LIDAR - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf - Ex-ch.com

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LIDAR
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an optical remote
sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to
find range and/or other information of a distant target. The
prevalent method to determine distance to an object or surface is to
use laser pulses. Like the similar radar technology, which uses
radio waves, the range to an object is determined by measuring the
time delay between transmission of a pulse and detection of the
reflected signal. LIDAR technology has application in Geomatics,
archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology,
forestry, remote sensing and atmospheric physics. [1] Applications
of LIDAR include ALSM (Airborne Laser Swath Mapping), laser
altimetry or LIDAR Contour Mapping. The acronym LADAR
(Laser Detection and Ranging) is often used in military contexts.
The term "laser radar" is also in use even though LIDAR does
not employ microwaves or radio waves, which is definitional to
radar.
General description
The primary difference between LIDAR and radar is that LIDAR
uses much shorter wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum,
typically in the ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared range. In
general it is possible to image a feature or object only about the
same size as the wavelength, or larger. Thus lidar is highly
sensitive to aerosols and cloud particles and has many applications
in atmospheric research and meteorology [1] .
An object needs to produce a dielectric discontinuity to reflect the
transmitted wave. At radar (microwave or radio) frequencies, a
metallic object produces a significant reflection. However
non-metallic objects, such as rain and rocks produce weaker
reflections and some materials may produce no detectable
reflection at all, meaning some objects or features are effectively
invisible at radar frequencies. This is especially true for very small
objects (such as single molecules and aerosols) [1] .
Lasers provide one solution to these problems. The beam densities
and coherency are excellent. Moreover the wavelengths are much
smaller than can be achieved with radio systems, and range from
about 10 micrometers to the UV (ca. 250 nm). At such
wavelengths, the waves are "reflected" very well from small
objects. This type of reflection is called backscattering. Different
types of scattering are used for different lidar applications, most
common are Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering and Raman
A FASOR used at the Starfire Optical Range for
LIDAR and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the
sodium D2a line and used to excite sodium atoms in
the upper atmosphere.
This lidar (laser range finder) may be used to scan
buildings, rock formations, etc., to produce a 3D
model. The lidar can aim its laser beam in a wide
range: its head rotates horizontally, a mirror flips
vertically. The laser beam is used to measure the
distance to the first object on its path.

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scattering as well as fluorescence. Based on different kinds of backscattering, the LIDAR can be accordingly called
Rayleigh LiDAR, Mie LiDAR, Raman LiDAR and Na/Fe/K Fluorescence LIDAR and so on. The wavelengths are
ideal for making measurements of smoke and other airborne particles (aerosols), clouds, and air molecules [1] .
A laser typically has a very narrow beam which allows the mapping of physical features with very high resolution
compared with radar. In addition, many chemical compounds interact more strongly at visible wavelengths than at
microwaves, resulting in a stronger image of these materials. Suitable combinations of lasers can allow for remote
mapping of atmospheric contents by looking for wavelength-dependent changes in the intensity of the returned
signal.
LIDAR has been used extensively for atmospheric research and meteorology. With the deployment of the GPS in the
1980s precision positioning of aircraft became possible. GPS based surveying technology has made airborne
surveying and mapping applications possible and practical. Many have been developed, using downward-looking
LIDAR instruments mounted in aircraft or satellites. A recent example is the NASA Experimental Advanced
Research Lidar. [2]
Design
In general there are two kinds of lidar detection schema: "incoherent" or direct energy detection (which is principally
an amplitude measurement) and Coherent detection (which is best for doppler, or phase sensitive measurements).
Coherent systems generally use Optical heterodyne detection which being more sensitive than direct detection allows
them to operate a much lower power but at the expense of more complex transceiver requirements.
In both coherent and incoherent LIDAR, there are two types of pulse models: micropulse lidar systems and high
energy systems. Micropulse systems have developed as a result of the ever increasing amount of computer power
available combined with advances in laser technology. They use considerably less energy in the laser, typically on
the order of one microjoule, and are often "eye-safe," meaning they can be used without safety precautions.
High-power systems are common in atmospheric research, where they are widely used for measuring many
atmospheric parameters: the height, layering and densities of clouds, cloud particle properties (extinction coefficient,
backscatter coefficient, depolarization), temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, trace gas concentration (ozone,
methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) [1] .
There are several major components to a LIDAR system:
1. Laser — 600-1000 nm lasers are most common for non-scientific applications. They are inexpensive but since
they can be focused and easily absorbed by the eye the maximum power is limited by the need to make them
eye-safe. Eye-safety is often a requirement for most applications. A common alternative 1550 nm lasers are
eye-safe at much higher power levels since this wavelength is not focused by the eye, but the detector technology
is less advanced and so these wavelengths are generally used at longer ranges and lower accuracies. They are also
used for military applications as 1550 nm is not visible in night vision goggles unlike the shorter 1000 nm
infrared laser. Airborne topographic mapping lidars generally use 1064 nm diode pumped YAG lasers, while
bathymetric systems generally use 532 nm frequency doubled diode pumped YAG lasers because 532 nm
penetrates water with much less attenuation than does 1064 nm. Laser settings include the laser repetition rate
(which controls the data collection speed). Pulse length is generally an attribute of the laser cavity length, the
number of passes required through the gain material (YAG, YLF, etc.), and Q-switch speed. Better target
resolution is achieved with shorter pulses, provided the LIDAR receiver detectors and electronics have sufficient
bandwidth [1] .
2. Scanner and optics — How fast images can be developed is also affected by the speed at which it can be
scanned into the system. There are several options to scan the azimuth and elevation, including dual oscillating
plane mirrors, a combination with a polygon mirror, a dual axis scanner. Optic choices affect the angular
resolution and range that can be detected. A hole mirror or a beam splitter are options to collect a return signal.

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3. Photodetector and receiver electronics — Two main photodetector technologies are used in lidars: solid state
photodetectors, such as silicon avalanche photodiodes, or photomultipliers. The sensitivity of the receiver is
another parameter that has to be balanced in a LIDAR design.
4. Position and navigation systems — LIDAR sensors that are mounted on mobile platforms such as airplanes or
satellites require instrumentation to determine the absolute position and orientation of the sensor. Such devices
generally include a Global Positioning System receiver and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU).
Applications
Other than those applications listed above, there are a wide variety of
applications of LIDAR, as often mentioned in National LIDAR Dataset
programs.
Archaeology
LIDAR has many applications in the field of archaeology including
aiding in the planning of field campaigns, mapping features beneath
forest canopy [3] , and providing an overview of broad, continuous
features that may be indistinguishable on the ground. LIDAR can also
provide archaeologists with the ability to create high-resolution digital
elevation models (DEMs) of archaeological sites that can reveal
This LIDAR-equipped mobile robot uses its
LIDAR to construct a map and avoid obstacles.
micro-topography that are otherwise hidden by vegetation. LiDAR-derived products can be easily integrated into a
Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis and interpretation. For example at Fort Beausejour - Fort
Cumberland National Historic Site, Canada, previously undiscovered archaeological features have been mapped that
are related to the siege of the Fort in 1755. Features that could not be distinguished on the ground or through aerial
photography were identified by overlaying hillshades of the DEM created with artificial illumination from various
angles. With LiDAR the ability to produce high-resolution datasets quickly and relatively cheaply can be an
advantage. Beyond efficiency, its ability to penetrate forest canopy has led to the discovery of features that were not
distinguishable through traditional geo-spatial methods and are difficult to reach through field surveys. [4]
Meteorology and Atmospheric Environment
The first LIDAR systems were used for studies of atmospheric composition, structure, clouds, and aerosols. Initially
based on ruby lasers, LIDAR for meteorological applications was constructed shortly after the invention of the laser
and represent one of the first applications of laser technology.
Elastic backscatter LIDAR is the simplest type of lidar and is typically used for studies of aerosols and clouds. The
backscattered wavelength is identical to the transmitted wavelength, and the magnitude of the received signal at a
given range depends on the backscatter coefficient of scatterers at that range and the extinction coefficients of the
scatterers along the path to that range. The extinction coefficient is typically the quantity of interest.
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) is used for range-resolved measurements of a particular gas in the
atmosphere, such as ozone, carbon dioxide, or water vapor. The LIDAR transmits two wavelengths: an "on-line"
wavelength that is absorbed by the gas of interest and an off-line wavelength that is not absorbed. The differential
absorption between the two wavelengths is a measure of the concentration of the gas as a function of range. DIAL
LIDARs are essentially dual-wavelength elastic backscatter LIDARS.
Raman LIDAR is also used for measuring the concentration of atmospheric gases, but can also be used to retrieve
aerosol parameters as well. Raman LIDAR exploits inelastic scattering to single out the gas of interest from all other
atmospheric constituents. A small portion of the energy of the transmitted light is deposited in the gas during the
scattering process, which shifts the scattered light to a longer wavelength by an amount that is unique to the species

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of interest. The higher the concentration of the gas, the stronger the magnitude of the backscattered signal.
Doppler LIDAR is used to measure wind speed along the beam by measuring the frequency shift of the backscattered
light. Scanning LIDARs, such as NASA's HARLIE LIDAR, have been used to measure atmospheric wind velocity
in a large three dimensional cone. [5] ESA's wind mission ADM-Aeolus will be equipped with a Doppler LIDAR
system in order to provide global measurements of vertical wind profiles. [6] A doppler LIDAR system was used in
the 2008 Summer Olympics to measure wind fields during the yacht competition. [7] Doppler LIDAR systems are
also now beginning to be successfully applied in the renewable energy sector to acquire wind speed, turbulence,
wind veer and wind shear data. Both pulsed and continuous wave systems [8] are being used. Pulsed systems using
signal timing to obtain vertical distance resolution, whereas continuous wave systems rely on detector focusing.
Synthetic Array LIDAR allows imaging LIDAR without the need for an array detector. It can be used for imaging
Doppler velocimetry, ultra-fast frame rate (MHz) imaging, as well as for speckle reduction in coherent LIDAR. [9]
Wind power
Lidar is sometimes used on wind farms [10] to more accurately measure wind speeds and wind turbulence, and an
experimental [11] lidar is mounted on a wind turbine rotor [12] to measure oncoming horizontal winds, and proactively
adjust blades to protect components and increase power.
Geology and Soil Science
High-resolution digital elevation maps generated by airborne and stationary LIDAR have led to significant advances
in geomorphology, the branch of geoscience concerned with the origin and evolution of Earth's surface topography.
LIDAR's abilities to detect subtle topographic features such as river terraces and river channel banks, measure the
land surface elevation beneath the vegetation canopy, better resolve spatial derivatives of elevation, and detect
elevation changes between repeat surveys have enabled many novel studies of the physical and chemical processes
that shape landscapes. In addition to LIDAR data collected by private companies, academic consortia have been
created to support the collection, processing and archiving of research-grade, publicly available LIDAR datasets. The
National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) [13] , supported by the National Science Foundation, collects
and distributes LIDAR data in support of scientific research and education in a variety of fields, particularly
geoscience and ecology.
In geophysics and tectonics, a combination of aircraft-based LIDAR and GPS have evolved into an important tool
for detecting faults and measuring uplift. The output of the two technologies can produce extremely accurate
elevation models for terrain that can even measure ground elevation through trees. This combination was used most
famously to find the location of the Seattle Fault in Washington, USA. [14] This combination is also being used to
measure uplift at Mt. St. Helens by using data from before and after the 2004 uplift. [15] Airborne LIDAR systems
monitor glaciers and have the ability to detect subtle amounts of growth or decline. A satellite based system is
NASA's ICESat which includes a LIDAR system for this purpose. NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper [16] is also
used extensively to monitor glaciers and perform coastal change analysis. The combination is also used by soil
scientists while creating a soil survey. The detailed terrain modeling allows soil scientists to see slope changes and
landform breaks which indicate patterns in soil spatial relationships.

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Agriculture
LIDAR also can be used to help farmers determine which areas of their
fields to apply costly fertilizer. LIDAR can create a topological map of
the fields and reveals the slopes and sun exposure of the farm land.
Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service blended this
topological information with the farm land’s yield results from
previous years. From this information, researchers categorized the farm
land into high-, medium-, or low-yield zones. [17] This technology is
valuable to farmers because it indicates which areas to apply the
expensive fertilizers to achieve the highest crop yield.
Physics and astronomy
A worldwide network of observatories uses lidars to measure the
Agricultural Research Service scientists have
developed a way to incorporate LIDAR with
yield rates on agricultural fields. This technology
will help farmers direct their resources toward the
high-yield sections of their land.
distance to reflectors placed on the moon, allowing the moon's position to be measured with mm precision and tests
of general relativity to be done. MOLA, the Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter, used a LIDAR instrument in a
Mars-orbiting satellite (the NASA Mars Global Surveyor) to produce a spectacularly precise global topographic
survey of the red planet.
In September, 2008, NASA's Phoenix Lander used LIDAR to detect snow in the atmosphere of Mars. [18]
In atmospheric physics, LIDAR is used as a remote detection instrument to measure densities of certain constituents
of the middle and upper atmosphere, such as potassium, sodium, or molecular nitrogen and oxygen. These
measurements can be used to calculate temperatures. LIDAR can also be used to measure wind speed and to provide
information about vertical distribution of the aerosol particles.
At the JET nuclear fusion research facility, in the UK near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, LIDAR Thomson Scattering is
used to determine Electron Density and Temperature profiles of the plasma. [19]
Biology and conservation
LIDAR has also found many applications in forestry. Canopy heights, biomass measurements, and leaf area can all
be studied using airborne LIDAR systems. Similarly, LIDAR is also used by many industries, including Energy and
Railroad, and the Department of Transportation as a faster way of surveying. Topographic maps can also be
generated readily from LIDAR, including for recreational use such as in the production of orienteering maps.[20]
In oceanography, LiDAR is used for estimation of phytoplankton fluorescence and generally biomass in the surface
layers of the ocean. Another application is airborne lidar bathymetry of sea areas too shallow for hydrographic
vessels.
In addition, the Save-the-Redwoods League is undertaking a project to map the tall redwoods on California's
northern coast. LIDAR allows research scientists to not only measure the height of previously unmapped trees but to
determine the biodiversity of the redwood forest. Stephen Sillett who is working with the League on the North Coast
LIDAR project claims this technology will be useful in directing future efforts to preserve and protect ancient
redwood trees. [21]

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Military and law enforcement
One situation where LIDAR has notable non-scientific application is in
traffic speed enforcement, for vehicle speed measurement, as a
technology alternative to radar guns. The technology for this
application is small enough to be mounted in a hand held camera "gun"
and permits a particular vehicle's speed to be determined from a stream
of traffic. Unlike RADAR which relies on doppler shifts to directly
measure speed, police lidar relies on the principle of time-of-flight to
calculate speed. The equivalent radar based systems are often not able
to isolate particular vehicles from the traffic stream. LIDAR has the
distinct advantage of being able to pick out one vehicle in a cluttered
traffic situation as long as the operator is aware of the limitations
imposed by the range and beam divergence.
Police officer using a hand-held LIDAR speed
LIDAR does not suffer from “sweep” error when the operator uses the equipment correctly and when the LIDAR unit
is equipped with algorithms that are able to detect when this has occurred. A combination of signal strength
monitoring, receive gate timing, target position prediction and pre-filtering of the received signal wavelength
prevents this from occurring. Should the beam illuminate sections of the vehicle with different reflectivity or the
aspect of the vehicle changes during measurement that causes the received signal strength to be changed then the
LIDAR unit will reject the measurement thereby producing speed readings of high integrity. For LIDAR units to be
used in law enforcement applications a rigorous approval procedure is usually completed before deployment. The
use of many reflections and an averaging technique in the speed measurement process increase the integrity of the
speed reading. Vehicles are usually equipped with a horizontally oriented registration plate that, when illuminated,
causes a high integrity reflection to be returned to the LIDAR - despite the shape of the vehicle. In locations that do
not require that a front or rear registration plate is fitted, headlamps and rear-reflectors provide almost ideal
retro-reflective surfaces overcoming the reflections from uneven or non-compliant reflective surfaces thereby
eliminating “sweep” error. It is these mechanisms which cause concern that LIDAR is somehow unreliable.
Most traffic LIDAR systems send out a stream of approximately 100 pulses over the span of three-tenths of a
second. A "black box" proprietary statistical algorithm picks and chooses which progressively shorter reflections to
retain from the pulses over the short fraction of a second.
Few military applications are known to be in place and are possibly classified, but a considerable amount of research
is underway in their use for imaging. Higher resolution systems collect enough detail to identify targets, such as
tanks. Here the name LADAR is more common. Examples of military applications of LIDAR include the Airborne
Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for counter-mine warfare by Arete Associates [22] .
Utilizing LIDAR and THz interferometry wide area raman spectroscopy, it is possible to detect chemical, nuclear, or
biological threats at a great distance. Further investigations regarding long distance and wide area spectroscopy are
currently conducted by Sandia National Laboratories.
Five LIDAR units produced by the German company Sick AG were used for short range detection on Stanley, the
autonomous car that won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge.
A robotic Boeing AH-6 performed a fully autonomous flight in June 2010, including avoiding obstacles using
[23] [24]
LIDAR.
gun

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Vehicles
LIDAR has been used in Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems for automobiles. Systems such as those by
Siemens and Hella use a lidar device mounted on the front of the vehicle, such as the bumper, to monitor the distance
between the vehicle and any vehicle in front of it. [25] In the event the vehicle in front slows down or is too close, the
ACC applies the brakes to slow the vehicle. When the road ahead is clear, the ACC allows the vehicle to accelerate
to a speed preset by the driver.
Imaging
3-D imaging is done with both scanning and non-scanning systems. "3-D gated viewing laser radar" is a
non-scanning laser radar system that applies the so-called gated viewing technique. The gated viewing technique
applies a pulsed laser and a fast gated camera. There are ongoing military research programmes in Sweden,
Denmark, the USA and the UK with 3-D gated viewing imaging at several kilometers range with a range resolution
and accuracy better than ten centimeters.
Coherent Imaging LIDAR is possible using Synthetic array heterodyne detection which is a form of Optical
heterodyne detection that enables a staring single element receiver to act as though it were an imaging array. [9] This
avoids the need for a gated camera and all ranges from all pixels are simultaneously available in the image.
Imaging LIDAR can also be performed using arrays of high speed detectors and modulation sensitive detectors
arrays typically built on single chips using CMOS and hybrid CMOS/CCD fabrication techniques. In these devices
each pixel performs some local processing such as demodulation or gating at high speed down converting the signals
to video rate so that the array may be read like a camera. Using this technique many thousands of pixels / channels
may be acquired simultaneously. In practical systems the limitation is light budget rather than parallel acquisition.
LIDAR has been used in the recording of a music video without cameras. The video for the song "House of Cards"
by Radiohead is believed to be the first use of real-time 3D laser scanning to record a music video. [26]
Aerial Surveying - 3D mapping
Airborne LIDAR sensors are used by companies in the Remote
Sensing field to create point clouds of the earth ground for further
processing (e.g. used in forestry). A common format for saving these
points (with parameters like x, y, return, intensity, elevation) is the
LAS file format (see libLAS).
.
See also
• Atomic line filter
• CLidar
• Laser rangefinder
• libLAS, a BSD-licensed C++ library for reading/writing ASPRS LAS LiDAR data
• LIDAR detector
• National LIDAR Dataset
• National LIDAR Dataset - USA
• Optech Incorporated, a company focusing on lidars
• Optical heterodyne detection
• Optical time domain reflectometer
• Radar
Aerial LiDAR surveying from a paraplane
operated by Scandinavian Laser Surveying

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• Satellite laser ranging
• Sonar
• Time domain reflectometry
• TopoFlight
References
[1] Cracknell, Arthur P.; Hayes, Ladson (2007) [1991]. Introduction to Remote Sensing (2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0849392551.
OCLC 70765252
[2] 'Experimental Advanced Research Lidar', NASA.org (http:/ / inst. wff. nasa. gov/ eaarl/ ). Retrieved 8 August 2007.
[3] EID; crater beneath canopy (http:/ / www. unb. ca/ passc/ ImpactDatabase/ images/ whitecourt. htm)
[4] John Nobel Wilford (2010-05-10). "Mapping Ancient Civilization, in a Matter of Days" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 05/ 11/ science/
11maya. html?pagewanted=all). New York Times. . Retrieved 2010-05-11.
[5] Thomas D. Wilkerson, Geary K. Schwemmer, and Bruce M. Gentry. LIDAR Profiling of Aerosols, Clouds, and Winds by Doppler and
Non-Doppler Methods, NASA International H2O Project (2002) (http:/ / harlie. gsfc. nasa. gov/ IHOP2002/ Pub& Pats/ AMOS 2002 final.
pdf).
[6] 'Earth Explorers: ADM-Aeolus', ESA.org (European Space Agency, 6 June 2007) (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaLP/
ESAES62VMOC_LPadmaeolus_0. html). Retrieved 8 August 2007.
[7] 'Doppler lidar gives Olympic sailors the edge', Optics.org (3 July, 2008) (http:/ / optics. org/ cws/ article/ research/ 34878). Retrieved 8 July
2008.
[8] http:/ / www. naturalpower. com/ zephir
[9] Strauss C. E. M., " Synthetic-array heterodyne detection: a single-element detector acts as an array (http:/ / www. opticsinfobase. org/ ol/
abstract. cfm?id=12612)", Opt. Lett. 19, 1609-1611 (1994)
[10] Mikkelsen, Torben et al. 12MW Horns Rev Experiment (http:/ / 130. 226. 56. 153/ rispubl/ reports/ ris-r-1506. pdf) Risoe, October 2007.
Retrieved: 25 April 2010.
[11] Smarting from the wind (http:/ / www. economist. com/ science-technology/ technology-quarterly/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=15582251)
Economist, 4 March 2010. Retrieved: 25 April 2010.
[12] Mikkelsen, Torben & Hansen, Kasper Hjorth et al. Lidar wind speed measurements from a rotating spinner (http:/ / orbit. dtu. dk/
getResource?recordId=259451& objectId=1& versionId=1) Danish Research Database & Danish Technical University, 20 April 2010.
Retrieved: 25 April 2010.
[13] http:/ / www. ncalm. org
[14] Tom Paulson. 'LIDAR shows where earthquake risks are highest, Seattle Post (Wednesday, April 18, 2001) (http:/ / seattlepi. nwsource.
com/ local/ 19144_quake18. shtml).
[15] 'Mount Saint Helens LIDAR Data', Washington State Geospatial Data Archive (September 13, 2006) (http:/ / wagda. lib. washington. edu/
data/ type/ elevation/ lidar/ st_helens/ ). Retrieved 8 August 2007.
[16] 'Airborne Topographic Mapper', NASA.gov (http:/ / atm. wff. nasa. gov/ ). Retrieved 8 August 2007.
[17] "ARS Study Helps Farmers Make Best Use of Fertilizers" (http:/ / www. ars. usda. gov/ is/ pr/ 2010/ 100609. htm). USDA Agricultural
Research Service. June 9, 2010. .
[18] NASA. 'NASA Mars Lander Sees Falling Snow, Soil Data Suggest Liquid Past' NASA.gov (29 September 2008) (http:/ / www. nasa. gov/
mission_pages/ phoenix/ news/ phoenix-20080929. html). Retrieved 9 November 2008.
[19] CW Gowers. ' Focus On : Lidar-Thomson Scattering Diagnostic on JET' JET.EFDA.org (undated) (http:/ / www. jet. efda. org/ pages/ focus/
lidar/ index. html). Retrieved 8 August 2007. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070918224524/ http:/ / www. jet. efda. org/ pages/
focus/ lidar/ index. html) September 18, 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
[20] http:/ / www. lidarbasemaps. org
[21] Councillor Quarterly, Summer 2007 Volume 6 Issue 3
[22] http:/ / www. arete. com/ index. php?view=stil_mcm
[23] Spice, Byron. Researchers Help Develop Full-Size Autonomous Helicopter (http:/ / www. cmu. edu/ news/ blog/ 2010/ Summer/
unprecedented-robochopper. shtml) Carnegie Mellon, 6 July 2010. Retrieved: 19 July 2010.
[24] Koski, Olivia. In a First, Full-Sized Robo-Copter Flies With No Human Help (http:/ / www. wired. com/ dangerroom/ 2010/ 07/
in-a-first-full-sized-robo-copter-flies-with-no-human-help/ ?utm_source=feedburner& utm_medium=feed& utm_campaign=Feed:+ wired/
index+ (Wired:+ Index+ 3+ (Top+ Stories+ 2))#ixzz0tk2hAfAQ) Wired, 14 July 2010. Retrieved: 19 July 2010.
[25] Bumper-mounted lasers (http:/ / www. sciencedaily. com/ releases/ 2007/ 02/ 070218131830. htm)
[26] Nick Parish, From OK Computer to Roll computer: Radiohead and director James Frost make a video without cameras, CREATIVITY
(July 13, 2008) (http:/ / creativity-online. com/ ?action=news:article& newsId=129514& sectionId=behind_the_work).
http:/ / www. sciencegl. com/ gis_dem/ index. html de

LIDAR 9
External links
• An Airborne Altimetric LiDAR tutorial (http:/ / home. iitk. ac. in/ ~blohani/ LiDAR_Tutorial/
Airborne_AltimetricLidar_Tutorial. htm). A tutorial on altimetric LiDAR.
• NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (http:/ / inst. wff. nasa. gov/ eaarl/ ). NASA's EAARL is
an airborne Lidar designed to map complex coastal environments above and below the water, within vegetated
areas. It is also being used to map the bottom topography is shallow braided rivers and streams.
• CALIPSO (http:/ / www-calipso. larc. nasa. gov/ ): The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observation satellite—space-based laser remote sensing of clouds and aerosols for a better understanding of
climate change issues
• NCAR REAL (http:/ / www. eol. ucar. edu/ lidar): NCAR's Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) created the
Raman-shifted Eyesafe Aerosol Lidar. This eyesafe high energy lidar with scanning capability expands the
applications to include mapping urban atmospheric pollutants and studies of dispersion very near the surface of
the earth.
• NOAA Oceanographic (Fish) Lidar (http:/ / www. etl. noaa. gov/ technology/ instruments/ floe/ )
• Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) (http:/ / shoals. sam. usace. army.
mil/ )
• EOSL (http:/ / eosl. gtri. gatech. edu/ index. jsp) - The Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory at GTRI has a
nationally known program in lidar research and development.
• The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Raman Lidar Laboratory (http:/ / ramanlidar. gsfc. nasa. gov) - This
laboratory has a ground and an upcoming airborne Raman lidar measuring water vapor, aerosols and other
atmospheric species
• The USGS Center for LIDAR Information Coordination and Knowledge (CLICK) (http:/ / lidar. cr. usgs. gov/ ) -
A website intended to "facilitate data access, user coordination and education of lidar remote sensing for scientific
needs."
• Tutorial slides on LIDAR (aerial laser scanning) (http:/ / www. ikg. uni-hannover. de/ fileadmin/ ikg/ staff/
publications/ sonstige_Beitraege/ Brenner_tutorialSommerSchool2006. pdf)
• Weier, John. 2004. Conservation in 3D (http:/ / www. conbio. org/ cip/ article53C3D. cfm). Conservation in
Practice 5(3):39-41. On the conservation applications of LIDAR.

Article Sources and Contributors 10
Article Sources and Contributors
LIDAR Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=398904114 Contributors: Adraeus, Ams80, AndLang, Andux, Antandrus, ArnoldReinhold, Authalic, Awickert, Ballista, Billylewins,
Bred, Bumbulski, Calrosfing, Cameron Dewe, Cap.fwiffo, CastAStone, Cdc, CharlesC, Clutchworld, CommonsDelinker, Craigrosa, DaGizza, Daniel C, David Streutker, David.Monniaux,
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Nygaard, GenericBob, Gfarrand, Gh5046, Gjs238, Glogger, Gollor, Gracefool, GregorB, Hairy Dude, Hankwang, Heron, Hstyri, Huntster, IanBushfield, J.delanoy, J04n, JamesAM, JamieNettles,
Jaraalbe, Jtgeo, Jthiegs, JuJube, KVDP, Kamocat, Karl-Henner, Kate, Keithh, Koavf, Kozuch, Krash, Kummi, Kvng, Laser.scientist, Lidar532, Loadmaster, Lsauvage, Maniraptor, Margareta,
MarixD, Mattisse, Maunaloaobservatory, Maury Markowitz, Max-B, Maye, Mcgowan30, Mgb wiki, Michael Daly, Midgley, Mikael666, Mike1024, Miskaton, Mm40, MrBell, MrOllie,
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Wikiproject1400, Wswaterlily, Wyman2712, Xavier onnasis, Yuriybrisk, 226 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Starfire Optical Range - sodium laser.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Starfire_Optical_Range_-_sodium_laser.jpg License: unknown Contributors:
Fastfission, HHahn, Herbythyme, Huntster, Mattes, Mike1024, Phillman5, Pieter Kuiper, Siebrand, Tony Wills, WikipediaMaster, 13 anonymous edits
Image:Lidar P1270901.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lidar_P1270901.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:David.Monniaux
Image:LIDAR equipped mobile robot.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LIDAR_equipped_mobile_robot.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: S. Winkvist
Image:LIDAR field yield.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LIDAR_field_yield.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Huntster, Wikiproject1400
File:Police-LIDAR-Gun-0946.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Police-LIDAR-Gun-0946.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Loadmaster
File:Paraplane_in_air.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paraplane_in_air.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Mikael666
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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