TEchNOLOGy TRaNSFER MODEL - Javna agencija

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3 BUSINESS CULTURE Why use it? The fishbone diagram helps people organize and view material that might otherwise be lost. Seeing cause and effect graphically enhances the understanding of a particular issue and encourages groups not to overlook factors that impact a problem or goal. When to use it • To identify what is needed to achieve a certain goal or desired outcome. • To identify which values must be taken into account to achieve a certain goal. • To identify the possible causes of a problem. • To identify which vales might be violated/disregarded due to a problem. How to use it 1. Facilitate the group to agree on a problem statement or a desired outcome (goal). Abbreviate the problem statement or goal and write it in the box at the “head” of the fish. Draw a long arrow horizontally or vertically toward the box. 2. Brainstorm (on a separate sheet or flip-chart paper, if necessary) the major categories of the problem or goal area. There are usually from three to seven. Write each category in a box and draw lines from each category box to the main line. 3. After helping the group identify major categories, encourage people to think about all possible causes of the problem or about the factors necessary for achieving the goal. As each cause or factor is identified, determine with the group what category it falls under, and record it on the appropriate line. If there sub causes or sub factors, they can be written as branches or small “bones” off the appropriate line. Encourage the group to come up with sub causes or sub factors by asking “Why does this happen?” or “What causes this to happen?” If there are main branches with only few ideas, ask the group to consider these categories further. For example, ask, “How is factor 1 contributing to the problem?” 3.9.2 Generating ideas – brainstorming What it is It is a structured technique that encourages the generation of a large quantity of ideas in a group setting. All ideas are recorded, and no judgements or evaluations are made. Brainstorming is probably one of most popular technique, used to expand the thinking process, and works on the premise that even crazy and wild ideas should be listed. Why use it? The there main reasons to brainstorm are: • To foster creativity by encouraging people to think beyond the conventional. • To record all ideas, then clarify and discuss them later. • To take advantage of synergy that –occurs when people think creatively together. When to use it Use brainstorming to look at all aspects of a problem, to list possible solutions or alternatives, to imagine the impact of a decision, and to explore possible goals. Brainstorming helps people think beyond boundaries and stretches their imagination. Using this technique keeps people from jumping to a decision about an idea without considering or weighing it against other ideas. How to use it There are numerous approaches to brainstorming, but the traditional approach is generally the most effective because it is the most energetic and openly collaborative, allowing participants to build on each others’ ideas. People think of brainstorming as any activity that generates ideas, when in fact true brainstorming is a structured process with specific rules. Many brainstorming session are not run according to the rules. True brainstorming allows people to submit ideas, but no to evaluate or critique them later. A brainstorming session requires a facilitator, a brainstorming space and something on which to write ideas, such as a white-board 39
KNOWLEDGE FOR BUSINESS IN BORDER REGIONS a flipchart or software tool. The facilitator’s responsibilities include guiding the session, encouraging participation and writing ideas down. It is also possible that a role of scribe is assigned to another person so that the facilitator can only concentrate on guiding the process. To facilitate a brainstorming session, follow these steps: 1. Greet the participants and thank them for their coming. Acknowledge the importance of every participant present, and explain that this method works only in a group, and that each voice is to be heard. 2. Explain the basic rules/ brainstorming guidelines according to which the session will be run. Visualise them on a poster or a flipchart (so everyone can see them during the session), and make sure that everybody understands the rules. Explain why it is important that rules are followed. 3. If necessary assign a role of a scribe to one of the participants. 4. Run a warm-up session to expose novice participants to the criticism-free environment. A simple problem can be brainstormed, for example: What could a person do to have more time for oneself? or What could we use a paper clip for? 5. Focus the group on a specific topic and brainstorming goal. State the topic and the goal in clear terms and give an example of the types of ideas you are looking for. Give a further explanation of the topic if necessary. 6. Post the topic and brainstorming goal on a flipchart that everyone can see. 7. Set a time limit that allows plenty of time for ideas to flow but will not drag. 8. Answer any questions the group has before beginning. 9. Give people a few minutes to think quietly and write down their ideas. Ask them to record any idea, no matter how wild or irrelevant it may seem. 10. Ask all participants to present their ideas, and the scribe to record them (on a flipchart for everyone to see). No judging, no evalu ation. 11. Ask people to contribute ideas that are not already on the list and to build on/ elaborate presented ideas. There are two ways to gather ideas: • a POPCORN approach in which anyone can volunteer an idea at any time – a facilitator or a scribe should make sure that all ideas are recorded; • a ROUND-ROBIN approach in which each person contributes one idea at a time, going in order around the room, “passing” if they have no more ideas to contribute. It works well to start with a round-robin approach and move to a popcorn method after you have gone around the room once or twice Brainstorming rules / guidelines 40
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TEchNOLOGy TRaNSFER MODEL - Javna agencija

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