18 J. Oró, A. Lazcano, <strong>and</strong> P. Ehrenfreund Acknowledgment We are indebted to Dr. Gail Fleischaker for calling out attention to <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> Chamberlin <strong>and</strong> Chamberlin (1908) <strong>and</strong> for providing us with a readable copy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir chapter. Support for work reported here has been provided by UNAM-DGPA Proyecto IN111003 to A.L <strong>and</strong> by NOW to P.E. References Alden, W.C. (1929), Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin’s contributions to glacial geology. Jour. Geol., 37, 293–319. Allen, C.S. (1973), Astrophysical Quantities (The Athlone Press, London). Alvarez, W. <strong>and</strong> Muller, R.A. (1984), Evidence from crater ages for periodic impacts on Earth. Nature, 308, 718–720. Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., <strong>and</strong> Michel, H.V. (1980), Extraterrestrial cause for <strong>the</strong> Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, Science, 208, 1095–1108. Anders, E. (1989), Pre-biotic organic matter from comets <strong>and</strong> asteroids. Nature, 342, 255–257. Anders, E., <strong>and</strong> Owen, T. (1977), Mars <strong>and</strong> Earth: <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>and</strong> abundance <strong>of</strong> volatiles. Science, 198, 453–465. Aumann, H.H., Gillett, F.C., Beichmann, C.A., de Jong, T., Houck, J.R., Low, F., Neugebauer, G., Walker, R.G. <strong>and</strong> Wesselius, P. (1984), Discovery <strong>of</strong> a shell around Alpha Lyrae. Astrophys. Jour. Lett., 278, L23-L27. Bada, J.L. And Lazcano, A. (2003) Perceptions <strong>of</strong> science. Prebiotic soup- revisiting <strong>the</strong> Miller experiment. Science, 300, 745–746. Bailey, M.E., Clube, S.V.M., <strong>and</strong> Napier, W.M. (1990), The <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Comets</strong> (Pergamon Press, Oxford), p. 452. Barak, I. And Bar-Nun, A. (1975), The mechanism <strong>of</strong> amino acid syn<strong>the</strong>sis by high temperature shock waves. <strong>Origin</strong>s <strong>Life</strong>, 6, 483–506. Bar-Nun, A., Bar-Nun, N., Bauer, S.H., <strong>and</strong> Sagan C. (1970), Shock syn<strong>the</strong>sis <strong>of</strong> amino acids in simulated primitive environments. Science, 168, 470–473. Bar-Nun, A., Lazcano-Araujo, A., <strong>and</strong> Oró, J. (1981), could life have originated in cometary nuclei? <strong>Origin</strong>s <strong>Life</strong>, 11, 387–394. Barrett, A.A. (1978), J. Roy. Soc. Can., 72, 81. Benz, W., Slattery, W.L., <strong>and</strong> Cameron, A.G.W. (1986), The origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moon <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> single impact hypo<strong>the</strong>sis. I. Icarus, 66, 515–535. Benz, W., Slattery, W.L., <strong>and</strong> Cameron, A.G.W. (1987), The origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moon <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> single impact hypo<strong>the</strong>sis. II. Icarus, 71, 30–45. Bernath, P.F., Hinkle, K.H., <strong>and</strong> Keady, J.J. (1989), Detection <strong>of</strong> C5 in <strong>the</strong> circumstellar shell <strong>of</strong> ICR+10216. Science, 244, 562–564. Berzelius, J.J. (1834), Über Meteorsteine, 4. Meteorstein von Alais. Ann. Phys. Chem., 33, 113–123. Beust, H., Lagrange-Henri, A.M., Vidal-Majdar, A., <strong>and</strong> Ferlet, R. (1990). The β Pictoris circumstellar disk X. Numerical simulations <strong>of</strong> infalling evaporating bodies. Astron. Astrophys., 236, 202–216. Bockelee-Morvan D., Crovisier J., Mumma M. <strong>and</strong> Weaver H. (2004), The Volatile Composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>Comets</strong>. In <strong>Comets</strong> II, M. Festou, H.U. Keller, <strong>and</strong> H.A. Weaver (eds.), Univ. <strong>of</strong> Arizona, Tucson.
1 <strong>Comets</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Evolution</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Life</strong> 19 Boehnhardt H., Fechtig H., <strong>and</strong> Vanysek V. (1990), The possible role <strong>of</strong> organic polymers in <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>and</strong> fragmentation <strong>of</strong> dust in <strong>the</strong> coma <strong>of</strong> comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 231, 543–547. Briggs, R., Ertem, G., Ferris, J.P., Greenberg, J.M., McCain, P.J., Mendoza-Gómez, X.C., <strong>and</strong> Schutte, W. (1992), Comet Halley as an aggregate <strong>of</strong> interstellar dust <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r evidence for <strong>the</strong> photochemical formation <strong>of</strong> organics in <strong>the</strong> interstellar medium. <strong>Origin</strong>s <strong>Life</strong>, 22, 287–307. Brown, H. (1952), Rare gases <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth’s atmosphere. In G.H. Kuiper (ed.), The Atmospheres <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth <strong>and</strong> Planets (Chicago University Press, Chicago), pp. 258–266. Brown, J.C. <strong>and</strong> Hughes, D.W. (1977), Tunguska’s comet <strong>and</strong> non-<strong>the</strong>rmal 14 C production in <strong>the</strong> atmosphere. Nature, 268, 512–514. Butlerow, A. (1861), Formation sintetique d’une substance sucreé. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 53, 145–147. Cameron, A.G.W. (1988), <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 26, 441–472. Cameron, A.G.W. <strong>and</strong> Benz, W. (1989), Possible scenarios resulting from <strong>the</strong> giant impact. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XX, 715. Chamberlin, T.C. (1893), The diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> glacial period. Am. Jour. Sci., 45, 171–200. Chamberlin, T.C. (1894), Proposed genetic classification <strong>of</strong> Pleistocene glacial formations. Jour. Geol., 2, 517–538. Chamberlin, T.C. (1904), Fundamental problems <strong>of</strong> geology. Carnegie Institution <strong>of</strong> Washington Yearbook No. 2: 261–270. Chamberlin, T.C. (1911), The seeding <strong>of</strong> planets. Jour. Geol., 19, 175–178. Chamberlin, T.C. <strong>and</strong> Chamberlin, R.T. (1908), Early terrestrial conditions that may have favored organic syn<strong>the</strong>sis. Science, 28, 897–910. Chang, S. (1979), <strong>Comets</strong>: Cosmic connections with carbonaceous meteorites, interstellar molecules <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> life. In M. Neugebauer, D.K. Yeom<strong>and</strong>s, J.C. Br<strong>and</strong>t <strong>and</strong> R.W. Hobs (eds.), Space Missions to <strong>Comets</strong> (NASA CP 2089, Washington, DC), pp. 59–111. Chyba, C.F. (1987), The cometary contribution to <strong>the</strong> oceans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primitife Earth. Nature, 330, 632–635. Chyba, C.F. (1990), Impact delivery <strong>and</strong> erosion <strong>of</strong> planetary oceans in <strong>the</strong> early inner solar system. Nature, 343, 129–133. Chyba, C.F. (1991), Terrestrial mantle siderophiles <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> linear impact record. Icarus, 92, 217–233. Chyba, C.F. <strong>and</strong> Sagan, C. (1987), Cometary organics but no evidence for bacteria. Nature, 329, 208. Chyba, C.F. <strong>and</strong> Sagan, C. (1992), Endogenous production, exogenous delivery <strong>and</strong> impact-shock syn<strong>the</strong>sis <strong>of</strong> organic molecules; an inventory for <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> life. Nature, 355, 125–132. Chyba, C.F. <strong>and</strong> Sagan, C. (1997) <strong>Comets</strong> as a source <strong>of</strong> prebiotic organic molecules for <strong>the</strong> early Earth. In P.J. Thomas, C.F. Chyba, <strong>and</strong> C.P. McKay (eds), <strong>Comets</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Origin</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Evolution</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Life</strong>. (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp. 147–174. Chyba, C.F., Thomas, P.J., Brookshaw, L., <strong>and</strong> Sagan, C. (1990), Cometary delivery <strong>of</strong> organic molecules to <strong>the</strong> early Earth. Science, 249, 366–373. Chyba, C.F., Thomas, P.J., <strong>and</strong> Zahnle, K.J. (1993), The 1908 Tunguska explosion: Atmospheric disruption <strong>of</strong> a stony asteroid. Nature, 361, 40–44.
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286 D. Morrison It is a relatively
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342 Index biogenic elements 92, 155
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