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Comets and the Origin and Evolution of Life

Comets and the Origin and Evolution of Life

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Contents<br />

1 <strong>Comets</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Evolution</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Life</strong><br />

J. Oró, A. Lazcano, <strong>and</strong> P. Ehrenfreund ........................... 1<br />

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

1.2 <strong>Comets</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Origin</strong> on <strong>Life</strong>: An Idea with a Long History . . . . . 2<br />

1.3 Chemical <strong>Evolution</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cometary Nuclei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

1.4 The Collisional History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Early Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

1.5 A Cometary <strong>Origin</strong> for <strong>the</strong> Terrestrial Volatiles? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />

1.6 <strong>Comets</strong> <strong>and</strong> Prebiotic Syn<strong>the</strong>sis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

1.7 Cometary Collisions <strong>and</strong> Biological <strong>Evolution</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />

2 The <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Atmosphere <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Oceans<br />

A. Delsemme ................................................... 29<br />

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

2.2 Hypo<strong>the</strong>sis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Volcanic <strong>Origin</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

2.2.1 The Missing Primary Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

2.2.2 The <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />

2.3 Existence <strong>of</strong> Accretion Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />

2.4 Numerical Models for a Protosolar Accretion Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />

2.5 The Chondrites as Clues on Planetary Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />

2.6 FromDusttoPlanets ....................................... 37<br />

2.7 Temperature History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth’s Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />

2.8 Thermochemical Equilibrium in Solar Nebula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />

2.9 Discussion: Was <strong>the</strong> Earth Outgassed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />

2.10 Formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Giant Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />

2.11 Orbital Diffusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>Comets</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />

2.12 Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />

2.13 Chronology Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />

2.14 Observational Confirmations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />

2.14.1 Cratering Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />

2.14.2 Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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