Contents - FIP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

appendix 3: milestones in the global development of pharmacy and healthcare 1777 In France a Royal Declaration separated pharmacists from grocers and spicers. Apothecaries were named ‘masters of pharmacy’ and it was declared that only they were allowed to prepare or sell medicines 1800 Napoleon banned cannabis use amongst his troops in Egypt, the first widely recorded drug prohibition of the modern era 1809 The State of Massachusetts instituted mandatory vaccinations for smallpox 1821 The foundation of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1841/42 The Pharmaceutical society of Great Britain was formed, leading to the establishment of a School of Pharmacy in 1842 and the beginning of organised pharmacy education in the UK. The Royal Dutch Pharmaceutical Society (KNMP) was also founded in 1842 1851 The Arsenic Act provided the first statutory restriction on the sale and supply of a harmful substance in the UK 1852 The American Pharmaceutical Association was first formed 1874 Legislation is introduced to prohibit Japanese doctors from dispensing allopathic medicines, although it has limited impact 1875 University education for pharmacists was made mandatory in Germany 1880 “Multiple” pharmacies permitted in the UK 1883 Building on Prussian innovations, Otto von Bismarck introduces health insurance for some sections of the united German population. 1889 Old age pensions were introduced in Germany 1893 The Japanese Pharmaceutical Association (JPA) was established 1898 The Russian government allowed pharmaceutical factories to be established independent of pharmacies. But imports increased, and pharmacies faced strong competition from ‘drogueries’ 1906 The Pure Food and Drugs Act in America outlawed interstate sales of misbranded and contaminated drugs, foods and drinks and led to the initial establishment of the FDA 1910 In America the Flexner Report led to reforms in medical education and greater separation of the prescribing and dispensing roles of physicians and pharmacists 1912 <strong>FIP</strong> was established with twenty national pharmaceutical associations. It now represents more than two million pharmacists internationally. Fifty years after the end of the second Opium War the International Opium Convention was signed in The Hague 84
1914 Pharmacy degrees first granted in Canada 1916 The Brazilian Association of Pharmacists was founded. It prioritised the development of a School of Pharmacy 1918 Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko becomes the Commissar of Health in Russia. In the aftermath of World War 1 the ‘Spanish flu’ epidemic killed about 100 million people globally 1928 The Netherlands Hospital Pharmacists Association was formed 1932 IG Farben filed a German patent for what was to become the first commercially produced antibiotic, Prontosil. By 1935 French scientists had identified sulfanilamide as the active metabolite 1942/43 The American Society of Hospital Pharmacists was established, and the mass production of penicillin commenced by the US War Production Board. By 1944 the American pharmaceutical industry was able to supply over 2 million doses to support the Normandy landings 1945 The Ordre National des Pharmaciens was formed in France in 1945. 1946 Following the end of WW II the United Nations was created 1948 The WHO and the UK NHS were established. In south Asia the Pharmacy Council of India was formed. 1955 The Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists was set up 1956 Building on observations made in Germany in the 1930s, the British Doctors Study provided evidence that smoking tobacco increased risk of lung cancer. During the twentieth century the world-wide harm to health caused by tobacco consumption was similar in magnitude to the benefits brought by pharmaceutical innovation 1958 It was judged in West Germany that controls on the numbers of community pharmacies were un- Constitutional. But legal restrictions on pharmacy ownership were retained 1961 Thalidomide was withdrawn. Shortly afterwards the Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment required drug manufacturers to provide evidence of drug safety and effectiveness before the granting of a license by the FDA 1965 Medicare, a national social insurance program for Americans aged 65 and older and younger people with disabilities and end stage renal disease, is established, but requires significant payments for medicines. Council Directive 65/65/EC requires fundamental reforms of drug safety regulation, while in China one million ‘barefoot doctors’ and three million rural health aides were trained. 1975 European Council Directives strengthened analytical, pharmaco-toxicological and clinical standards and protocols with respect to testing proprietary medicinal products 85
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Summary Introduction The o
Page 5 and 6:
• Specific tasks for 21 st centur
Page 8 and 9:
From making mediCines to optimising
Page 10 and 11:
to evolving public needs and values
Page 12 and 13:
and material investments are made a
Page 14 and 15:
14 • At around the start of the s
Page 16 and 17:
establishment of the first autonomo
Page 18 and 19:
often taken to be altruism and ethi
Page 20 and 21:
eside in their pharmacies, could no
Page 22 and 23:
• collecting documents dealing wi
Page 24 and 25:
and prevalence rates followed, afte
Page 26 and 27:
Health service development In the t
Page 28 and 29:
This cannot as yet be said for much
Page 30 and 31:
a doctor on a written prescription
Page 32 and 33:
In India (following World War I) a
Page 34 and 35: Nevertheless, pharmacy has often te
Page 36 and 37: Elsewhere in the world European pha
Page 38 and 39: and the education and training of p
Page 40 and 41: either limited numbers of prescript
Page 42 and 43: also permitted innovation in hospit
Page 44 and 45: shifts in either pharmacy or medica
Page 46 and 47: Community pharmacy reforms in the U
Page 48 and 49: other emergent nations, a significa
Page 50 and 51: Pharmacists in Nigeria have welcome
Page 52 and 53: (Neumeyer and Guan, 1982). Subseque
Page 54 and 55: countries such as, for instance, th
Page 56 and 57: and remains, disappointingly slow i
Page 58 and 59: and hence need to be delivered with
Page 60 and 61: Pharmacy and pharmacists cannot alo
Page 62 and 63: Fribourg showed not only annual dru
Page 64 and 65: There is already strong research ev
Page 66 and 67: It would be beyond the scope of thi
Page 68 and 69: Conversely, some people working in
Page 70 and 71: place of manufacture through to the
Page 72 and 73: etween primary care doctors and com
Page 74 and 75: in an undue separation of social sc
Page 76 and 77: mental health problems and the canc
Page 78 and 79: eFerenCes Akiba Y, Nakamura K, et a
Page 80 and 81: appendix 1: Contributors and method
Page 82 and 83: appendix 2: an illustrative timelin
Page 86: 1977 A WHO panel recommended 182
show all

Contents - FIP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?