Here - IGFAE-Instituto Gallego de Física de Altas Energías

3
3
γ
3

3

3

3

3

3

γ
γ
22

12

γ
γ

3
3
γ
3
3
3
γ
◦
3
3
γ γ
γ

γ
3
3
3
3

3
3
+
3
3 3
3
γ
3
γ
γ
o
3
3

3
3
γ γ
≥
3
3
3
3
3 3
∆

RIB from
Super-FRS
R 3 B-Si-TRACKER
CALIFA
R3B Start version 2016
Heavy
fragments
Protons
R 3 B-GLAD
3
NeuLAND
132
3
3
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ 3
γ
o o o
≈
γ
γ +

3
3
γ
3
3
3
γ
∆
γ γ
γ
γ
γ γ
γ
γ

γ
γ ∆sumsum γ
γ ∆ γ
∆pp
γ
√ (100MeV )
√ E
3 β
3
3
3
+
•
•
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
E L γ =
EP F
γ
γ
1
1 − β cos θ
EP F
γ γ θ β
γ = 1/ 1 − β2 γ ∆(θ)
∆ 2 P F
(Eγ ) = γ 2 β 2 E L γ sin 2 θ ∆ 2 (θ)
∆(EP F
γ )
EP F
γ
= β sin θ
∆(θ)
1 − β cos θ
γ
∆(EP F P F = k1
γ )/Eγ 1 − β cos θ
∆(θ) = k1
β sin θ
∆(EP F
γ )/EP F
γ = k1 ∼
5%
γ

β
1
1
• ◦
γ
◦
γ
• ◦ γ
• o o γ
◦
◦ γ

γ
◦ γ
γ
◦
3
γ
γ

γ
•
•
• γ

o
γ

≈ 3
≈
≈
θ ◦ p

◦
◦ ◦
◦
3
3

3
3
γ
2
γ
% λ
∆E/E ≈ % γ
3 3
θ < 43 ◦
3 3
3
∆E/E

3
+
3
γ
γ 3
137 + ∆
γ γ
γ

+
∆LO
L(E) = a · E b
b ∆LO
L(E) E
∆LO
L(E) + +
∆L(E) = 0.36 · ∆LO.
% %
% %
γ

∆LO
±
∆LO ≤
23
µ ∆LO

Light Output
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
polished, all facets, LO=13.3%
depolished, 1 facet, LO=3.0%
depolished, 4 facets, LO=0.3%
10x30
depolished, 2 facets, LO=1.8%
l = 100 mm
L = 130 mm
15x42
Distance along crystal, mm
PMT
500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
+
◦
◦ ◦
+ +

∼
∼
+
◦
±
3
γ ≈
γ
γ
µ

2 × ×
C
Id o
a b
a b
a
b 3
+ +
2
M
0 M
M T
0

Vnom
∼
∼ d
d
+
Vnom
−2.8 ◦ ◦
−2.5 ◦ + −4.82±0.15 ◦
Vnom ◦
Idb aT 2 exp(−Et/kbT ),
kb Et T
√ Idbτ
◦

Noise, keV / Current, nA
10 2
10
1
CsI(Tl)/APD, S8664-1010 V = V_nom
Relative pulse hight
Noise
= 4.82 / 1C
Temperatute, grad.
a)
Current
0 5 10 15 20 25
Vnom M T 0

◦
γ nom
nom
±

55
+
nom
+
× 2
× × × 2
µ × 2
≈ × 2
× 2 ≈
5

2
d

σ
γ
γ 137
60
γ
Ids
Idb Ids
+
γ
2

+ Id
Id = α · V · Φ,
V α (8 − 10) · 10 −8 Φ ≈
µ
·10 11 2 Φ
5 · 10 10
µ
µ
+
9
10 2

γ
γ
•
× 2
× 2
× 2
× 2 × 2
γ
Id T 0
γ 207 137 60
•
× 2 × 2
0
◦

γ
γ γ
Id T
0
∆ γ
γ
γ 19 αγ 16
γ
◦
• γ
16
× 2 × 2

γ
× 2
× 2
γ
γ
•
γ
γ
•

γ
γ + +
12
22
γ
∆ γ
∆θ ≈ 2 ◦
+ ×× 3
× 2

AP D − 1010/GF AP D − 55/GF
×× 3
×× 3
× 2
d = 70 mg
cm 2
45 ◦

Light Nonuniformity, %
Energy Resolution, %
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10x30
by APD, 5x5
= 40
CsI(Tl)
l = 130 mm
Source
by 0.569 MeV
15x42
by 1.063 MeV
by R7400U-20 (8/560)
by APD, 10x10
= 50
Energy, MeV
10x10
A)
+/- 0.28%
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance along crystal, cm
10
1
10 -1
≈
1
B)
5

+
+

3
γ
γ
3
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3
γ

•
•
•
•
γ
3
γ
γ
γ

γ
β
7.0 14.3
8.0 28.5
9.0 42.9
9.5 57.1
87 9.5
1.8 0.6
3.8 0.6
4.8 1.3
5.8 1.3
6.3 2.5
1.5 0.3
3.5 0.3
4.5 0.3
5.5 1.0
6.0 1.3
4 6.3
2 6.0
GDRcascade
2.0 1.4
3.0 1.0
4.0 1.5
4.5 2.0
3 4.5
1.0 17.2
2.0 0.6
2.5 0.5
1 2.5
1 1.5
2 0.5
γ
γ
γ β
1.0 49.5
1.5 0.3
0.5 100.0
0.0
10
8
6
4
2
0
EMeV

γ
γ
Counts
Counts
10
5
4
10
3
10
2
10
10
1
4
10
3
10
2 10
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Energy (MeV)
PF
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Energy (MeV)
Lab
γ
γ
γ
γ

12 12 11
γ
11
γ
γ
∆ϑ
∆θ ∆φ
3 β = 0.82
γ
Eγ
Eγ ± 2σ σ
β = 0 β = 0.82
γ
γ

Efficiency [percent]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
β = 0.00
0.2 MeV
1 MeV
10 MeV
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Δ θ [deg]
Efficiency [percent]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
β = 0.82
0.2 MeV
1 MeV
10 MeV
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Δ θ [deg]
β = 0.00
β = 0.82
β = 0.82
γ
Eγ γ
γ
γ
γ

Efficiency [percent]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.2 MeV
1 MeV
10 MeV
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Δθ
[deg]
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ

Efficiency [%]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Eγ
= 1 MeV
β = 0.00
mult
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Δ ϑ [deg]
γ
γ
γ
γ
•
• 2
• γ ±
β
γ
◦
•
µ
µ
1
2
3
5
7

•
γ
γ
•
◦
•
•
•
•
• γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
3
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ
γ γ
γ

γ
γ
−2σ, 2σ
γ
γ
∼ 5
γ
3
γ

γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
β = 0.82
γ
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ

e + − e − γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
n × Eγ

γ
γ
γ
γ
12 11
∼ ◦
∼ ∼
◦
γ

Counts
Total Absorption Efficiency(%)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Energy (MeV)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Energy(MeV)

Counts
4
10
3
10
2
10
10
1
Total
M = 1
M > 1
166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180
Energy(MeV)
542
∼
+

% of Events
10 2
10
1
Recoverable
Unrecoverable
50 100 150 200 250 300
Energy, MeV
∼

22
22
23
γ γ
23
+
22 2 +
24 +
Z
N N
23 + +

γ 22
23
γ
+
γ
γ 22 γ
22
22 23
I π = 1/2 +

γ
γ
γ
γ
∼
∼
+ γ
γ
+
o
γ ∼

γ
β ∼
β = 0.82
γ
γ

γ

γ
γ
π
5 · 10 7 β = 0.83
M = 1 M = 2
γ
γ

13.2 16.4
14.8 16.7
15.2 33.0
16.1 100
78 16.1
6.9 4.0
8.5 4.0
8.9 12.8
9.8 20.6
19.5 9.8
1.3 0.1
4.1 0.1
5.7 0.2
6.1 0.2
7.0 0.5
0.5 7.0
0.5 6.0
0.4 5.7
0.4 2.9
0.2 1.3
0.4 0.9
PDRcascade
0.3 0.1
3.1 0.1
4.7 0.1
5.1 0.3
6.0 0.5
2.7 0.3
4.2 0.2
5.2 0.3
5.7 0.3
1.6 21.1
2.0 0.3
2.9 0.3
0.4 42.6
1.3 0.14
0.9 90.3
132 +
γ
γ γ
γ
γ
132
+
0.0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
EMeV

Intensity [counts]
Intensity [counts]
400 Energy, singles
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
reconstructed
simulation's input
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sum energy [MeV]
400 Energy, sum
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
reconstructed
simulation's input
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sum energy [MeV]
γ
γ
γ
γ

7.0 14.3
8.0 28.5
9.0 42.9
9.5 57.1
87 9.5
1.8 0.6
3.8 0.6
4.8 1.3
5.8 1.3
6.3 2.5
1.5 0.3
3.5 0.3
4.5 0.3
5.5 1.0
6.0 1.3
4 6.3
2 6.0
GDR cascade
2.0 1.4
3.0 1.0
4.0 1.5
4.5 2.0
3 4.5
1.0 17.2
2.0 0.6
2.5 0.5
1 2.5
1 1.5
2 0.5
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
β = 0.7
1.0 49.5
1.5 0.3
0.5 100.0
0.0
10
8
6
4
2
0
E MeV

Intensity (counts)
Intensity (counts)
Entries
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
Energy, singles
reconstructed
simulation's input
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Energy (MeV)
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
Energy, sum
simulation's input
reconstructed
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sum Energy (MeV)
Multiplicity
simulation's input
reconstructed
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Multiplicity
γ
γ
γ γ

12 11
11
γ
γ
γ
Esum
γ
γ
12
12

12 11 11
◦
γ
23
12
11
γ
11
≡
γ
11

∼
γ
γ
γ

L(t)
L(t) = Nf
τf
exp
− t
τf
+ Ns
exp −
τs
t
−
τs
Nr
exp −
τr
t
τr
τf τs
τf ≈ τs ≈ µs τr
τr ≈
τr ≪ τf , τs
dL
L(E)
dE
Nf Ns
Nf Ns
tdrift ≈ 30ns ≪ τf , τf
I(t) ∝ L(t)

U(t) =
t
0
Nf
τf
exp − t′
+
τf
Ns
τs
exp − t′
exp −
τs
t − t′
τRC
dt ′
τf τs
τRC
γ
γ
γ

γ
γ
γ
+ + +
G
1 dG %
= −2.95
G dT ◦C

◦ C
◦ 137 Cs
6 ◦ C 24 ◦ C
1 dG
G dU
= 2.5% .
V
dU
dT
= 1.18 V
◦ C
◦
◦
∆t
∆E
E
= ∆t
τ
= const

∆t = τ [ln E − ln T hr]
T hr τ
∆t

∆t = τ [ln E − ln T hr]
T hr τ
∆t

fNyquist = 1
2 fADC
fADC

ADC
Fast
Shaper
Slow
Shaper
CFD
Baseline
Reconstruction
MWD
MBS
Trigger Bus
RPID
Internal
Trigger Bus
Timestamp
Peaksensing
Event Buffer

n×fADC
n

µs
Σ BL
n =
Σ BL
n−1 + Dn − BLn−1 G,
Σ BL
n−1
BLn = 1
L ΣBL n
Qn = Dn − BLn
G
Σ BL
n n Dn
BLn L
Qn G
G
L
L = 2 n , n ∈ N

Qn = Dn − Dn−L + 1
n−1
Dk
τRC
k=n−L
Dn L
τRC Qn
Dn−L Dn
Q(t) = Nf
(1 − exp − t
+ Ns 1 − exp −
τf
t
τs
L µs µs
τRC
τRC
τRC
Qn ≡ Qn · τRC = τRC · (Dn − Dn−L) +
n−1
k=n−L
Dk
Qn τRC

µs
µs
dL
dE
Nf Ns
Ii =
i
k=i−L
Qk −
i−G
k=i−L−G
Qk
Qk Ii L
G
I(t) = Nf
τf
exp
− t
τf
+ Ns
exp
τs
− t
τs
t
exp
τs
t
J(t) = I(t) · exp
= Nf
τf
exp
τs
− t
τsf
τsf = τsτf
τs − τf
+ Ns
τs
e t
τ sf ≡ exp t

100
Amplitude / a.u.
S1
t1
S2
t2
0
0 Time / µs
5
S3
t3
exp t = Mt · 2 −Et
Mt ∈ N0, Et ∈ Z
Mt Et
τsf
L2 < L1 F (t)
⎧
⎪⎨
F (t) =
⎪⎩
Ns
τs
t
τsf
+ 1
+ Nf
τf
, 0 ≤ t < L2
Ns L2
, L2 ≤ t < L1
τs τsf
0 ,
Ns
Nf
S1 S2 S3 t1 − T
2
t1 + T
2 t2 − T
2 t2 + T
2 t3 − T
2 t3 + T
2 T
S1 S2
S3
Nf Ns
γ γ

3
3
3

γ
⊥ ⊥
4

TRIGGERS BARREL GROUP CLUSTER CRYSTAL HARDWARE
⊥ ⊥
⊥ ⊥
≥ 1
⊥ ⊥
≥ 1
≥ 1
⊥ ⊥
≥ 1
≥ 1
≥ 1
APD SIGNAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
⊥ ⊥
E
≥ 1
3
5
2 6
7 1 4
⊥ ⊥
E
≥ 1
≥ 1
⊥ ⊥
≥ 1
⊥ ⊥

Trigger
Module
E [0:15]
M [0:15]
IP
CLK
CLK
BIT0
E
M
Trigger
Module
E [0:15]
M [0:15]
IP
Trigger
Module
...
E [0:15]
M [0:15]
IP

µ

5
3
5
−4
4
−15
−6

µ

µ

µ

Local Network
Console GUI
Controller
U1 U2 U3
DCL interpreter
EPICS
alternatives
Monitoring

Local Network
Console GUI
Controller
U1 U2 U3
DCL interpreter
EPICS
alternatives
Monitoring

Local Network
Console GUI
Controller
U1 U2 U3
DCL interpreter
EPICS
alternatives
Monitoring

Local Network
Console GUI
Controller
U1 U2 U3
DCL interpreter
EPICS
alternatives
Monitoring

◦

2
◦
2

◦
3
± µ

µ
µ
µ

µ
µ
µ

µ

µ

µ

µ

µ

µ

µ

± ◦
◦
◦
◦

◦ ◦
◦
◦ ◦

2

◦ ◦ ◦

◦ ◦ ◦

◦

◦

◦

◦

8
7
× 6
6
5
× 7 2
µ
× 2
2

× 2

3
+
2 µ
262
3
LO
∆LO = (LOmax −
LOmin)/LOaverage

γ 22 137 60
M T ◦
Vnom
d
d ±
nom
M = 50
T = 18 ◦ δM/δV δM/δT

55

γ
3
γ
3
γ

γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
+
∆E ≤ 50
3 × 5
γ
3
3
12 γ T = 1
γ

γ
+ +
208
3
3 +
10
2

γ
γ
12 γ 12 γ
+
γ
12 γ 12

γ
γ
γ
◦ +
2
2
γ
γ
γ

γ
40
19 → 16 α
16 γ
γ
γ
γ
β 22,24 207 γ
23 (γ, n) 22 22
γ
γ
V (t) = V0
nse −t/τs + nf e −t/τf − (ns + nf )e −t/τr

τr τs τf
ns nf
V0
V0 V0
LUT
ns nf V0
FPGA
9
COMB DAC Low−Pass 1:4
0
ns nf
V0
ns nf
V0
τr

V0
ns = nf = 1

•
•
•
•
·
4 · 10 9 µ
λPeak = 525

•
•
•
•
γ α

3
◦
◦
2

3
◦
◦
2

γ

3

3

CRYSTALS AND PHOTOSENSORS
Contact Person: Thorsten Kröll TUD
Participant Institutions
COORDINATION
INSTALLATION
Ulund / USC / TUD / GSI / JINR / NRC / IEM / Chalmers
Dolores Cortina-Gil USC
Bo Jakobsson (Deputy) ULund
Contact Person : H. Simon GSI
ELECTRONICS
SIMULATIONS
Contact Person : Hector Alvarez-Pol USC
Participant Institutions
Contact Person : Roman Gernhäuser TUM
Participant Institutions
TUM / IEM / USC/ Chalmers
USC / IEM / TUD / CFNUL / EMMI /ULund
MECHANICS
Contact Person : JA Vilan UVigo
Participant Institutions
Uvigo / USC / IEM

• γ
19 γ 16 7 γ 8
γ
16 8
• γ
+
γ
∆E ≤ 50
•
•
• γ
γ
∼
12
γ
γ + +
12

µ
+
2
R7400U − 03 R7400U − 20 R4124

Energy Resolution, %
10
20x20
1
10 -1
l=40
10x10
PMT
R7400U-03 (8/420)
Energy, MeV
R4124 (10/420)
R7400U-20 (8/560)
2
d o
+
>
1
5

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
200
100
90
80
70
60
PD noise, =2.35*, keV A)
20 nA
5.
2.
0 20 40 60 80 100
PD Capacity, pF
CsI/PD noise, =2.35*, keV B)
Light Collection=50%
20 nA
5.
2.
0 20 40 60 80 100
PD Capacity, pF
τ µ
γ +
◦
ENC 2 = 43(Cd + 15) 2 /τ + 8τ(Id + 800) + 50000
Cd τ
µ Id
γ
· 3
γ · 3
2

10 3
10 2
10
1
10 3
10 2
10
1
10 4
10 3
10 2
10
1
CsI(Tl)/PD, 10x10x10/10x10; PD - ’Silicon-Sensor Co’, 0.38mm
Am241, 59.5 keV (Measured by PD)
(ALICE PA)
3.7 keV
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Cs137, 660 keV
7.7%
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Co60, 1.17/1.33 MeV
5.7%
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Channels
241
γ 137 60
3
∼
3
241
µ
γ
γ γ
th · Ω Ω
ΩnΩ · √ n Eγ
· √ 2.6

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
∆
+
130 Sn 132 Sn
+

+
+
+
+
+

+
23 O
+
+
µ
+
+
+

+
+
12 C(p, p ′ γ)
+

+
+
γ
+
23 o
+
+
α/γ
+

+
+
16 O 40 Ca 208 Pb
+

+
N
+
+
+

+
N
+
+
+