Understanding Vaccines What They Are How They Work - VIOLIN

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Adjuvants and Other Vaccine Ingredients An adjuvant is an ingredient added to a vaccine to improve the immune response it produces. Currently, the only adjuvant licensed for human use in the United States is an “alum” adjuvant, which is composed of aluminum salts. Adjuvants do a variety of things; they can bind to the antigens in the vaccine, help keep antigens at the site of injection, and help deliver antigens to the lymph nodes, where immune responses to the antigens are initiated. The slowed release of antigens to tissue around the injection site and the improved delivery of antigens to the lymph nodes can produce a stronger antibody response than can the antigen alone. Alum adjuvants are also taken up by cells such as macrophages and help these cells better present antigens to lymphocytes. Scientists are trying to develop new and better adjuvants. One oil-based adjuvant, MF59, has been used in seasonal influenza vaccines already available in Europe. Other adjuvants under study include tiny spheres made of fatty molecules that carry the vaccine’s antigen, and inert nanobeads that can be coated with antigen. In addition to adjuvants, vaccines may contain antibiotics to prevent bacterial contamination during manufacturing, preservatives to keep multidose vials of vaccine sterile after they are opened, or stabilizers to maintain a vaccine’s potency at less-than-optimal temperatures. UNDERSTANDING VACCINES 33
Some Vaccine Types and Diseases <strong>They</strong> Protect Against 34 Vaccine Type Disease Live, attenuated vaccines Measles, mumps, rubella, polio (Sabin vaccine), yellow fever Inactivated or Cholera, flu, hepatitis A, Japanese “killed” vaccines encephalitis, plague, polio (Salk vaccine), rabies Toxoid vaccine Diphtheria, tetanus Subunit vaccines Hepatitis B, pertussis, pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Conjugate vaccines Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA vaccines In clinical testing Recombinant In clinical testing vector vaccines
Page 1 and 2: Understanding nderstanding VACCINES
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1 2 4 6 11 21 36 38 43 47
Page 5 and 6: What Is aVaccine? 2 Chances are you
Page 7 and 8: Vaccine Benefits 4 You and Your Com
Page 9 and 10: Harmful Microbes 6 Vaccines protect
Page 11 and 12: 8 • The toxic bacterium Bordetell
Page 13 and 14: 10 What Do Cows Have to Do with Vac
Page 15 and 16: 12 A mosquito bite transmits the ye
Page 17 and 18: 14 T Cells T cells function either
Page 19 and 20: T cell B cell 16 Virus B cell Antib
Page 21 and 22: 18 fever antibody if needed. Memory
Page 23 and 24: 20 How Viruses Work Viruses such as
Page 25 and 26: 22 Live, Attenuated Vaccines Some s
Page 27 and 28: 24 Inactivated Vaccines An inactiva
Page 29 and 30: 26 They also could manufacture the
Page 31 and 32: 28 When making a conjugate vaccine,
Page 33 and 34: 30 So-called naked DNA vaccines con
Page 35: 32 An infant’s immune system cont
Page 39 and 40: Vaccines of the Future 36 Aside fro
Page 41 and 42: Making Safe Vaccines 38 No vaccine
Page 43 and 44: 40 Because Phase III trials are com
Page 45 and 46: Vaccine Concerns, Myths, and Safety
Page 47 and 48: 44 testing sites are based at unive
Page 49 and 50: 46 system’s response to HIV infec
Page 51 and 52: Glossary 48 adjuvant—a substance
Page 53 and 54: 50 DNA vaccine or naked DNA vaccine
Page 55 and 56: 52 lymph node—a small bean-shaped
Page 57 and 58: 54 recombinant subunit vaccine—a
Page 59: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN

Understanding Vaccines What They Are How They Work - VIOLIN

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