Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide pollution of Dutch surface water on ...

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Bombus terrestris L., Large earth bumblebee or Buff‐tailed bumblebee, Aardhommel Bombus terrestris,Large earth bumblebee or Buff‐tailed bumblebee, Aardhommel Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, crustacean, <strong>water</strong>vlo Chironomus tentans, Midge, Watermug (Technical grade, >95% purity) LD50: 0.04 µg/bumblebee; 24 h after oral contact LD50: 0.02 µg/bumblebee; 72 h after oral contact LD50: 0.02 µg/bumblebee; 72 h after topical contact (Commercial product fed dispersed in <strong>water</strong> and syrup) LC50: 2.07 μg/l; 48 h (Admire Pro; 42.8% active ingredient) LC50: 5.75μg/l; 96 h constant exposure, larvae LC50 without foraging: 59 ppb; EC50: 37 ppb LC50 with foraging: 20 ppb; EC50: 3.7 ppb Experiment duration 11 wk, monitored weekly (Confidor® 20% SC) LC50: 0.91 μg/l; 28 d constant exposure 34 Marletto et al., 2003 10 ppb Mommaerts et al., 2010 1.03 μg/l for technical imidacloprid, 5.11 μg/l for Admire®, 96 h exposure 8 days’ exposure to a mixture <strong>of</strong> the nonylphenol polyethoxylate, R‐11 and imidacloprid resulted in a population size 3 times smaller than with R‐11 alone, and 13 times smaller than with imidacloprid alone The difference between the effects <strong>of</strong> 99.2% pure imidacloprid and Admire® Chen et al., 2009 Stoughton et al., 2008
Chydorus sphaericus, planktonic cladoceran, <strong>water</strong>vlo Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake, Pink spotted ladybird, lieveheersbeestje (99.2% pure imidacloprid) LC50: 5.40μg/l; 96 h constant exposure, larvae (Admire®) LC50: 161950 µg/l; 24 h LC50: 132673 µg/l; 48 h (Technical grade imidacloprid, 99.5% pure) LD50 adults: 0.074 µg a.i./insect; 48 hours after ventral application LD50 3 rd instar larvae: 0.034 µg a.i./insect; 48 h after ventral application LD50 adults: 60.8 mg/l; 48 hours exposure to foliage and Leptinotarsa decemlineata eggs dipped in solution LD50 3 rd instar larvae: 12.8 mg/l; 48 h, same treatment (Admire® 240 <strong>water</strong> flowable solution) (Admire®) (difference is due to high variability in survival among Admire® replicates at NOEC concentration) LD50 adults: 0.013 µg a.i./insect; 6 days after ventral application LD50 3 rd instar larvae: 0.008 µg a.i./insect; same treatment LD50 adults: 14.4 mg/l; 6 days exposure to foliage and Leptinotarsa decemlineata eggs dipped in solution LD50 3 rd instar larvae: 3.2 mg/l; 6 days, same treatment (Admire® 240 <strong>water</strong> flowable solution) 35 1.14 μg/l for Admire®, 28 d exposure; 3.47 μg/l for Admire®, 96 h pulse exposure, observed after 10 d (28 d: same) was not significant EC50 was also determined, and was 2‐13 times lower under dark than under normal (16 h light : 8 h dark) laboratory conditions Sánchez‐Bayo & Goka, 2006 Lucas et al., 2004 Cypretta seurati, LC50: 732 µg/l; 24 h EC50 was also determined, Sánchez‐Bayo &
Page 1 and 2: Effects of
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Between 1994 and 1996,
Page 5 and 6: Hypothesis There is a correlation b
Page 7 and 8: LD50 Toxicity index Pesticide ® ut
Page 9 and 10: Degradation of imi
Page 11 and 12: Guanidine metabolites have shown hi
Page 13 and 14: The MTR norm is an ecotoxicological
Page 15 and 16: Surface water conc
Page 17 and 18: analyse the effects of</str
Page 19 and 20: Was imi1 > 0? If so, enter its valu
Page 21 and 22: As this classification resulted in
Page 23 and 24: The results for Amphipoda are more
Page 25 and 26: square root numbers of</str
Page 27 and 28: There is also at least one declinin
Page 29 and 30: Discussion During the inventory <st
Page 31 and 32: Maxim, L. and Van der Sluijs, J.P.,
Page 33: Aphelinus mali, wasp, sluipwesp Apo
Page 37 and 38: Daphnia magna, water</stron
Page 39 and 40: Forficula auricularia L., Common ea
Page 41 and 42: Megachile rotundata, Alfalfa leafcu
Page 43 and 44: Picromerus bidens, predatory bug, s
Page 45 and 46: Tetragnatha maxillosa, spider, spin
Page 47 and 48: Colinus virginianus, Northern bobwh
Page 49 and 50: Nannotrigona perilampoides, stingle
Page 51 and 52: Megachile rotundata, Alfalfa leafcu
Page 53 and 54: Hyaliodes vitripennis Say, predaceo
Page 55 and 56: Bostanian, N.J., Hardman, J.M., Ven
Page 57 and 58: Williams III, L. and Price, L.D., 2
Page 59 and 60: 2 Megachile rotundata, Alfalfa leaf
Page 61 and 62: 10 Rana nigromaculata Hallowell, Ja
Page 63 and 64: 15 Daphnia magna, water</st
Page 65 and 66: Heteroptera, d=160‐0 dl=0 Categor
Page 67 and 68: Amphipoda, d=160‐0 dl=0 Category
Page 77: square root numbers of</str

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