Ream National Park Twelve Month Report

Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research
Report 1
Ream National Park Twelve Month Report
Frontier Cambodia
2005

Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research
Report 1
Ream National Park Twelve Month Report
McFarlane W, Cowling P, Wortley A,
Woodfield E, McCurley P & Fanning E (Ed)
FRONTIER - CAMBODIA, 61E1 St. 350, SANGKAT BOEUNG KENG KANG III,
KHAN CHAMKARMON, PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA PO Box 1275
TELEPHONE: + 855 (0)23 221 163 MOBILE: + 855 (0)12 214 954
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PROMOTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLORATION, A NON-PROFIT COMPANY
REGISTERED NO. 2374609 VAT REGISTRATION NO. 524 8006 64
Cambodia
2005

Suggested technical paper citation:
Frontier-Cambodia (2005) McFarlane W, Cowling P, Wortley A, Woodfield E, McCurley P & Fanning
E (Ed). Ream National Park Twelve Month Report. Frontier-Cambodia Environmental Research
Report 1. Society for Environmental Exploration, UK and the Department for Nature Conservation and
Protection, Ministry of Environment, Royal Government of Cambodia.
The Frontier -Cambodia Environmental Research Report Series is published by:
The Society for Environmental Exploration
50-52 Rivington Street,
London, EC2A 3QP
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 7613 3061
Fax: +44 (0)20 7613 2992
E-mail: research@frontier.ac.uk
Web Page: www.frontier.ac.uk
ISSN 1748-4952 (Print)
ISSN 1748-4960 (Online)
ISSN 1748-510X (CD-ROM)
© Frontier-Cambodia 2005

Frontier-Cambodia
Frontier-Cambodia has been conducting biological conservation surveys, environmental
education and socio-economic studies across Cambodia in partnership with the Ministry of
Environment since January 2004. The broad-ranging research techniques employed by Frontier-
Cambodia enable researchers to discover and map a huge variety of wildlife including small and
large mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, and vegetation types.
The Society for Environmental Exploration (SEE)
The Society is a non-profit making company limited by guarantee and was formed in 1989.
The Society’s objectives are to advance field research into environmental issues and
implement practical projects contributing to the conservation of natural resources. Projects
organised by The Society are joint initiatives developed in collaboration with national research
agencies in co-operating countries.
Department for Nature Conservation and Protection (DNCP), Ministry of Environment,
Royal Government of Cambodia
The Ministry of Environment is responsible for management and protection of all national
parks in Cambodia. The DNCP works with various organisations to ensure Cambodia’s natural
resources are preserved for present and future generations.
Frontier - Cambodia
61 E, St. 350, Sangkat Boeung Keng Kang III
Khan Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, PO Box
1275
CAMBODIA
Tel/Fax: + 855 (0)23 221 163
E-mail: frontiercambodia@lycos.com
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Society for Environmental Exploration
50-52 Rivington Street,
London, EC2A 3QP. U.K.
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7613 3061
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7613 2992
E-mail: research@frontier.ac.uk
Internet: www.frontier.ac.uk

Participants:
Frontier Staff:
Dr. Alexandra Wortley Research Co-ordinator
Dr. Ben Garnett Assistant Research Co-ordinator
Ms. Wendy McFarlane Assistant Research Co-ordinator
Mr Phil Cowling Logistics Manager
Ms Michelle Owen Country Co-ordinator
DNCP Staff:
Mr. Kay Pheng Assistant Research Co-ordinator
Mr. Hong Lork Assistant Research Co-ordinator
Mr. Phoa Panya Liaison Officer
Ream National Park Staff:
Mr. Karun Head of Ream National Park
Mr. Vandy Environmental Education Co-ordinator
National Park Rangers:
Mr. Chandra
Mr. Ling
Mr. Pal
Mr. Sovong
Research Assistants :
David Alexander
Rosalind Chik
Simon Dunk
Rebecca Jones
Blaise Mate
Colin Pratt
Alex Stone-Lunde
Mr. Deung
Mr. Long
Mr. Po
Luke Bamforth
Kirpal Clark
Lucy Goodman
Chris Law
Simon Morton
Skye Rivett
Miles Taylor
Mr. Hom
Mr. Herne
Mr. Smey
Gemma Bell
Lauren Crawley
Natasha Hibbard
Edward Lloyd-Smith
Sarah Newberry
Paul Seymour
Andrew Walker
Phase 041 field dates: 22 January 2004 – 14 March 2004
Phase 042 field dates: 02 April 2004 – 30 May 2004
Phase 043 field dates: 04 July 2004 – 29 August 2004
Phase 044 field dates: 09 October 2004 – 10 December 2004
Mr. Kao
Mr. Mlayi
Mr. Sos
Phil Butterill
Richard Davey
Katie Irwin
Matt Maltby
Rose Ogden
Jinesh Shah

Table of contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Aims and objectives ........................................................................................................4
Methodology...................................................................................................................5
Study sites.......................................................................................................................5
Fauna..........................................................................................................................5
Bucket Pitfall Lines.................................................................................................5
Small Mammal Traps .............................................................................................5
Turtle Traps ...........................................................................................................5
Sand Transects .......................................................................................................6
Estuarine Bird Surveys ...........................................................................................6
Butterfly Sweep-netting..........................................................................................6
Butterfly Canopy Traps ..........................................................................................6
Opportunistic Observation and Collection..............................................................6
Flora ...........................................................................................................................7
Human Resource Use..................................................................................................7
Fauna..........................................................................................................................9
Amphibia................................................................................................................9
Avia ........................................................................................................................9
Lepidoptera ..........................................................................................................10
Mammalia.............................................................................................................10
Reptilia .................................................................................................................11
Bucket pitfall trap data.............................................................................................11
Brahminy Kite density data......................................................................................13
Flora .........................................................................................................................15
Comparision of sites studied.....................................................................................15
Vegetation plot data..................................................................................................15
Human Resource Use................................................................................................16
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................20
References.....................................................................................................................21
Appendices ...................................................................................................................23
Appendix 1: Table summarizing location and habitat type of trap sites s ampled..........23
Appendix 2: Questionnaire for Socio -Economic / Demography Survey………………....25
Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park ..........................26
Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park..........................................40
Appendix 5: Summary table of all vegetation plots data…………………………………49
Appendix 6: Structure of flora by growth-form in vegetation plots studied…………….50

Introduction
Ream National Park
Ream National Park is located in the Prey Nop District, in the province of Sihanoukville,
south-western Cambodia. It lies within the area circumscribed by longitude 103° 37'- 103°
50' E and latitude 10° 24'- 10° 35' N and covers an area of 21,000 Ha. The Park is protected
by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), Royal Government of Cambodia, within which
responsibility for its management falls on the Department of Nature Conservation and
Protection (DNCP). Ream National Park is part of a matrix of national parks in the south
west known as the South-West Cluster Protected Areas (which also includes Phnom Bokor,
Preah Suramarit Kossamak (Kirirom), and Kep).
Ream was designated a national park in 1993, due to it being seen as a ‘natural and scenic
area of significance for its scientific, educational and recreational values’ (DNCP 1996). A
number of reasons were put forward to justify Ream’s selection as a national park, these
included:
• Rich biodiversity, in both terrestrial and marine systems. There is a need to manage the
marine systems especially, as these are fragile, highly vulnerable to over-exploitation of
fish and economically prosperous (if managed responsibly).
• It is a site valuable for scientific research, biodiversity monitoring, and for environmental
education. These are factors important for the progression of wildlife conservation in
Cambodia.
• Potential for development of ecologically sensitive tourism schemes. This is especially
true due to the Park’s location, situated 13 km from Sihanoukville, which is a popular
tourist location. Ream also contains its own beaches.
A management plan for Ream National Park, outlaying a number of different zones of usage
and protection, was produced in 1996 by the DNCP in collaboration with IUCN.
Habitat Types
A large number of habitat types are incorporated within Ream National Park, including
mangroves, mangrove forests, dense evergreen lowland forests, mudflats, freshwater marshes,
beaches, beach forests, coral reefs, rocky shore, uninhabited islands, seagrass beds, islands,
and a freshwater estuary (Prek Toek Sap).
The Prek Toek Sap estuary which dominates much of the Park (being 1.5 kilometres wide
when it divides), has been designated, (through the use of globally recognised criteria), as an
internationally Important Bird Area (IBA). The IBA scheme was originally established by
Birdlife International and gives emphasis to areas of high bird diversity. Bird diversity is an
effective indicator of biodiversity in the area as a whole (IBA; Hout et al. 2003).
The majority of Ream’s terrestrial area comprises gently sloping lowlands and flood-plains,
with scattered hills rising to 277 m (Phnum Molou) above sea level. The soils are generally
sandy and relatively acidic, and inappropriate for agriculture. In many areas, the soils are
waterlogged and marshy.
Climate
The climate of the Park is that of a tropical monsoon. There is little variation in temperature
between the coolest month and the hottest month. The mean annual rainfall is 3,526mm; the
wet season runs from June to September (when wind direction is predominantly westerly),
and the dry from December to March, (when wind direction switches to northerly). Lighter
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ains are generally experienced between March and June. The annual mean maximum
temperature is 32.4°C and the annual mean minimum temperature is 21.9°C. Humidity
ranges from a minimum of 73.2% to 87.8%, with an annual average of 82%. Within the Park
there are two high tides per day with a range of approximately 1.5 m.
The Human Population and its Impact
There are 23 villages distributed across 5 communes in or adjacent to Ream National Park.
This human population totals almost 30,000 people in 5,300 households, and with population
growth rates estimated at nearly 3 per cent (DNCP 1996), this number is set to rise.
Rural poverty is widespread in the area, and basic amenities such as water, food and adequate
housing are lacking (ADB 1999). This is especially true for populations within the National
Park, as there are fewer income opportunities here and infrastructure is poor. The average
daily per-household income is estimated at less than US$1. With few other sources of income
and employment available to them, people’s livelihoods depend on Park resources (DNCP
1996). Most household income is generated from farming, fishing and non-timber forest
product (NTFP) collection; almost all of which come from Ream National Park.
In the past, the forests of Ream have been significantly logged and degraded and at least onethird
of the Park is considered to have been heavily modified by human activity (ICEM
2003). Aerial photographs suggest that more than 200 hectares of forest from the hill west of
Koh Khchang have been lost since 1971.
Logging, predictably, has had the greatest effect in the most accessible areas of the Park,
where any commercially valuable tree with a DBH of 50 cm or over has been removed. It is
difficult to estimate how many people inhabiting the Park are involved in illegal logging,
although a series of questionnaires concluded that 25% of those sampled were involved in
logging to some extent (DNCP 1996).
The level to which wildlife is hunted is also largely unknown, but the same questionnaire
concluded that 41.7% of participants had been involved in hunting over the 3 previous years.
15% of participants were willing to describe themselves as hunters. The species most
commonly hunted were pigs, deer and tortoises respectively. Worryingly for such a small
sample size (60 people), IUCN listed species including pythons, tigers and fishing cats as
species hunted by locals. If this trend is indicative of the human population as a whole in
Ream it is difficult to imagine that this is not having a destructive impact on the abundance of
wildlife.
The freshwater and marine environments appear to be being over-exploited. It has been
reported by locals that fish catches (on a family scale) are already declining, which is a good
indicator of over-exploitation. This could lead to a collapse in fish stocks, which would lead
to disastrous economic consequences for the local populace, as much of the population is
dependent on fishing for income generation.
Bycatch of sea turtles (IUCN) may also be having a significant effect on their population,
particularly due to the long time taken to reach sexual maturity. Coral collection by the
tourist market could also lead to a decline in this important, rare and biodiverse marine
habitat.
Current Management Programs and Aims
Ream is the first national park in Cambodia to have its own management plan produced
(DNCP 1996), demonstrating the Government’s commitment to protecting its biological
wealth.
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The common dilemma that the DNCP has is the desire to conserve and maintain areas of
natural beauty and diversity, against the economic necessities of the people who live in this
region. A trade-off between the needs of nature and the people that live in close proximity to
the park is often difficult to find.
A number of buffer zones are presented within the management plan for Ream National Park,
with the aim of protecting the most valuable wildlife resources from human activity. Within
these buffer zones, the populace is allowed access to natural products necessary to their
everyday lives.
The outer buffer zone is known as the Community Development Zone. This is the area where
the majority of the population lives and where the bulk of economic activities take place. The
priority for management in this zone is to protect and improve the current status of living
standards of the local people. The Park Development Zone is also the area that has been set
aside by the DNCP for the construction of ecologically sound tourism development.
The Managed Resource Zone is the inner buffer zone, located between the Park Development
Zone (PDZ) and the Core Conservation Zone (CCZ). This is the area where the local
population are able to take part in activities provided they are compatible with nature
conservation.
The inner CCZ is the area with the highest biodiversity values and lowest accessibilit y. This
CCZ covers much lowland evergreen forest and mangroves. Conservation is the primary
concern in this area; logging, for commercial or small scale use, and access are both strictly
prohibited and infrastructure expansion is prohibited.
The General Conservation Zone (GCZ) is a buffer between the CCZ and the areas where
human activity will be allowed. It contains much of the evergreen forest areas and set aside
beach areas (to counteract any potential damage done to the beach areas where human access
is allowed). These areas are protected primarily for their biodiversity, but there will be a
higher degree of flexibility towards which natural resources are utilized; although no logging
or agriculture is allowed. It is plausible that limited infrastructure development may be
allowed in this zone, as long as management of the Park as a whole benefits.
The DNCP also took into account the need to conserve certain areas for specific times (such
as breeding sites), and have made it possible for these areas to become special protection
areas.
To allow for any amendments of the management of the Park, every 3 years a revision was
proposed, during which any issues or problems surrounding the management could be
discussed.
Previous Research within Ream and Frontier-Cambodia’s Time frame
Past research in Ream National Park has been limited, mainly due to security problems as it
has a history as a Khmer Rouge stronghold.
This past research has included bird surveys (Goes et al. 1998) and the management plan as
described above (DNCP 1996).
From January 1994, Frontier and the DNCP have conducted a joint Forest Research Project in
Ream, to study the biodiversity of the area and train National Park and DNCP staff in
scientific field techniques. This is the first systematic survey of the flora and fauna of Ream
over a long time period and extensive survey area.
The biodiversity sampling carried out by Frontier was organised into four phases during 2004,
each comprising ten weeks of surveying in different areas of the Park.
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Aims and objectives
The aims of Frontier-Cambodia in Ream National Park were to initiate and conduct a
programme of baseline biodiversity research, providing information on the area’s biological
value and conservation importance, in conjunction with training National Park and DNCP
staff in scientific field techniques. The information gained through this work will contribute
to the management of the reserve.
The programme also aimed to research the socio-economic uses of the Park, in order to assess
the current threats to, and benefits derived from, the natural ecosystems. In the longer term, it
is hoped that a scheme to initiate biodiversity monitoring within Ream can be set up, as a
result of Frontier’s work.
Our research focused on the Park’s points of interest in terms of habitats (evergreen forest,
mangrove and wetland habitats) and species (wetland birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
and butterflies).
The main aims of the project were:
• To initiate and conduct biodiversity surveys by pitfall trapping for reptiles and
amphibians, mesh trapping for small mammals, and butterfly canopy trapping.
• To survey wetland birds, monitoring the abundance of nationally important species.
• To initiate and conduct a survey programme for turtles, which are key targets of
conservation interest.
• To study the vegetation and begin collection and identification of the flora.
• To record sightings of other species through opportunistic observations.
• To collect socio-economic data through interviews on topics such as human resource use,
in order to gain an understanding of the local population.
• To produce literature and images for educational programmes, particularly to display at
the Park Headquarters and Toek Sap ranger station.
• To train Park rangers in conservation theory, biodiversity surveying and identification
techniques, including producing a ranger training guide and conducting an annual
workshop.
• To provide recommendations to the DNCP on the management of the Park, and advice on
the best means by which to maintain and conserve its biodiversity.
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Methodology
Study sites
Throughout the year, four survey areas were investigated, from base camps in different parts
of the Park (Figure 1). Three or four trap-sites were studied in each area, through ten nights’
trapping of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and butterflies. A summary of these
biodiversity sampling sites can be found in Appendix 1. Vegetation plots were also carried
out in the vicinity of these sites. In addition, turtle surveys were conducted in wetland areas
adjacent to the trap-sites and at separate locations. Estuarine bird surveys were carried out by
boat in six zones on the Prek Toep Sap estuary and nearby sea.
Fauna
Bucket Pitfall Lines
At each trap-site, three (or four) 50 m bucket pitfall lines were laid, to encompass as wide a
variety of habitats as possible. Each line comprised 11 buckets spaced at 5 m intervals (10 x
25 litre (L) buckets and one 45 L bucket in the centre of the line to trap larger animals that
could climb out of the smaller traps), linked by a 0.5 m high drift fence of plastic sheeting..
The drift fence was dug into the substrate and pegged with stakes to keep it taut and to
channel any passing animals into the buckets. Traps were checked early each morning and
late each afternoon, to minimise exposure and predation of the captured animals. Captured
animals were identified using field guides (Cox et al. 1998; Lekagul 1988; Lim & Lee 1990;
Stuart et al. 2001), and two individuals (male and female) of each species not listed as
protected by the IUCN or CITES (IUCN 2000; Phalla 2002) were taken as voucher
specimens. Species already represented by vouchers were released.
Small Mammal Traps
At each trap-site, two lines of 20 mesh traps were positioned, parallel to two of the bucket
lines, near tree roots, heavy undergrowth, logs and burrow entrances, or wired onto tree limbs
up to 2 m high. The traps were baited (with roasted coconut or banana) and set from late
afternoon each day and checked early each morning over the 10-day study period. The sex,
weight and morphometrics of the animals captured were recorded. Up to two animals (male
and female) of each species not listed as protected by the IUCN or CITES (IUCN 2000;
Phalla 2002) were taken as voucher specimens. Species already represented by vouchers
were given a unique fur-clip and released.
Turtle Traps
Freshwater turtles were caught in a variety of water-courses using 98 x 24 cm mesh traps with
1 – 2 m net extensions to enable captured turtles to swim up to breathe. Eight to ten traps
were placed, at approximately equal distances apart, in areas of shallow, flat water. Traps
were removed when heavy rainfall and fluctuating water levels put the turtles at risk of
drowning. The traps were secured to trees and/or other solid structures to prevent them being
pulled into the water by larger turtles or predators. They were baited with fish, placed in a
pierced plastic bag, fastened securely below the water line and well within the net to avoid
animals eating the bait from outside. Traps were baited and checked at 24 hour intervals. For
any turtles captured, measurements of the length and width of carapace, weight, sex and age
were recorded and the specimen’s carapace, underside and head were photographed. Turtles
were identified using Stuart et al. (2001). Vouchers of these vulnerable animals were not
taken. A numbering code was assigned to the marginal scutes of the carapace, each turtle
being given a unique mark using nips.
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Sand Transects
Sand transects measuring 100 x 1 m were set in the south of the Park. They were inspected
every morning over a 10-day period. Prints were photographed, alongside a ruler for scale
and a label detailing the location, species or family identified and print width and length
(excluding claws). Once all prints had been recorded each day the transect was smoothed
over again.
Estuarine Bird Surveys
Birds were surveyed on the Prek Toek Sap estuary and adjacent sea in six zones (see figure
1). The zones were further sub-divided into transects of 100 m x 1 km. A width of 100 m
was chosen as this is the approximate width of the estuary from National Route No. 4 to its
mouth. Along the estuary and coast transects were positioned with one edge abutting the
shoreline. Mudflat and beach areas were included as much as possible and within the
restrictions of mud banks. A boat powered by an outboard motor was trolled at its slowest
speed along the centre of each transect. Birds within the transect were identified using
binoculars and field guides, then scored as being present in a near belt (within 25 m of the
boat’s course) or far belt (25 - 50 m). Since bird detection and identification is assumed to
decline steadily with distance from the observer, bird species densities per Ha (D) can be
calculated using a linear model from the transect length (L), in km, width of near belt (w), in
m, total number of birds of each species seen (N), and total number of birds seen within the
near belt (Nw). The proportion of birds seen within the near belt, p = Nw/N, and the
population density is then (Bibby & Burgess 1990):
D = 10,000Nk/L
where k = (1 – v(1 – p))/w
Butterfly Sweep-netting
Low-flying butterfly species were sampled during a specified number of man-hours of sweepnetting
around mid-day, in all possible habitats within 30 minutes walk of the trap-site. Data
and specimens were taken as for canopy-trapping, with the date and location of each capture
noted.
Butterfly Canopy Traps
Three Blendon canopy traps were set at each trap-site, at heights of 2–5m above ground level.
These were baited daily with fermented banana, and checked each morning and evening over
the 10 day study period. One individual of each morphotype caught was killed, by pinching
the thorax, photographed alongside a rule r, using an Olympus digital camera, dried and stored
in an envelope and jar containing silica gel. Individuals of morphotypes already represented
by vouchers were released.
Opportunistic Observation and Collection
Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies seen opportunistically at any time during
the project were recorded and graded as ‘Definite’, ‘Probable’ or ‘Possible’ in proportion to
the number of defining characteristics seen. For every sighting, the age category
(adult/juvenile), number of individuals, behaviour, locality, time, habitat type and observers’
initials were recorded. Species were identified using field guides (Cox et al. 1998, King et al.
1975, Lekagul 1988, Lekagul & Round 1991; Lim & Lee 1990; Robson 2000, Stuart et al.
2001) and by consulting in-country specialists. Where possible (and appropriate), two
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voucher specimens (one of each sex) were taken for previously undetected species. Targeted
expeditions to observe specific organisms were also conducted, such as dawn and dusk
surveys of mangrove areas to observe primate colonies, night walks for nocturnal animals,
and guided walks to the sites of reported sightings by villagers. We maintained regular
contact with the Park’s inhabitants, who were able to suggest possible locations for sighting
more elusive animals and bring specimens to us for examination.
Flora
At each trap-site two plots were selected for a vegetation survey. Two methods were used: 50
x 20 m plots for the study of forest trees, and 2 m 2 quadrats.
The 50 x 20 m plots were marked out along compass bearings using 50 m tape measures.
Within these, every individual tree with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of greater than 10
cm was numbered using waterproof paint, its position mapped using a compass bearing
relative to the tapes, and its DBH measured at 1.3 m above ground level using a DBH tape.
This data was used to calculate the basal area of wood within each plot. Each tree was
identified by Khmer name and scientific name. Where leaves, flowers or fruits were
accessible, a specimen was taken to facilitate further verification of the species’ identity. An
area of bark was shaved off using a machete and a photo taken to compile a bark
identification guide.
Within each of the plots, twenty 2 m 2 quadrats were positioned in a diagonal line across the
plot and used to study the composition of encompassed flora. The total number of individual
plants in each quadrat was recorded, in the following categories:
• Trees (woody plants at least 4.5 m high; Ashton & Hall 1992)
• Shrubs (woody plants reaching an adult height of less than 4.5 m)
• Saplings (woody plants less than 4.5m high, of which adult individuals are known to
attain a height of at least 4.5 m)
• Herbs and grasses
• Climbers
• Palms (trees and climbers, family Arecaceae)
The varying proportions of these growth forms can be used to draw inferences about the
recent history and characteristics of the sites. The approximate percentage of bare ground
(beneath the canopy and shrub layers) in each quadrat was also recorded.
Within the vegetation plots and quadrats, specimens were taken from any plants seen to be
flowering or fruiting. These were dried using standard collecting techniques (Bridson &
Forman 1992). Opportunistic collections of fertile vegetation were also made outside the
plots.
Human Resource Use
Surveys were conducted covering two groups of stakeholders in the Park. Local inhabitants
were interviewed to assess their views on how they use the Park, how its resources are
changing, their attitudes to conservation and management of the Park, and its other uses, such
as eco-tourism. Tourists visiting the Park were also asked to complete questionnaires about
their experience. A specimen questionnaire is found in Appendix 2.
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Figure 1: Position of Base Camps, Trap-sites and Bird transects studied.
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Results
Fauna
A full list of all vertebrate species recorded by the survey can be found in Appendix 2.
Amphibia
Confirmed sightings of 12 species of amphibia were made, in six families. The majority of
amphibia captured were small frogs. One amphibian find of great significance was several
individuals (both adults and juveniles) of the Koh Tao caecilian (Ichthyophis kohtaoensis).
Avia
During the year the project recorded 125 species of bird. 66 of these are new records
compared to the most recent previous survey (Goes et al. 1998). Taking into account both
surveys, which together provide good coverage of Ream’s terrestrial and wetland habitats,
192 bird species have been recorded in the area. A species discovery curve for birds (Figure
2) shows a clear decrease in the rate of discovery of new species towards the end of the
survey period, suggesting that the majority of bird species that Frontier-Cambodia has the
expertise to identify have been recorded.
Of the birds definitively identified, five are key conservation species recorded on the IUCN’s
Red Data List. These are the lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus; Vulnerable), milky stork
(Mycteria cinerea; Vulnerable), painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala; Lower risk – near
threatened), spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis; Vulnerable) and great hornbill
(Buceros bicornis; Lower risk – near threatened). A number of individuals of lesser adjutants
have also been observed on the island of Koh Thmei.
Additionally, five species observed are known to be threatened in neighbouring countries: the
woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaetus leucogaster) and
brahminy kite (Haliastar indicus) in Thailand and Laos, blue-tailed bee-eater (Merops
phillippinus) in Laos, and great slaty woodpecker (Muellerpicus pulverulentus) in Thailand.
Nesting sites for brahminy kite have been identified in areas of the Park.
Possible other sightings of conservation interest, which require verification, include four more
Red Listed species: greater-spotted eagle (Aquila clanga; Vulnerable), Pallas’s fish eagle
(Haliaetus leucoryphus; Vulnerable), grey-headed fish eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus;
Lower risk – near threatened) and Wallace’s hawk eagle (Spizaetus nanus; Vulnerable).
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Total number of bird species seen to date
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Lepidoptera
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7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
103
109
115
121
127
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
175
181
187
193
199
205
211
217
223
Number of days' surveying
Figure 2. Species discovery curve for birds in Ream National Park, January-December 2004.
One hundred and thirty-one lepidopteran morphotypes were captured and photographed
during the project. Some of these cannot be identified to species level (and will therefore be
sent to experts for identification), but approximately 40 are moths and the remainder
butterflies. The image database that has been built up should prove useful both for liaison
with experts on questions of identification, and for publishing of a species guide of Ream
National Park (and hopefully in the future a Cambodian lepidoptera guide).
Mammalia
Thirty mammalian species have been recorded in Ream from sightings or specimens. These
include a number of IUCN Red Listed terrestrial species. The malayan pangolin (Manis
javanica; Lower risk – near threatened), positively identified from prints, and the long tailed
macaque (Macaca fascicularis; Lower risk – near threatened) have been observed throughout
the Park. Evidence of the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus; Vulnerable) was also
discovered in an area of paddy-fields directly adjacent to the Park. A colony of silvered
langurs (Trachypithecus germaini; Data deficient) has been observed in the mangroves lining
the eastern side of the Prek Toek Sap.
Marine mammals of conservation importance include a population of otters in the Prek Toek
Sap River. The otters were either Eurasian (Lutra lutra) or smooth-coated (Lutrogale
perspicillata ) otters, both classed as Vulnerable; however Frontier-Cambodia was not in a
position to make a definite identification. Both irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris;
Critically endangered) and eastern bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops aduncus; Data deficient)
have been sighted at numerous locations in the Prek Toek Sap estuary and adjacent marine
waters.
The alien roof rat (Rattus rattus) has been found in many areas of the Park, including its offshore
islands. The population status of this non-native species should be monitored as it
could have a negative impact upon native small mammal and bird populations.
10

Reptilia
Ream National Park is rich in reptile species. The survey recorded 50 species in 15 families.
Significant findings include the CITES-listed bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis), the
reticulated python (Python reticulates), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and indochinese
water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus). The cardamom slender-toed gecko (Cyntodactylus
intermedius) was also found which was previously thought to have a range restricted to the
Cardamom Mountains. Also recorded was the small-spotted coral snake (Calliophis
maculiceps), representing the second and third records of this species in Cambodia
Bucket pitfall trap data
The greatest diversity of amphibian and reptile species captured during a ten-day period of
pitfall-trapping was found at trap-site one of phase CBF041 (see figure 3). This site also
contained the greatest abundance of amphibian species (see figure 4). Other diverse sites
were trap-sites two and four of phase CBF043 and trap-site two of CBF044, which was also
the richest site in terms of reptilia.
Reptiles that were commonly caught in the pitfall traps were forest speckled skink, brown
forest skink, many-lined sun skink, bowring’s supple skink and streamside skinks.
Common amphibian catches in the pitfall traps included common asian toad, red sided sticky
frogs and the ornate chorus frog.
Species richness
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
041
TS1
041
TS2
041
TS3
041
TS4
042
TS1
042
TS2
042
TS3
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042
TS4
043
TS1
043
TS2
043
TS3
Phase number & trap site (TS) number
Figure. 3. Bar chart displaying the reptilian species richness in the pitfall traps at each trap site in 2004
043
TS4
044
TS1
044
TS2
044
TS3
11

Species richness
5
4
3
2
1
041
TS1
041
TS2
041
TS3
041
TS4
042
TS1
042
TS2
042
TS3
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042
TS4
043
TS1
043
TS2
043
TS3
Phase number & trap site (TS) number
Figure 4: Bar chart displaying the amphibian species richness in the pitfall traps at each trap site in each
phase of 2004
Turtle Trapping
Turtle traps were only able to be set in phases 043 and 044 due to complications, although
during this time our most significant data was collected. There were a significant number of
turtle catches during this relatively short time period, especially in phase 044 TS1. During the
10 day survey 22 turtles were caught. This indicates that there is a healthy breeding
population at this location which is of high significance due to the current plight of freshwater
turtles in the region. There were 17 black marsh turtles (Siebenrockiella crassicollis) caught
during this survey. This rarely seen turtle is IUCN listed as vulnerable and CITES listed, see
Appendix 2. According to Conservation International this species is considered to be
endangered in Cambodia due to over-collection for food and medicinal purposes.
The asian leaf turtle (Cyclemys dentata complex) was found at all sampling sites except for
044 TS4. This species is listed as near threatened and is also threatened by collection for
consumption.
Other species caught included the elongated tortoise (Indotestudo elongata; Endangered,
CITES appendix 2), asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis; Vulnerable, CITES appendix 2)
and the Asiatic softshell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea; Vulnerable, CITES appendix 2). The
find of such a large community of turtle species in Ream was a most welcome surprise and
could be an asset in terms of a draw for tourists to the park if well managed.
043
TS4
044
TS1
044
TS2
044
TS3
12

Frequency of turtle catches
25
20
15
10
5
0
043TS2 043TS3 043TS4 044TS1 044TS2 044TS3 044TS4
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Phase and trapsite number
Figure 5: Bar chart displaying frequency of turtles recorded at each trapsite.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
043TS2 043TS3 043TS4 044TS1 044TS2 044TS3 044TS4
Figure 6: Bar chart displaying frequency of turtle caught at each trapsite by species.
Brahminy Kite density data
Asian leaf turtle
Black marsh turtle
Asiatic soft shell turtle
Asian box turtle
Elongated tortoise
Ream is thought to be one of the key sites in Southeast Asia for the brahminy kite, with a
breeding population of this charismatic regionally-threatened species. The density of
brahminy kite over Ream’s six estuary zones was estimated at 0.71 birds per Ha.
Our population density estimates for brahminy kite can be broken down into zones to
facilitate an examination of the particular features of the estuary that support this bird
population (see figure 6). Zones two and three contain by far the densest populations of
brahminy kite. The population of brahminy kites visible over the estuary also varies
according to the time of day (see figure 7) and water level (measured by time since low tide;
see figure 8). Brahminy kites tend to be seen over the estuary around the middle of the day
and at low water, i.e. up to one hour after low tide.
13

Brahminy kite density (bird per Ha)
Figure 7. Comparison of brahminy kite population densities by estuary zone.
Brahminy kite density (bird per Ha)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5
Estuary zone
6:00-8:00 8:00-10:00 10:00-12:00 12:00-14:00 14:00-16:00
Time
Figure 8. Comparison of brahminy kite population densities by time of day.
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14

Figure 9. Comparison of brahminy kite population densities by time after low tide.
Flora
Brahminy kite density (bird per
Ha)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Over the course of the project, 25 vegetation plots were studied, with 86 tree species
identified to Khmer name, in 28 flowering plant families. 58 of these are also known by a
latin name. A full list of tree species identified by the survey can be found in Appendix 4. In
addition, over 100 specimens were taken of flowering and fruiting species, the majority being
shrubs, for future identification and the production of a checklist to species.
The vast majority of tree species recorded were native to Cambodia and characteristic of
dense forest habitats (Dy Phon 2000). Five species are found on the IUCN’s Red Data List of
threatened species (IUCN 2000), all Dipterocarpaceae: Phdeak (Anisoptera costata Koeth.;
Endangered), Neang deing (Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn.; Endangered), Ko-kee saik
(Hopea pierrei Hance; Endangered), Riang phnom (Pentacme siamensis Kurz; Critically
endangered) and Ko-kee phnom (Shorea hypochra Hance; Critically endangered). In
addition, two species have been identified by the Cambodia Tree Seed Project (CTSP 2003)
as critical for the conservation of forest genetic resources in Cambodia: Angkat Khmao
(Ebenaceae; Diospyros bejaudi Lecomte) and Dta trau (Loganiaceae; Fagraea fragrans
Roxb.). The former is thought to be an endemic species to the country.
Two alien species were discovered in the forest plots: Knaow srok, the cultivated jackfruit
(Moraceae; Artocarpus heterophyllu s Lam.) and M’the prehs, a large shrub (Apocynaceae;
Tabernaemontana bovina Lour.).
Comparision of sites studied
Vegetation plot data
Low tide Up to 1 hr
later
The vegetation plots at each trap-site, (in terms of the size-classes of trees found), are
dominated by trees in the lower size-classes. Assuming that those plots with a more even
distribution of tree-sizes, including a greater proportion of larger trees, are representative of
better quality habitat, the best forest was found at trap-site three of phase CBF042, trap-sites
three and four of phase CBF043, and trap-site three of phase CBF044. (see appendix 5 for
summary table on all vegetation plot data collected).
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
1 to 2 hrs
later
Time relative to tide
More than 2
hrs later
15

Considering the distribution of all flora by growth-form (see appendix 6), and assuming that
those sites with a more even distribution of growth-forms, including greater numbers of trees,
represent better quality habitat, the best forest sites were found at trap-site one of phase
CBF042, and trap-site one and trap-site three of phase CBF043. Appendix 4 contains a
species list of tree species found in Ream by Frontier, accompanied by their respective IUCN
statuses.
These two measures of forest structure do not always indicate the sites as being of better or
worse quality. However, both sets of measurements suggest that particularly varied forest
with a large proportion of mature trees can be found at trap-site three of phase CBF043. This
was not noted at the time as being a particularly good site, comprising fairly degraded forest
with only a few large trees and a large number of young saplings.
When the vegetation plots are compared in terms of key ecological variables (see appendix 5),
a variety of sites are suggested to be of greatest importance for conservation. Vegetation plot
one at trap-site two of phase CBF042 contained by far the greatest basal area of wood, and the
greatest number of individual trees representing species of conservation importance
(endangered or endemic). Vegetation plot two at this site contained probably the greatest
species-richness, while vegetation plot two at trapsite three of that phase also contained a high
diversity along with the largest individual of any key conservation species found during the
study (a specimen of Pentacme siamensis at 147 cm DBH). Vegetation plot one at trapsite
one of phase CBF043 contained a large number of individuals of conservation-priority
species, including four individuals of the endemic Diospyros bejaudi, the greatest number
found in a single plot during the extent of the study; vegetation plot one at trapsite four of that
phase contained a reasonable species diversity including four priority species, the greatest
variety of priority species found in any site studied.
Particularly poor sites in terms of these parameters were found at vegetation plot one of trapsite
one, phase CBF042 (lowest basal area of wood), and vegetation plot two of trap-site one
in phase CBF044 which contained no conservation priority species and a large number of
non-native trees (this site had, until relatively recently, been a jackfruit plantation).
Human Resource Use
Questionnaire-based surveys indicated a widespread lack of knowledge amongst the
community regarding the meaning of national park designation, or even of the fact that Ream
is designated a national park. The community has limited access to education and relies upon
the resources of the Park (both fish-stocks and forest products). The primary source of income
for many of those questioned was fishing, usually at a subsistence level. Families with
relatives living in surrounding areas such as Kampot and Kep were able to supplement their
supplies by taking part in rice-growing during the wet season and importing some of the rice
produced to Ream. Families without such opportunities found the wet season more
challenging, having to fish for longer periods or rely on catches of poorer quality.
Over the past five years, most inhabitants of Ream National Park had noted a decrease in
wildlife and fish stocks; the latter was generally ascribed to illegal commercial fishing.
One alternative use of the Park’s resources is as a focus for tourism activities. The results of
tourist questionnaires have been used to identify and implement short-term improvements to
the Park’s facilities. These include the production of new display materials, and the
renovation of the Toek Sap boat station. Longer-term improvements are also being
considered, such as the development of bird-watching, kayaking and cultural experience trips.
With the involvement of the Park’s inhabitants, such initiatives could provide alternative
sources of income and incentives to protect the Park’s natural resources.
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Discussion
Ream National Park contains a variety of habitat-types; most of them modified by human
activity to a greater or lesser extent. The majority of the terrestrial surveys conducted for this
study have focused on lowland forest, with additional surveying taking place on the estuary
and coast.
Ream is a key site for reptile s and amphibians. These groups may be under-represented in the
IUCN’s Red Data List (IUCN 2000), due to a lack of investigation into their population
status, etc. However it is clear that the Park’s populations of koh tao caecilian, bengal
monitor and Indochinese water dragon, three Red Listed species of turtle and Endangered
elongated tortoise, and variety of large snakes are noteworthy. All of these species are at risk
from hunting, and the freshwater turtles in particular are very vulnerable due to their lack of
mobility and slow life-cycle. Ream’s beaches are thought to support populations of four
species of sea-turtle (Guy 1995).
Two terrestrial sites (trapsite three of phase CBF042 and trapsite four of phase CBF043) have
been indicated by the survey as particularly rich in vegetation, reptile and amphibian diversity
(see figure 11). These were both relatively wet sites which may have been less disturbed due
to the difficulty of access for logging, cultivation or settlement. However this factor cannot
be relied upon to provide continued protection, and due to the limitations of our sample there
are likely to be many other areas of the Park with as great, or greater priority for conservation.
Ream also contains a large number of Lepidoptera species, perhaps due to its variety of
habitats and large number of “edges” due to the fragmentation of the forest. Our sample,
which discovered 90 species of butterfly and 40 species of moth, is limited to relatively low
canopy and predominantly diurnal species. An exploration of different ecological niches such
as the mid to upper canopy, as well as night-time moth-trapping would yield a much greater
diversity of species.
The vegetation at all sites studied during this survey has been degraded, yet most sites
appeared to be regenerating successfully. Even the heavily-modified third trap-site of phase
043 contained some members of the native, endangered dipterocarp, ko-kee saik. Reams
lowland evergreen forests may need effective protection from further human encroachment,
to ensure that they continue to develop as an important plant community and a habitat for
native animal species. For instance the great hornbill, one of the few Red Listed woodland
bird species to be found at Ream, depends upon the protection of mature native trees in which
to build nests in order to sustain a breeding population.
Specifically, those parts of the Park that have been previously cultivated, (usually with fruit
plantations), probably represent the poorest-quality habitat, being least diverse in species and
in structure and most likely to contain non-native species. In contrast, some forest sites have
been identified which have much greater regeneration potential. The most useful way to
determine these sites seems to be by investigating key parameters such as diversity,
naturalness, rarity and threat. In addition, six conservation-priority species have been
identified as proxies for assessing the conservation value of the forest sites studied.
Our surveys have also indicated that the designation of Ream’s wetlands as an IBA appears
justified. The area supports a high diversity of bird species including many endangered and
regionally-threatened water-birds. Prek Toek Sap is important both as a year-round habitat
for breeding populations and as a temporary site for migratory species. It is also an important
site for the brahminy kite, (threatened in neighbouring Laos and Thailand), which seems to
congregate around centres of human population, perhaps relying on scavenging from fishing
boats for part of its diet. The importance of the estuarine mudflats as a feeding-ground is
shown by the increase in bird sightings when these are exposed by the low tide. Mangroves,
(which line the estuary), are also a crucial habitat for birds, a nursery for fish species, and in
protecting the rest of the Park from ocean encroachment.
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In summary, despite the absence of large, high-profile mammal species, Ream is a crucial site
for Cambodian flora and fauna. Animal highlights include five Red Listed bird species, a
population of brahminy kite, the Threatened asiatic soft-shelled and asian box turtles,
Endangered elongated tortoise, Vulnerable fishing cat, Eurasian or smooth-coated otter, and
Critically endangered Irrawaddy dolphin. Among plant species, Anisoptera costata,
Dipterocarpus costatus, Hopea pierrei, Pentacme siamensis and Shorea hypochra are all Red
Listed and found in the forests of Ream National Park.
Many of these species are particularly vulnerable to human activity due to their relative lack
of mobility (for instance turtles, which are often confined to small, finite lakes). This means
they can easily be targeted by hunters and a small amount of human activity can have a
devastating effect upon the population. Turtles, large birds and large trees are all slow to
recover following such impacts, due to their long life-cycle and extended time to reach
maturity.
It is also important to consider the fate of species that are not yet listed as of international
concern, but may be at risk of localised extinction. This can be detrimental to the genetic
diversity of the species and the livelihoods of people that depend upon them (R. Bansok, pers.
comm.). In Ream, the white-breasted waterhen is at risk from over-hunting for food, while
the tree species Aquilaria crassna faces local extinction due to cutting for its valuable black
heartwood (eaglewood) and incense. Endemic Cambodian species are also priorities for
conservation; Ream at present contains a population of the ebony Diospyros bejaudi which is
at risk due to the demand for its timber.
The most important findings of the survey to date include perhaps the largest documented
breeding population of turtles in Cambodia (D. Emmett, pers. comm.). Frequent sightings of
Irrawaddy dolphin, now recognised as Critically endangered, are also of great significance
and in addition may prove to be a key attraction for tourist activities. In this way some of the
flora and fauna found at Ream can itself generate funds for its own continued protection.
Our surveys have enabled us to identify (in terms of our findings) the most valuable sites for
protection from human activities such as logging and hunting (Table 3 and Map 2).
Table 1. Priority sites for wildlife protection in Ream National Park.
Priority site Location (UTM)
Irrawaddy dolphin pods 692 590, 618 594
Langur monkey colony 609 664
Asiatic soft-shelled and Asian box turtle
populations
Diverse flora and fauna site 1: CBF042 TS3 573 671
Diverse flora and fauna site 2: CBF043 TS4 533 669
Elongated tortoise population 573 671
Koh Tao caecilian population 535 665
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
535 673, 649 564
Lesser adjutant nests c.650 660
18

Figure 10. A map showing significant optimistic sightings during 2004.
The funding to support Ream’s continued protection may in part be generated by income
from tourists. The Park has strong potential for ecotourism, which has been identified
through discussions with the Coastal Zone Management Centre in Sihanoukville. This is
partially due to its proximity to Sihanoukville, support from the local community and park
management, and the variety of potential natural resource-based activities that may be
developed. Protection of Ream’s biodiversity may also be facilitated by encouraging the
sustainable harvest of non-timber forest products rather than logging. The involvement of the
local community in all aspects of the Parks protection and development will be crucial to the
success of these initiatives.
This survey has provided an initial assessment of the biodiversity value of a limited sample of
sites within Ream National Park. It is important that this foundation is built-upon by longterm
monitoring of the ecosystem, for instance by returning to previous vegetation plots in
five years’ time to assess the development of the forest community. This may require the
continued involvement of conservation organisations as well as the work of rangers that are
now trained in biodiversity surveying techniques. Primary surveys of flora and fauna remain
to be conducted in the forests in the west of the Park, and should include some grassland sites
as well as forest. In addition, further research is required into the status and distribution of
key conservation species such as dolphins, flying foxes, fishing cats, langurs and otters, both
to ensure their protection and to assess their potential as tourist attractions.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the management and rangers of Ream National Park, in
particular the Park’s director, Mr. Karun, for their continued support and assistance
throughout the duration of the survey. At the MoE, Mr. Sok Vong and Mr. Chay Samith have
facilitated our research, and our staff from the DNCP, Mr. Kay Pheng, Mr. Hong Lork and
Mr. Phoa Panya, have also been crucial to this work.
We would also like to thank our colleagues at the Coastal Zone Management Centre,
Conservation International and the Wildlife Conservation Service for invaluable advice and
encouragement.
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References
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ADB 5712-REG: Coastal and Marine Management in the South China Sea, Phase 2, Phnom
Penh.
Ashton, P.S. & Hall, P. (1992). Comparisons of structure among mixed dipterocarp forests of
north-western Borneo. Journal of Ecology 80: 459-481.
Bibby, C.J. & Burgess, N.D. (1990). Bird Census Techniques. London: Academic Press.
Birdlife International (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the Birdlife International Red Data
Book. Cambridge, UK: Birdlife International.
Bridson, D.B. & Forman, L. (1992) The Herbarium Handbook (Revised edition). London:
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Cox, M.J., van Dijk, P.P., Nabhitabhata, J. & Thirakhupt, K. (1998). A Photographic Guide to
Snakes and other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. London: New
Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd.
CTSP (2003) Gene-Ecological Zonation of Cambodia. Cambodia Tress Seed Project/Forestry
Administration/DANIDA Report.
DNCP, MoE & IUCN (1996). Preah Sihanouk National Park: Integrating Conservation and
Development. A Management Plan for the Preah Sihanouk National Park. Phnom Penh:
DNCP.
Dy Phon, P. (2000) Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: 3000 Books.
Protected Areas and Development (2003) Field Study: Cambodia - Bokor, Kirirom, Kep and
Ream National Park. Phnom Penh: Protected Areas and Development.
Goes, F., an Setha, T. & Bansok, R. (1998) Preliminary Bird Survey for a Cluster of Three
National Parks in Southern Cambodia Cambodian Ministry of Environment Report.
Guy, J.A. (1995) Coastal Resources and Fishing Communities (Kampot Province). Thailand:
Department of Fisheries/Shrimp Farming Association of Thailand Report.
Hout, S.K. Bunnat, P. Poole, C.M. Tordoff, A.W. Davidson, P. & Delattre, E. (2003).
Directory of Important Bird Areas in Cambodia. Key Sites for Conservation. Royal
Cambodian Government Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Nature
Conservation and Protection, Birdlife International and Wildlife Conservation Society.
ICEM (2003). Cambodia National Report on Protected Areas and Development: Review of
Protected Areas and Development in the Lower Mekong River Region. Indooroopilly,
Queensland, Australia.
IUCN (2000) Red Data List (www.iucn.org).
King, B., Woodcock, M. & Dickinson, E.C. (1975). Birds of South-east Asia. Hong Kong:
Harper Collins.
Lekagul, B. (1988). Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Saha Karn Bhaet Co. Ltd.
Lekagul, B. & Round, P.D. (1991) A Guide to the Birds of Thailand. Bangkok: Saha Karn
Bhaet Co. Ltd.
Lim, F.L.K. & Lee, M.T. (1990) Fascinating Snakes of Southeast Asia – An Introduction.
Kuala Lumpur: Art Printing Works.
Phalla, S. (2002) Wildlife Identification for Law Enforcement. Phnom Penh: Wildlife
Conservation Society Cambodia Program.
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Robson, C. (2000) Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand and South-east Asia. London: New
Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd.
Society for Environmental Exploration (2003). Beharrell, N.K., Fanning, E. &
Wickramasinghe, L. (eds) Forest Biodiversity Methodology Manual. Frontier-Cambodia
Forest Research Programme, unpublished report.
Stuart, B.L., van Dijk, P.P. & Hendrie, D.B. (2001) Photographic guide to the turtles of
Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Design Group.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Table summarizing location and habitat type of trap sites sampled during
2004
Trapsite (TS) Location Habitat type
041 TS1 N 10°30'25.9"
E 103°43'12.7''
041 TS2 N 10°30'22.4"
E 103°40'14.0"
041 TS3 N 10°30'59.6"
E 103°41'50.7"
042 TS1 N 10°34'03.2"
E 103°41'17.2"
042 TS2 N 10°32'47.2"
E 103°41'46.3"
042 TS3 N 10°33'23.5"
E 103°41'44.2"
042 TS4 N 10°32'16.9"
E 103°41'08.3"
043 TS1 N 10º32’32.8”
E 103º39’40.6”
043 TS2 N 10º33’29.2”
E 103º40’23.9”
043 TS3 N 10º33’02.1”
E 103º39’41.0”
043 TS3 (turtle TS) N 10º33’48.3”
E 103º40’11.7”
043 TS4 N 10º33’16.0”
E 103º39’35.2”
044 TS1 N 10º29’26.2”
E 103º45’11.7”
044 TS1 (turtle TS
A)
044 TS1 (turtle TS
B)
N 10º28’08.8”
E 103º46’07.2”
N 10º27’55.9”
E 103º46’00.7”
044 TS2 N 10º28’15.8”
E 103º45’17.7”
044 TS2 (turtle TS) N 10º28’20.9”
E 103º45’20.5”
044 TS3 N 10º28’58.4”
E 103º45’25.2”
044 TS3 (turtle TS
A)
N 10º28’50.3”
E 103º45’14.9”
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Disturbed secondary lowland forest/tangle
Marsh and wet, disturbed secondary lowland forest,
dominated by Arecaceae
Disturbed secondary lowland forest beside stream
Disturbed rear mangrove with areas of dense bush/scrub
Disturbed lowland forest with a few mature trees
Wet lowland forest above a stream, with heavy covering
of vegetation including scattered groups of Arecaceae
Recently abandoned cultivation
Secondary lowland forest
Secondary lowland forest and evergreen swamp forest
Secondary lowland forest
Rear mangrove and seasonally inundated forest
Secondary lowland forest and scrub
Colonising forest clear-felled ten years previously, and
overgrown cultivated land
Evergreen swamp forest
Evergreen swamp forest
Colonising forest clear-felled ten years previously, with
some remaining older trees and many Arecaceae
Marshy clear-felled forest and rear-mangrove
Colonising forest clear-felled ten years previously, with
some remaining older trees
Brackish lake in open rear-mangrove formation,
dominated by Melaleuca
044 TS3 (turtle TS N 10º28’47.1” Brackish stream in previously clear-felled forest
23

Trapsite (TS) Location Habitat type
B) E 103º45’21.8”
044 TS4 (turtle TS) N 10º27’36.0”
E 103º45’56.4”
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Regenerating clear-fell, mostly immature
Appendix 2: Questionnaire for Socio -Economic / Demography Survey
[Statements in italics refer to comments or additional information that supplement the
question]
1. How long have you lived in your current location? Date or duration.
2. What ethnic group are you from?
3. Where did you move from? Village, province.
4. Why did you move to your current location (here)? Forced to move, opportunities
in Ream.
5. How many people in your family?
6. How many people live in this house? Differentiate between the previous two
questions.
7. What do they do? All members.
8. How old are the people living in this house?
9. How many years of schooling has each family member received?
10. Have you ever done any other job? If so what and why stopped.
11. If you couldn’t do your current job, would you be able to do anything else? Skills,
financial viability.
12. Do you raise any animals or grow any crops?
If yes:
How much land do you have?
What crops do you grow?
How much do you grow per month/year (value/quantity)
Do you sell any, if so how much (value/quantity)
What animals do you raise?
How much do you sell per month/year (value/quantity).
13. How much do you earn each month/year from crops and livestock? Try to get
timescale and amount.
14. If you don’t grow crops/animals where do you get your food and how much do
you have to buy?
15. Do you do any fishing?
If yes:
24

What types of fish species do you catch? Record Khmer name if no English
available, size (big/small) fresh/salt.
What methods do you use? Boats, motors, nets (type), etc.
How much do you catch per week/month/year?
How much do you sell per week/month/year?
How long does you need to catch this? Hours spent per day, try to get the same
time frame.
16. Have the catches increased or decreased in the past 5 years?
By 25%, 50% or 75%
17. Do you collect anything from the forest? Food, medicine, firewood, timber for
construction, etc.)
18. If yes how much/how often.
19. Are you able to sustain your family?
20. Has it become easier or more difficult to sustain your family in the last 5 years?
21. Are you able to save any money?
Attitudes to the Park
22. Do you know why National Parks were established?
23. Do you know why Ream was made a National Park?
24. What are your opinions on it being a National Park? Why?
25. Do you know what the purpose of the Rangers is?
26. Do you think there are too many or too few Rangers?
27. Are there any problems in the Park?
28. How much illegal activity do you think there is in the Park? What is it and to
what extent.
29. Has the amount of illegal activity on the land and sea increased or decreased in
the past 5 years?
30. Do you think the amount of wildlife has increased, decreased or remained the
same in the past 5 years? Specify which plants/animals and extent.
31. What do you think of tourists coming in to the Park? Why?
32. Would you be happy for tourists to stay in the Park if accommodation was built
for them?
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
25

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
AMPHIBIA
Bufonidae
Bufo melanostichus Common
Asian toad
Icthyophiidae
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis Koh Tao
caecilian
Microhylidae
Kalophrynus pleurostigma Spotted
narrowmouthed
frog
Microhyla butleri Butler’s
pygmy frog
Microhyla ornata Ornate
chorus frog
Pelobatidae
Megophrys sp. Horned frog
Ranidae
Fejervarya raja? Rajah frog?
Hoplobatrachus sp. Rugose frog
Occidozyga sp. Puddle frog
sp.
Rana erythraea Greenbacked
frog
Rana macrodactyla Stripebacked
frog
Rhacophoridae
Polypedates megacephalus Brown tree
frog
AVIA
Accipiter bodius Shikra
Acridotheres grandis Whitevented
myna
Acrocephalus aedon Thick-billed
warbler
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
26

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Actitis hypoleucos Common
sandpiper
Aegithina tiphia Common
iora
Alcedo atthis Common
kingfisher
Alcedo meninting Blue-eared
kingfisher
Amooronis phoenicurus Whitebreasted
waterhen
Anas dypeata Northern
shoveler
Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental pied
hornbill
Aoridotheres tristis Common
myna
Aquila clanga Greater
spotted eagle
Ardeola bacchus Chinese
pond heron
Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret
Buceros bicornis Great
hornbill
Buceros rhinoceros Rhinocerous
hornbill
Butastur indicus Grey-faced
buzzard
Butorides striatus Little heron
Calorhamphus fuliginosus Brown
barbet
Caprimulgus macrurus Large-tailed
nightjar
Centropus sinensis Greater
coucal
Ceyx rufidorsa Rufousbacked
kingfisher
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Vulnerable
Lower risk –
near
threatened
Locality Evidence
27

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Ciconia episcopus Woollynecked
stork
Copsychus malabaricus Whiterumped
shama
Copsychus sauloris Oriental
magpie
robin
Coracias benghalensis Indian roller
Corvus splendens House crow
Crypsirina temia Rackettailed
treepie
Dendrocygna javanica Lesser
whistling
duck
Dendronanthus indicus Forest
wagtail
Dicaeum cruentatum Scarletbacked
flowerpecker
Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy drongo
Dicrurus macrocercus Black
drongo
Dicrurus paradiseus Greater
racket-tailed
drongo
Dinopium javanense Common
goldenback
(flameback)
Ducula aenea Green
imperialpigeon
Ducula bodia Mountain
imperialpigeon
Egretta alba Great egret
Egretta garzetta Little egret
Elanus caeruleus Blackshouldered
kite
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Regionally
threatened
Locality Evidence
28

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Eurostopodus temminckii Great eared
nightjar
Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird
Falco peregrinus Peregrine
falcon
Gallinago gallinago Common
snipe
Gallirallus striatus Slatybreasted
rail
Gallus gallus Red
junglefowl
Gracula religiosa Hill myna
Grcaetus gallicus Short-toed
eagle
Halcyon capensus Stork-billed
kingfisher
Halcyon coromanda Ruddy
kingfisher
Halcyon pileata Blackcapped
kingfisher
Halcyon saayraensis Whitethroated
kingfisher
Haliaetus leucogaster Whitebellied
sea
eagle
Haliaetus leucoryphus Pallas's fish
eagle
Haliastar indicus Brahminy
kite
Hemicircus canente Heartspotted
woodpecker
Hemiprocne longipennis Greyrumped
treeswift
Hirundo rustica Barn
swallow
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Regionallly
threatened
Vulnerable
Regionally
threatened
Locality Evidence
29

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Hirundo tabitca Pacific
swallow
Hypothynis azurea Black-naped
monarch
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Grey-headed
fish eagle
Ictinaetus malayensis Black eagle
Iole olivacea Buff-vented
bulbul
Irena puella Asian fairy
bluebird
Ixobrychus cinnamameus Cinnamon
bittern
Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow
bittern
Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser
adjutant
Loriculus vernalis Vernal
hangingparrot
Machaerhamphus alcinus Bat hawk
Macronous gularis Striped titbabbler
Megalaima chysopogon Green-eared
barbet
Megalaima incognita Moustached
barbet
Merops leschenaulti Chestnutheadedbeeeater
Merops phillippinus Blue-tailed
bee-eater
Mesophyx intermedia Intermediate
egret
Motacilla cinerea Grey wagtail
Muellerpicus pulverulentus Great slaty
woodpecker
Musciapa latirostris Asian brown
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Lower risk –
near
threatened
Vulnerable
Locality Evidence
30

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
flycatcher
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Mycteria cinerea Milky stork Vulnerable
Mycteria leucocephala Painted stork Lower risk –
near
threatened
Nectarinia asiatica Purple
sunbird
Nectarinia jugularis Olivebacked
sunbird
Nectarinia sperata Purplethroated
sunbird
Nycticorax nycticorase Blackcrowned
night heron
Oriolus chinensis Blackcapped
oriole
Orthotomus sutorius Common
tailorbird
Pandian haliaetus Osprey
Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed
pelican
Pellorneum ruficeps Puffthroated
babbler
Pellorneum tickelli Buffbreasted
babbler
Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy
minivet
Pernis ptilorhyncus Oriental
honey
buzzard
Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus Raffles
malkoha
Phaenicophaeus diardi Blackbellied
malkoha
Vulnerable
Locality Evidence
31

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed
malkoha
Philomachus pugnax Ruff
Picoides hyperythrus Rufousbellied
woodpecker
Picus rabieri Red-collared
woodpecker
Picus vittatus Laced
woodpecker
Pitta oatesi Rusty-naped
pitta
Prionochilius maculatus Yellowbreasted
flowerpecker
Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted
parakeet
Pycnonotus atriceps Blackheaded
bulbul
Pycnonotus finkysoni Stripethroated
bulbul
Pycnonotus goiavier Yellowvented
bulbul
Pycnonotus melanicterus Blackcrested
bulbul
Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted
hornbill
Riparia paludicola Plain martin
Spilornis cheeta Crested
serpent eagle
Spizaetus alboniger Blyth's hawk
eagle
Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable
hawk eagle
Spizaetus nanus Wallace's
hawk eagle
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Vulnerable
Locality Evidence
32

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Stachyris rufifrons Rufousfronted
babbler
Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic
jaeger
Sterna anaethetus Bridled tern
Sterna caspia Caspian tern
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove
Streptopelia decaoto Eurasian
collared
dove
Sturnus burrmannicus Vinousbreasted
starling
Todiramphus ohloris Collared
kingfisher
Treron bicincta Orangebreasted
green-pigeon
Treron curvirostra Thick-billed
pigeon
Treron vernano Pink-necked
green-pigeon
Turnix suscitator Barred
buttonquail
Yuhina zantholeuca Whitebellied
yuhina
MAMMALIA
Artiodactyla
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
Cervus unicolor Sambar Multiple Prints
Muntiacus muntjak Common
barking deer
Widespread Call, prints
and sighting
Sus scrofa Wild pig Widespread Prints and
sighting
Tragulus javanicus Lesser
mouse deer
Widespread Sighting
Tragulus napu Greater Widespread Sighting
33

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Carnivora
mouse deer
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
Felis bengalensis Leopard cat Widespread Prints
Helarctos malayanus Malayan sun
bear
Lutra lutra Eurasian
otter
Lutrogale perspicillata Smoothcoated
otter
Data deficient Coast near
BC1
Vulnerable E:103°41'41.9''
N:10°33'52.3"
Pers. comm.
(villager)
Sighting
Vulnerable South of Park Pers comm.
(villager)
Panthera pardus Leopard E:103°43'12.7''
N:10°37'07.8"
Panthera tigris Tiger Endangered Northwest of
Ream
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common
palm civet
Sighting
Pers. comm.
(rangers)
Widespread Specimen
Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing cat Vulnerable Smaech Daeng
(captive)
Viverricula malaccensis Small Indian
civet
Chiroptera
Cynopterus brachyotis Lesser shortnosed
fruit
bat
Megaderma spasma Lesser false
vampire
E:103°43'12.7''
N:10°37'07.8"
Sighting
Prints
Widespread Specimen
Koh Thmei Specimen
Pteropus sp. Flying fox South coast Sighting
Rhinolophus coelophyllus? Horseshoe
bat
Insectivora
Crocidura horsfieldi? Horsfield’s
shrew?
Tupaia glis Common
tree shrew
Pholidota
Manis javanica Malayan
pangolin
Lower risk –
near
threatened
Widespread Specimen
Widespread Specimen
Widespread Specimen
UTM 57766
67163
Prints
34

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Primata
Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating
macaque
Presbytis cristata Silvered
langur
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Lower risk –
near
threatened
Locality Evidence
Centre of Park,
estuary and
south coast
E:103°41'41.9''
N:10°33'52.3"
Sighting
Pers. comm.
(villager)
Presbytis sp. Langur Ma Ou Sighting
Odontoceti
Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy
dolphin
Tursiops aduncus Eastern
bottle-nosed
dolphin
Rodentia
Atherurus macrourus Brush-tailed
porcupine
Callosciurus finlaysoni Variable
squirrel
Hystrix brachura? Malayan
porcupine?
Menetes berdmorei Indochinese
ground
squirrel
Ratufa bicolor Giant black
squirrel
Rattus surifer Yellow rajah
rat
Data deficient UTM 61850
59400
Data deficient Mouth of Prek
Toek Sap
Sighting
Sighting
Prints &
sighting
Specimen
Specimen
(skull from
hunter’s kill)
Specimen
Sighting
Specimen
Rattus? rattus Unknown Specimen
Tamiops rodolphei Cambodian
striped tree
squirrel
REPTILIA
Agamidae
Acanthosaura armata Horned tree
lizard
Sighting
Specimen
35

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Calotes emma
alticristatus
Northern
forest
crested
lizard
Calotes versicolor Garden
fence lizard
Draco blanfordis Blanford's
gliding
lizard
Draco indochinensis Indochinese
gliding
lizard
Draco maculates Spotted
flying lizard
Draco obscurus Dusky
gliding
lizard
Draco sp. Gliding
lizard
Physignathus cocincinus Indochinese
water dragon
Aniliidae
Cylindrophis ruffus Red-tailed
pipe snake
Bataguridae
Amyda cartilaginea Asiatic softshelled
turtle
Cuora amboinensis
kamaroma
Asian box
turtle
Cyclemis dentata Asian leaf
turtle
Hieremys annandalii Yellowheaded
temple turtle
Geoemyda spengleri Blackbreasted
leaf
turtle
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Photographic
specimen
Specimen
Vulnerable Photographic
specimen
Vulnerable Photographic
Specimen
Lower risk –
near
threatened
Photographic
specimen
Endangered Pers comm.
(villager)
Pers comm.
(villager)
36

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Mauremys mutica Asian
yellow turtle
Pyxidea mouhotii Keeled box
turtle
Siebenrockiella crassicollis Black marsh
turtle
Boidae
Python reticulates Reticulated
python
Colubridae
Ahaetulla nasuta Long-nosed
whip snake
Ahaetulla prasina Oriental
whip snake
Boiga cyanea Green cat
snake
Cerberus rynchops Dog-faced
water snake
Chrysopelea ornata Golden tree
snake
Gonyosoma oxycephalum Red-tailed
rat snake
Enhydris bocourti Bocourt’s
water snake
Homalopsis buccata Puff-faced
water snake
Lepturophis borneensis Slender wolf
snake
Lycodon capucinus Common
wolf/house
snake
Lycodon laoensis Indochinese
wolf snake
Lycodon subcinctus Malayan
banded wolf
snake
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
Pers comm.
(villager)
Pers comm..
(villager)
Photographic
specimen
Specimen
Sighting
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Sighting
Photographic
Specimen
Photographic
specimen
Oligodon sp. Kukri snake Specimen
Pareas cariaatus Keeled slug Specimen
37

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
snake
Psammodynastes pulverulentus Common
mock viper
Ptyas korros Common rat
snake
Rhabdophis nigrosinctus Green
keelback
Rhabdophis subminiatus Red-necked
keelback
Xenochrophis piscator Chequered
keelback
Xenochrophis trianguligera Triangle
keelback
Elapidae
Bungarus sp. Krait
Calliophis maculiceps Smallspotted
coral
snake
Naja kaouthia Monocellate
cobra
Naja naja Common
Chinese
cobra
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
Specimen
Sighting
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Ophiophagus hannah King cobra Specimen
Gekkonidae
Cyntodactylus intermedius Cardomom
slender-toed
gecko
Specimen
Gekko gecko Tokay gecko Photographic
specimen
Hydrophiidae
Pelamus platurus Yellowbellied
sea
snake
Lacertidae
Takydromus sexlineatus Long-tailed
lizard
Reported
sighting
Specimen
38

Appendix 3: Animal species seen or reported in Ream National Park, January – December
2004. Conservation status for birds taken from BirdLife International (2001), other species
from IUCN (2000). Localities reflect location of evidence and do not indicate limit of species
coverage or occupied area. Locality and evidence are shown for animals captured or reported
opportunistically.
Genus Species Common
name
Scincidae
Lipinia vittigera Striped tree
skink
Lygosoma bowringii Bowring's
supple skink
Mabuya macularia Speckled
forest skink
Mabuya multifasciata Many-lined
sun skink
Sphenomorphus indicus Brown forest
skink
Sphenomorphus maculatus Streamside
skink
Testudinidae
Indotestudo elongata Elongated
tortoise
Typhlopidae
Ramphotphlops braminus Common
blind snake
Typhlos muelleri Mueller’s
blind snake
Varanidae
Varanus bengalensis Bengal
monitor
lizard
Viperidae
Calloselasma rhodostoma Malayan pitviper
Trimeresurus kanburiensis Kanburi pitviper
Xenopeltidae
Xenopeltis unicolor Sunbeam
snake
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Conservation
status
Locality Evidence
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Endangered Photographic
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Specimen
Photographic
evidence
39

Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park, January – December 2004. Conservation status obtained from IUCN (2000).
Genus Species Authority Khmer name Conservation status
Annonaceae
Goniothalamus repevensis Pierre Rhum dool sie plaie
Mitrella mesnyi Pierre
(Ban)
Apocynaceae
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Rhum dool
Ervatamia? sp. Ma ding prehs
Tabernaemonata bovina Lour. M'the prehs
Burseraceae
Bursera serrata Wall. ex
Colebr.
Chrysobalanaceae
Rhum dael
Parinari annamensis Hance Thlork
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia ovata Wall. Plu
Dipterocarpaceae
Anisoptera costata Koeth. Phdeak Endangered
Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn. Neang deing Endangered
Dipterocarpus? sp. (Cher) Dteil, Dteil kor
Hopea pierrei Hance Ko-kee saik Endangered
Hopea sp. Ko-kee
Pentacme siamensis Kurz Riang phnom Critically endangered
Shorea hypochra Hance Ko-kee phnom Critically endangered
Vatica astrotricha Hance Ch'ma
40

Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park, January – December 2004. Conservation status obtained from IUCN (2000).
Genus Species Authority Khmer name Conservation status
Ebenaceae
Diospyros bejaudi Lecomte Angkat khmao
Diospyros filipendula Pierre ex
Lecomte
Diospyros hasseltii Zoll. Tunloep prey
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. Srarkum romoir/keik
Euphorbiaceae
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Dangkiep k'dam
Fabaceae -Mimosoideae
Adenanthera pavonina L. Chan trei
Archidendron quocense (Pierre) I.
C. Nielsen
Fabaceae -Papilionoideae
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Umbaing chres (national), Umbaing chan (local)
Angkun swar
Dalbergia assamica Benth. Tromung kwa
Pterocarpus sp. Thnong
Fagaceae
Lithocarpus elegans (Blume)
Hatus ex
Soepadmo
Guttiferae
Khaow
Calophyllum sp. Ph'ong thom
Garcinia delpyana Pierre Tromeing
Garcinia oliveri Pierre Tromung
41

Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park, January – December 2004. Conservation status obtained from IUCN (2000).
Genus Species Authority Khmer name Conservation status
Garcinia scheffleri Pierre Prus
Icacinaceae
Gonocaryum sp. Doong ho
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum iners Bl. Kun toy way
Dehaasia cuneata Blume Neang ph'aik
Loganiaceae
Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Dta trau
Moraceae
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Knaow srok
Artocarpus rigidus Bl. Knaow prey
Ficus hispida L.f. Lo wier prey
Ficus sp. Ch'rey
Myristicaceae
Knema corticosa Lour. Snaakrabay
Myrtaceae
Melaleuca leudadendron L. Smach
Syzygium cumini L. Pring bay
Syzygium polyanthum (Wight)
Walp.
Syzygium sp. Pring
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Pring suntoep
Syzygium sp. Pring dah krabaye
Syzygium zeylanicum DC Smach daom
42

Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park, January – December 2004. Conservation status obtained from IUCN (2000).
Genus Species Authority Khmer name Conservation status
Oleaceae
Linociera sp. Spong
Palmae
Oncosperma sp. Dta awn
Rhizophoraceae
Brugiera? sp. Nih
Rosaceae
Eriobotrya bengalensis (Roxb.)
Hook.f.
Sapotaceae
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Kom prock
Madhuca bejaudi Aubrev. Srarkum sie plaie
Simaroubaceae
Irvingia malayana Oliv. Chum bok
Sterculiaceae
Heritiera javanica (Bl.)
Kosterm
Bay sun luk (S coast), Doong chiem (N Cambodia)
Heritiera littoralis Dryand Doong cheim tuk (National), Thmey (Local)
Scaphium macropodium (Miq.)
Beumee
Symplocaceae
Symplocos longifolia Fletcher
Ternstroemiaceae
Som rong
Ternstroemia pernangiana Choisy (Ker) Plong
Tiliaceae
43

Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park, January – December 2004. Conservation status obtained from IUCN (2000).
Genus Species Authority Khmer name Conservation status
Grewia? sp. Pbor pleia
Grewia? asiatica? L. Bay (k)riang
Verbenaceae
Vitex pinnata Vahl Bo pul som lie/bei
Scientific name unknown
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
(Dam) L’moo
(Dam) Rong
Ba'a sah
Bon sra/som lie
Bow ka-eik
Chankom L'moi
Ch'ma bay
Chum leeung
Chum roh mow
Chung maun
Dju andaik
Grille
Kanchalk andalk
Kma bye
Kom pool bei
Kroplong
Kun cha
Neaow prey
44

Appendix 4: Tree species identified in Ream National Park, January – December 2004. Conservation status obtained from IUCN (2000).
Genus Species Authority Khmer name Conservation status
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Plerng
Po prot
Say moan
Say moan swar
S'bon
Schlong chmoul
So thma
Som leeung
Song ha
So-plong
45

Appendix 5: Summary table of all vegetation plots data.
Phase,
Trapsite,Vegetati
on Plot (04x, TSx,
VPx)
Diversity
(minimum
# spp.)
Density
(spp. per
Ha)
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Basal area of
wood (m 2 in
50 x 20 m)
#
priority
spp.
#
endemic
spp.
041 TS2 VP1 16 1160 29221952 3 0 0
041 TS2 VP2 10 640 6942730 1 0 0
041 TS3 VP1 12 630 9973798 2 1 0
041 TS3 VP2 10 560 8272532 3 0 0
042 TS1 VP1 1 120 173898 - - 0
042 TS2 VP1 1 490 10626704 - - 0
042 TS2 VP2 26 500 6800213 2 1 0
042 TS3 VP1 18 450 6415558 3 1 0
042 TS3 VP2 24 480 7615487 2 0 1
042 TS4 VP1 6 310 986455 0 0 0
042 TS4 VP2 14 320 2584994 1 0 0
043 TS1 VP1 16 550 8741676 3 1 0
043 TS1 VP2 15 380 4185650 2 0 0
043 TS2 VP1 3 390 3468005 1 0 0
043 TS3 VP1 8 190 1281895 1 0 0
043 TS3 VP2 1 320 3631680 - - 0
043 TS4 VP1 21 530 8080210 4 1 0
043 TS4 VP2 6 590 6538232 1 0 0
044 TS1 VP1 11 660 7359368 2 0 0
044 TS1 VP2 3 200 1382145 0 0 1
044 TS2 VP1 14 610 12164089 3 1 0
#
alien
spp.
46

Phase,
Trapsite,Vegetati
on Plot (04x, TSx,
VPx)
Diversity
(minimum
# spp.)
Density
(spp. per
Ha)
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
Basal area of
wood (m 2 in
50 x 20 m)
#
priority
spp.
#
endemic
spp.
044 TS2 VP2 12 460 5089575 0 0 0
044 TS3 VP1 24 680 13478215 2 0 0
044 TS3 VP2 13 630 7013800 1 0 0
044 TS4 VP1 13 530 498266 1 1 0
Appendix 6: Structure of flora by growth-form in vegetation plots studied.
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
CBF042 TS1 VP1
CBF042 TS3 VP1
growth form
growth form
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
CBF042 TS2 VP1
CBF042 TS3 VP2
growth form
growth form
#
alien
spp.
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
CBF042 TS2 VP2
CBF042 TS4 VP1
growth form
growth form
47

30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
CBF043 TS1 VP1
CBF043 TS3 VP1
growth form
growth form
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
CBF043 TS1 VP2
CBF043 TS3 VP2
growth form
growth form
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
CBF043 TS2 VP1
CBF043 TS4 VP1
growth form
growth form
48

25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
CBF043 TS4 VP2
CBF044 TS3 VP1
growth form
growth form
Frontier Cambodia Environmental Research Report 1
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
CBF044 TS1 VP1
CBF044 TS3 VP2
growth form
growth form
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
CBF044 TS1 VP2
CBF044 TS4 VP1
growth form
growth form
49