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PART I Historical Overview Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters. Edited by J. Scheirs and T. E. Long © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49856-4
1 The Historical Development of Polyesters J. E. McINTYRE 3 Rossett Gardens, Harrogate, HG2 9PP, UK 1 INTRODUCTION Strictly speaking, the term polyester ought to refer to a chemical compound containing many ester groups in each molecule. In practice, however, it usually refers to polymeric materials containing ester groups as major structural components of the main chains of the macromolecules of which the polymer is composed, and this is the sense in which it is used here. The term is not now usually applied to polymers that contain ester groups attached to the main chain either directly, as in cellulose triacetate, poly(vinyl acetate) or poly(methyl acrylate), or within short side-chains. There has in the past been some confusion in the use of the term alkyd, which is said to have been derived from alcohol plus acid. The definition offered by Kienle [1], discussed later, is broad enough to include all polyesters derived essentially from diols and dicarboxylic acids, and consequently linear polyesters were initially included in this class of polymer. On the other hand, Bjorksten et al. [2], in their 1956 compilation of published information about polyesters, restrict the term polyester to the polycondensation products of dicarboxylic acids with dihydroxy alcohols, and say that ‘this definition does not include materials commonly known as alkyds’. At the present time, there are still problems of nomenclature in the fibre field arising from the use of polyester as a generic term to cover fibres containing only a very restricted range of chemical groups. The term ester applies not only to products derived from carboxylic acids but also to products derived from other types of organic acid such as phosphonic or Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters. Edited by J. Scheirs and T. E. Long © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49856-4
Page 1 and 2: Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Te
Page 3 and 4: Contents Contributors .............
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS vii 4 Polycondensation Pro
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS ix 2.3.1 The Removal of Si
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS xi 9.1 CHDM-based Copolyes
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS xiii 4.6 Labels ..........
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS xv 2.1 Spinnability ......
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS xvii 4 Composite Propertie
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS xix 2.2 Preparation of Fib
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS xxi 3 Results and Discussi
Page 21 and 22: xxiv CONTRIBUTORS John R. Dombroski
Page 23 and 24: Series Preface The Wiley Series in
Page 25 and 26: xxx PREFACE Polyester copolymers (o
Page 27: About the Editors Dr John Scheirs h
Page 31 and 32: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF POLYE
Page 55 and 56: PART II Polymerization and Polycond
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54 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER De
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56 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER TPA
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58 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER ln
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60 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER HO
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62 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER in
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64 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER * *
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Table 2.8 Publications on kinetics
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68 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Int
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70 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Tab
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72 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER det
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74 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER log
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76 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER and
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78 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER 3.2
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80 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER of
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84 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Fil
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86 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER D E
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90 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Sin
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92 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER The
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94 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER (a)
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96 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Vac
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100 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Fi
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102 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER Fi
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104 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER es
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106 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER 25
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108 TH. RIECKMANN AND S. VÖLKER an
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3 Synthesis and Polymerization of C
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 119 Duri
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 121 at l
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 123 (a)
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 125 be d
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 127 cata
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 129 simi
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 131 BHET
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 133 Cycl
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 135 Init
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 137 Tabl
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 139 as h
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CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 141 23.
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4 Continuous Solid-State Polyconden
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SOLID-STATE POLYCONDENSATION OF POL
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5 Solid-State Polycondensation of P
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1.225 250 SOLID-STATE POLYCONDENSAT
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PART III Types of Polyesters Modern
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246 D. A. SCHIRALDI of flammability
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248 D. A. SCHIRALDI been shown to l
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250 D. A. SCHIRALDI E E A E E E E A
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252 D. A. SCHIRALDI Table 6.1 Therm
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254 D. A. SCHIRALDI HO 2 C 2,6-NDA
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256 D. A. SCHIRALDI and defy simple
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258 D. A. SCHIRALDI O Ph N O CO 2 C
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260 D. A. SCHIRALDI O O O O O O O O
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262 D. A. SCHIRALDI REFERENCES 1. W
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264 D. A. SCHIRALDI 46. Liu, Y., Ma
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7 Amorphous and Crystalline Polyest
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POLYESTERS BASED ON 1,4-CYCLOHEXANE
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8 Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) R. R
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 295 Ta
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 297 In
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 299 bu
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 301 cl
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 303 Th
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 305 3.
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 307 3.
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 309 E
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 311 to
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 313 ph
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 315 In
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POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 317 7
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324 D. D. CALLANDER H H O O C O O C
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326 D. D. CALLANDER higher manufact
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328 D. D. CALLANDER for PET are oft
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330 D. D. CALLANDER T g (°C) 130 1
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332 D. D. CALLANDER resulting balan
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334 D. D. CALLANDER 12. Jenkins, S.
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336 B. HU, R. M. OTTENBRITE AND J.
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362 H. H. CHUAH for making soft, st
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364 H. H. CHUAH 3. Instead of cycli
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366 H. H. CHUAH Table 11.1 (continu
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368 H. H. CHUAH O C O O H CH 2 CH C
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370 H. H. CHUAH ηsp, and relative
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372 H. H. CHUAH Endotherm (a) (b) C
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374 H. H. CHUAH At 71 ◦ C, PTT cr
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376 H. H. CHUAH E ′′ (GPa) 0.15
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378 H. H. CHUAH Viscosity (Pa s) 5
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380 H. H. CHUAH Immediate strain re
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382 H. H. CHUAH highly contracted P
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384 H. H. CHUAH room temperature. I
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386 H. H. CHUAH (a) (b) Figure 11.1
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388 H. H. CHUAH and cold-crystalliz
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390 H. H. CHUAH Table 11.8 Properti
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392 H. H. CHUAH 7. Harris, M. E., U
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394 H. H. CHUAH 49. Pyda, M., Bolle
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396 H. H. CHUAH 90. Chuah, H. H., P
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PART IV Fibers and Compounds Modern
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402 G. REESE Tonnes (× 10 6 ) 18 1
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404 G. REESE Additives and copolyme
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406 G. REESE degradation reactions
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408 G. REESE melting points range f
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410 G. REESE to be flexible in orde
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412 G. REESE range up to several th
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414 G. REESE The melt spinning proc
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416 G. REESE Publisher's Note: Perm
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418 G. REESE While it is evident th
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420 G. REESE The use of a post-draw
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422 G. REESE for PET staple fibers.
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424 G. REESE 6.2 LOW PILL FIBERS In
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426 G. REESE OCH 2CH 2O O O C C n O
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428 G. REESE Core/Sheath Side/Side
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430 G. REESE types, can be post-pro
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432 G. REESE From the proprietary d
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13 Relationship Between Polyester Q
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLYESTER QUAL
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496 J. SCHEIRS found application in
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498 J. SCHEIRS Raising the molecula
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500 J. SCHEIRS HO HO HO O PET C O P
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502 J. SCHEIRS 2.2 PHENYLENEBISOXAZ
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504 J. SCHEIRS 2.4 TETRAEPOXIDE CHA
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506 J. SCHEIRS Intrinsic viscosity
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508 J. SCHEIRS Table 14.3 Commercia
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510 J. SCHEIRS O PET C OH in situ r
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512 J. SCHEIRS 5 µm Figure 14.10 E
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514 J. SCHEIRS The PARALOID EXL ran
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516 J. SCHEIRS somewhat effective i
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518 J. SCHEIRS more salt will react
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524 J. SCHEIRS Stabaxol P is used
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526 J. SCHEIRS Table 14.11 Property
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528 J. SCHEIRS Table 14.12 Commerci
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530 J. SCHEIRS during the processin
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532 J. SCHEIRS 12 TECHNOLOGY OF COM
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534 J. SCHEIRS a typical formulatio
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536 J. SCHEIRS required. Alternativ
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538 J. SCHEIRS 11. Karayannidis, G.
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540 J. SCHEIRS 42. Akkapeddi, M. K.
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542 A. E. BRINK 25 20 5 50 Electric
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544 A. E. BRINK rapidly into the co
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546 A. E. BRINK 2.2 ADVANTAGES OF P
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548 A. E. BRINK Table 15.3 Performa
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550 A. E. BRINK effect on the compo
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552 A. E. BRINK in standard tensile
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554 A. E. BRINK was compared to the
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556 A. E. BRINK Table 15.9 Effect o
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558 A. E. BRINK composites. These m
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560 A. E. BRINK 27. Kelly, A. and T
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562 A. E. BRINK 60. Hawley, R. C.,
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16 Recycling Polyesters by Chemical
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RECYCLING POLYESTERS BY CHEMICAL DE
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17 Controlled Degradation Polyester
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CONTROLLED DEGRADATION POLYESTERS 5
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18 Photodegradation of Poly(Ethylen
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PHOTODEGRADATION OF PET AND PECT 61
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19 High-Performance Liquid Crystal
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HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CRYSTAL POL
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20 Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Poly
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LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER REINFORCED P
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PART VII Unsaturated Polyesters Mod
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700 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG 2
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702 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG A
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704 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG as
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706 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG Ta
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708 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG cl
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710 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG ap
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712 K. G. JOHNSON AND L. S. YANG wh
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22 PEER Polymers: New Unsaturated P
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PEER POLYMERS: NEW UNSATURATED POLY
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734 INDEX benzoyl peroxides (BPOs)
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736 INDEX differential thermal anal
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738 INDEX Impet 533-4 impurities 45
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740 INDEX PBT (continued) rheologic
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742 INDEX PET (continued) esterific
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744 INDEX PET copolymers (continued
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746 INDEX poly(propylene ether) tri
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748 INDEX solid-state polycondensat
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750 INDEX wide-angle X-ray diffract
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