ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: FROM RED TO GREEN IN ... - Isioma

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democracies of the Western tradition.” 2 There are many indications that this interpretation will provide the new metanarrative for German history. 3 But accepting postwar German history as a “long way West” necessarily raises numerous questions that historians must address. What accounts for the stability of the Federal Republic between 1949 and 1989, without which this metaphorical journey westward would have been unimaginable? What historical events and processes promoted this journey? How did memories of Germany’s recent past hinder or advance this process? These are some of the questions driving three major historiographical issues for postwar West Germany: the discussion about the roots of West German stability; the debate about the significance and the legacy of the events known collectively, if misleadingly, as “1968”; and the discussion about Vergangenheitsbewältigung, or coming to terms with the German past, and its implications for German identity and nationhood. These are the issues to which I attempt to contribute with this dissertation. To make this contribution, I focus on the radical postwar Left in West Germany. Specifically, I examine the Left in West Berlin from 1945 to 1990, with 2 Die Bundesrepublik hat ihren Platz unter den demokratischen Verfassungsstaaten westlicher Tradition gefunden. Peter Graf Kielmansegg, Nach der Katastrophe : eine Geschichte des geteilten Deutschland (Berlin: Siedler, 2000), 629. All translations are mine. 3 See the commentary on Winkler’s book by Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, “Eine politische Nationalgeschichte für die Berliner Republik. Überlegungen zu Heinrich August Winkler’s ‘Der Lange Weg nach Westen.’” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 27 (2001): 446-462. 3
particular emphasis on the years 1967-1990. The Left figured prominently in all three of the above debates. It was the radical Left that seemed to pose a serious threat to the stability of the Bonn Republic, both in the Left’s hostility to parliamentary democracy and in the form of the terrorist violence of the Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Faction- RAF) and the Bewegung 2. Juni (June 2 Movement), among others. Furthermore, the Left was the driving force behind many of the social and cultural changes associated with “1968,” changes that helped propel Germany into the ranks of modern Western nations. Finally, it was the radical Left that constantly condemned the Federal Republic for having failed to make a genuine break with the Nazi past, and whose rejection of the Bonn Republic as compromised by the past resulted in its ambivalence or outright hostility toward German unification in 1990. But the radical West German Left also underwent a profound transformation during the time period under examination here, as will be seen. This conceptual emphasis on the radical West German Left makes this work’s geographical focus on West Berlin a logical next step for several reasons. For one thing, West Berlin was arguably the center of the radical West German Left: most commentators agree that the impetus for the New Left and the student movement in West Germany came out of West Berlin. 4 Moreover, during the 4 Christoph Klessman asserts that several factors explain the student movement’s origin in West Berlin, noting that the higher degree of politicization of West Berlin students, the geographical and political situation of West Berlin, and the near-monopoly of the Springer Press contributed to a confrontation between students, university administration, local government, and West 4
Page 1 and 2: ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: FRO
Page 3 and 4: FROM RED TO GREEN IN THE ISLAND CIT
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would never have
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The court
Page 11 and 12: NATO NPD PAB PDS RAF SB SDS SED SEW
Page 13: keeping the new organization’s di
Page 17 and 18: German counterparts. As a result, t
Page 19 and 20: composition of society, the AL spar
Page 21 and 22: While some outstanding studies of t
Page 23 and 24: the founding of the Green Party and
Page 25 and 26: credit the political parties with h
Page 27 and 28: Western parliamentary democracy. 21
Page 29 and 30: Another source of deradicalization
Page 31 and 32: Bringing in other groups interested
Page 33 and 34: institutions of the Federal Republi
Page 35 and 36: Nazis when he diagnosed the violenc
Page 37 and 38: its zeal to track down left-wing te
Page 39 and 40: According to Gilcher-Holtey, the Ne
Page 41 and 42: In emphasizing the continuities bet
Page 43 and 44: social movements define new issues
Page 45 and 46: the direct result of the 1960s prot
Page 47 and 48: As has already been seen, one of th
Page 49 and 50: Republic, this ideology equated cap
Page 51 and 52: This introduction serves as Chapter
Page 53 and 54: Chapter Two Setting the Szene: Berl
Page 55 and 56: and population fluctuations, develo
Page 57 and 58: numbered doors, doors behind which
Page 59 and 60: councils or other revolutionary bod
Page 61 and 62: At the end of World War II, Berlin
Page 63 and 64: middle-class radicals and independe
Page 65 and 66:
homeless. Markovits and Gorski note
Page 67 and 68:
creation of the Grand Coalition, an
Page 69 and 70:
developments in West Berlin in the
Page 71 and 72:
ideology of Soviet Marxism far earl
Page 73 and 74:
the Abgeordnetenhaus as an AL deleg
Page 75 and 76:
Konrad Jarausch put it unequivocall
Page 77 and 78:
e like under the Emergency Laws. Th
Page 79 and 80:
against its members. As a result, t
Page 81 and 82:
SDS dissolved itself. 66 This event
Page 83 and 84:
emained and massively increased.”
Page 85 and 86:
law. 3 Moreover, the danger of nucl
Page 87 and 88:
in their stead continued. West Berl
Page 89 and 90:
eferences to West Berlin politician
Page 91 and 92:
West, the KPD persisted, before it
Page 93 and 94:
one of the K-groups during what Ger
Page 95 and 96:
chapter, the AL was both a reaction
Page 97 and 98:
Weimar Republic. It also criticized
Page 99 and 100:
major bodies: the Party Assembly (P
Page 101 and 102:
the number of newspapers actually s
Page 103 and 104:
including parliament, to advance th
Page 105 and 106:
The same article went on to note th
Page 107 and 108:
Clearly, then, the KPD-Rote Fahne e
Page 109 and 110:
then exhorted women to fight for eq
Page 111 and 112:
KPD-Rote Fahne pamphlet noted: “T
Page 113 and 114:
GDR.” 61 Remarking on the fate of
Page 115 and 116:
As good Marxists, they viewed the q
Page 117 and 118:
The KPD-Rote Fahne used any excuse
Page 119 and 120:
The political program noted the rol
Page 121 and 122:
the two superpowers, who invoke the
Page 123 and 124:
Nuclear power plants posed an espec
Page 125 and 126:
atomic energy, exploring the use of
Page 127 and 128:
determined to take part all the mor
Page 129 and 130:
involving restrictions on employmen
Page 131 and 132:
themselves the illusion of represen
Page 133 and 134:
Two pictures further illustrate the
Page 135 and 136:
activities outside of parliament he
Page 137 and 138:
The documents cited above clearly r
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter Four Crisis and Opportunity
Page 141 and 142:
leaders Andreas Baader, Jan-Karl Ra
Page 143 and 144:
together to discuss forming a new o
Page 145 and 146:
and to hang up posters in town. On
Page 147 and 148:
these efforts, only one constructio
Page 149 and 150:
Membership in a K-group brought wit
Page 151 and 152:
involvement, while holding out the
Page 153 and 154:
University. Around the same time, a
Page 155 and 156:
initiatives about pending projects.
Page 157 and 158:
Frank Koslowski, another veteran of
Page 159 and 160:
voter’s league comprised of those
Page 161 and 162:
somewhat less than one-third of the
Page 163 and 164:
With the public withdrawal of promi
Page 165 and 166:
The AL emphasized in its program th
Page 167 and 168:
The AL’s solution reflected its M
Page 169 and 170:
criticized the lack of rights held
Page 171 and 172:
at this stage, and is symptomatic o
Page 173 and 174:
discovering women’s issues during
Page 175 and 176:
opposite of that of the KPD-Rote Fa
Page 177 and 178:
The AL performed better in the Marc
Page 179 and 180:
in claiming for themselves concern
Page 181 and 182:
plants. The quills of the hedgehog
Page 183 and 184:
Another, somewhat unsophisticated e
Page 185 and 186:
four fundamental pillars of its pro
Page 187 and 188:
Not only did the Green Party threat
Page 189 and 190:
developing the future Green Party
Page 191 and 192:
democratic tradition, which should
Page 193 and 194:
with the Green Party, and the momen
Page 195 and 196:
enewal of the sectarianism [of the
Page 197 and 198:
Party, which would preserve the AL
Page 199 and 200:
Another danger of the Greens relate
Page 201 and 202:
group around the Green Ballot Spand
Page 203 and 204:
its vision for the future of the pa
Page 205 and 206:
Overall, the AL became increasingly
Page 207 and 208:
the public’s reaction to this dom
Page 209 and 210:
deal with them. We underestimated t
Page 211 and 212:
the AL in 1979. It now changed its
Page 213 and 214:
Senate policy will achieve represen
Page 215 and 216:
elections came at the perfect time
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter Five The APO in Parliament
Page 219 and 220:
conflict. In West Germany, the poli
Page 221 and 222:
other issues, about historic preser
Page 223 and 224:
It would be difficult to overestima
Page 225 and 226:
The drive for self-reliance also ex
Page 227 and 228:
years earlier- the “TUNIX” conf
Page 229 and 230:
The RAF prisoners carrying out hung
Page 231 and 232:
intense that the protesters sardoni
Page 233 and 234:
itself, representing a continuity t
Page 235 and 236:
evealed a disturbing attitude towar
Page 237 and 238:
construction of new buildings, whic
Page 239 and 240:
through a European peace settlement
Page 241 and 242:
its finger on this sore.” 61 It n
Page 243 and 244:
Berlin’s security. It also noted
Page 245 and 246:
According to the authors, the party
Page 247 and 248:
seemed to try everything to cement
Page 249 and 250:
Now, however, with the arrival of t
Page 251 and 252:
Council of Elders, and the perennia
Page 253 and 254:
TO COUNTERACT REACTIONARY CONCEPTS.
Page 255 and 256:
Weakening the fixed mandate and end
Page 257 and 258:
The extent to which the AL had come
Page 259 and 260:
work together on certain issues. Hi
Page 261 and 262:
the attractiveness and the integrat
Page 263 and 264:
violence against Berlin’s environ
Page 265 and 266:
ecognition of the importance of the
Page 267 and 268:
‘structural violence,’ which eq
Page 269 and 270:
he demanded to know whether the AL
Page 271 and 272:
parliamentary efforts. Its stance r
Page 273 and 274:
calming down until after 4:00 PM. A
Page 275 and 276:
throwing stones was a more natural
Page 277 and 278:
especially condemned the pending tw
Page 279 and 280:
Resistance Against the Violence of
Page 281 and 282:
ideas, the AL would not stand idly
Page 283 and 284:
Helping to counteract the radical a
Page 285 and 286:
the Green Party’s founding confer
Page 287 and 288:
ebel Dieter Kunzelmann. As Peter Se
Page 289 and 290:
now saw “no basis for the princip
Page 291 and 292:
supposed or existing differences.
Page 293 and 294:
violence. 173 Nevertheless, the fac
Page 295 and 296:
informed about the upcoming event.
Page 297 and 298:
anches of the West German Green Par
Page 299 and 300:
This included, but was not limited
Page 301 and 302:
ackground of manipulation, spying,
Page 303 and 304:
promoting protests against United S
Page 305 and 306:
eality: it was far better to plan f
Page 307 and 308:
Chapter Six Striving for Balance: T
Page 309 and 310:
maintain this balance. In the end,
Page 311 and 312:
clearly be discerned. The program a
Page 313 and 314:
complete with wild beard and crazed
Page 315 and 316:
The full membership of the AL was f
Page 317 and 318:
percent, while the CDU dropped slig
Page 319 and 320:
younger than the other parties’ r
Page 321 and 322:
considered undemocratic. You can’
Page 323 and 324:
e defended militarily. Nevertheless
Page 325 and 326:
clientele. It also foreshadowed the
Page 327 and 328:
questionable degree of coming to te
Page 329 and 330:
Similar efforts to spark a more act
Page 331 and 332:
membership circular information rel
Page 333 and 334:
personal confrontation with the sin
Page 335 and 336:
Senate was exploiting the fact that
Page 337 and 338:
Overall then, environmental issues
Page 339 and 340:
from parliamentary initiatives, and
Page 341 and 342:
In a letter to Wolfgang Wieland wri
Page 343 and 344:
objected to the State Office for Co
Page 345 and 346:
Thus in the period examined here, t
Page 347 and 348:
In part, the relationship to the Fe
Page 349 and 350:
organization. 99 By the weeks after
Page 351 and 352:
implications of becoming the West B
Page 353 and 354:
This seemingly routine request spar
Page 355 and 356:
places where these solutions had be
Page 357 and 358:
nonviolence continued to do so with
Page 359 and 360:
state terror,” and asserted that
Page 361 and 362:
offered no real apologies for the v
Page 363 and 364:
minister. 124 In this way, the AL p
Page 365 and 366:
to violence.” 128 That the AL ren
Page 367 and 368:
previously mocked the GDR now calle
Page 369 and 370:
not criticize the East German polit
Page 371 and 372:
live. 138 Schenk called on the GDR
Page 373 and 374:
official level in the GDR as necess
Page 375 and 376:
massive pollution, then declaring e
Page 377 and 378:
Chapter Seven Embracing Power, Embr
Page 379 and 380:
For its part, the AL was showing si
Page 381 and 382:
Ecological issues continued to play
Page 383 and 384:
in local elections, and incorporati
Page 385:
of a humane society, and injured th
Page 388 and 389:
memory of the Nazi era. As the prog
Page 390 and 391:
onto the political scene. With 7.5
Page 392 and 393:
“Advice and Help for Your Environ
Page 394 and 395:
the West Berlin parliament, refused
Page 396 and 397:
Panther faction within the AL, and
Page 398 and 399:
ecognition of the Three Essentials
Page 400 and 401:
In the realm of finance, the partie
Page 402 and 403:
support of research dealing with so
Page 404 and 405:
protection, social responsibility,
Page 406 and 407:
that once Red-Green had been in pow
Page 408 and 409:
members were Kreuzberg, Schöneberg
Page 410 and 411:
violating the principle of the fixe
Page 412 and 413:
with “consternation,” whereas t
Page 414 and 415:
Much has been made of the ‘genera
Page 416 and 417:
4 June 1989 showed that the Chinese
Page 418 and 419:
witnessed unprecedented levels of p
Page 420 and 421:
Museum, conceived as a counterpart
Page 422 and 423:
demands for self-determination for
Page 424 and 425:
political and economic precondition
Page 426 and 427:
developments in a more positive way
Page 428 and 429:
process and thus have the chance to
Page 430 and 431:
defining itself negatively as a stu
Page 432 and 433:
delivering its senators an ultimatu
Page 434 and 435:
seeking in the PDS a political home
Page 436 and 437:
leaving the party to join the PDS w
Page 438 and 439:
Chapter Eight Conclusion and Epilog
Page 440 and 441:
apparently viewed it as a Trojan ho
Page 442 and 443:
The story of the AL presented here
Page 444 and 445:
that proportional representation, t
Page 446 and 447:
developments charted here suggest t
Page 448 and 449:
epresentative of the Green Party, s
Page 450 and 451:
moved metaphorically westward, the
Page 452 and 453:
Figure 2. “We’ll get you taken
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 4. “Surely one is allowed
Page 456 and 457:
Figure 6. “Get out of my house! T
Page 458 and 459:
Figure 8. The corrupt and violent p
Page 460 and 461:
Figure 10. “Come on, I’ll show
Page 462 and 463:
Apel, Brigitte and others. “20 Th
Page 464 and 465:
Dahrendorf, Ralf. Society and Democ
Page 466 and 467:
“Grüne- sehr interessante Kehrtw
Page 468 and 469:
Klessmann, Christoph. “1968- Stud
Page 470 and 471:
“Nur friedlich.” Der Spiegel 36
Page 472 and 473:
Schmollinger, Horst. “Die Wahl zu
Page 474:
Wir warn die stärkste der Partein.
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