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2012 Transport 

DOKUMENTATION TRANSPORTATION PROCESSES 

PASSENGER CAR 

Content 

General Discription of Processes .............................................................................................. 2 

Process Characterization / Naming ........................................................................................... 2 

Classification into ....................................................................................................................... 2 

Vehicle Category, fuel, capacity (cf. [5]) ................................................................................ 2 

Emission Category (cf. [5]) .................................................................................................... 2 

Road Categories (cf. [5]) ....................................................................................................... 2 

Emissions Calculation ............................................................................................................... 3 

General Emissions Calculation .............................................................................................. 3 

Singularity for CO2 ................................................................................................................. 3 

Calculation of SO2 ................................................................................................................. 3 

Laughing Gas (N2O) and Ammonia (NH3) ............................................................................. 3 

Production and end of life .......................................................................................................... 4 

Variable Parameters .................................................................................................................. 4 

Inputs ......................................................................................................................................... 4 

Valuable Substances ............................................................................................................. 4 

Outputs ...................................................................................................................................... 4 

Valuable Substances ............................................................................................................. 4 

Emissions .............................................................................................................................. 4 

Systems and Emissions that are not considered ...................................................................... 5 

Application ................................................................................................................................... 5 

Process Integration .................................................................................................................... 5 

Input Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 5 

Sulfur Content of Fuel ............................................................................................................ 5 

Driving Shares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (respective parameters: “share_mw”, 

“share_ru”, “share_ur”) .......................................................................................................... 5 

Driving Performance .............................................................................................................. 5 

Representativeness ................................................................................................................... 6 

Technological ......................................................................................................................... 6 

Spatial .................................................................................................................................... 6 

Temporal ................................................................................................................................ 6 

Literature ...................................................................................................................................... 6 

Process List (GaBi) ..................................................................................................................... 7 

– 1 / 8 –

General Discription of Processes 


This documentation describes transportation processes for gasoline/diesel driven 

passenger cars. The processes comprise the use phase with fuel demand and 

emissions released. Production and end of life can be integrated. The default functional 

unit is 1 vehicle kilometer. 

Process Characterization / Naming 

General process naming: 

Vehicle category, fuel, capacity, emission category 

A list of processes available is added to this document. 

Classification into 

Vehicle Category, fuel, capacity (cf. [5]) 

Passenger car gasoline driven 2 l 

Passenger car diesel driven 1,4-2 l 

Passenger car diesel driven >2 l 

Emission Category (cf. [5]) 

ECE 15'04 (gasoline only) without catalytic converter 

non-controlled catalytic converter (gasoline only) 

controlled catalytic converter < 87 (gasoline only) 

controlled catalytic converter 87-90 (gasoline only) 

conventional (gasoline only) other measures (e.g. exhaust gas recirculation) 

1986-88 (diesel only) 

Euro 1 

Euro 2 

Euro 3 

Euro 4 

Euro 5 

Road Categories (cf. [5]) 

Average Motorway (MW) 

Average Rural (RU) 

Average Urban (UR) 

– 2 / 8 –

Emissions Calculation 


The emission calculations are derived from emission factors from literature (HBEFA) [5] 

which are based on measurements. Additional calculation principles are elucidated 

below. 

General Emissions Calculation 

The total emissions for each pollutant are to be calculated based on emission factors 

(EM) by road category (Motorway = MWEm, Rural = RUEm, Urban = UREm) taken from 

literature in [g/km] and share of road categories (Motorway = MWshare, Rural = RUshare, 

Urban = URshare) [-] berechnet: 

Emission 

 

Emission 

MWshare MWEM 

RU share RU EM URshare 

UREM 

km 

 

X (1) 

Singularity for CO2 

The calculations for carbon dioxide emissions are based on the emission factors 

according to equation (1), whereas a constant relation of 3.175 kgCO2/ kgfuel for the fuel 

consumption is assumed. 

Gasoline: with a medium density of 0.742 kg/l; this is equal to a ratio of 

2.356 kgCO2/lgasoline 

Diesel: with a medium density of 0.832 kg/l; this is equal to a ratio of 

2.642 kgCO2/ldiesel. 

Calculation of SO2 

For sulfur dioxide, a complete stoichiometric conversion of the sulfur contained in the 

fuel and of oxygen into SO2 is assumed. The sulfur content in the fuel is a variable 

parameter, which can be set individually by the user. 

S + O2 → SO2 

EF 

SO 

x _ ppmS 

kg 

 

1 000 000 kg 

64g 

 

32g 

kg 

Diesel_Consumption 

kg 

– 3 / 8 – 

g 

 

kg 

 

 

kg 

_ 2 

S 

SO2 

Diesel SO2 

(2) 

Diesel S 

Cargo 

Cargo 

EF_SO2 

x_ppms 

Emission factor for SO2 

Mass share of sulfur in fuel 

Laughing Gas (N2O) and Ammonia (NH3) 

The emission factor for laughing gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) is assumed to be constant for 

each emission category and each road category. The emission factor for ammonia 

(NH3) is set as constant throughout all categories.

Production and end of life 


Production and of life are not part of the passenger car process though a model 

specific integration is intended into input and output. The scaling results from 1/km 

driving performance to the unit of 1 vehicle kilometer. 

Variable Parameters 

Parameter Name Comment Unit 

share_MW Driving Share on Motorway (MW) - 

share_RU Driving Share Rural (RU) - 

share_UR Driving Share Urban (UR) - 

share_CO2_bio Share of Biogenic C in Fuel - 

driving performance life-time Mileage of Vehicle km 

ppm_sulfur Mass Share of Sulfur in Fuel ppm 

Inputs 

Valuable Substances 

Flow Flow Group Unit 

Gasoline/Diesel Crude Oil Products kg 

Vehicle Material Systems pcs 

Outputs 

Valuable Substances 


Vehicle Kilometers Others 1000m 

Vehicle Material Systems pcs 

Emissions 


Ammonia Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

Benzene Group NMVOC to Air kg 

Carbon Dioxide Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

Carbon Dioxide (biotic) Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

Carbon Monoxide Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

Dust (PM2.5) Particles to Air kg 

Methane Organic Emissions to Air (Group VOC) kg 

Nitrogen Dioxide Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

– 4 / 8 –



Nitrogen Monoxide Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

NMVOC (unspecific) Group NMVOC to Air kg 

Sulfur Dioxide Inorganic Emissions to Air kg 

Systems and Emissions that are not considered 

Vehicle production (integration optional where required) 

Vehicle recycling (integration optional where required) 

Infrastructure (roads/...) 

Noise 

Diurnal losses and refueling losses (see [6]) 

Hot-Soak-Emissions 

Oil use 

Cold-Start Emissions 

Emissions from air conditioning (relevance < 1 %, see [4]) 

Abrasion of tyres and brakes 

Application 

Process Integration 

The passenger car process is integrated into the model by the flow „vehicle kilometers“. 

Input Parameters 

The truck processes can be adapted to specific conditions by means of the variable 

parameters. 

Sulfur Content of Fuel 

The sulfur content in diesel fuel varies strongly worldwide; the transport processes can 

be adapted accordingly. 

Average sulfur contents for example: EU = 10 ppm [2]. 

Driving Shares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (respective parameters: 

“share_mw”, “share_ru”, “share_ur”) 

The driving shares for Motorway (MW), Rural (RU), Urban (UR) can be adapted to 

specific boundary conditions. The predefined standard values represent the shares for 

Germany for the respective vehicle. In addition, the shares must be 1 total. 

Driving Performance 

The parameter „driving performance“ is necessary to scale production and end of life. 

In case neither production nor end of life is considered ( this means the respective 

processes are not connected) the parameter remains constant. 

– 5 / 8 –

Representativeness 

Technological 


The standard emission classes are covered by different datasets. The technologies are 

representative Europe-wide and can be adapted for worldwide locations with some 

minor restrictions. There is a need to identify the corresponding emission classes. 

Spatial 

The reference locations are Germany, Austria and Switzerland. However due to the 

similarity of the vehicle structures and the same emissions limit values, the models are 

representative for the entire EU. The model can be adjusted to conditions in other 

countries worldwide with only some minor uncertainties. Note: impreciseness increases 

with the increase of deviation of the vehicle structure and with the road categories and 

the utilisation behavior – these can be adapted by modifying the driving share 

(MW/RU/UR) as well as the utilisation ratio and sulfur content in the fuel for individual 

conditions. 

Temporal 

The reference year of the data sets is 2010; representativeness may be assumed for 

the period of 2010 to 2015. 

Modification of the age structure of vehicles for each emission class leads to changes 

in the emission profile. The validity of the data set is given for about 5 years (until 

2015). Prognoses in HBEFA [5] based on comprehensive time series (1994-2020) 

report that there is no change in emission profiles within a certain size class, emissions 

class or road category. Only the different composition of a total vehicle fleet results in 

some changes between 2010 and 2015. 

Literature 

[1] EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: 

Directive 1999/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 

December 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating 

to measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate 

pollutants from compression ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission 

of gaseous pollutants from positive ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or 

liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles and amending Council Directive 

88/77/EEC. Brussels, Official Journal L 044, 16/02/2000 P. 0001 – 0155. 

[2] EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: 

Directive 2003/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 March 

2003 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel 

fuels. Brussels, Official Journal of the European Union L76/10, 22/03/2003. 

[3] EUROPÄISCHE UNION: EUROPA – Environment – Auto-Oil II Programme. 

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/autooil/index.htm 

– 6 / 8 –


[4] SCHWARZ, Dr. Winfried; LEISEWITZ, Dr. André: Emissionen und 

[5] 

Minderungspotential von HFKW, FKW und SF6 in Deutschland, Im Auftrag des 

Umweltbundesamtes, Forschungsbericht 29841256, Frankfurt, 1999. 

Umweltbundesamt Berlin; BUWAL / OFEFP Bern; Umweltbundesamt Wien: 

Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs, Version 3.1, 

http://www.hbefa.net, Berlin, Bern, Vienna / Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 2010. 

[6] UMWELTLEXIKON: Umweltlexikon: Betankungsverlust. 

http://www.umweltlexikon-online.de/RUBluft/Betankungsverlust.php 

Process List (GaBi) 

The following processes for passenger cars are avaliable: 

region standard emission standard type engine size 

GLO gasoline driven ECE 15'04 technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 

GLO gasoline driven non-controlled catalytic converter technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 

GLO gasoline driven controlled catalytic converter < 87 technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 

GLO gasoline driven controlled catalytic converter 87-90 technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 

GLO gasoline driven conventional technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 

GLO gasoline driven Euro 1 technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 





GLO gasoline driven ECE 15'04 technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 

GLO gasoline driven non-controlled catalytic converter technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 

GLO gasoline driven controlled catalytic converter < 87 technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 

GLO gasoline driven controlled catalytic converter 87-90 technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 

GLO gasoline driven conventional technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 

GLO gasoline driven Euro 1 technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 





GLO gasoline driven ECE 15'04 technology mix engine size more than 2l 

GLO gasoline driven non-controlled catalytic converter technology mix engine size more than 2l 

GLO gasoline driven controlled catalytic converter < 87 technology mix engine size more than 2l 

GLO gasoline driven controlled catalytic converter 87-90 technology mix engine size more than 2l 

GLO gasoline driven conventional technology mix engine size more than 2l 

GLO gasoline driven Euro 1 technology mix engine size more than 2l 





GLO diesel driven 1986-88 technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 

– 7 / 8 –


GLO diesel driven Euro 1 technology mix engine size up to 1,4l 





GLO diesel driven 1986-88 technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 

GLO diesel driven Euro 1 technology mix engine size 1,4-2l 





GLO diesel driven 1986-88 technology mix engine size more than 2l 

GLO diesel driven Euro 1 technology mix engine size more than 2l 





– 8 / 8 –

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