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24 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 The steel industry was disappointed that in the cases presented in 1998-99 for hot rolled coil and quarto-plate the Commission saw fit to accept price undertakings from several of the countries involved. EUROFER has concerns regarding the effectiveness of price undertakings and – together with all other sectors in UNICE – has insisted that the Commission do more to manage correctly the undertakings which it accepts. EUROFER has made known to the Commission its view that: price undertakings should only be accepted as an exception; the Commission must devote more resources to policing such undertakings; the Commission should be more proactive in investigating breaches. In parallel, EUROFER is working with its partners in UNICE to highlight the need for harmonised implementation of the WTO Agreement on anti-dumping by all countries. EUROFER believes this should form part of the agenda of the new Round which may be launched in November 2001. It is noteworthy, in this respect, that 11 out of 13 trade disputes submitted by the EU to the WTO dispute settlement proceedings, involve conflicts with the US. Further, 7 of the US cases concern the US misuse of trade defence instruments, and 5 of them relate to the steel sector. Indeed: The EU, together with 8 other WTO Members, has requested formal WTO consultations with the US on the so-called “Byrd amendment”. The “Byrd amendment” provides that anti-dumping and countervailing duties (AD/CVD) shall be paid to the US companies responsible for bringing the corresponding trade cases. This is clearly incompatible with various WTO provisions and amounts to subsidies to the US companies involved. The EU requested WTO consultations concerning the safeguard measures on wire rod and welded line pipe introduced by the US on 1 March 2000. The EU contends that both measures, as well as certain provisions of the US safeguard legislation, violate several substantive requirements of the WTO Safeguard Agreement. Further, the safeguard measures on wire rod imports have had a clear discriminatory effect against European exports. Finally, it is of great concern that recourse to safeguard measures, that should only take place in exceptional circumstances, could become an alternative to anti-dumping cases.
T r a d e P o l i c y Further consultations with the US were held on their failure to terminate AD/CVD cases in “sunset reviews” when the amounts of dumping and subsidy are below the current de minimis level. The absence of results in these consultations might lead to new requests for WTO panels. Moreover, the way US Department of Commerce (DOC) “sunset” regulations lead to a near systematic finding of continuation of dumping or continuation of the benefit of subsidies is under close scrutiny. This seems contrary to the intent of the “sunset clause” and, indeed, discourages companies in Europe and around the world from entering into investigations and incurring the significant expenses associated with them. In August 2000, the Appellate Body of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) confirmed that the US 1916 Anti-Dumping Act violates Article VI of the GATT 1994 and the Anti-Dumping Agreement. Accordingly, the DSB requested the United States to bring the 1916 Act into conformity with its international obligations. However, the US Government has not yet taken steps to repeal this Act. In May 2000, the Appellate Body ruled that countervailing duties imposed by the DOC on exports of lead and bismuth steel from the UK were in breach of the WTO Subsidies Agreement because the sale of the company in question at market price suppressed the benefit of pre-privatisation subsidies. Following that decision, the DOC terminated the lead and bismuth case and reimbursed to the company the duties that it had paid. However, the US also took the view that the DSB ruling had no impact on 14 other countervailing duty orders against privatised EU companies. Consultations held in November 2000 on these 14 cases led to no result; and now the DOC has replaced the “change of ownership” methodology, condemned by the WTO, with another one that appears to be equally contrary to the WTO and even more detrimental to the respondents’ interests. EUROFER remains convinced that present trade defence instruments do not offer the means to deal effectively and appropriately with the problems the world steel market has been confronted with since 1998. Accordingly, EUROFER remains committed to fostering approaches that would make it possible to better address structural problems within the world steel industry, and to design measures providing for consultations to help avoid dangerous trade developments and the occurrence of injury. 25 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0
Page 1 and 2: EUROFER European Confederation of I
Page 3 and 4: Contents Introduction 7 General Eco
Page 5 and 6: General Economic Development The Eu
Page 7 and 8: 12 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 There was
Page 9 and 10: 14 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Trade Bala
Page 11 and 12: 16 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 The very g
Page 13 and 14: 18 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Stainless
Page 15 and 16: 20 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Crude Stee
Page 17: Trade Policy Consumption The trade
Page 21 and 22: 28 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Scrap Unde
Page 23 and 24: Investments Investment expenditures
Page 25 and 26: Capacities (million tonnes) 200 175
Page 27 and 28: 36 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Standards
Page 29 and 30: 38 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Energy and
Page 31 and 32: 40 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 The main f
Page 33 and 34: 42 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 Water The
Page 35 and 36: 44 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 In additio
Page 37 and 38: Human Resources Evolution of Employ
Page 39 and 40: Statistics Steel Statistics after 2
Page 41 and 42: Communications Opinion Research Pro
Page 43 and 44: 58 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 MEMBERS Au
Page 45 and 46: 60 E U R O F E R 2 0 0 0 COMMITTEES

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