Understanding Vaccines What They Are How They Work - VIOLIN

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Although vaccination and outbreak control had eliminated smallpox in the United States by 1949, the disease still struck an estimated 50 million people worldwide each year during the 1950s. In 1967, that figure fell to 10 to 15 million because of vaccination. That same year, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a massive vaccination campaign to rid the world of smallpox—and succeeded. The last case of naturally occurring smallpox was in Somalia in 1977. • The highly infectious poliovirus, the cause of polio, once crippled 13,000 to 20,000 people every year in the United States. In 1954, the year before the first polio vaccine was introduced, doctors reported more than 18,000 cases of paralyzing polio in the United States. Just 3 years later, vaccination brought that figure down to about 2,500. Today, the disease has been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere, and public health officials hope to soon eradicate it from the globe. In 2006, 2,000 cases of polio were reported worldwide, according to WHO. U.S. Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases Anthrax Bacterial meningitis Chickenpox Diphtheria Haemophilus influenzae type b Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Cervical cancer (caused by human papillomavirus) Influenza Japanese encephalitis Measles Mumps Pertussis Pneumococcal pneumonia Polio Rotavirus diarrhea Rabies Rubella Smallpox Shingles Tetanus Tuberculosis Typhoid Yellow fever UNDERSTANDING VACCINES 7
8 • The toxic bacterium Bordetella pertussis likes to set up home in the human respiratory tract, where it causes whooping cough, also known as pertussis. The wracking coughs characteristic of this disease are sometimes so intense, the victims, usually infants, vomit or turn blue from lack of air. Before scientists created a vaccine against the bacterium, 115,000 to 270,000 people suffered from whooping cough each year in the United States; 5,000 to 10,000 of those died from it. After the vaccine was introduced in the United States in the 1940s, the number of pertussis cases declined dramatically, hitting a low of about 1,000 in 1976. More recently, the annual number of reported cases of pertussis in the United States has been rising from 9,771 in 2002 to 25,616 in 2005. The reasons for the increase are complex. The disease strikes in cycles, and the immunity provided by the vaccine wanes over time, leaving some people susceptible in their teen years and as adults. Other familiar diseases that vaccines protect against include chickenpox, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Hib causes meningitis, an inflammation of the fluid-filled membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be fatal, or it can cause severe disabilities such as deafness or mental retardation. This disease has nearly disappeared among babies and children in the United States since the Hib vaccine became widely used in 1989.
Page 1 and 2: Understanding nderstanding VACCINES
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1 2 4 6 11 21 36 38 43 47
Page 5 and 6: What Is aVaccine? 2 Chances are you
Page 7 and 8: Vaccine Benefits 4 You and Your Com
Page 9: Harmful Microbes 6 Vaccines protect
Page 13 and 14: 10 What Do Cows Have to Do with Vac
Page 15 and 16: 12 A mosquito bite transmits the ye
Page 17 and 18: 14 T Cells T cells function either
Page 19 and 20: T cell B cell 16 Virus B cell Antib
Page 21 and 22: 18 fever antibody if needed. Memory
Page 23 and 24: 20 How Viruses Work Viruses such as
Page 25 and 26: 22 Live, Attenuated Vaccines Some s
Page 27 and 28: 24 Inactivated Vaccines An inactiva
Page 29 and 30: 26 They also could manufacture the
Page 31 and 32: 28 When making a conjugate vaccine,
Page 33 and 34: 30 So-called naked DNA vaccines con
Page 35 and 36: 32 An infant’s immune system cont
Page 37 and 38: Some Vaccine Types and Diseases The
Page 39 and 40: Vaccines of the Future 36 Aside fro
Page 41 and 42: Making Safe Vaccines 38 No vaccine
Page 43 and 44: 40 Because Phase III trials are com
Page 45 and 46: Vaccine Concerns, Myths, and Safety
Page 47 and 48: 44 testing sites are based at unive
Page 49 and 50: 46 system’s response to HIV infec
Page 51 and 52: Glossary 48 adjuvant—a substance
Page 53 and 54: 50 DNA vaccine or naked DNA vaccine
Page 55 and 56: 52 lymph node—a small bean-shaped
Page 57 and 58: 54 recombinant subunit vaccine—a
Page 59: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN

Understanding Vaccines What They Are How They Work - VIOLIN

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