"Front Matter". In: Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of ...

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xvi CONTENTS 3 Solid-stating Accelerators ................... 505 4 Impact Modifiers (Tougheners) ................ 506 4.1 Reactive Impact Modifiers .............. 507 4.2 Non-reactive Impact Modifiers (Co-modifiers) . 510 4.2.1 Core–Shell Elastomers ........... 511 4.3 Theory of Impact Modification of PET ...... 514 5 Nucleating Agents ........................ 515 6 Nucleation/Crystallization Promoters ............ 520 7 Anti-hydrolysis Additives ................... 522 8 Reinforcements .......................... 524 9 Flame Retardants ......................... 526 10 Polymeric Modifiers for PET ................. 528 11 Specialty Additives ....................... 529 11.1 Melt Strength Enhancers ............... 529 11.2 Carboxyl Acid Scavengers .............. 530 11.3 Transesterification Inhibitors ............. 530 11.4 Gloss Enhancers ..................... 530 11.5 Alloying (Coupling) Agents ............. 531 11.6 Processing Stabilizers ................. 531 12 Technology of Commercial PET Engineering Polymers 532 12.1 Rynite .......................... 532 12.2 Petra ........................... 533 12.3 Impet ........................... 533 13 Compounding Principles for Preparing Engineering-grade PET Resins ............... 534 14 Commercial Glass-filled and Toughened PET Grades . 534 15 ‘Supertough’ PET ........................ 535 16 Automotive Applications for Modified PET ....... 536 References ............................. 537 15 Thermoplastic Polyester Composites .............. 541 Andrew E. Brink 1 Introduction ............................ 541 2 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) ................. 542 2.1 Crystallization of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) . 543 2.2 Advantages of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) ... 546 3 Comparison of Thermoplastic Polyesters ......... 546 3.1 Poly(butylene Terephthalate) ............. 546 3.2 Poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate) ...................... 547 3.3 Poly(trimethylene Terephthalate) .......... 547
CONTENTS xvii 4 Composite Properties ...................... 549 4.1 Kelly–Tyson Equation ................. 549 4.2 Interfacial Shear Strength – The Importance of Sizing ........................... 554 4.3 Carbon Fiber Reinforcements ............ 556 5 New Composite Applications ................. 557 References ............................. 558 V DEPOLYMERIZATION AND DEGRADATION 16 Recycling Polyesters by Chemical Depolymerization ... 565 David D. Cornell 1 Introduction ............................ 565 2 Chemistry ............................. 566 3 Background ............................ 570 4 Technology for Polyester Depolymerization ....... 572 5 Commercial Application .................... 575 6 Criteria for Commercial Success .............. 576 7 Evaluation of Technologies .................. 576 7.1 Feedstock ......................... 577 7.2 Capital ........................... 578 8 Results ............................... 579 9 Conclusions ............................ 586 10 Acknowledgement and disclaimer .............. 587 References ............................. 587 17 Controlled Degradation Polyesters ............... 591 F. Glenn Gallagher 1 Introduction ............................ 591 2 Why Degradable Polymers? .................. 591 3 Polymer Degradation ...................... 593 4 Degradable Polyester Applications ............. 594 4.1 Medical .......................... 594 4.2 Aquatic .......................... 595 4.3 Terrestrial ......................... 595 4.4 Solid Waste ........................ 595 4.4.1 Recycling .................... 597 4.4.2 Landfills ..................... 597 4.4.3 Wastewater Treatment Facilities ...... 598 4.4.4 Composting ................... 598 4.4.5 Litter ....................... 599
Page 1 and 2: Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Te
Page 3 and 4: Contents Contributors .............
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS vii 4 Polycondensation Pro
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ix 2.3.1 The Removal of Si
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS xi 9.1 CHDM-based Copolyes
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS xiii 4.6 Labels ..........
Page 13: CONTENTS xv 2.1 Spinnability ......
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS xix 2.2 Preparation of Fib
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS xxi 3 Results and Discussi
Page 21 and 22: xxiv CONTRIBUTORS John R. Dombroski
Page 23 and 24: Series Preface The Wiley Series in
Page 25 and 26: xxx PREFACE Polyester copolymers (o
Page 27 and 28: About the Editors Dr John Scheirs h
Page 29 and 30: 1 The Historical Development of Pol
Page 31 and 32: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF POLYE
Page 55 and 56: PART II Polymerization and Polycond
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40 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER wei
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42 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Tab
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48 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER pro
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50 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER K =
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52 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER dim
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54 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER De
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56 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER TPA
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58 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER ln
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60 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER HO
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62 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER in
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64 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER * *
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Table 2.8 Publications on kinetics
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68 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Int
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72 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER det
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74 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER log
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76 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER and
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78 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER 3.2
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80 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER of
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84 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Fil
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86 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER D E
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90 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Sin
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92 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER The
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94 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER (a)
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96 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Vac
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100 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Fi
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102 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Fi
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104 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER es
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106 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER 25
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108 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER an
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3 Synthesis and Polymerization of C
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 119 Duri
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 121 at l
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 123 (a)
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 125 be d
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 127 cata
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 129 simi
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 131 BHET
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 133 Cycl
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 135 Init
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 137 Tabl
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 139 as h
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 141 23.
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4 Continuous Solid-State Polyconden
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SOLID-STATE POLYCONDENSATION OF POL
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5 Solid-State Polycondensation of P
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1.225 250 SOLID-STATE POLYCONDENSAT
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PART III Types of Polyesters Modern
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246 D. A. SCHIRALDI of flammability
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248 D. A. SCHIRALDI been shown to l
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250 D. A. SCHIRALDI E E A E E E E A
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252 D. A. SCHIRALDI Table 6.1 Therm
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254 D. A. SCHIRALDI HO 2 C 2,6-NDA
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256 D. A. SCHIRALDI and defy simple
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258 D. A. SCHIRALDI O Ph N O CO 2 C
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260 D. A. SCHIRALDI O O O O O O O O
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262 D. A. SCHIRALDI REFERENCES 1. W
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264 D. A. SCHIRALDI 46. Liu, Y., Ma
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7 Amorphous and Crystalline Polyest
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POLYESTERS BASED ON 1,4-CYCLOHEXANE
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8 Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) R. R
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 295 Ta
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 297 In
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 299 bu
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 301 cl
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 303 Th
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 305 3.
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 307 3.
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 309 E
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 311 to
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 313 ph
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 315 In
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 317 7
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324 D. D. CALLANDER H H O O C O O C
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326 D. D. CALLANDER higher manufact
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328 D. D. CALLANDER for PET are oft
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330 D. D. CALLANDER T g (°C) 130 1
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332 D. D. CALLANDER resulting balan
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334 D. D. CALLANDER 12. Jenkins, S.
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336 B. HU, R. M. OTTENBRITE AND J.
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362 H. H. CHUAH for making soft, st
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364 H. H. CHUAH 3. Instead of cycli
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366 H. H. CHUAH Table 11.1 (continu
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368 H. H. CHUAH O C O O H CH 2 CH C
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370 H. H. CHUAH ηsp, and relative
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372 H. H. CHUAH Endotherm (a) (b) C
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374 H. H. CHUAH At 71 ◦ C, PTT cr
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376 H. H. CHUAH E ′′ (GPa) 0.15
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378 H. H. CHUAH Viscosity (Pa s) 5
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380 H. H. CHUAH Immediate strain re
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382 H. H. CHUAH highly contracted P
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384 H. H. CHUAH room temperature. I
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386 H. H. CHUAH (a) (b) Figure 11.1
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388 H. H. CHUAH and cold-crystalliz
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390 H. H. CHUAH Table 11.8 Properti
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392 H. H. CHUAH 7. Harris, M. E., U
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394 H. H. CHUAH 49. Pyda, M., Bolle
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396 H. H. CHUAH 90. Chuah, H. H., P
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PART IV Fibers and Compounds Modern
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402 G. REESE Tonnes (× 10 6 ) 18 1
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404 G. REESE Additives and copolyme
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406 G. REESE degradation reactions
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408 G. REESE melting points range f
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410 G. REESE to be flexible in orde
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412 G. REESE range up to several th
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414 G. REESE The melt spinning proc
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416 G. REESE Publisher's Note: Perm
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418 G. REESE While it is evident th
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420 G. REESE The use of a post-draw
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422 G. REESE for PET staple fibers.
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424 G. REESE 6.2 LOW PILL FIBERS In
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426 G. REESE OCH 2CH 2O O O C C n O
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428 G. REESE Core/Sheath Side/Side
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430 G. REESE types, can be post-pro
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432 G. REESE From the proprietary d
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13 Relationship Between Polyester Q
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLYESTER QUAL
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496 J. SCHEIRS found application in
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498 J. SCHEIRS Raising the molecula
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500 J. SCHEIRS HO HO HO O PET C O P
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502 J. SCHEIRS 2.2 PHENYLENEBISOXAZ
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504 J. SCHEIRS 2.4 TETRAEPOXIDE CHA
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506 J. SCHEIRS Intrinsic viscosity
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508 J. SCHEIRS Table 14.3 Commercia
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510 J. SCHEIRS O PET C OH in situ r
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512 J. SCHEIRS 5 µm Figure 14.10 E
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514 J. SCHEIRS The PARALOID EXL ran
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516 J. SCHEIRS somewhat effective i
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518 J. SCHEIRS more salt will react
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524 J. SCHEIRS Stabaxol P is used
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526 J. SCHEIRS Table 14.11 Property
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528 J. SCHEIRS Table 14.12 Commerci
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530 J. SCHEIRS during the processin
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532 J. SCHEIRS 12 TECHNOLOGY OF COM
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534 J. SCHEIRS a typical formulatio
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536 J. SCHEIRS required. Alternativ
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538 J. SCHEIRS 11. Karayannidis, G.
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540 J. SCHEIRS 42. Akkapeddi, M. K.
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542 A. E. BRINK 25 20 5 50 Electric
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544 A. E. BRINK rapidly into the co
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546 A. E. BRINK 2.2 ADVANTAGES OF P
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548 A. E. BRINK Table 15.3 Performa
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550 A. E. BRINK effect on the compo
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552 A. E. BRINK in standard tensile
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554 A. E. BRINK was compared to the
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556 A. E. BRINK Table 15.9 Effect o
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558 A. E. BRINK composites. These m
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560 A. E. BRINK 27. Kelly, A. and T
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562 A. E. BRINK 60. Hawley, R. C.,
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16 Recycling Polyesters by Chemical
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RECYCLING POLYESTERS BY CHEMICAL DE
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17 Controlled Degradation Polyester
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CONTROLLED DEGRADATION POLYESTERS 5
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18 Photodegradation of Poly(Ethylen
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PHOTODEGRADATION OF PET AND PECT 61
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19 High-Performance Liquid Crystal
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HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CRYSTAL POL
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20 Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Poly
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LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER REINFORCED P
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PART VII Unsaturated Polyesters Mod
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700 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG 2
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702 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG A
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704 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG as
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706 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG Ta
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708 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG cl
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710 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG ap
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712 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG wh
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22 PEER Polymers: New Unsaturated P
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PEER POLYMERS: NEW UNSATURATED POLY
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734 INDEX benzoyl peroxides (BPOs)
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736 INDEX differential thermal anal
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738 INDEX Impet 533-4 impurities 45
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740 INDEX PBT (continued) rheologic
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742 INDEX PET (continued) esterific
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744 INDEX PET copolymers (continued
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746 INDEX poly(propylene ether) tri
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748 INDEX solid-state polycondensat
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750 INDEX wide-angle X-ray diffract
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