prices put upon the public coal
lands are not prohibitive can be shown by the
record of sales. In the four years following the
adoption of the policy of classifying and valuing
the coal lands, the sales have increased 12'« per
cent, in acreage and 36 per cent, in value as com­
pared with the four years preceding, and this in
spite of the fact that the four years since July 1,
1907, have included a period of industrial depres­
sion and slow recovery as contrasted with the pre­
ceding period of boom conditions. So far. there­
fore, as its
PRO\ [SION FOR PRICING
is concerned, the present law appears to be as
satisfactory as a sale law can be.
One serious defect exists in the present law
which all must admit demands an immediate rem­
edy. The restriction of legal purchases to a maximum
of 160 acres for an individual or 640 for an
association is absurdly out of accord with good
mining practice. The fixed charges of a modern
coal mine equipped so as to safeguard life and
property and to secure maximum recovery are too
high to be assessed against the tonnage of so limited
a tract, especially where the coal seam is of
moderate thickness. Furthermore, unless provi­
sion is made for commercial operation on the remaining
lands too great an advantage is secured
to the land grant railroads and the large coal companies
already in possession of considerable areas
of high grade coal. There is no public need of
having either individuals or large corporations
acquire large acreages of these lands for long-time
holding without development. Nor is there any
sound economic reason for the disposition of the
coal lands in small tracts. The homestead law
expresses the spirit of American institutions in
that it has encouraged every citizen to own a
home, but there is neither sentiment nor sense in
a proposition to sell at a low price 160 acres of
coal land to an individual—every citizen does not
need to own a coal mine.
In the endeavor to discourage long-time speculalive
investment in the coal lands and at the same
time permit present development, the fixing of selling
prices has involved difficulties. It has been
recognized that an ideal adjustment of values is
well night unattainable for many if not for mos*
coal lands. These difficulties suggest the wis­
dom of considering the other method of disposition,
namely a leasing system. As Secretary
Fisher has stated, "It may well be that a liberal
but wisely protected leasing
LAW won.n in; tin MI
to promote development more vigorously than any
system of outright purchase." Thus, under a
leasehold law any uncertainties as to quantity of
coal or as to costs of operation would not need to
be so critically estimated in advance. There
would be no necessity of discounting every possible
future condition, but periodic adjustment
of rate of royalty could insure all equities of both
operator and public, and I should expect that such
adjustments might as often be downward as up­
ward.
Under a leasing system too it would be comparatively
easy so to adjust the relationship be
tween ground rental and royalty as to prevent
the acquisition of coal deposits until actual operation
became profitable. The greatest advantage
of the lease system to the operator directly, and
to the public indirectly, is relief from the large
capital outlay now required in the acquisition of
the large acreage absolutely necessary for a mod­
ern mine. This argument advanced against the
present policy of valuing the public coal lands at
even conservative prices thus becomes an argument
for a lease-hold law.
The objections to a leasing system are of two
classes: those based upon political theory and
those based upon economic considerations. Under
political objections I will place the arguments so
often put forward against federal landlordism,
namely, that the eastern coal lands were disposed
of in fee and that the West deserves the same
treatment; and further, that the natural resources
of the West should not be made a source of profit
to relieve the eastern taxpayer. Such arguments
can be easily answered. Past mistakes are poor
precedents for future blunders. The citizen who
argues for the continuance of the liberal, wideopen
public land policy of the past is apt to be
one who wishes a middleman's profit on a small
investment, and we know that East or West, the
owner of coal lands acquired as
AGRICULTURAL LANDS,
oi' iii any other wa>, at a low price, makes his
large and unearned profit out of the coal operator,
and through him, out of the public. Too large a
percentage of the coal output of this country is
now mined under lease to justify this objection
to allowing the people themselves to lease direct.
As regards the argument of reserving western
resources for the West, too few people in the pub­
lic land states realize that under the present system
of sale, the proceeds from the coal lands go
directly into western development through the
Reclamation fund, and cannot be used to relieve
the eastern taxpayers except as the whole coun­
try benefits by the agricultural development of
these public land states. It is reasonable to ex­
pect that any leasing law would make similar
provision for the local use of revenues resulting
from leases, and indeed several of the bills already

introduced in Congress have specifically recognized
the wisdom of such disposition.
Much more worthy of consideration are the ob­
jections to the lease system based upon the fear
that the cost of coal to the consumer would be
increased, but I regard this result as altogether
improbable. The royalty paid into the United
States treasury can be no greater a tax upon the
consumer than the royalty paid to the state of
Colorado, or to the railroad land company, or to
the farmer. The average price of bituminous
coal at the mine, in the United States last year,
was $1.12, which usually includes either a royalty
or an equivalent interest charge, either of which
would probably be greater than any government
royalty. This amount forms so small a part of
the price to the consumer that the royalty under a
federal lease could be of but little concern to tlie
public, if, indeed, it resulted in any increase in
the first cost of the coal.
However, if we consider the lease as contrasted
with sale outright to the coal operator, the reduc­
tion in capital necessary
EOI! ORIGINAL INVESTMENT
and the elimination of many of the risks in such
investment, must result in reducing cost of opera­
tion to the mine owner, and thus make possible a
correspondingly lower price of coal to the con­
sumer.
The other objection to the lease system is that
based upon fears of expensive federal management.
and of inefficient administration or even malad­
ministration. These are possibilities which we
must squarely face: but my faith in the efficiency
of public administration is increasing to such a
degree that this argument against the leasing is
rapidly losing its force with me. If we look be­
yond our own Rockies, and out across the Pacific,
we discover that a governmental leasing system
for coal lands is not a theory but an actual work­
ing fact. The Anglo-Saxon peoples of the Austra­
lasian states have found the leasing system not
only practicable, but indeed preferable to the sale
of coal lands. In New Zealand, where for 30 years
the laws have permitted to the operator a choice
of either sale or lease of public mineral lands, a
conclusive argument for the leasing system is
given in the latest statistics of mineral produc­
tion, which show that approximately 90 per cent.
of the total mineral product of that country was
mined under leasehold. If our trans-Pacific neigh­
bors can administer a lease law so satisfactorily.
and if the mine operators in New Zealand prefer
operation under leasehold, will a similar system be
fraught with either danger or failure in the Uni­
ted States?
We must face the fact that Uncle Sam is a land­
lord on a large scale—a coal baron, if you please:
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 31
and that the question before us is how these mil­
lions of acres of coal land are to be disposed ol
so as to serve tbe just needs of tbe operator who
offers his capital, technical skill and business ex­
perience, asking in return a fair profil. and at tin
same time to protect the public interests.
All that the West needs is. first, opportunity for
the coal industry to develop as fast as the market
justifies expansion, and with the least possible
risks: and second, opportunity for the public to
secure its coal at prices based on a minimum cost
of production and without any addition of un­
earned and undue tribute to private landlords wl)o
desire to speculate on the future needs of the con­
sumer. These ends 1 believe can be best attained
by legislation inaugurating a federal leasing sys­
tem for coal lands of the public domain.
-* RETAIL TRADE NOTES »
The date lor the annual meeting of the New
York State and Western Pennsylvania Retail Coal
Dealers' Association has not yet been selected by
the executive committee. Heretofore it has usu­
ally been held during October but owing to the
details connected with the merging of the Eastern
and Central New York Association with the West­
ern New York and Pennsylvania Association the
meeting has been postponed. It is probable, how­
ever, that it will be held in the near future.
At last month's meeting of the executive com­
mittee of the Michigan-Ohio-Indiana Coal Association
it was voted to hold their mid-winter meet­
ing at the Hotel Sinton, Cincinnati, O.. on Janu­
ary 16 and 17. At this meeting it is decided at
which city the next annual convention of the asso­
ciation shall be held as well as other important
matters in connection with the work of Ihe organi­
zation.
A new law regulating the weighing and sale of
coal went into effect in Connecticut November 1.
It requires that duplicate weight checks shall be
issued with each load delivered, and besides in­
volving a little extra clerical work will not bring
about much change in the old methods in vogue in
coal offices.
The Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners
heard additional testimony at Toronto recently
concerning the reciprocal demurrage proposition
advocated by the Canadian Retail Coal Dealers'
Association. The measure was opposed by repre­
sentatives of the railroads.
The Correct Weight Association has been organ­
ized at Ottumwa. la., by 10 local dealers who are
desirous of correcting certain long-standing abuses
in the trade of that city.

32 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
IRON ORE SHIPMENTS.
Iron ore shipments during September were 5,-
231,069 tons as against 6,273,823 tons for the cor­
responding month last year, a decrease of 1,042,-
763 tons. The movement to Oct. 1, 1911, was 24,-
837,137 tons, as against 35,100,864 for tne corre­
sponding period last year, a decrease of 10,263,727
tons. The movement for September shows a
slight decrease in comparison with the movement
during August of the present year, when 5.548,311
tons weie shipped. August will undoubtedly be
the record month of the present year.
The fleet last year moved 4,877,441 tons in October
and 2,641,886 tons in November, which marked
the (lose of the iron ore season on the lakes. If
the fleet moves an equivalent amount during the
remainder of the present season, the total ship­
ments for tlie year would be 32,356.464 tons. However,
as shippers expect to be through with out­
side ships in October, the October and November
movements will be light and it is not likely that
the movement for the entire season of 1911 will be
much in excess of 31,000,000 tons. The total
movement for tbe season of 191(1 was 42.620,201
tons.
Following are the shipments by ports:
Port. 1910. 1911.
Escanaba 705,801 668,595
Marquette 439,442 367.964
Ashland 557.858 368,945
Superior 1,256.665 1,563,836
Duluth 2,041,90S 1,131,247
Two Harbors 1,272,158 1,130,482
0,273,832 5,231,069
1911 decrease 1,042,763
To Oct. 1. To Oct. 1.
Port. 1910. 1911.
Escanaba 3.S6S.072 3.086,847
Marquette 2.689,219 1.568,711
Ashland 3,436,829 1,878,786
Superior 6,484,352 7.946,109
Duluth 11,865,552 5,501,364
Two Harbors 6.756,840 4,855.320
35.100.864 24.S37.137
1911 decrease 10,263,727
Mr. John G. Coryell, president of the Coryell
Coal & Iron Co., died suddenly at Williamsport,
Pa., on November 3, aged 50 years. He was a
brother of Gen. James Ii. Coryell of Philadelphia.
Mr. H. P. Hyndman, for many years identified
with the coal and coke industries as general sales
agent for the Washington Coal & Coke Co.. suffered
a bereavement in llie death of Mrs. Hyndman,
which occurred at Saegertown, Pa., November 6.
OFFICERS ARE ELECTED BY SIX
COKE PRODUCING COMPANIES.
Six eoal corporations held their annual meetings
at Uniontown, Pa., during the fortnight and elected
officers.
The Belton Coal & Coke Co. elected a board of
directors consisting of T. S. Lackey, Albert Gaddis,
E. E. Dilliner. A. W. Cottom and A. D. Wil­
liams of Uniontown; Dr. J. C. McClenathan, D. P.
Patterson and Charles Weihe of Connellsville, and
John C. F. Jones of Braddock. The board organ­
ized by electing Albert Gaddis, president; T. S.
Lackey, vice president; Dr. J. C. McClenathan,
treasurer, and A. D. Williams, secretary.
The Whetstone Coal & Coke Co. elected the following
directors: Daniel Sturgeon, R. D. Daw­
son. A. E. Bailey and A. D. Williams, of Union-
town, and Andrew Brown, of Fayette City. The
board elected Daniel Sturgeon, president; R. W.
Williams, vice president; and A. D. Williams, secretary
and treasurer.
The Littleton Coal & Coke Co. elected the fol­
lowing directors: T. S. Lackey. W. C. McKean.
N. H. Jaquette, J. H. Kerr, A. J. Stentz. F. P. Rush
and A. D. Williams, of Uniontown; James A. Phillips,
of Washington, and J. L Barchus, of Elk
Lick. The board elected T. S. Lackey, president;
W. C. Kean, vice president; and A. D. Williams,
secretary and treasurer.
The Lafayette Coal & Coke Co. elected Harry
Whyel, George Whyel, George B B.urchinal and
A. D. Williams, of Uniontown, and B. Ffl Boyts,
of Connellsville, directors. Harry Whyel is president;
George B. Burchinal, vice president; and
A. D. Williams, secretary and treasurer.
The Ohio River & Great Lakes Coal & Coke Co.
elected the following directors: Ray V. Hennen,
Earl M. Hennen and J. L. Callard of Morgantown,
W. Va.: H. L. Silcox of Connellsville. and T. S.
Lackey. R. W. Gilmore. Joseph Gault, A. W. Cottom
and A. D. Williams of Uniontown. The board
organized by electing T. S. Lackey, president; J.
L Callard. vice president; and A. D. Williams,
secretary and treasurer.
The Grave Creek Coal & Coke Co. elected a
board of directors consisting of T. S. Lackey, D.
W. McDonald, R. M. Carroll and A. D. Williams,
of Uniontown. and George W. McCartney, of Connellsville;
and the board elected T. S. Lackey,
president; D. W. McDonald, vice president; and
A. D. Williams, secretary and treasurer.
The suit of James & Maclain of Spangler, receivers
for the Walnut Coal Co., against the Penn­
sylvania Railroad Co. for discrimination in cars,
has ended in a verdict in the Cambria county, Pa.,
courts of $78.46S for the coal company.

The mine-run law was passed in Arkansas in
1905, and Ihe conditions brought about by its
operation are probably the most vital of any that
relate to the present condition of the coal mining
industry in the state.
It might be well to state in this connection,
for the benefit of those not familiar with coal
milling methods, that what is known as the mine-
run law provides that the miner shall be paid for
all coal, both lump and slack, taken from the
mine. Before the enactment of tbe law in
Arkansas, the miners in that state were paid
wholly or largely on the screened coal basis, and
the great argument in favor of tbe law was. that
not being paid for the slack, Ihe miners were
giving the operators a marketable product. While
this argument appears valid, it really is not sound,
as applied to conditions in Arkansas, for a simple
arithmetical computation shows that the compe­
tent miner could make more money on the
screened coal basis at the rates paid for that
than he can on the present mine-run rates.
Another argument in favor of the mine-run law
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 33
MINE RUN LAW IN ARKANSAS"
in our state was that the screen often let lumps
through into the slack, thus robbing the miner.
In some instances, the operators may, through
carelessness, have let this occur, but the differ­
ence between the selling price of the slack and
that of the lump coal at the mine is so great, thai
it is decidedly to the interest of the operator to
pass all the lump coal over the screen.
Probably the most vital argument in favor of
tbe mine-run law is that if the miners are paid
for only lump coal, they will leave a great deal
of slack in the mine as a permanent loss of
natural resource. But in Arkansas only a small
amount of slack was left in the mines for the
reason that the coal is loaded with the shove
and is shoveled up from the floor.
The operation of the mine-run law in Arkansas
furnishes a fine example of the evils that may
follow legalizing a practice which on its face ap
pears equitable. No miner or operator has ever
looked impracticable for either to have done so.
Such investigations
CAN BEST BE CONDUCTED
through the agency of a public bureau, and this
fact supplied the Geological Survey of Arkansas-
the reason for taking it up as a part oi me coal
mining investigations.
One noticeable result in the operation of tbe
law in Arkansas is an increase in the per cent.
of slack. That such has been true is recognized
•Paper read before the American Mining Congress,
Chicago, December 24—28.
By Prof, A. H. Purdue. State Geologist of Arkansas.
by both miners and operators. Investigations bj
the Geological Survey go to show that this has
been very great, reaching more than 14 per cen;.
from 19(16 to 191ii. Were all miners men of higl
ethical ideas, this would nol have been true, t
each miner would then have continued to prod;:'
the maximum amount of lump coal, though he w
receiving as much for the slack as the lump; b
miners are like other people. They are not all
honest; some are not only dishonest but lazy. It is
easier to mine coal with a large per cent, than i
small per cent, of slack. So the dishonest, lazy
fellow yields to the temptation to put in heavy
charges of powder, without firsl undermining the
coal, rather than to undermine and then loosen
the face with light charges. In other words, he
conserves his energy at the expense of hi:;
powder. The extent to which this physical con
servation may reach, is shown in the case of tw i
mines in the same district in one of whicli th:
coal was undermined before shooting, and in til
other it was shot without undermining. The pro
portion of powder used in the two cases was es
1 to 5.S. That is 5.8 times as much powder w; s
used in the latter case as would have been used
had the coal been properly mined. It also mean-
that the excess of powder energy went towaic'
producing slack.
It is often remarked by those not conversant
with the details of the industry that the slack is
not lost either to the operators or the public, for
the reason that it is sold. This is true; but slack
in Arkansas brings from 95 cents to $1.50 less
per ton than lump, so that all slack tbat might as
well be put on the market as lump, represents so
much loss to the operator.
But the loss is not to the operatois alone. The
principal sufferers are the public. In Arkansas
there are frequent partings of dirt or
SLATE IX THE COAL
that under proper methods would be largely
or wholly mined out. These are shot down with
the coal, the dirt becoming hopelessly mixed with
the slack, and the slate largely so. This, of
course, means a loss to the consumer in the
freight paid on worthless material, to say noth­
ing of the loss in heating value. While the per
cent, of slate thus introduced in lump coal has not
been ascertained, it is known to be great regard­
less of the fact that the larger mines each employ
extra slate pickers in their efforts to put good
coal on the market. An idea of the per cent, of
increase of fine slate in slack may be obtained
from a single slack washer, in which it was found
that the per cent, of slate in the slack increased

34 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
from 11 in 1907 to 23 in 1910. By comparison with
the price of other coals and figured on the basis
of the government contracts, the loss in the quan­
tity of the Arkansas coal due to the excess of
slate is 54 cents a ton. As the normal annual
output of Arkansas coal is two and a half million
tons, this means that there is an annual loss to
the consumers of $875,000 net. A conservative
estimate shows that the excess of slate in the
coal used by the state institutions of Arkansas
costs the state about $4,500 a year. This comes
in loss of fuel value and the freight and drayage
on tbe excess slate.
Xot only is the quantity of Arkansas coal re­
duced by the excess of slate in both lump and
slack, but the quality of the lump is materially
reduced. The heavy charges used in shooting
down the coal greatly reduce the amount of lump
that goes over the screen, and also so shatter
this that in tbe jarring and handling incident to
its transportation from the mine to the consumer,
no small per cent, is broken down into slack. I
think it is safe to say that of the so-called lump
coal produced by our mines, at least 3d per cent.
is slack before it reaches the cellar of the consumer.
In common parlance, the consumer "has
the bag to hold."
As the operators sell coal at close profits, the
balance of trade, between competing districts, is
very sensitive and quickly responds to an in­
creased cost of mining or
A DECERASED QUANTITY
from any district. This is exemplified in eastern
Arkansas, where Arkansas coal and Illinois coal
come into competition. In 19(14 it was shown by
government experts that Arkansas coal had at
that time about 20 per cent, more heating value,
and less ash and sulphur than Illinois coal. It
was therefore then possible to sell Arkansas coal
at comparative points for a higher price than was
paid for Illinois coal; but at present, the quality
nf Arkansas coal is so reduced that the market
of the eastern part of the state is supplied largely
by the Illinois mines at prices ranging from 35
cents to 50 cents a ton higher than that oi
Arkansas coal.
The excess of dirt and slate in coal not only
results in loss of market, but entails much extra
cost in mining. During the year 19119 one com­
pany in Arkansa washed 2S,S0o tons of dirt
from its slack. It is estimated that at least half
of this could have been left out by proper mining.
That is, the company paid 62 cents a ton, or
$8,928, for dirt that in all fairness should have
been left in the mine. Probably a better idea of
the increased cost of mining could be arrived at
in another way. Since the mine-run law went into
operation in our state the increase in the amount
of slate is conservatively estimated at 5 per cent.
of the weight of the coal. With an annual output
of 2,500,000 tons this excess of slate costs the
operators $137,500. If this slate is removed before
the coal goes on the market the operators suffer.
If not, the consumer suffers.
The cost of mining is further increased by the
cost of explosions produced by excessive use of
powder, by removing the excessive amount of
draw slate, and by an increase in the general
operating expenses.
But the effect of the mine-run law in Arkansas
extends not only to the operator and consumer,
but in many ways reacts upon the miner him­
self. Not the least of these is an increase in
mine accidents. In 1905 there were 21.2 accidents
to the 1,000,000 tons of coal mined, and in 1909
31.1 accidents—an increase of 9.9. Tne increase
is caused from an excessive use of powder, which
loosens or blows out the props,
SHATTERS TIIE ROOF
so as to increase the falls of rock and makes the
shot-driver's task a hazardous one.
The daily earnings of many miners are less
than formerly, the decrease ranging from 25 cents
to $1. The reduced earnings of our miners.
through loss of markets and the general depression
of the industry in the state doubtless are far
greater than they realize. If the Arkansas operators
could control the market in the eastern part
of the state that legitimately belongs to them, but
which is now supplied b.v Illinois and Alabama,
with the present miners and present crew they
could run a possible 20 days per month instead
of 17 days. The average earnings of the miners
would thereby be increased $7 per month, which.
with 4,000 miners in the state, would be a total
monthly increase of $28,000.
A very serious effect upon the miner, and one
that is growing, is the loss of skill. It takes
miner to mine coal, but any able-bodied man can
shoot it. The latter shoots the coal down as
slack and as the former must come in competition
with him, the inevitable result is to lower
the work of the craft to that of the common
laborer.
The foregoing remarks relate to conservation
in the coal industry chiefly in the broad applica­
tion of the term. Let us now take up briefly the
effects of the mine-run law in the more restricted
sense of relating to the permanent waste of coal.
The heavy shooting causes an unknown but large
per cent, of the coal to fly to all parts of the room.
.Much of this falls in places that are not conveniently
accessible, and much of it on the piles
of draw slate. The miner cannot afford to spend
bis time to pick up this coal, so it remains in
the mine as a permanent loss.
There is another permanent loss of coal in
unmined patches that cannot be worked with

profit under present conditions, for which the
mine-run law is largely, if not wholly, responsible.
Such patches include those in which there is an
unusual number of bands of dirt; or an unusual
amount of bone or sulphur; or where the
COAL IS SEAMY
or otherwise faulty; or where the roof will
not stand the heavy shooting; or those parts that
are too thin to mine under present conditions.
After these patches are left and the mine fills
with water, it probably never will be practicable
to mine them out.
All this is attributable to the reduced profits
brought about by mine-run conditions. A careful
study of mining costs shows that, at an additional
expense of 10 cents a ton, enough coal can.be
mined from the patches that are now left in the
ground, to increase by 15 per cent, the proportion
of coal recovered from the areas which are
now mined. It is estimated that the total underground
waste in Arkansas, under present conditions,
is 20 per cent, of the output. As the normal
output is about 2,500,000 tons, the loss to the
state is about 500,000 tons annually, worth $840,-
000. This may be considered as absolute waste
of our resources.
A summary of the annual cost to the state of
Arkansas which we think is fairly attributed to
the mine-run law, is as follows:
Loss to present producers and consumers
$ 1,670,000
Net loss to mine workers now in the
state 100,000
Loss due to the loss of market 1,600,000
Loss due to unmined patches 840.000
Total $ 4,210,000
In a state which is relatively a very small producer
of coal this is appalling. It is the result
of a law that was enacted with the best of inten­
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 35
tions. On its face it appears to give the miners
what they justly deserve; but in its operation it
reaches out in many directions with disastrous
results that not even the most thoughtful operators
foresaw. It works a great injury to the consumer,
the operator, and even to the miner himself.
Many, it is believed a majority, of the
miners in our state recognize the evils of the
law, and would hail its repeal with delight.
KO-KOALS' DOINGS
Among the KoKoal koruskations scheduled for
the near future are Peoria, 111., under the jurisdiction
of Skout W. R. Coleman; at Sioux City, la.,
under Frank J. Gard and A. V. Beck, and at Fairmont,
W. Va., in connection with the West Virginia
Mining Institute under the auspices of Imperial
Baron Dan Howard, of Clarksburg, assisted
by Skouts C. E. Zeek, Monongah; J. W. Heron,
Huntington; A. D. Hamman, Bluefield; E. F. Fuller,
Belpre, O.; E. R. Clayton, Grafton; Gilbert
Smith, New River field; A. A. Erdman, Elkins,
W. Va., and J. C. McKinley, of Wheeling, W. Va.
A general coal trade banquet and KoKoal koruskation
will be held at the Ballingall Hotel, Ottumwa,
la., at 7:11 o'clock Wednesday evening,
November 22, under the auspices of W. A. Linton,
skout for Southeastern Iowa and Imperial Mazumer
John H. Craig.
It is announced that the Union Pacific Coal Co.
will shortly reopen mines No. 3 and No. 4 at Rock
Springs, Wyo., that were abandoned a few years
ago. This will require an additional force of 500
men. It is stated the company has figured that
it is better economy to reopen these old workings
than to open new ground.
STATEMENT OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINED IN OHIO AND SHIPPED OVER RAILROADS
SPECIFIED, DURING AUGUST AND EIGHT MONTHS, 1910-1911.
RAILROADS
Hocking Valley
Toledo and Ohio Central
Baltimore and Ohio
Wheeling and Lake Erie • -,
Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling
Zanesville and Western
Toledo Division Pennsylvania Company •
Lake Erie. Alliance and Wheeling
Marietta, Columbus and Cleveland Railway
-Wabash Pittsburg Terminal Railway . . • •
Kanawha & Michigan Ry
Total
482.273
233.754
195 690
323.455
250.239
93,759
205 329
122.917
10 065
6.059
AUGUST—
394.936
171.587
168.981
368.836
316.821
103 348
149.047
123.491
3.153
3.803
10.062
EIGHT M O N T H S —
Net tons
2.898.610
1.360.363
1.528.103
2.440.638
2.093.302
791.023
1.464.590
771,301
67.482
39.456
13.454.898
Net tons
2.149.935
1.128.664
1.101.222
2.156.442
1.859.720
675.996
1.223.480
774.363
18.608
43.551
56,349
11.191.330

36 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
WILL MANUFACTURE FAMOUS MINE FANS IN CANADA
The American Blower Company of Detroit,
Michigan, with a factory also at Troy, New York,
and branch offices throughout the world, have
come to realize the importance of the Dominion
of Canada, as evidenced by the application just
filed for a charter for a company to be known as
the Canadian Sirocco Company, Limited, of Wind­
sor, Ontario. This coinpany has acquired from
the city of Windsor a tract of land, centrally
located, on the Essex Terminal Railway, and will
proceed at once with the erection of a plant which,
when completed, will doubtless be one of the most
complete of its kind on this continent.
A perspective of the proposed buildings is herewith
reproduced. The company is proceeding at
once with the construction of the erecting shop,
50x200 feet, to be of steel and concrete construc­
tion, also the office building. This is about all
CANADIAN SIROCCO COMPANY **
WtMosow ONTARIO. ^^^^
that it seems possible to complete for occupancy
this winter. In all probability the foundry building
will come next and will be started in the
spring.
This company will hold the exclusive patent
rights for the manufacture in Canada of the famous
"Sirocco" fans and blowers which have revolutionized
the blower business of the world by
their space and power saving features. These
patents are controlled in the United States, the
U. S. possessions, Mexico, Central and South
American and Japan b.v the American Blower
Company and in Europe by Davidson & Com­
pany's Sirocco Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland,
home of Mr. S. C. Davidson, the inventor.
Sirocco fans are being specified and used more
largely throughout the world than any other for
mechanical draft on boilers, mine ventilation,
heating and ventilating plants, for public build­
ings, school houses, factories and stores, and are
used exclusively in the British Navy.
The Canadian Sirocco Company will also manu-
facture the full line of the American Blower Co.
products, consisting of fans, blowers, heating, ven­
tilating, drying apparatus, steam engines, steam
traps, etc.
The blower business is so interwoven with the
sciences of pneumatics, thermo-dynamies and electricity
that it is essentially an engineering indus­
try, the expert knowledge of how to apply such
special apparatus for producing efficient results
almost predominating the apparatus manufactured
and employed.
It is stated that no company in the world is so
well equipped in this line as the American Blower
Coinpany, and the Canadian Sirocco Company
enters the Dominion of Canada with this most
complete engineering staff at its disposal, estab­
lishing at the outset a unique position.
NAVY ADOPTS VIRGINIA COAL.
For the first time in many years Norfolk, Va.,
is shipping coal to New York. Five naval col­
liers are taking on coal at the Virginian railway
piers, at Sewall's Point, and the Norfolk & West­
ern railway piers, at Lambert's Point. The coal.
it is said, will be used by tbe battleship fleet nongathering
in New York harbor, and it is the first
time that Norfolk ever shipped fuel to the fleet
while mobilizing at another American port.
The Navy Department, it is said, has decided to
use Pocahontas coal almost exclusively on war
ships, finding it superior to other steam coal.
Those loading were the Ajax. at Sewall's Point,
from the Chesapeake & Ohio Coal & Coke Co.; the
Hector, at Sewall's Point, from Castner, Curran &
Bullitt. Inc.; the Lebanon and Vulcan, at Lam­
bert's Point, from the Crozer Pocahontas Coal Co..
and the Mars, at Lambert's Point, from Castner,
Curran & Bullitt, Inc.

SOME INTERESTING FIGURES
CONCERNING ATLANTIC FLEET.
From every standard of comparison the most
notable fleet ever assembled by the United States
was that reviewed by President Taft and Secretary
of the Navy Meyer, at New York, November
2. It involved the greatest number of American
vessels ever mobilized, with the greatest total displacement
and represented the maximum in fighting
effectiveness probably ever gathered at one
point by any nation.
This latest review at New York included 102
vessels of all classes, displacing about 577,285 tons,
which does not include the eight submarines, of
which no figures were available. Concurrently at
Los Angeles a review was taking place of 24
vessels of 116,000 tons displacement, giving a
grand total of 126 vessels displacing 694,000 tons.
Perhaps the most striking evidence of our progress
is that of all the vessels in the New York
review the only ones that were a part of our navy
at the time of the Spanish war were the battleships,
Iowa, Indiana and Massachusetts, the gun
boats Castine, Nashville, Marietta and Petrel, a
few of the small torpedo boats and some of the
fleet auxiliaries.
The following table shows the number of vessels
of each class in the Atlantic fleet and their total
displacement:
Tons.
24 battleships 366,864
2 armored cruisers 29,000
2 cruisers 6,950
22 destroyers 15,463
16 torpedo boats 2,994
8 submarines
3 tenders to torpedo fleet 8,466
4 gunboats 4,737
9 miscellaneous 40,733
8 colliers 93,938
1 oil tanker 6,159
3 tugs 1,981
102 vessels of all classes 577,285
Exclusive again of the submarines these vessels
represent a total horsepower of 946,811, for the
supplying of which there are 567 boilers, with an
aggregate of 46,360 sq. ft. of grate surface and
2,062,000 sq. ft. of heating surface. All of the
battleships, cruisers and torpedo boats except the
battleship Iowa have water tube boilers. This is
an interesting reversal of the condition of affairs
at the time of the Spanish-American Avar, when
outside of the torpedo boats there were only four
warships then equipped with water tube boilers.
Seventeen of the destroyers burn oil as fuel and
the four latest battleships, Delaware, North Dakota,
Utah and Florida, burn oil in conjunction
with coal. The fleet has attached to it a fuel oil
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. :\l
tank ship to carry the reserve fuel oil supply for
these vessels, serving the corresponding function
of the eight colliers carrying the coal supplies for
the other vessels.
The aggregate coal bunker capacity of the fleet
i.s 81,450 tons. Adding to this the coal cargo capacity
of the colliers, 58,813 tons, the fleet can
sail away with a total of 140,263 tons of coal.
Piopelled simultaneously at their full power all
of the vessels would consume coal at the rate of
20,000 tons a day.
The Government has invested in this fleet $123,-
397,400, to say nothing of the cost of supplies of
all kinds and the salaries of the officers and crew.
With its full complement the fleet would carry
57,344 men and 1,660 officers, a total of 29,004, and
it is safe to say the actual figure is in the neighborhood
of 25,000 men.
The average speed of the vessels is 21.6 knots.
The fastest vessel is the destroyer Paulding, which
is capable of a speed of 32.8 knots. Placed end to
end touching, the vessels of the fleet would extend
a total length of 29,942 ft. or over 5 2-3 miles. If
passed in review in single file at an average distance
apart of 200 yards, the fleet would form a
line extending nearly 25 miles and at an average
speed of 10 knots an hour would take about two
hours to pass a given point.
The armament of the fleet includes 181 torpedo
tubes and 1,890 guns of all kinds. The battleships,
armored cruisers and scouts have either two or
four submerged torpedo tubes discharging 21-in.
torpedo and their battle equipment of four torpedoes
for each tube would make a total of 300
torpedoes each carrying 200 lb. of gun cotton. The
torpedo boats each have two or three lS-in. tubes
and in time of war would carry all told about 200
torpedoes. A single broadside of torpedoes from the
vessels in line would carry a total of 35,000 lb. of
gun cotton. Of guns from 6 to 13 in. caliber there
are 496, one round from which would discharge a
total weight of 182,800 lb. and require 62,650 lb
of powder. In the projectiles would be carried
about 7,000 lb. of high explosive. The range of
the largest of these guns is 12 miles and it is interesting
to note that at the recent target practice,
from which many of these vessels have just
come, remarkable accuracy of fire was shown at
ranges of from 15,000 to 16,000 yards. The remainder
of the guns in tbe fleet, ranging in caliber
from 1 to 5 in., discharge projectiles ranging in
weight from 1 to 60 lb.
It is self-evident, what such a fleet as this means
to the shipbuilding and ordnance manufacturing
industries, but there are also less intimately associated
industries that played an important part in
the equipment of this fleet. We are advised for
example by the Blake & Knowles Steam Pump
Works, 115 Broadway, New York City, that it has

38 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
installed pumping equipment on 65 of these vessels,
which is a large percentage considering that
nine of the remainder carry no steam pumps, including
the submarines and one sailing vessel, and
that eight of the others, principally colliers, were
built abroad. The number of pumps this company
has installed on the fleet exceeds 1,000 and their
cost represents nearly a million and a quarter
dollars.
The Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, 0,.
has just issued a new catalogue on Power and
Transmission. It is believed to be the most
complete and up to date power and transmission
catalogue in existence, that is to say, there are
more subjects listed and there is more technical
and real information in this book than in any
other publication. Besides listing dimensions
and sizes of every part in this line, it contains
descriptive matter on the Horse Powers of Steel
Shafting, Standard Methods of Key Seating, sizes

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 39
PREPARATION OF COAL*
By Dennis Dorris. Chief Coal Inspector Susquehanna Coal Company.
Chief Coal Inspector, Susquehanna Coal Co.
* Paper read at the meeting of the Nanticoke
Mining Institute, Nanticoke, Pa., Nov. 3, 1911.
A great many of the coal dealers and consumers
outside of the coal producing region of Pennsylvania
are under the impression that the coal
companies make no pretense or effort to properly
prepare the shipments they receive, that they are
the most abused class of people in the world, and
that the companies have no scruples along these
lines in preparing coal. I might say that the
same opinion prevails among a great many people
who reside in the shadow of the operations,
who are not familiar with the work of preparing
coal. They would cheerfully reverse their opinion
if they would visit the different plants and
witness the careful methods adopted in order to
produce a well prepared product.
Some years ago the position of colliery inspector
was considered a farce, and only a feeble effort
was made by him to hold up the standard of
preparation, owing to the fact that he was deprived
of the power of deciding as to whether
the coal should be accepted or rejected. The foreman,
or his assistant, were usually the people who
would pass judgment as to whether the coal should
go forward or not. Many exciting scenes and
tilts were witnessed in the vicinity of the "loaded"
tracks between the breaker foreman and the coal
inspector over some questionable coal—and the
disposition to be made of the same. The superintendent
was continually in a turmoil and kept
busy rendering decisions as to who was right in
this matter, and in almost every instance his decisions
would be rendered in favor of the coal
going forward. In those days an outside foreman
dreaded the thought of his coal being turned back,
as his reputation and pride was bitterly attacked,
and was always willing and ready to battle at
the mere mention of condemned coal. Nothing
would be more pleasing and gratifying to him
than to be successful in a victory over the inspector
on some questionable coal, and he would
become highly enthusiastic over the great achievement.
. Those who recall the troublesome days in the
inspecting of anthracite coal, which greatly disturbed
the trade by passing a
POORLY PREPARED PRODUCT,
which caused all kinds of abuse to be leveled
at the head of the inspector, can realize the vast
change in the system of inspecting.
The duties of the present day coal inspector
reach out over a large space. In this capacity,
he is broad and convincing, and the absolute judge
as to the quality of the preparation. When his
decision is rendered by actual test, no one questions
his authority as to the correctness of that
test. Occasionally now you will meet a foreman
who imagines the inspector is too severe and
rigid in his work as to what he classifies slate
and bone, and endeavors to convey this impression
to the superintendent, and appeals to
him for some relief, but that official, unlike
in the troublesome days, promptly waves him
aside and advises him that the inspector's word
is final. By doing this he realizes the necessity
of protecting the consumer against such overzealous
officials.
The managers and superintendents of today are
the most vigorous expounders of the rights and
needs of the consumer and have done much to
counteract the anti-colliery inspector feeling
which for years has been so detrimental to the
coal business. They have learned the cost of ill
will, and the profits in good will, in the sale of
anthracite coal. The management has come to
realize in this great industry, which has so many
common interests, that each is so dependent on
the other that one cannot remain apart and maintain
its full individual efficiency. Today one cannot
help noticing the wonderful change existing
between the breaker foreman, his organization,
and the coal inspector. They are in complete harmony
and there is an air of old fashioned hospitality
about the operations, a spirit of comradeship,
and a pleasant feeling among those who
are working for one common cause, which makes
it appear so different from the old days. The
breaker foreman has come to believe that the
coal inspector is one of the most important employees.
In fact, he considers him a necessity,
as he not only keeps him posted on the condition
of his coal, but also keeps him well informed by
frequently testing the refuse, so that that end of
the operation will not show a heavy percentage
of loss of merchantable coal going to the bank.
This is considered a serious problem and one
that it is necessary to closely guard against,
which, eventually, greatly affects the "prepared"
sizes.
There is a rule governing the inspection of
anthracite coal both for size and impurities.
Each size is limited to a certain percentage of
slate and bone, and when these percentages are
exceeded, the coal is
NOT CONSIDERED MERCHANTABLE
and is promptly condemned and re-prepared. It
is, therefore, necessary that the breaker provide
*Paper read at the meeting of the Nanticoke Mining Insti­ machinery for the treatment of condemned coal.
tute. Nanticoke. Pa.. November 3. 1911.

40 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Slate contains less than 40 per cent, of fixed
carbon, while bone contains between 40 and 65
per cent. None of the several sizes shall contain
a mixture of larger size sufficiently great to
render the coal objectionable, nor respectively a
larger proportion of any smaller size that is
usually present in good merchantable coal.
The position of a coal inspector requires considerable
diplomacy. He should exercise great
care in his judgment of what he classifies as slate
and bone, and he should cheerfully give the outside
foreman any information in reference to the
preparation, and endeavor to satisfy him as to
the correctness of his tests.
The general appearance is the most important
factor in the sale of domestic sizes. The burning
qualities are seldom considered so long as it appears
well. However, the steam sizes are sometimes
considered on the analysis basis, as the
ash question is becoming quite a proposition with
large manufacturing concerns in the large cities,
as the disposition of the ash runs into quite an
item during the year.
The Susquehanna Coal Co. has erected and fitted
up at a great expense a chemical laboratory at
Nanticoke. Daily samples are taken as the coal
flows into the car from each steam size and kept
in a separate box under lock and key until the
end of each month. It is then taken to the laboratory
to be tested. This keeps the standard of
the market coal normal, as tests are continually
being made to ascertain the heat units the coal
contains.
Very frequently coal is condemned on account
of its appearance, because it is not properly
washed, thus losing its lustre, but not its heat
units. It is a difficult matter to convince the
average consumer of this.
The management encourages its subordinates
to make improvements in the various lines that
will
BETTER THE PREPARATION.
and they have spared no expense in design or
construction and equipments to make the different
plants the best possible for the work to
be done, in full realization of the fact that the
consumer must be pleased. Careful consideration
has been given to every detail connected with the
preparation. Many new features for preparing
coal are being added, and the most modern methods
adopted in the coal industry by knowledge
gained from many years' experience by men who
made a life study of the business, in order to
make the preparation more pleasing and perfect
for the benefit of the consumer.
The successful inspector makes frequent visits
under the breaker where the coal is being loaded
whenever he can find it possible to do so in order
to guard against a poor preparation getting into
the body of the car. He should give some atten­
tion to the bottoms of cars and insist upon them
being cleaned of all foreign matter. The officials
are continually drilling the inspectors upon the
necessity of rejecting coal that is not fully up
to the standard, as they realize that a poorly prepared
product causes considerable annoyance, because
the reputation of the coal is greatly lessened
in the eyes of the trade.
The general appearance of the surface of a car
where the inspector makes his examination by
testing 100 pounds of material in different portions
of the car, decides whether the coal is
properly prepared. The dealer thoroughly scrutinizes
the surface of cars, and if it looks anyway
suspicious, he will not accept it.
Coal which is drawn into a car from a pocket,
and which is conveyed to that point on one telegraph,
if well prepared on the surface, the same
condition generally exists all through the body
of the car, but when more than one telegraph is
depositing coal into a pocket, there is always
danger of some genius in the breaker sizing up
the situation whereby a poorer quality of preparation
is liable to get into the body of the car
which the inspector is unable to locate.
The question has been frequently argued that
coal is one of the necessities of life, and not a
luxury, and the consumer is forced to buy it and
could not be driven away from the transaction.
It is undoubtedly a fact that coal is never bought
except to
FII.I. AN ACTUAL WANT,
and, in this respect, it differs from hundreds of
articles of commerce which are bought because
of some passing fancy. Never in the history of
the coal industry has the preparation and prepared
sizes figured so prominently. The business
has become a manufacturing proposition in so far
that the tendency is now to perfect the preparation
with the least percentage of loss of profit
from the crude material taken from the mines.
Within the last few years, special efforts have
been made to improve the preparation and also
increase the prepared sizes and it is surprising
what great advancement has been shown in this
work. The officials are constantly making improvements
to increase favorable results.
The Susquehanna Coal Co. was among the first
of the large companies to create the position of
"Prepared Coal Man," whose duty is to increase,
if possible, the prepared sizes by closely observing
the condition in the different plants. Nothing
has been overlooked to perfect the condition
which will produce the largest percentage of what
is known above pea size, especially stove and nut.
The prepared sizes are those mostly consumed
for domestic purposes. All other sizes known as
pea, buck, rice and barley, might be called breakage,
as they are not as desirable as the larger
sizes.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 41
Frequent tests are being made on the speed
1 feet per minute down to 300 feet per minute,
of rolls and designs of teeth and the result of
f it was necessary to install tbe compound low
tests made at one of the company's operations s speed gear and the experiments are gratifying
last week confirms the conclusion that low speed 1 to the officials. They are not stopping at this
is an important factor in the economical roll op­ i- knowledge gained to further advance and improve
eration. The ordinary direct driven high speed 1 conditions, but are sending experts into the mines
LARGEST CARRIER ON GREAT LAKES TAKING ON HER FIRST CARGO
OF HOCKING MINED BY THE NEW PITTSBURGH COAL COMPANY.
This magnificent freighter, the Colonel James M. Schoonmaker, was loaded at Toledo, O.,
recently with Hocking coal produced by the New Pittsburgh Coal Co., Columbus, O., for her
initial trip to the upper ports. She is the last word in craft of her type, outstripping all
built before her in size, capacity, machinery equipment and appointments. A description
appeared in the November lst issue of THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
roller could not be satisfactorily run at a reduced
speed because the change would involve the loss
of crushing power, causing the roll to become
choked with coal. To overcome this obstacle in
changing the speed of the roll from 800 to 850
and instructing the miners in the best method to
determine the power of explosives.
The economical breaking of coal has been the
subject of much serious consideration by those
who are directly connected with the operations.

42 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Great stress has been laid upon the different
TVTES OF MECHANICAL PICKERS
and also the proper construction of chutes. The
breakage of coal in gravity may, be attributed to
the badly constructed chutes. The lesson has been
learned that the proper chute is the one which
is without corners or sharp turns around which
the coal will slide without striking the sides,
or dropping, which causes the breakage.
Much thought and concern are given the many
different machines for cleaning coal. The spiral
type will work very well when handling all dry,
or all wet coal, but will not give good results on
a mixture of both. The falling of the coal from
the spiral plates to the coal chutes causes a loss
in breakage, and it requires considerable attention
in order to prevent a large proportion of
good coal going with the refuse, which would result
in the reduction of the "Mine Car Yield."
The jig type has its advantages in displacing
heavy rock owing to the difference in specific
gravity of rock and coal, but then again the coal
conveyor chain is largely responsible for more
or less breakage.
The mud screen product contains a high percentage
of flat material, which is objectionable
to the average consumer, but it would not materially
effect the burning qualities of the coal.
One type has been installed, known as the Norman
picker, which consists of long rolls geared
together, revolving the same direction, with narrow
opening, from which the more cubical pieces
of coal slide over, allowing the flat material to
fall through. This finally may be cleaned of impurities
in a separate jig and broken down to one
of the smaller sizes and re-screened.
Shipments of dry coal are very desirable by
the average dealer, as the washing of coal on the
lip screen is usually required to remove the fine
dirt which adheres to the coal, especially coal
that has been prepared with water, which freezes
in the car during the cold weather, subsequently,
causing considerable expense and trouble in unloading.
Careful consideration and attention are given
the work of loading coal into the ears ready for
consignment. The object desired is to reduce the
high velocity of the coal by gently conveying it
into the car from the lip screens with as
MUCH CAREFUL HANDLING
as possible in order to eliminate an excessive
amount of breakage. This has been overlooked
by a great many dealers when the coal reaches
its destination. It is known in some yards that
the coal is dropped from 25 to 30 feet when unloading,
and the dealer wonders why the accumulation
of dirt is so great.
Nearly all the large anthracite coal companies
have a chief inspector, a man of practical experience,
on the preparation of coal, who has a
wide range of service, such as employing the inspectors,
supervising their work and reports, keeping
closely in touch with the preparation and
conditions at all the operations, and for conference
with the sales agents as to the merits and
quality of coal. All this is done in order that
the best results may be secured to satisfy all
parties.
The increasing demand for steam sizes within
the last four or five years has made it necessary
for the operators to attack the culm banks, formerly
regarded as worthless refuse, and convert
them into money, which are yielding a surprising
percentage of steam sizes. These mountains of
coal piles throughout the anthracite regions are
memories of the time when anthracite was cheaper
and more plentiful than it will ever be again.
In the early days of coal mining in Pennsylvania
it was imagined that the newly discovered
stores of anthracite were inexhaustible. There
was so much of the "black diamond" mineral for
the digging of it, it was thought that it would
last forever. Naturally the methods adopted for
getting it out were crude and those engaged in
the industry threw away the steam sizes, which
today are competing with the bituminous coal.
It was cheaper to reject such material because
there was plenty more at hand, and it paid better
to go after the big pieces known as lump. This
material that the operators considered worthless
built the
LARGE COAL MOUNTAINS
which at the present time, when steam sizes are
becoming more and more precious, are being systematically
mined for their stores of wealth. The
operator of today is not content with saving the
lump, but is even experimenting with the coal
dust, and they expect some day to burn it under
the boilers. They are also saving the slush banks
for future use in case the briquet fuel should
figure in tbe coal business.
Another novel and interesting use made of the
material washed from the coal, which goes
through the 1-16 inch mesh, is to slush it back
into the mines from which it was originally taken,
filling up the gangways and breasts. This soon
becomes hard and solid, whereby they can remove
the pillars of valuable anthracite, which
in the original operation had to be left for the
support of the roof.
Millions of tons of coal have been recovered
in the past four or five years from dirt banks
in the anthracite region. It is plainly realized
that they are giving up their merchantable coal
at a pretty rapid rate; in fact, they are fast disappearing
and only a small fraction remains.
The question still remaining, in which the institute
members will be interested, is who are
responsible for clean coal?

1. The inside employees and bosses, who
should not load impurities, or
2. The outside force, who have the daylight
and ought to clean the coal.
In answer to the above question, I would suggest
that the inside and outside officials work in
harmony at all times, inside men endeavoring
to keep all the impurities out of the car.
It would be a good thing for the operation if
the outside and inside officials would meet frequently
and discuss the affairs of the mines.
This would work to a better understanding and
would, no doubt, result in good for all concerned.
NEW PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES.
The following publications are now ready for
distribution by the United States Bureau of Mines:
BTJLLETTN.
Bulletin 13. Resume of producer-gas investigations,
by R. H. Fernald and C. D. Smith. 1911.
378 pp., 12 pis.
MIXERS' CIRCULAR.
Miners' Circular 5. Electrical accidents in
mines; their prevention and treatment, by H. H.
Clark. 1911.
REPRINTS.
Bulletin 24. Binders for coal briquets, by J. E.
Mills. 56 pp. Reprint of United States Geological
Survey Bulletin 323. Copies will not be sent to
persons who received Bulletin 343.
Bulletin 28. Experimental work conducted in
the chemical laboratory of the United States fueltesting
plant, St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1905, to
July 31, 1906. Reprint of United States Geological
Survey Bulletin 323. Copies will not me sent to
persons who received Bulletin 323.
Bulletin 27. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel
for house-heating boilers, by D. T. Randall. 45 pp.,
3 pis. Reprint of United States Geological Survey
Bulletin 366. Copies will not be sent to persons
who received Bulletin 366.
Bulletin 35. The utilization of fuel in locomotive
practice, by W. F. M. Goss. 28 pp. Reprint
of United States Geological Survey Bulletin 402.
Copies will not be sent to persons who received
Bulletin 402.
The Bureau of Mines has copies of these publications
for free distribution, but cannot give more
than one copy of the same bulletin to one person.
Requests for all papers cannot be granted without
satisfactory reason. In asking for publications
please order them by number and title. Applications
should be addressed to the Director of the
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 43
LABOR NOTES
Frank Smith, Alexander Rice and Joseph Benivitch,
employed in mine No. 6 of the Pittsburgh
Terminal Railroad & Coal Co.. Bruceton, Pa., have
been committed to jail by Alderman James V. Mr-
Masters of Pittsburgh for a hearing, charged with
violating the state mining laws. The men are
said to have walked by a danger sign in the mine.
The infoimations were made by State Mine Inspector
James I. Spratt.
Chief Mine Inspector Nesbitt of Alabama, who
has been taking a census of the mine workers of
the state, reports that there are 242 coal mines in
Alabama of sufficient size to be classed as commercial
operations. The miners number 20,156, and
it is stated that the number is inadequate in active
periods like tbe present, as reports of labor shortages
are had from various mining communities.
Luke F. Lanham, who last summer succeeded to
the presidency of No. 17 district of the United
Mine Workers of America, when Ben Davis resigned
and engaged in other business at Montgomery,
has resigned. James E. Craigo. who became
vice president when Lanham took the presidency,
has become president for the remainder of
the term, until April 1 next.
On November 9, at Windber, Pa., 100 employes
of the Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. were presented
with diplomas of efficiency in first aid work
by the American Red Cross. The presentation
address was made by Burgess Dr. J. W. Hawes,
and other speakers were General Manager W. A
Calverly and Chief Engineer E. A. Delaney, of the
company.
The auditors of the United .Mine Workers of
America are at Indianapolis auditing the accounts
of the Irwin, Pa., strike relief fund.
COAL LAND SALES FROM RECORDS
Loren N. Wood of Mt. Vernon, 111., has sold 7,00(
acres of Jefferson county coal lands to the Big
Muddy Coal syndicate of New York. The purchase
price exceeds a quarter of a million dollars.
W. D. Cotterel and Harry Taylor, of Waynesburg,
Pa., have purchased from George Hennen, 109,321
acres of coal in Gilmore township, Greene county.
Pa.; consideration, $14,758.33.
Alvey Gregory has sold to W. Howard of Barboursville,
Ky.. 150 acres of coal in the Fourmile
district of Bell county, Ky., for $0,500.
AV. Howard of Barboursville, Ky., has sold to
the Wilhoit Coal Co.. 175 acres of coal in Bell
county, Ky., for $8,000.

44 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
ENFORCIBLE PENALTIES A REMEDY FOR UNSETTLED
TRADE CONDITIONS
By Charles S. Thorne, President Pocahontas Coke Company, and Vice President Pocahontas Coal Company.
The attention of men of business and of the
legal piofession associated with the industrial
corporations of this country has, for a consid­
erable time, been centered upon questions referring
to the proper formation of trade associations,
or consolidation of industries, for the purpose of
eliminating excessive, unreasonable and destructive
competition to permit of a return of interest
on capital to the smallest investor in corporations,
and yet keep such formations within the
scope of the law.
Development of rapid transportation between
the great cities, manufacturing and producing
sections of the l'uited States and the establishment
of quick communication by telephone, telegraph
and cable between the trade centers of the
world has been accomplished by grouping propel
ties under central controls, or management, and
by making working agreements for prorating
uniform charges for such services. This has not
only brought all the marketable product of the
world to the door of the purchaser, but has also
brought about centralization of the buying of
commodities required in these operations. The
law takes no exception to such uniform charges
for services, or to this centralized purchasing.
These centralized purchasers have the opportunity
of offering tempting propositions of purchase
which will provide regular movement of the entire
capacity of some one or more of the producers
of such commodities, who are thereby led
into contracts upon terms which establish a
ruinous basis for other producers, who are excluded
from such contracts and who can operate
only on a pro rata, or less than a pro rata of
capacity basis. In this manner the old adage
that "Competition is the life of trade" has often
been reversed and competition under these conditions
has become the great "Dark Way" down
which many have fallen from fair dealings to
destruction.
Recognition by our legislators and by the
United States Courts that the portion of the
business community engaged in the production,
manufacture and sale of the products of the
country as part of "The Public," is entitled to
reasonably centralize and regulate this side of
these trade conditions and that, in considering
questions in connection with Interstate Commerce
it is, as part of "the public," entitled also
to legal protection from breach of faith and from
unfair acts, which would then be unlawful, to
the same extent at least accorded to that por­
tion of the public which is engaged in the trans­
portation, purchase or consumption of such pro-
• ducts, would be a step in the right direction and
permit of the correction of much of the destructive
competition to which business is now sub­
jected.
Recent decisions of the United States Supreme
Court indicate that there is a possibility of a
corporation acquiring and operating a consider­
able local percentage of any commodity that enters
into the general market, provided that it does
not represent a control of the total of such com­
modity within the jurisdicion of the United States
Courts. If the laws could be broadened to permit
of optional trade agreements between these
producers regulating the sale and distribution of
the products of the different sections of the country,
such as are permissible under the laws of
Great Britain, many of the conditions which disturb
business in the United States today could be
corrected, and the tendency to create Trusts might
be lessened.
The so-called Gentlemen's Agreements, developed
by informal meetings of persons engaged in business
of the same nature, where views of the market
conditions were exchanged, have failed to be
effective in correcting these undesirable conditions,
as the views expressed at these meetings
imposed no binding obligations and provided no
penalties for individual departure, immediately
before or after such conferences, from the ideas
expressed, and much harm has been inflicted upon
responsible business interests which have expected
some shifty individual competitor to adhere
literally to his expressed ideas; and, therefore,
this method of avoiding destructive sacrifices of
commerce and property is now looked upon with
suspicion and has been abandoned to a great extent.
The adoption of laws providing for permissible
or optional Trade Agreements with enforcible
penalties should not only correct many of the
undesirable conditions which hamper business in
the United States today, but should also remove
one incentive—that of constant necessity of selfpreservation
from destructive competition which
has driven some of our industries into so-called
Trusts under one control, as these Trusts seemed
the only means of keeping market conditions
steady or uniform. With permissible trade agree­
ments and enforcible penalties, a greater number
of business units dealing in the same commodity
might conduct profitable business without
destruction of competitors and without resorting
to a single Trust control by ownership; and,

after all. what the purchaser and consumer want
is not the lowest price that can be made, without
profit to the producer, but a uniform price as low
as his neighboring purchaser and competitor secures.
Enforcible penalties, as prescribed by law, have
been the regulators of all governments, aud the
power of the employer to dismiss an unfaithful
employee, as well as the power of the public to
elect or remove its representatives have always
been recognized as important regulators in all
civilized countries and even in investment exchanges,
bank clearing house associations and
in the social clubs, the enforcible penalty for
bad faith is exercised in the right of suspension,
which is reserved by all of these associations.
Enforcible penalties, either by the legal deposit
of money, subject to forfeiture for breach
of faith in trade understandings, 01 an enforcible
right to have removed from office representatives
of business interests who enter into trade agreements
of faith and violate them, or an enforcible
penalty yet to be devised, should be permissible
as much as penalties prescribed by law and custom
for the punishment of unfaithful performances
of duties of either public or private office.
It would, therefore, appear that what is needed
today is not so much the development of a new
form of organization to conduct consolidated business,
but the enactment of laws which will permit
of agreements for the regulation of trade conditions
pertaining to the distribution of the commodities
of the country and permit of enforcible
penalties for the breach of such regulations. This
optional power in the hands of many business
units would, in all probability, be exercised in a
reasonable manner and would surely brighten the
great "Dark Way" along which so many of our
business enterprises are today groping for light
and encouragement.
IDLE CARS DECREASE.
On October 25 the net surplus of idle cars on
lines of the United States and Canada was 20.532
compared with 35,897 two weeks before. The
difference is 15,365. The gross number of idle
cars was 39.306 compared with 48,854; shortage
increased from 12,957 to 18,774.
In the two weeks ended October 25 the surplus
of coal cars decreased from 16.496 to 12,148; boxcar
surplus decreased from 10,487 to 7,166: miscellaneous
car surplus decreased somewhat, but
the number of flat cars remained almost stationary.
The biggest decrease occurred on lines operating
in the middle Atlantic States; the number of cars
idle there was reduced to under 3,000, a new low
record for the year, and is almost 4,000 lower than
at this time a year ago.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 45
OCTOBER ANTHRACITE SHIPMENTS.
The shipments of anthracite coal by companies
for tbe month of October, 1911, as compared with
191(», were:
Companies. 1911. 1910.
Philadelphia & Reading.... 1.273.412 LOSS,975
Lehigh Valley 1,109,170 1,009,694
Central Railroad of N. J.... 913.04S 759.510
Delaware, Lacka. & Western 880,699 8(17.086
Delaware & Hudson 604.722 543,940
Pennsylvania R. R 570,930 566,469
Erie 730,984 636.286
Ontario & Western 186,214 213.135
Totals 0,269,179 5,622.1195
The shipments for 1911 by months as compared
with 19ln were:
1911. 1910.
January 5,904.117 5,306.618
February 5,070.948 5,031,784
March 5,996,894 5,174,166
April 5,804,915 6,224,396
May 6,317,352 5,679,601
June 6,215,357 5,398,123
July 4,804,065 4,202,059
August 5,531.790 4.990,044
September 5,730,935 4,967,516
October 6,269,179 5,622,095
November 6,071,746
December 6,231,578
Totals 57,645,558 64,905,786
RATIFY REORGANIZATION PLAN FOR PENN­
SYLVANIA COAL AND COKE COMPANY.
Bondholders of the Pennsylvania Coal & Coke
Co. on November 10 ratified the plan of reorganization
recently proposed.
According to the plan, the consolidated mortgage
is to be foreclosed and the properties held by the
receiver, T. H. Watkins, which are not subject to
lien will be sold. All the properties, machinery
and equipment of the company, with certain restrictions
and subject to the lien of the underlying
mortgage of $6,823,000' and car purchase debt of
$122,841, are to be transferred to the Clearfield
Co. if the properties sold at foreclosure and receiver's
sales be acquired by the Bondholders'
Committee.
For such transfer the committee will receive
$2,500,000 face value of the Clearfield Co.'s gold
bonds, after deducting $660,137, the receiver's indebtedness
to the New York Central. The coal
underlying, about 59,000 acres of acquired leaseholds
will be leased b.v the Clearfield Co. to the
new company for certain rentals, royalties and
other payments. The capital of the reorganized
company will be $7,500,000.

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
FAST WORK AT NEW DOCKS.
scrap lumber. This car was blown over the end
of the dump and most of the scrap lumber landed
In a recent test made by tb.e Pittsburgh Coal Co.
on or about the motor. Whether the car passed
of its new Dock No. 7 at Duluth, some fast work
over and on one side of the motor is, as yet, in
was accomplished. This dock has just been com­
doubt. In spite, however, of the fact that the
pleted, and is equipped with three bridges of the
motor had its normal quantity of gasoline upon it
most modern pattern, having been constructed by
and was exposed to the violence of the explosion,
the Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., and the records
the gasoline tank was not injured, none of the
established prove that the efficiency of this dock
connections were disturbed and the motor itself
surpasses any of similar equipment, and will prob­
was so slightly damaged that about four hours'
ably equal that of any four-rig dock in tbe North­
work by one man in cleaning out the coal dust
west.
and replacing a few of the parts, put it in condi­
The steamer J. S. Ashley, with 8,983 tons of
tion to run—practically as good as new.
lump coal, was unloaded in 10 hours and 15 minutes,
and the cargo of the J. R. Upson, 8,747 tons
of the same grade, was taken out in 10 hours and • PERTINENT PARAGRAPHS •)
55 minutes actual working time. This means that
on the full running time of the test, the coal was Secretary of the Interior Fisher during the fort­
handled at the rate of 900 tons per hour, including night announced the appointment of Dr. Waldemar
the delay in cleaning up anod finishing the hand­ Lindgren as chief geologist of the U. S. Geological
ling. While working in free coal each clam aver­ Survey. The position had previously been tendaged
nearly six tons to the lift, and it is estimated ered to Dr. Alfred H. Brooks, chief of the Alaska
that in performing this class of lightering, the corps of the Survey; but Dr. Brooks had consid­
three rigs will average 1,500 tons per hour.
ered it his duty to decline the honor, feeling that
Altogether, the test was most satisfactory, and the best interests of the Alaska work demanded
it is now considered that the Pittsburgh Coal Co.'s
new dock is about the fastest unloading equipment
his continuation in that special field.
at the head of the lakes.
The board of directors of the Consolidation Coal
Co., Baltimore, Md., declared the regular quarterly
dividend of 1% per cent, on its capital stock, pay­
WEST VIRGINIA MINING INSTITUTE TO able October 31, and also declared a quarterly
MEET IN FAIRMONT, DECEMBER 4 AND 5. dividend of 1% per cent, on the subscription receipts
for stock carrying dividends declared after
January 31. 1911, payable October 31, 1911.
E. B. Day of Pittsburgh, secretary-treasurer of
the West Virginia Coal Mine Institute, was in
Fairmont, W. Va., November 8, in conference with
President Frank Haas, and as a result a committee
was designated to arrange for the institute
meeting at Fairmont December 4 and 5.
The committee will consist of R. T. Cunningham,
W. S. Haywood. A. H. Fleming, A. F. Smith, A. B.
Scott, E. M. Showalter, Brooks Fleming, Jr., E. B.
Day. R. M. Hite, M. W. Head, Harold B. Clark.
M. L. Hutchins, Duncan Sullivan, W. J. Rathburn,
L. H. Smith and L. M. Davis.
MOTOR PRACTICALLY UNINJURED.
In the accounts of the explosion at the United
States Bureau of Mines' experimental mine on
October 24, this paragraph appeared:
"A gasoline motor standing 100 feet from the
entry of the mine and supposed to be out of danger,
had a small red flag on it in order that an
explosive force might be noted on the flag. A
part of this flag was found in a tree several hundred
feet away. The motor was wrecked."
This seems to have been incorrect and the
facts in the case are:
Just back of the motor was a car loaded with
It is understood that the Northwestern Fuel Co.
is planning to enlarge its No. 2 dock at Superior
to an extent that will provide storage capacity for
850,000 tons. New coal handling facilities will
also be installed.
Pittsburgh district river shipping coal companies
sent 1,000.000 bushels of coal to southern markets
on a rise in the rivers on November 9. The
shipment practically clears the Pittsburgh harbor
of coal.
The main offices of the Vandalia Coal Co. will
be moved from Indianapolis to Terre Haute, Ind.,
December 1. Part of the office force already has
changed base.
The Chesapeake & Ohio Coal & Coke Co. announces
the removal of its Washington office from
the Munsey building, Washington, D. C. to 146-156
West Main street, Norfolk, Va., on November 10.
The Island Creek Coal Co. will erect a ccal storage
dock at Duluth, Minn., in the near future, having
purchased a site on the water front at that
port for the purpose.

L
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 47
OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL PRACTICE IN MINES
By G. H. Bolus. Engineer Ohio Brass Company.
While much has been written about the behavior
or performance of electrical apparatus in mines
covering various kinds and types of motors, loco­
motives, etc., the overhead electrical circuit seems
to have received very little consideration.
In practically all of the coal mines and some
of the metal mines in the United States, direct
current is used with a range in voltage of from
220 to 250. Some mines in West Virginia em­
ploy the three-wire system with 500 volts between
outside wires and 250 volts between outside and
neutral. There are also some alternating current
installations in use in mines, but generally speaking,
it may be said that the
use of alternating current is
not as much used as direct
current.
In the transmission of electrical
energy, it is a generally
accepted rule to limit the
range of distribution to one
mile for 250 volts and four
miles for 50ft volts. Unfortunately,
in mines it is frequently
necessary to carry
electric power into a mine
using 250 volt service, for a
greater distance than one
mile, and this calls for a correspondingly
greater outlay
for feeders. Beyond these
distances, where conditions
will permit, it is advisable to
use alternating current of
higher potential, and transmit
the power by means of a high
voltage transmission line.
Single phase motors are not
adapted to mine service and for this reason, polyphase
systems are much preferred.
Electrical apparatus and fittings for use under
ground are subjected to the destructive action of
acid-laden mine waters and excessive dampness
and they are, therefore, designed to take care of
this condition; but even with all the precautions
taken in the design of a piece of apparatus or fitting,
it may still prove inefficient if it is improperly
installed. It seems to have been the tendency
in past years for one mining company to follow
the rules of its neighbor in laying out the elec­
trical circuits, with little or no information as to
whether the neighbor was right or wrong. The
result is that many mine managers are now awak­
ening to the fact that their electrical circuits are
inadequate for the service required.
The tempoarry manner in which new operations
are supplied with power transmission, is fre­
quently the cause of insufficient feeder wire being
installed, and as the workings progress further
back into the seam, the mine manager finds it
necessary to install more feeder in order to get
the proper response from his cutting machines
and locomotives. Another thing which has been
Fig. i. Example of Good Overhead Construction in Mines.
the cause of considerable bad installation work in
mines has been the scarcity of good workmen,
proper tools and properly designed material.
The subject of the proper percentage loss of
voltage in mine circuits is a much mooted one,
but generally speaking, the writer has found that a
loss of from 15 to 20 per cent, at maximum load is
permissible.
Regarding the proportioning of the carrying
capacity of feeders, it has been found that if the
feeder is laid out to carry 60 per cent, of the total
current used in a mine, the operation will be satis-

46 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
factory, as it is rarely tbe case that all machines
are operating continuously at one time, and even
should this condition occur,
a short time.
Fig-. 2. Showing Uneven Trolley Wire Caused by Hanger Being Out ol Plumb.
Lo.ss OF VOLTAGE IN MINKS—(TWO WIRE SYSTEM ).
it would only be for
The table herewith gives
the approximate drop in volt­
age of a 250 volt two-wire
system with conditions of
trolley and feeders as ordinarily
encountered in the
average coal mine.
It would be extremely diffi­
cult to lay down any hard
and fixed rules for the instal­
lation of the overhead circuit
in mines, but the writer be
lieves that the following
rules, if carried out, will very
materially increase the efficiency
of the electrical circuit.
A. Install all mine wiring
for power ou approved porce­
lain or glass insulators with
steel or wood pins as a sup­
port. They should be placed
as often as 20 feet for low-
roof and not to exceed 35 feet
for high roof. Porcelain in-
250 VOLTS AT MINE ENTRANCE, TRACK RESISTANCE EQUAL TO OVERHEAD RESISTANCE. 100 AMPERES IN
cruet IT.
Volts Between Track and Trolley. Volts Loss.
Volt
Distance
in Mine
in Feet.
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
12000
15000
One
-0 Trollev
Only.
10
19
29
39
49
59
68
78
88
98
117
1 16
One
4-0 Trolley
and One
4-0-Feeder.
5
10
14
19
24
29
3 1
39
44
48
59
73
One '
4-0 Trol ev
and Two
4-0 Feed ers.
3
6
in
13
16
20
23
26
29
33
39
19
One
4-0 Trollev
Only.
240
2.31
221
211
201
191
182
172
162
152
133
UU
One
4-(i Trolley
and One
4-0 Feeder.
245
240
236
231
226
221
216
211
206
201
191
177
One
4-0 Trolley
and Two
4-0 Feeders
247
244
240
237
234
230
227
224
221
214
211
201
To Find Volts Loss at any Other Current:
result by the Volts Loss in table.
-Divide current in amperes hy 100 and multiply the
Example:—Required voltage between trolley and track, in a mine using 4-0 Trollev and one
4-0 Feeder at a point 3000 feet from mine entrance. Current 500 amperes
Solution:-Volts loss with 4-0 Trolley and 4-0 Feeder at 3000 feet=14. 500 amperes divided
by 100 equals 5 5 multiplied by 14 equals 70=Volts loss. 250 volts at mine entrance minus 70
volts loss equals 180 volts between trolley and traek=Answer
To find Loss in mine using 3-0 Trolley or Feeder, multiply Volts loss in table by 1 261
To find Loss in mine using 2-0 Trolley or Feeder, multiply Volts loss in table bv 1 509
Example:-Required voltage in mine using 3-0 Trolley and two 3-0 Feeders, at a point 5000
feet from the mine entrance, current 100 amperes.
Solution:—Look in table and find under one 4-0 Trollev and two 4-0 Feede lers, and opposite 5000
feet the loss to be 16 volts. Multiply 16 by 1.261 which gives 20 volts 250 volts minus 20 volts^
240 volts=Answer.
To find Current taken by a 250 volt motor, multiply the horsepower by three
To find Current taken by a 500 volt motor, multiply the horsepower by one and one-half.

sulators are to be preferred
thoroughly vitrified.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 49
as against glass if
Fig 3. Bending of Stud on Curve Due to Clamp Not Being
Screwed Up Tight Against the Hanger.
B. Install only one wire on each insulator, securely
tying same to the insulator with a tie wire,
preferably of the
same material as the
conductor. This
would not, of course,
apply to lead covered
conductors. T i e
wire should be preferably,
No. 4 wire.
C. Install all trol
ley wire hangers
practically same
height from the top
of the rails, so as to
bring the trolley
wire as nearly on a
level as possible.
This will eliminate
jumping of the trolley
wheel and also
arcing to a certain
extent. The center
distance is governed by the mining laws of different
states, and also by the size and type of locomotives
used.
The severest stress which can be placed upon a
hanger, and especially upon the insulation, is that
encountered on a curve, and in railway practice
pull-offs are used to take care of the strain on
the curve, hut as railway pull-offs are not practical
in mines, (especially in the low veined type),
a sufficient number of hangers should be installed
on the curve to prevent the studs of the hangers
being bent and the trolley clamps from being distorted.
No fixed rule can be laid down for this
as it depends entirely on the strains induced by
the trolley wire and the degree of the curve; but
generally speaking, hangers should be placed from
six to 10 feet apart on curves. For curve work,
it is good practice to use a clamp in which the
boss comes tightly against the insulation when
the clamp is lined up. This will prevent to a
certain extent, bending of the stud (see Fig. 3).
Where pull-offs can be used they should be guyed
with No. 6 galvanized steel wire and should have
Fig. 4. Approved Method ol Dead Ending Trolley Wire.
a Conical Strain Insula­
tor cut in the wire.
Timber hangers, as the
name would imply, are
designed to be attached
directly to mine timbers
but in a large number
of mines it has been the
custom to attach the
Fig. 5
Method of Connecting Feeder Wire to the Trolley by means of Two or More Taps to
Obtain Full Capacity of Feeder Wire.
timber hangers directly
to the mine roof, either
by means of suitable expansion
bolts or wooden
of each hanger should be plumbed a certain dis­ plugs driven into holes in the roof, and the hanger
tance outside the outer edge of track rail. This installed by means of lag bolts. This practice,

50 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
while not so good as if installed on a timber or a
small block, still it has proven satisfactory in service.
The insulation resistance of the hanger
is the same as that of an expansion bolt hanger
and, consequently, leakage would be the same.
Expansion bolt hangers are provided with a
boss into which the end of the expansion bolt may
be screwed. The hanger is usually provided with
a hexagonal body so that a wrench may be applied.
Spikes and nails should not be used for attaching
hangers of any kind to their supports. Steel
mine limbers are rapidly coming into use for timbering
main entries, and a very good installation
of trolley and feeder may be made by fastening the
hangers directly to the bottom of the 1 beams.
Clamps for fastening the hanger to the 1 beams
are now being placed on the market.
D. The subject of proper placing of a trolley
frog or switch pan. as it is sometimes called, has
frequently been brought to the writer's attention.
and on account of various sizes of locomotives
used, it is a rather difficult matter to etermine.
Circular No. 23 of the Bureau of Standards recommends
that frogs be placed 10 to 12 feet back
from point of latch and held in horizontal position
by properly placing hangers on the line near frogs.
It has been the writer's experience that the distance
specified will be satisfactory for most of the
conditions encountered in mines.
Trolley frogs are provided, as a rule, with four
pull-off rings or eyes so that they may lie guyed
to the pioper position by the use ol' guy wires.
Never attach a guy wire on a frog or any other
trolley device which is to carry current, without
cutting in a Conical Strain Insulator in the guy,
which will properly insulate it.
Frogs should always be placed on branches leaving
main trolley.
Malleable iron trolley frogs are now making
their appearance upon the market and can be used
to advantage in mine service.
E. When dead-ending trolley wire, it should he
securely anchored and insulated, either by use of
a Conical Strain Insulator and ordinary turnbuckle,
or a Brooklyn Strain Insulator which is
really a combination of the above two mentioned,
or other suitable insulator. A suitable galvanized
clamp should be used for holding the dead-end loop
at the end of the trolley wire (see Fig. 4).
F. Allow proper clearances in all cases for the
trolley wheel. It is extremely bad practice to
allow the wdieel to touch the roof, even though the
roof may be hard sandstone or other formation, as
it increases wear on the wheel and is generally
unsatisfactory. It is better to install more hangers
where the trolley touches the roof; that is,
install them so that they will come closer together.
It is still better to shoot down a little of the top
and get the proper clearance, where conditions will
permit.
G. The manner of making the proper connection
at a point where feeder is to be tapped into the
trolley wire, should receive careful consideration.
The practice of hooking feeder around the trolley
clamps should not be permitted, as they invariably
work loose and cause trouble. A high resistance
will generate considerable heat and will produce
a very vicious arc which will probably burn off
the feeder. It is recommended that a good form
of feeder ear or clamp be employed, and where the
feeder is of such size that it will not fit the ear,
two or even three ears should be installed at that
point and suitable taps run from the feeder proper
to the ears (see Fig 5). The total area of copper
in circular mils in the taps should he equal to the
area in circular mils of the cable. Feed-in yokes
made especially for feeding in purposes may be
purchased in the market and will he found satis
factory for this purpose.
H. The selection of a proper trolley clamp is a
matter that should receive proper consideration.
Clamps have been designed which are too long and
which, when the hanger is installed slightly out
of plumb, produce a bump or projection in the
trolley wire which invariably causes arcing as the
trolley wheel passes the clamp (see Fig. 61. The
clamp should be narrow so that the wheel will
pass it without striking and the nut or other
clamping means should be located high enough on
the clamp proper so as not to strike a badly worn
trolley wdieel. A great deal of the sparking of
trolley at hanger points could be eliminated by the
use of a well designed clamp and keeping the hangers
carefully plumbed.
I. Splices in the electrical circuit should be
made with care, as it is astonishing to observe the
drop in voltage caused from poorly made joints.
Splices in the trolley circuit may be made by suit-

able splicers designed for this purpose, and may
be either soldered or mechanical. Splices in feeders
should be made by the use of a good splicer
and may be either of the soldered or mechanical
type.
It is known that where two dissimilar metals are
joined together, as would be the case where two
copper wires were joined by means of a soldered
connector, that due to the excessively moist atmosphere
there will be set up a local electrolytic action
which in time will destroy the joint. A remedy
for this is to simply tape the joint so that it will
he protected from the moisture.
J. Section insulators for sectionalizing the trolley
circuit may be purchased in the market and
they should be installed in such a manner as to
prevent their wobbling when the trolley wheel
passes under them. It is generally considered
good practice to install a section insulator on a
hanger. They may also be supported by hangers
installed a short distance on each side of the insulator.
Section insulators are of three general kinds:
the ordinary, automatic, and hand operated. The
ordinary type of section insulator is used where it
is desired simply to sectionalize the trolley, as foi
instance, in a case where one feeder would feed
one section of trolley and another feeder another
section of trolley. There is no means provided
for connecting the two sections of trolley together.
except by the use of a jumper in an emergency.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The Automatic Section Insulator is designed
with a rocker arm so placed tbat the action of the
trolley wheel in passing under the section insulator
will cut in a section of trolley ahead of the locomotive.
Tney have operated satisfactorily but
are open to the objection that they frequently get
out of order and the movable parts give trouble.
The Section Insulator with switch is an ordinary
section insulator with a knife switch placed on
one side. The handle of the switch is brought out
at an angle of about 45 degrees and is so placed
that the locomotive driver in passing under the
section insulator may throw the switch. It has
Ihe advantage of few working parts, very rugged
construction and light weight.
K. In wiring entries where a grounded circuit
is used, care should be taken to install the positive
or hot wire next to tbe rib. and the negative or
cold wire installed 10" on the outside of the hot
wire.
No electrical conductors of any kind should be
installed in mines unless they are put up on suitable
insulators or hangers. This, of course, would
not apply to cases where conduit is used, but this
latter condition is rather rare.
The installation of incandescent lamps in a mine
should be done as thoroughly as that employed in
house wiring. The practice of soldering a wire
61
to the base of a lamp and hooking the other end
across the circuit should be discontinued. Special
precautions should be taken in gaseous mines to
enclose all incandescent lamps in air tight globes.
The rules covering this will be found in the mining
laws of various states
L Whenever there is danger of the wires being
touched, as for example, where they cross an entry,
they should be protected either by trenching the
roof or other suitable means. If trenches ate
used they should then be covered by 1" boards fastened
by wooden pegs or other means. The wires
must not touch the roof but must lie thoroughly
insulated and well separated from it.
It should be understood that the above suggestions
are for the average conditions encountered
in a mine. Special conditions, of course, would
require special treatment and cannot be covered
here.
Appreciating that the lack of a good simple formula
for determining the amount of feeder necessary
to handle any installation is quite keenly felt,
a formula which is quite generally accepted is
given below:
We will take a concrete example:
Required size of feeder to transmit 300 amperes,
total distance from power house to center of distribution
3000 feet. 15 per cent, allowable drop in
22 xD x I
voltage. From formula. CM = , we
L
have the following, where D = the distance in
feet, I = Current and L = Voltage Loss, 22 is a
constant:
L = 15% of 250 = 37Mi Volts
22x3000x300
CM =
37 %
19800000
= 528000 C. M.
37%
In practice, a 500,0(10 C. M. Cable would probably
be installed or, under some conditions, a 4-0
feeder and a 4-1) trolley could be tied together
and used to take care of this condition although
not quite up to the required area. In these calculations
it is assumed in all cases that the track
return resistance is equal to the trolley resistance.
as this is the most economical condition for the
transmission of power using the track return. The
subject of the proper care and maintenance of the
track return circuit is reserved for a later article.
Mr. Robert Mitchell, general sales agent of the
Pennsylvania Coal & Coke Co., who has been in
poor health for the past two or three years, is reported
to have benefited somewhat by recent treatment,
but is as yet unable to resume active business
duties.

52 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
STEEL MINE TIMBERS IN DODSON COLLIERY
The Dodson colliery of the Plymouth Coal Co. is
noted as the place at which culm flushing was
first tried out, in 1891, by Gilbert Jones, general
superintendent, under the direction of Mr. John
C. Haddock, now president of the company.
The timbering in the pump room of this colliery
has been a matter of difficulty owing to
movement of the strata above it. The original
wooden timbering consisted of 18-inch to 22-inch
round sticks of white pine, yellow pine, and oak
placed 2 feet center to center. A great deal of
trouble was experienced from these timbers becoming
forced in close upon the pipe lines with
the possibility of breaking them. As new timbers
were placed, they were put in between the
seats already in, so that eventually the pump
room had timbers practically skin to skin. It is
estimated that the entire pump room was retimbered
in wood once a year.
The pump house is loo feet long, 8 feet high in
the clear and 18 to 22 feet wide. Beginning with
April 16, 1910, the 70 wooden sets of mine timbers
were replaced by 48 steel sets made up of 18-inch,
55-pound, and 20-inch, 65-pound I-beam collars and
6-inch H-beam legs, weighing 23.6 pounds per
foot. The last set was installed about December
15, 1910.
From the statement below it will be noted that
the total cost for timbering once with wood was
$2,415, and the total cost for timbering in steel
$2,889.09, or a difference in first cost of not quite
20 per cent. The steel cost at the mines slightly
over two and a half times the cost of the wooden
sets, and it also cost 33 1-3 per cent, more for
placing. Fewer sets were required, however, and
the ultimate rate was thereby lessened.
The comparative cost of the two installations is
shown in the statement below, prepared by Mr.
Haddock:
WOOD.
Number of sets 70
Average diameter of timber, inches 20
Quality of timber—yellow pine and oak.
Average weight per set, pounds 4,150
Cost per set f. o. b. cars mines $12.00
Cost per set for placing $22.50
Cost per set in place $34.50
Total cost for timbering $2,415.00
Life of timber set, year 1
STEEL.
Number of sets 48
Size of collars, 18-inch beam, pounds 58
Size of collars, 20-inch beam, pounds 65
Size of legs, 6-inch H-beam, pounds 23.6
Quality of steel—structural grade.
Average weight per set, pounds 1,483
Cost per set f. o. b. mines $31.47
Cost per set for placing $30.00
Cost per set in place $61.47
Total cost for timbering $2,889.09
The higher cost of placing the steel is due to
three causes:
1. The charge of taking out the old timber,
which, however, was insignificant, as the steel was
placed a set at a time by forepoling ahead, the
condition of the roof being very bad and there
being loose material for an unknown distance
above.
2. Great care was taken with the steel to line it
up properly and provide a good base, which was
made of a solid concrete wall built the full length
of the pump room on each side. This solid concrete
base is unnecessary with the wood and
might have been omitted with steel, but its use
means a real betterment in the construction.
3. The steel was placed without interfering with
the operation of the pumps, which necessitated
very careful handling and added something to
what the expense would have been had the room
been free fiom obstructions.
It is apparent that while the first cost of the
steel construction is greater than that of wood, it
will have much more than paid for itself if its
life extends over 15 months only, and that every
additional length of time it stands will mean that
much less in cost of maintenance. The first steel
has now been in place 16 months with no sign of
deflection in the collars, and what is better, with
no evidence of fracture in the concrete where any
overloading of the steel would immediately show.
York Coal & Coke Co.. Ashland, Ky.; capital,
$250,000; incorporators, John F. Hager, J. J. Johnson,
E. P. Price and K. M. Fitzgerald, all of Ashland,
and James Sowards of Pikeville, Ky.
Southern Collieries Co., Chaileston. W. Va.; capital,
$10(1,00; incorporators, T. A. Leyshorn, of
Quick, W. Va.; W. G. MacCorkle, S. B. Chilton. S.
Hess and T. S. Clark, of Charleston, W. Va.
Patten Coal Mining Co., Hamilton, Tenn.; capital.
$1(10,000; incorporators, T. A. Leyshorn, of
Barnes, B. D. Turman. W. B. Stewart and James
M. Adams.
A device for testing mine air and detecting
therein the presence of gas in dangerous quantities
has been installed at the office of Chief Mine
Inspector Nesbitt, of Alabama. Samples from
every coal mine in the state will be taken at 30day
intervals by the district inspectors and forwarded
to Birmingham for analysis. It is believed
that the danger of explosions will be considerably
lessened by this means.

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 53
> ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN MINES; THEIR CAUSES AND PREVENTION 1
By H. H. Clark.
One of the purposes of the work carried on by
the Bureau of Mines is to make mining safer.
For this reason the bureau is investigating the
causes of mine accidents, the methods by which
such accidents may be prevented, and the best
ways of rendering aid to those who are injured or
put in danger by accidents. This circular tells
what are the chief causes of electrical accidents in
mines, briefly points out tbe precautions that
should be taken to avoid or prevent these accidents,
and gives directions for treating persons
suffering from electric shock or burns.
To make this circular clear to persons not familiar
with electrical matters, the following terms
are defined:
Electric Conductor.—An electric conductor is
something through which electric current may flow,
just as a pipe is something through which water
may flow.
Electric Circuit.—An electric circuit is a system
of electric conductors joined together so that electric
current may flow through them, as water flows
through a system of pipes.
Complete Circuit.—A complete circuit is one in
which the current may flow freely, with nothing
to stop it.
Current Strength.—The strength of a current is
its amount. A large current may be considered as
stronger than a smaller one, because it has more
effect upon a man's body.
Alive and Live.—Alive and live are terms that
mean "charged with electricity," and are used in
speaking of conductors, circuits and machines
that in a condition to give an electric shock.
Insulator.—An insulator is something that stops
the flow of electric current, just as a clam stops
the flow of water.
Voltage.—Voltage means electric pressure. Voltage
causes electric current to flow, just as water
pressure causes a current of water to flow.
In handling live electrical machines or wires,
or in working near them, care must be used to
avoid getting a shock. This is especially true
when the wires or machines are underground, because,
as a general thing,
THERE IS LITTLE SPACE
little light, and much dampness in a mine, and
these are conditions which help to make electrical
accidents possible.
The fact that the earth is used as a return cir
cuit for the electric current places the miner in
the position of standing upon one terminal of an
electric generator: therefore, if be touches only a
*Mine Circular No. 5. Department of the Interior. Bureau
of Mines.
single point connected to the other terminal of
the generator (such as the trolley wire, a metal
part of a switch, a bare place on a mining machine
wire, or a live part of a motor) he is likely
to receive a shock, the effect of which will vary
with conditions from a severe jolt to a bad burn
or even death.
A man's body is an electric conductor, although
it is not as good a conductor as a trolley wire
or a track rail, and current will (low thiough the
body if it is made part of an electric circuit. The
effect that such a current will produce depends
upon its strength. The current may be so small
that it cannot be felt; it may be only strong
enough to give a slight shock; it may be strong
enough to produce insensibility and death.
The amount of current which will How through
a man's body when it is made part of an electric
circuit depends upon two things:
( 1) The voltage or pressure of the circuit.
(2) The completeness of the contact between
the man's body and the circuit.
Under the same conditions more current will
flow from a large voltage than from a smaller one.
A single-cell battery giving one to two volts can
cause a current to flow through the body, but the
current is too small to be felt. Much more current
will flow through the body from contact with
a 1 Ui-volt circuit. Such a current will give a
slight shock. Contact with circuits of higher
voltage allows even stronger currents to flow and
these give more severe shocks.
If a perfect insulator could be found, a man
might stand upon it and place his hand upon a
500-volt trolley wire without receiving a shock,
because the circuit through his body would not be
complete and no current could flow. If a man
should stand upon damp earth and handle a live
trolley wire wdth gloves that were moist with
sweat he would probably
RECEIVE A SEVERE SHOCK,
because a circuit would be completed through his
body. If he wore no gloves the shock would be
heavy enough to knock him down and might even
kill him. because the circuit through bis body
would be still more complete. There are some
men, but not many, to whom this last statement
does not seem to apply.
It is most important to realize the extreme difficulty
of so insulating the body that a circuit can
not be completed through it. There is no such
thing as a perfect insulator, although for practical
purposes a number of things may be so considered.
The most that can be done is to so insulate the
body that the current which passes through it

54 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
will be so small that no shock will be felt. The
difficulty of doing this becomes greater as the volt
age that is handled increases.
The most common voltages used underground
are 110, 250 and 500 to 600 volts. The first volt­
age, whicli is used very rarely, is not hard to
guard against, and the conditions under which
it will give a severe shock are seldom, if ever, met.
It is much more difficult to protect the body from
25D volts, and in working about circuits of 500 to
6i)0 volts great care must be used in order to escape
shock, especially when the earth is used as one
side of the circuit, as it very often is in mine work.
The reports of the mine inspectors of several
states indicate that most of the shocks received
in mines result from contact with trolley wires.
These wires have to be bare of insulation, an'J
they cannot easily be shielded from passers-by
throughout their entire length. A trolley wire
must often be strung less than a man's height
from the floor, with a track rail almost directly
underneath it. Everything combines to make it
dangerous to travel in the same entry with a trol­
ley wire, especially if tools are being carried or
things are happening that distract the attention.
Great care is necessary to avoid shocks in crossing
over trips of cars or entering or leaving them from
the trolley-wire side. In such case a man's head
must pass close beside the wire at the time that
his attention is given to watching his footing.
Next to contact with trolley wires, the most
likely cause of shock is contact with parts of ma­
chines or equipment that aie not supposed nor in­
tended to carry current, but are accidentally
charged with electricity. This
CHARGING IS CAUSED
by the failure of insulation or by a live wire coming
in contact with equipment. The frame of a
motor or cutting machine or the iron casing of an
inclosed switch may become alive and may then
give as bad a shock as a trolley wire. Such a
condition is especially dangerous because it is
unexpected.
The frame of a locomotive is usually so completely
in contact with the track rail that a man
cannot get a shock by standing on the rail and
touching the locomotive, but this may not always
be the case. If for any reason there is a great
deal of sand on the rails the locomotive frame
may be almost completely insulated from them.
In that case a shock may be received from the
locomotive frame or the draw-bars of cars coupled
to the locomotive.
Other shocks aie caused by contact with those
parts of equipment that are known to be alive but
are touched by accident while handling apparatus
or repairing it. This applies to connections made
to the trolley wire while it is carrying current,
to the adjustment of motor brushes, and to all
repairs made to apparatus tbat is alive.
The best way to avoid electric shock is to show
due respect for the electric current. Indifference
to the dangers of electricity does not indicate cour­
age or wisdom, but poor judgment and ignorance.
The fact that a man does not get hurt when he is
careless in handling electric wires does not prove
that he is cleverer than other men, but rather
that he is more fortunate. The worst feature of
such acts is the bad effect that they have on those
who see them or are told about them. Those
who know about electrical apparatus and are em­
ployed to handle and repair it should try to teach
others to be careful instead of encouraging them
to be careless.
The only sure ways to escape shock are to keep
away from the trolley wire, especially when carry­
ing tools; to avoid
TOUCHING ELECTRICAL MACHINES
unnecessarily; and to provide and use some means
of insulating the body when making repairs on
electrical apparatus. If there is a way to cut
off the current from apparatus the current should
lie cut off before the apparatus is handled. If it
is necessary to work on apparatus that is carry­
ing current, every precaution should be taken to
insulate the body from the ground.
It is impossible to tell whether conditions are
safe unless the workman has made them so himself.
No one can tell by merely looking at a
motor whether or not the parts that carry current
have come in contact with the frame of the ma­
chine. A workman cannot be certain whether the
place where he must stand to repair live apparatus
will sufficiently insulate his body from shock.
The only way for him to be safe is to provide something
suitable to stand on while making repairs.
In doing this he should remember that dryness is
the most desirable quality. Dry boards, free from
nails, are good for the purpose.
Rubber gloves or leather gloves in good condi­
tion and without metallic fastenings will protect
the body from shock. If the rubber covering of
gloves is worn thin the gloves give almost no pro­
tection. The same is true of leather gloves that
are damp with water or sweat. Rubber boots
without nails in the soles or heels are good pro­
tection when new, but if the soles are worn or
cracked, their insulating value is doubtful.
The position of the body is an important matter
in handling apparatus that is carrying current.
If a man has merely to make some adjustment he
should use but one hand, if possible. He should
also try to place his body so that the involuntary
recoil from a possible shock will remove his hands
from the apparatus instead of causing them to
grasp it.
The use of rubber tape on the handles of pliers

screw drivers and wrenches cannot be depended
on unless the tape has been
ERESHI.V AND CAREFULLY
applied. Rubber coverings for the bandies of
such tools are a protection if rhe coverings are
new and in good condition, but even then the
chances are great of touching the hand or the fingers
to an uncovered part. Insulated tools should
not be trusted to give entire protection.
There is one practice that cannot be condemned
too severely, and that is the wilful giving of electrical
shocks to others. This may be done impulsively
or may be deliberately planned, but il
is always dangerous. Tbe effect of such a trick
cannot be'foreseen because there are so many things
to consider. The person who is given the shock
may be so placed and so constituted that serious
and even fatal results will follow.
Great care should be used in handling explosives
near electric current. It requires only a very
small electric spark to set off powder. An exceedingly
small current passed through the powder
itself will explode it.
In carrying explosives in mine cars care should
be taken to keep the packages off the floor of the
car and away from the iron fittings, as these frequently
receive current from the drawbars, especially
when the motorman is using sand on a slippery
rail. Packages of explosives should be kept
closed, and should not be taken into cars that are
near the locomotive, as sparks are often thrown
down from the trolley wheel.
The safest thing to do is to keep explosives as
far away as possible from all electric current. If
explosives must be handled near the current, use
every precaution to protect the packages.
The following of tbe suggestions given below
will help to lessen the number of electrical accidents.
la) SUGGESTIONS FOR MINE FOREMEN.
Don't allow the men to ride electric locomotives.
Don't allow inexperienced men to handle electric
wires.
Don't fail to protect the trolley wires at crossovers
and partings.
Don't allow wires to be installed in a slipshod
manner.
Don't fail to have wires promptly repaired after
roof falls.
Don't allow explosives to be carried in cars near
the locomotive.
(b) SUGGESTIONS FOR ELECTRICIANS.
Don't fail to set a good example for less experienced
men to follow.
Don't work on live apparatus if it is possible
to cut off the current.
Don't stand directly on the ground and work
upon live apparatus of any kind—get something
dry to stand on.
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 55
Don't rely upon gloves for protection, unless
they are perfectly dry, free from holes, and without
metal parts.
Don't, under any circumstances, work on live
apparatus that is charged with a voltage greater
than 650 volts.
Don't handle wires carelessly just because they
are insulated.
Don't send an inexperienced man to work on or
about live apparatus.
Don't neglect to inspect your equipment regularly.
Don't ever cause anyone to receive an electricshock.
(c) SUGGESTIONS FOR MIXERS.
Don't think that it is smart to get an electric
shock. Every time a man gets a shock it shows
that he has been lacking in care or knowledge.
Don't be ashamed to be careful. You owe this
not only to yourself but to others who may follow
your example.
Don't handle wires or electrical apparatus of
any kind unless you are told to do so.
Don't get off or on trips from the trolley-wire
side.
Don't carry tools on your shoulders when crossing
under the trolley wire or when traveling in
the same entry with it.
Don't travel in the same entry with the trolley
wire if you can avoid doing so.
Don't get your explosives near electric wires.
Don't allow packages of explosives to come in
contact with the metal parts of cars.
Don't carry explosives in cars near the locomotive.
Don't ever cause anyone to receive an electric
shock.
Don't ride on electric locomotives.
Don't fail to report when you find that electric
wires are down.
Don't install temporary lights—leave that work
to tbe electrician.
When a man has received an electric shock that
leaves him senseless, two things should be done
as soon as possible.
First, remove the victim from contact with the
electric wire.
Second, revive him or "bring him to" by getting
him to breathe.
While removing the victim from the electric
circuit, be careful not to get a shock yourself. If
there is a switch right at hand, cut off the current
at once: but if there will be any delay in cutting
off the current, remove the body from the circuit
by means of a piece of dry wood, used either to roll
or push tbe body aside or to lift from the body
whatever is carrying current to it. Tools with
dry wooden handles, such as picks or axes, may be
safely used for this purpose.

56 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The body of the victim can be safely grasped if
your hands are protected by several thicknesses of
dry cloth, or if you stand upon a piece of dry
wood.
When you can do nothing else, you may be able
to short-circuit the line with which the victim is
in contact, and thus
GLOW TIIE CIRCUIT BREAKER
or fuses which protect that part of the electric system.
A short circuit may be made by placing an auger
or drill or a piece of pipe so that it will connect
the two sides of the electric circuit. For example.
in case the victim is in contact with a trolley wire.
the auger, drill, or pipe should be thrown across
the trolley wire and track rail, so as to be in contact
with both. In doing this, be sure that the
auger, drill, or pipe leaves your hand before it
touches the current-carrying part of the circuit, as
otherwise you will get a shock yourself.
When the victim has been removed from contact
with the current, turn him on his back, loosen
the clothing from around his neck, chest and abdomen,
and place a small log, a rolled-up coat, or
something of similar size and shape under bis
shoulders in such a way as to throw his head back
and chest up.
The next thing to do is to draw out the victim's
tongue, which can best be done by grasping it
wdth a piece of dry cloth. This act clears the
windpipe, and unless it is done, the victim cannot
be made to breathe. If the rescuer is alone, he
will have to keep the tongue in this position by
tying it with a handkerchief or a bandage passed
over the tongue and under the jaw.
The tongue must be held in this position while
giving artificial respiration.
There are several methods of giving artificial
respiration, but the one most commonly used is the
Sylvester method. Kneel behind the head of the
victim, grasp his forearms just below the elbows
and draw them slowly backward until they are extended
as far as possible over his head and hold
them there for aoout one second.
IY0U CAN'T
LOOK INTO THE
EARTH, but WE
C A N get you a large j
clean core of all strata un- !
s
der your land tc be ex- \
amined in broad daylight. 5
. No Guess Work. . P
^TheJ. A. BRENNAN DRILLING CO.
) Home Office, SCRANTON, PA.
> Field Office, House Building, PITTSBURGH, PA.
S Contractors for DIAMOND DRILLING, OIL AND ARTESIAN WELL DRILLING ;
Then slowly push the elbows forward and downward.
Next press the elbows firmly against the
chest and hold them there for about one second
so as to drive out the air from the lungs.
Do not perform these movements hurriedly;
pumping the arms up and down is a waste of time.
To complete one series of movements should take
about four seconds. A very
GOOD WAY TO TIME
yourself is to count, very slowly, "one, two, three,
four," while making the movements. Count "one"
as the victim's arms are being extended, count
"two" while ihey are held above his head, count
"three" while his arms are being returned to his
side, and count "four" while exerting pressure on
his chest.
Usually a victim of electric shock can be made
to breathe within an hour, and the artificial respiration
should be continued at least that long,
even if the patient does not show any signs of
being "brought to."
If other persons are at hand, have them assist
by relieving you at short intervals, and have them
keep the victim warm by covering him with coats
or anything else that may be at hand. After the
victim begins to breathe the assistants should rub
his limbs briskly and toward the heart, keeping
their hands under the covering while doing so.
This will help to restore the circulation of the
blood, which has been for a time suspended.
While arrangements are being made for removing
the injured man to his home or to a hospital.
treat any injuries that the victim has received.
Treat electric burns exactly as ordinary burns.
Before the arrival of a doctor it is proper to cover
the burnt place with several thicknesses of picricacid
gauze. This gauze is now being used in
nearly all mines and hospital emergency rooms.
In case no picric-acid gauze is at hand the burns
may be covered with clean gauze, preferably taken
from sterile packages, and covered with vaseline,
carbolized vaseline, olive oil, linseed oil, or what
is known as carron oil, which is a mixture of linseed
oil and lime-water.
Cover these dressings wdth plenty of cotton aud
protect this in turn from the outside air with oiled
paper or anything that wdll keep out the air while
the victim is being taken home or to a hospital.
Bandage all dressings lightly so as to cause as
little pressure as possible upon the injuries.
"These porous plasters are something new."
"As to how?"
"After they have been used as plasters they may
be put on the pianola and wdll play a tune. We
have belladonna plasters comprising all the popular
airs."

THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 57
PEALE, PEACOCK & KERR
OF NEW YORK
VICTOR
Bituminous Coal
ANTHRACITE COAL
GAS COAL
AND COKE
REMBRANDT PEALE, President. H. W. HENRY, V. Pres. & Traffic Mgr.
JOSEPH H. LUMLEY, Treasurer.
No. 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
North American Building, PHILADELPHIA,
E. E. WALLING, Vice President.

58 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
The sale of coal lands and all properties owned
by the Sleepy Mountain Coal Co. of Morgan and
Berkeley counties, W. Va., to Hay Walker, Jr., of
Pittsburgh, for $250,000, by Special Master John
C. Berry, has been approved by Judge Dayton, in
the United States Circuit Court, at Wheeling, W.
Va.
Wanted
Position to work at coal mine. I have had
some experience in office work at coal mine.
George O. Shickler, Jr., Union Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh,
Pa. Phone Court 3742. 12-1
Timber and Coal For Sale
About six hundred acres of virgin hardwood
timber, sizes up to six feet in diameter and about
two thousand acres coal, upland, on railroad, in
Ohio County, Kentucky.
Good place for Mill Plant and Coal Mine.
Please write for engagements before coming to
see it, because I cannot afford to show or talk
about the property without previous arrangements
to do so by letter.
Please address WM. M. WARDEN, Centertown,
Kentucky.
FOR SALE.
Besides accessible Timber Tracts and operating
Coal Mines and Lands: On Rail a fine Kentucky
Cannel Coal Mine in operation.
W. G. HAMILTON,
Louisville, Ky.
FOR SALE.
59 mine cars, 40 inch"gauge. iy4 tons capacity.
In good condition. Address U. B. Co., care THE
COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
General Map of the Bituminous
Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
1909-10.
Knowing the location of the mines, and giving
the names and post office addresses of the Operators
and Purchasing Agents. With which is
combined a Geological, Railway and Waterway
Outlet Map of the entire Appalachian Coal Field
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, giving the location
and extent of all the Coal Districts. Published
and for sale by BAIRD HALBERSTADT,
F. G. S., Geologist and Engineer, POTTSVILLE, PA.
FOR SALE.
Coal yard, switch, scale, house and stable.
Price $4,500. H. SOENTGEN, Ford City, Pa.
WANTS TO SELL ON COMMISSION.
Party in close touch with large consumers of
gas slack in Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jer­
sey wishes to establish connection wdth reliable
mine on commission basis. Please give full par­
ticulars, analysis of coal, name, location and out­
fit of mine, etc.
C. V. EMERICK, Easton, Pa.
For Sale or Lease.
For sale or will lease on favorable terms 1100
acres coal land in Bell County, Ky., on Cumberland
Valley Division of the L. & N. Railway. For
particulars, address
PHILADELPHIA VEXEER & LUMBER CO.,
817 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
IF YOU WANT to buy from 1,000 to
4000 acres of Coal Mining Rights in
Hopkins County, Ky., directly on Louisville
& Nashville R. R., at a bargain price
and on liberal terms, and if you mean
business, write me,
I. BAILEY,
Madisonville, Ky.
5000 Acres of Coal Land
For Sale.
Located in the famous Southern
Illinois field, thoroughly tested and
of unsurpassed quality and quantity,
with excellent shipping facilities.
Surrounded with up-to-date mines.
A. bargain. Full particulars and
prices upon application.
W. A. HAMILTON,
Terre Haute, Ind.

LAKE COMMERCE DORING SEPTEMBER.
Lake commerce during September as measured
by the volume of freight shipments between domestic
ports on the Great Lakes aggregated 10,-
730,460 short tons, compared with 11,892,412 anil
12,527,865 short tons shipped during September.
1910 and 1909, respectively. Reports to the Bureau
of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and
Labor show smaller monthly figures for all classes
of merchandise except hard coal and miscellaneous
treight than those reported a year ago. The season
shipments to the end of September totaled
56,314,826 short tons, as against. 68,195,753 short
tons in 1910 and 37,060,153 short tons two years
ago. The shipments of iron ore during the
month aggregated 5,032,948 long tons, compared
with 6,009,682 long tons during September, 1910.
ine largest losses are shown by Duluth and Ashland,
while shipments from Superior and Marquette
docks appear to have been larger than last
year. The total season shipments of iron ore to
the end of September are given as 24,106,818 long
tons, indicating a decrease of over lo million tons
as compared with the 1910 shipments. Of the
total iron ore received during the present season,
19,019,777 long tons are credited to Lake Erie
ports and 4;322,6S9 long tons to Lake Michigan
ports.
The shipments of soft coal (luring the month,
chiefly from Lake Erie ports, aggregated 2,314,782
short tons, compared with 2,457,721 short tons reported
for September, 1910. Over one-half of these
shipments proceeded from Ashtabula and Toledo.
The 9 months' shipments totaled 12,823,808 short
tons, as against 13,697,705 short tons reported last
year. Duluth-Superior and Milwaukee were the
principal destinations of these shipments, taking
about two-thirds of the total receipts. The September
and 9 months' shipments of hard coal, 455,-
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN. 69
716 and 3,262,880 short tons, respectively, mainly
from Buffalo, Erie and Oswego, were in excess of
the corresponding 1910 shipments. Practically
all of this coal was destined to Lake Superior
ports, chiefly Duluth-Superior, which are credited
with 1,209,806 short tons and to Lake Michigan
ports, chiefly Milwaukee and Chicago where 1,917,-
749 short tons were landed.
The vessel movement in the domestic trade during
September comprised 10,158 departures representing
14,025,808 net tons register, as against
9,897 departures and 14,743,014 net tons register
in September, 1910. Departures for the 9 months
comprised 60,800 vessels of 79.551,420 net tons
register, as against 59.83S vessels of 86,907,512 net
tons register in 1910. It is thus seen that while
the number ot active vessels increased, the combined
tonnage of these vessels decreased, due probably
to the smaller number of trips made by larger
ore-carrying boats.
SPANISH COAL TRADE.
It is estimated that the consumption of coal in
Spain increases by 200,000 to 250,000 tons each
year. Considerably over 6,500,000 tons are now
used annually. The present production of the
country is over 4,000,000 tons, which increases
from 400,000 to 500,000 tons every year. The importation
has remained neaily stationary for the
past five years, being slightly over 2,000.000 tons,
with a value of $11,500,000.
The importation of coke is about 300,000 tons.
valued at $1,980,000. With the exception of Italy,
Spain is the European country of size which produces
the least coal as shown by recently published
statistics, as follows: Great Britain, 200,000,000
tons annually; Germany, 194,000,000; Austria-Hungary,
45,000,000; France, 35,000,000; Belgium, 24.-
000,000; Spain, 4,01)0,000.
ARGYLE COAL COMPANY
SOUTH FORK,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE
FAMOUj
TT
"ARGYLE"
SMOKELESS
O A
PENNSYLVANIA.

60 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
PHILIPPINE COAL PRODUCTION.
Considerable interest is shown in the coal situation
of the Philippines by South China commercial
circles, writes Consul General George E. Anderson,
Hongkong, not only because of the great
incerase in the imports of fuel into the islands
during the past fiscal year, important in the volume
of business it represents and its effect upon
shipping, but also because of the fact that the
islands are commencing to produce a considerable
portion of their own coal supply.
It is announced that the mine at East Batan is
now turning out 100 tons of coal per day and that
as soon as a new chute system is completed it
will be able to turn out and handle economically
300 tons per day, or about 100,000 tons per year.
This mining enterprise, which was undertaken
several years ago, at first proved a financial failure,
and some time ago it was placed in charge of
Mr. William E. Nolting under an agreement between
the company and its creditors. This receiver
or manager, in connection with Mr. E. R.
Hix, a coal expert from the United States, has
reorganized the business, and it is now said to be
upon a paying basis.
The government of the Philippines has aided tht
enterprise by advancing funds against contracts
for coal. The contracts for coal are now being
carried out. The coal is of good quality and the
MINED AND SHIPPED BY
managers report that there is little or no doubt
that the entire output of the mine will be taken
by the government or by local consumers for the
next year or more. Already, however, possibilities
of a market for the fuel in near-by ports are
being canvassed and the government and managers
have full data carefully prepared as to the possibilities
of the export trade.
The import trade of the Philippines in coal has
greatly expanded in the last year or so. The imports
of coal into the islands in the fiscal year
ending June 30. 1911, amounted to 403,146 metric
tons, valued at $1,267,312, as compared with imports
of 303,117 ordinary tons, valued at $972,341,
in 1910, 171,088 tons, valued at $461,465, in 1909,
and 213,959 tons, valued at $567,220, in 1908. Up
to 19(19 Australia supplied most of these imports,
furnishing 169,151 tons out of the total of 171,088
tons imported that fiscal year. In 1910, however,
Japan commenced to enter the trade in earnest,
apparently largely because of labor troubles in
Australia. For the last two years it bas furnished
about half of the total imports into the
islands, though British North Borneo has commenced
to enter the trade.
The Alex. M. Gilchrist & Sons Coal Co., Wellsburg,
W. Va., has filed notice of dissolution.
THE LEHIGH COAL AND NAVIGATION COMPANY
SUMMIT
Registered U. S.
GREENWOOD
Patent Office
GENERAL OFFICES, 437 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA
W. A. LATHROP, President ROLLIN H. WILBUR, Vice President
RICHARD T. DAVIES, General Coal Agent
F. N. ULRICK, Assistant General Coal Agent
REPRESENTATIVES :
NEW YORK: CARROLL MOORE, SALES ACENT BOSTON: 0. B. JOHNSON. EASTERN SALES AGENT
143 LIBERTY STREET 141 MILK STREET

LIVINGSTON COAL MINE
LEADS IN PRODUCTION.
Secretary David Ross of the Bureau of Lahor
Statistics. Springfield, 111., is in receipt of the
following communication from T. G. Hebenstreit,
superintendent of the Xew Staunton Coal Co.,
Livingston, 111., relative to the tonnage of that
mine:
"Livingston mine hoisted during the last half
of October 54,649V2 tons, working 13 9-16 days,
making an average of 4,029 tons per day. Our
record hoist September 29th is 4,265 tons, making
1,492 dumps or hoists, loading 105 railroad cars
in 8 hours. The above for your information. We
claim the record for the state."
Concerning the facts herein reported, Secretary
Ross makes the following comments:
"The statement of Superintendent Hebenstreit
touching the hoisting record of that mine, which
is unsurpassed in the annals of Illinois mining.
is significant not only as indicating the present
producing capacity of some of our mines, but as
illustrating the wide divergence between mere
theory and the actual facts as developed by
experience. Among the demands made by the
miners during the general suspension of 1897,
was that for an eight-hour workday. Following
the termination of that contest this was conceded
and since then has formed a part of the annual
THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
61
and biennial agreements between the miners and
operators of this and competing states. Up to
that time it was the general opinion that a
reduction in the working hours from ten to eight
per day would very materially reduce the volume
of production, and, notwithstanding the presen:
day demand to limit, through agreements, the
output in accordance with the consumption, many
mine owners opposed the shorter day for the
reason that it would have that effect. Since the
adoption of the eight-hour day most of the mining
properties in this state have increased their
output from fifty to three hundred per cent. The
agencies that have made possible this augmented
production were not in our theoretical conclusions
taken into consideration. The early advocates of
the eight-hour workday were deceived in the
same manner as shown by their contention that
its direct effect would be to furnish employment
to more men, thereby absorbing the surplus competitive
labor while maintaining a corresponding
relative production. Contrary to preconceived
notions, the shorter workday has resulted in not
ably increased production. If we can only sue
eeed in inducing the public to consider, not t
supposed immediate but the ultimate results o
our economic evolution, much will be accon:
plished in the way of destroying blind, unreason
ing antagonism to present and future industi
reforms."
J V
Greenwich Coal & Coke Co.,
Miners and Shipper* of
"Greenwich"
Bituminous Coal
Celebrated for
STEAM AND BI-PRODUCT PURPOSES.
dENERAL OFFICE
M|IM: CAMBRIA AND INDIANA COUNTIES, Latrobe, Penna.
>L r

62 THE COAL TRADE BULLETIN.
Atlantic Crushed Coke Co.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
LATROBE STEAM COAL
CONNELLSVILLE
FURNACE nni/r
FOUNDRY KK
CRUSHED UUIXLl
GENERAL OFFICES : - - - - GREENSBURG, PA.
! AGME GOAL MINING COMPANY, 5
! GREENSBURG. RA. 5
! S
s MINERS AND SHIPPERS J
: ACME AND AVONDALE :
! HIGH GRADE STEAM GOALS,
5 MINES, UIMEKSBURG AND SHANNON STATION, PA. $
J SLIGO BRANCH B. & A. V. DIVISION OF P. K. Ii. ^
S C. J. RENWICK, Sales Agent, Prudential Building, BUFFALO, N. Y. !
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{ LIGONIER COAL COMPANY, I
5 5
! LATROBE, PA. !
§ Si
I H |GH G RaDE JS TEaM (2? L !
I ^ 60NNELLSYILLE APOLLO AKULLU COAL UUAL CO. 6©KE. UU. I $
:
J MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF i
I APOLLO HIGH GRADE STEAM COALS
> AND j
5 JOHNSTOWN MILLER VEIN ;
| COAL. \
GENERAL OFFICES • - GREENSBURG. PA. 5
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