Solar Energy

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THE SOLAR RESOURCE To design and analyze solar systems, we need to know how much sunlight is available The source of insolation /<strong>Solar</strong> Radiation/ is, of course, the sun—that gigantic, 1.4 million kilometer diameter, thermonuclear furnace fusing hydrogen atoms into helium. The resulting loss of mass is converted into about 3.8 × 10 20 MW of electromagnetic energy that radiates outward from the surface into space. While the interior of the sun is estimated to have a temperature of around 15 million kelvins, the radiation that emanates from the sun’s surface has a spectral distribution that closely matches that predicted by Planck’s law for a 5800 K blackbody. Figure shows the close match between the actual solar spectrum and that of a 5800 K blackbody. The total area under the blackbody curve has been scaled to equal 1.37 kW/m2, which is the solar insolation just outside the earth’s atmosphere. Also shown are the areas under the actual solar spectrum that corresponds to wavelengths within the ultraviolet UV (7%), visible (47%), and infrared IR (46%) portions of the spectrum. The visible spectrum, which lies between the UV and IR, ranges from 0.38 μm (violet) to 0.78 μm (red).
THE SOLAR SPECTRUM The extraterrestrial solar spectrum compared with a 5800 K blackbody As solar radiation makes its way toward the earth’s surface, some of it is absorbed by various constituents in the atmosphere, giving the terrestrial spectrum an irregular, bumpy shape. The terrestrial spectrum also depends on how much atmosphere the radiation has to pass through to reach the surface.
Page 1: Solar Energy PV Systems Ass. Prof.
Page 5 and 6: The impact of the atmosphere on inc
Page 7 and 8: Altitude angle A key solar angle, n
Page 9 and 10: Direct-Beam Radiation Illustrating
Page 11 and 12: Reflected Radiation The ground is a
Page 13 and 14: Annual insolation, assuming all cle
Page 15 and 16: Clear sky insolation on a fixed pan
Page 17 and 18: Example of a pyrheliometer on a sol
Page 19 and 20: Best laboratory PV cell efficiencie
Page 21 and 22: A GENERIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL Electro
Page 23 and 24: Photoelectric Effect
Page 25 and 26: How a Silicon-Based Solar Cell Work
Page 27 and 28: The PV conversion efficiency The PV
Page 29 and 30: The I -V curve and power output for
Page 31 and 32: Photovoltaic technologies (1) singl
Page 33 and 34: Off-grid AC System Off-grid systems
Page 35 and 36: Residential on-grid system
Page 37 and 38: Perovo Capacity: 100 MW Country: Uk
Page 39 and 40: Simplified grid-connected PV system
Page 41 and 42: Basic structures of grid-connected
Page 44 and 45: Solar Flight's Sunseeker NASA Helio
Page 46 and 47: During the day, excess power from t

Solar Energy

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