Introduction - Glasgow Caledonian University

Introduction
This document provides a snapshot of
the research activity in the Department
of Vision Sciences at Glasgow
Caledonian University over the period
from January 2003 to December 2004.
The dynamic research profile found in
this document represents the
culmination of considerable efforts by
the Department from the inception of
Glasgow Caledonian University in 1993
to the present day.
The quality of research within the
Department of Vision Sciences has
been assessed at 3 Research
Assessment Exercises in 1992, 1996
and 2001 and the Department has
improved its research rating continually
at every exercise from a 2 grade in 1992
to a 4 grade in the most recent exercise
in 2001.
period from Jan 2001 to the end of
2004.
The research activity of the Department
is ongoing and expanding with the
strategic appointment of several
research active members of staff
following the success of the Department
in gaining a 4 grade at the last RAE.
These appointments and the continuing
effort of established members of staff
should place the Department in a strong
position for the next RAE in 2008.
Dr Lyle S Gray
Senior Lecturer
Postgraduate Tutor
Chair, Vision Sciences Research Committee
The forerunner institution (Glasgow
Polytechnic) of Glasgow Caledonian
University, had limited funding for
research. At this time the Department of
Vision Sciences research effort was
limited in scope and produced only 2
PhDs, 2 MPhils and a few refereed
papers in its 20 year lifetime. In the two
years covered by the current report the
Department has graduated 4 PhDs, 1
MPhil and published 66 papers in
internationally recognised peer­reviewed
journals.
External income generation has grown
with each successive RAE submission
from a very low baseline at the first RAE
in 1992 to the last RAE in 2001 where
the Department reported total research
income of £1.4M. In the current RAE
cycle, the Department has earned
external income of around £1M in the

Staff in the Department of Vision
Sciences
Head of Department
Professor Alan Tomlinson DSc , PhD, FCOptom,
FAAO
Assistant Head of Department
Professor Gordon Heron, PhD, FCOptom, FAAO
Programme Organiser (Optometry)
Professors
Professor Daphne McCulloch OD, PhD, FAAO
Professor of Visual Electrophysiology, &
Associate Dean for Research, Knowledge
Transfer and Commercial Development, School
of Life Sciences.
Professor Michael Doughty, Professor of Ocular
Pharmacology & Physiology
Professor Alexander Logvinenko Professor of
Professor Gordon Dutton MD, FRCOphth,
Professor of Clinical Research
Readers & Senior Lecturers
Dr. Norman Button PhD, FCOptom.
Senior Lecturer & Clinic Director
Dr. Lyle Gray PhD, MCOptom.
Senior Lecturer, Postgraduate Tutor & Chair of
Research Committee
Dr. Velitchko Manahilov PhD.
Reader
Dr. Gunter Loffler PhD.
Mr Lex McClymont FBDO.
Mr. John Mitchell, BA, FBDO.
Dr Nadia Northway PhD, BEd, DBO.
Dr. Katherine Oliver PhD, MCOptom.
Dr. Ian Pearce PhD.
Mr John Ross* FBDO.
Dr. Dirk Seidel PhD.
Dr Uma Shahani PhD.
Postdoctoral Research Fellows
Dr. Ross Henderson* PhD, MCOptom,
Dr Jackie Christie* PhD.
Dr Kelly­Anne Findlay* PhD, DBO.
Dr. Tara Beattie PhD.
Dr. Julie Calvert PhD.
* These members of staff all left the Department
during the period of this review.
Dr. Harry Orbach PhD.
Reader
Dr. Bill Simpson PhD*.
Senior Lecturer
Dr. Niall Strang PhD, MCOptom.
Senior Lecturer
Dr. Glyn Walsh PhD, FCOptom.
Senior Lecturer & Programme Organiser
(Dispensing)
Ms. Lesley Watson BEd, DBO.
Senior Lecturer
Lecturers
Dr Gael Gordon PhD, MCOptom.

Research Groups
Anterior Eye
The anterior eye contains the main optical
components of the visual system. The complex
anatomical structure subserve many important
physiological processes. The Anterior Eye
Research Group is a well established research
group with interests in the cornea, the tear film
and other anterior tissues in both healthy eyes
and those suffering from a range of pathological
conditions. Primary research areas include:
Corneal and conjunctival anatomy
Corneal and conjunctival metabolism
Corneal topography and sensitivity
Normal and abnormal tear film
physiology
Physiological impact of contact lenses
Clinical assessment of ophthalmic
pharmaceuticals
Mechanisms of corneal infection
Refractive surgery and visual
performance
Physiological effects of ophthalmic
materials
Research Staff
Prof Tomlinson, Prof Doughty, Dr Pearce, Dr
Christie, Dr Beattie, Dr Button, Dr Oliver, Dr
Walsh, Mr Mitchell.
Visual Development
At birth the visual system is immature.
Development of the eyes, the visual pathways
and cortical visual processing is dependent upon
complex interactions between growth and visual
experience, which are vulnerable to disruption
during the early developmental period. Current
research topic are:
Visual development in premature infants
Impact of maternal lipid nutrition on
visual development
Electrophysiological assessment in
children with neurological impairment
Visual function in children with optic
nerve hypoplasia and phenylketonuria
Maturation of magnocellular and
parvocellular pathways
Physiological correlates of face
perception in children
Spatial and temporal visual processing
in the infant visual system.
Cognitive visual dysfunction in children
Research Staff:
Prof McCulloch, Prof Dutton, Dr Manahilov, Dr
Shahani, Dr Gray
Oculomotor Function
Clear, single vision depends upon coordinated,
accurate binocular vision responses in the visual
system. These responses are produced by a
complex neuromuscular system in each eye,
and disruption to these processes may be the
precursor to the development of anomalies such
as myopia and amblyopia. Current research
topic include:
The effect of ageing upon oculomotor
function
The impact of virtual reality display
technology upon oculomotor function
The role of oculomotor function in the
onset and development of myopia
Oculomotor dysfunction and eye
movements in amblyopia and myopia.
Eye movements in premature and fullterm
infants
The Oculomotor Function Research Group is
internationally recognised and currently has
ongoing collaborations with groups in University
of California (Berkeley), USA and Queensland
University of Technology, Australia. The group
has produced significant research outputs for
the past 10 years, publishing a substantial
number of papers in internationally recognised
peer reviewed journals, and producing
significant numbers of PhD and MPhil awards.
External funding has been obtained to support
the activities of the group including a number of
recent postgraduate studentships.
Research Staff
Professor Heron, Dr Gray, Dr Strang, Dr Seidel,
Mr Stanger, Dr Northway, Prof Tomlinson, Prof
Doughty
Visual Psychophysics
Visual psychophysics is the quantification of
visual perception and explores the complex
interaction between the eyes and the brain. This
field has many practical applications to visual
tasks such as driving, reading and visual search.
The Visual Psychophysics Research Group has
a well established international profile. Current
research topics include:

Motion perception
Pattern recognition
Image processing
Visual functions and testing in eye
diseases
fMRI studies of visual perception
Face/shape perception
Clinical instrumentation in eye disease
and the developing visual system
Impact of optical correction on visual
function
Research Staff
Prof Logvinenko, Dr V Manahilov, Dr Orbach, Dr
Loffler, Dr Strang, Dr Gray, Prof Doughty

Research related
activity in the
Department of Vision
Sciences
The work of research active
staff within the Department of
Vision Sciences is
recognised both nationally
and internationally.
Reviewing for peerreviewed
journals
Research active staff in the
Department undertake peer
reviewing duties for many
national and international
journals. These journals have
some of the highest impact
factors found within the
discipline.
British Journal of
Ophthalmology
Clinical & experimental
Optometry
Clinical & Experimental
Ophthalmology
Contact Lens & Anterior
Eye
Current Eye Research
Experimental Eye
Research
Eye
Eye & Contact Lens
GMC Ophthalmology
Investigative
Ophthalmology &
Visual Science
Journal of the Optical
Society of America
Journal of Physiology
Journal of Vision
Ophthalmic &
Physiological Optics
Ophthalmology
Optometry & Vision
Science
Perception
Vision Research
Visual Cognition
Von Graefes’ Archives
of Ophthalmology
Reviewing for External
Funding Bodies
Research active staff are
often invited to undertake
reviewing duties for many of
the external grant awarding
bodies, both in the UK and
internationally.
Engineering & Physical
Sciences Research
Council
Biomedical &
Biotechnology Sciences
Research Council
National Health Service
– Health Technology
Assessment
Programme
Chief Scientists Office
Israel National
Academy of Sciences
US Department of
Veterans Affairs
There must be others – can
people please supply info
Collaborative
Research Activity
Research active staff in the
Department undertake much
collaborative work with
researchers both nationally &
internationally
Dr Michael Collins,
Queensland University
of Technology,
Australia
Professor Clifton Schor,
University of Berkeley,
USA
Professor Neil
Charman, University of
Manchester, UK
Professor David
Atchison, Queensland
University of
Technology, Australia
Professor Hugh Wilson,
York University,
Canada
Dr Ed Chronicle,
University of Lancaster,
UK
Dr Anita Simmers, City
University, UK
Dr William Simpson,
DRDC Toronto,
Canada
Professor Angel
Vassilev, Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences,
Bulgaria
Prof. David Popivanov,
Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Bulgaria
Professor L Maloney,
New York University,
USA
Dr Mark Borchert,
Childrens Hospital, Los
Angeles, USA
Professor Vengu
Lakshminarayanan,
University of St. Louis,
USA
European PKU LC­
PUFA Supplementation
Trial, Multicentre
Dr Lena Jacobson,
Tomtoboda Institute,
Sweden
Professor Jan
Bergmanson, University
of Houston, USA
Dr Paul Murphy,
UWCC, UK
Professor Graeme
Wilson, Indiana
University, USA
Professor Michael
Bach, Freiburg
University, Germany

Externally funded
research in the
Department of Vision
Sciences in 2003 and
2004
Principal investigators:
Dr Bill Simpson
Dr Velitchko Manahilov
Efficiency of human
suprathreshold visual
detection
Funding body: EPSRC
Total award: £56,135
We developed and tested
novel methods for estimating
internal noise and sampling
efficiency of suprathreshold
vision. The essence of these
models is the assumption
that the response variability is
a measure of performance
efficiency of suprathreshold
vision. We have found that
the additive internal noise are
comparable with results
obtained in detection of
threshold patterns, while the
estimated sampling efficiency
in a reaction time task is
much lower than that
obtained in threshold
experiments. These results
suggest that a large part of
the variability in reaction
times arises from the motor
system rather than the visual
system. We developed an
elaborated model for
estimation of arrival time of a
visual signal which allows
measuring sampling
efficiency and additive
internal noise as well as
multiplicative components of
induced internal noise due to
the visual signal and external
visual noise. Using a soundpattern
simultaneity
judgement paradigm, we
found that above­threshold
Gabor patches of low spatial
frequency are detected with
higher sampling efficiency
than Gabor patches of higher
spatial frequency. These
findings provide new
information about the sources
of human inefficiency in
processing suprathreshold
visual patterns.
Principal investigator:
Dr Error! Contact not
defined.
The development of a
systematic test protocol for
identifying functional visual
losses in amblyopia
Amblyopia is a condition in
which the best corrected
visual acuity is reduced in the
absence of detectable
anomalies of the visual
pathway. It is believed to be
treatable provided that the
appropriate refractive
correction and therapy is
administered at as early an
age as possible.
Recent evidence has
identified four major types of
underlying visual deficit in
amblyopia: Abnormal contour
interaction, abnormal contrast
perception, abnormal eye
movements and positional
uncertainty. These visual
deficits can be rapidly
assessed in amblyopic
children using a simple
battery of chart based tests:
Single letter acuity, high
contrast linear letter acuity,
low contrast linear letter
acuity, repeat letter acuity,
and hyperacuity.
Currently only high contrast
visual acuity is measured, but
in many amblyopic children
the primary visual deficit does
not lie in the high contrast
visual acuity domain. Often
the most reduced functional
deficit is the one which shows
the best improvement during
treatment. It is therefore
important to identify all the
functional deficits and
monitor all these during
therapy. The main reason
that these functional deficits
are not assessed clinically is
because there is no
standardised clinical testing
protocol which can be
applied.
The aim of this PhD project is
to develop a standardised
testing regimen using
knowledge gained from
previous studies in childhood
amblyopia and from own
research.
Funding body: College of
Optometrists
Total award: £44,250
Principal investigator:
Dr Gunter Loffler
The perception of shapes in
motion
Funding body: EPSRC
Total award: £126,470
From the birth of the
perceptual sciences,
researchers have been
interested in the remarkable
ability of the human visual
system to extract an accurate
picture of the world from the
light array falling on the
retina. For the most part
work has concentrated on
static objects, thus neglecting
a crucial factor: we live in a
dynamic environment.
Surprisingly, little work has
been done on the
discriminability of shapes
when they are in motion. It is
not obvious that data from
static experiments allow
useful extrapolations to be
made, which can predict
performance under dynamic
conditions.
The proposed research
will address this gap and the

esults are expected to
contribute to our
understanding of human
visual perception in a novel
and important direction.
Psychophysical experiments
and computer simulations
form the backbone of this
proposal. The former will
allow the quantitative
comparison of performance
in static and dynamic
environments and, in
combination with the latter,
provide insight into
underlying computations.
Principal Investigators:
Professor Alan Tomlinson
Dr Ian Pearce
Effect of chronic application
of a water emulsion on
mild/moderate dry eye
Funding body: Allergan
Total award: £30,900
The study undertakes an
evaluation of the long term
effects on tear physiology of
the oil water emulsion
available now as the Refresh
Endura eyedrop from
Allergan by evaluating its
effects on mild/moderate and
severe dry eye patients
against a
hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose (HPMC) based
product on tear physiology.
The benefits of the eyedrops
will be assessed by a range
of objective techniques,
including fluorescein break
up time (TBUT), tear film
evaporation rate (TER), tear
film structure by dynamic thin
film interferometry (TFI), tear
turnover rate (TTR) by
automated scanning for
fluorophotometry, tear
osmolality by the Clifton
freezing point depression
technique and symptoms by
the OSDI dry eye
questionnaire. Full
assessment of tear
physiology will be carried out
at baseline and 30 and 90
days following the
prescription of the tear
supplement.
Principal investigator:
Dr Ian Pearce
Investigation of a novel dry
eye therapy
Funding body: Sequani
Consumer
Total award: £64,780
Principal Investigator:
Professor Alan Tomlinson
Dry eye in cataract surgery
Funding body: Allergan
Total award: £15,000
The tears act as a protective
and nurturing medium for the
exposed anterior ocular
tissues. Any adverse
changes in the tear film may
lead to dry eye. There are
various conditions that have
been shown to be a
causative factor of dry eye.
Previous tests have shown
that dry eye patients have
less favourable outcomes
from cataract surgery. There
are not many studies that
have tried to compare the
changes in tear physiology
after cataract surgery. Some
studies comparing the tear
physiology after other
surgical procedures including
PRK, LASIK involving the
cornea indicate that there is
an increase in dryness. The
study proposes to identify the
gradual changes in tear film
physiology and corneal
sensitivity after cataract
surgery. This will contribute
to the understanding of the
changes in the tear film
physiology and corneal
sensitivity after cataract
surgery, which will aid the
practitioners involved in postcataract
surgery
management make timely
judgements about potential
dry eye complaints of the
patients.
Principal investigator:
Professor Daphne
McCulloch
Maturation of the cone
systems of the human retina
Funding body: Visual
Research Trust
Total award: £22,500
In light adapted conditions,
electrical signals generated
by the retina – the photopic
electroretinogram (ERG) –
provide a measure of cone
function, from the a­wave
component, and of postreceptoral
processing from
the b­wave component.
Five pilot studies determined
ideal conditions for
investigating the photopic
ERG.
1. Stimulus luminance
2. Background
brightness
3. Coloured stimuli
4. Flickering stimuli
5. Electrode types
In these studies we
investigated the luminance
response functions for each
component of the photopic
ERG. An equation was
modelled to allow
comparisons among subjects
for the b­wave component.
We tested healthy adults,
children and babies to
establish normative data. In
collaboration with the
Children’s Hospital Los
Angeles, our protocols were
used on a cohort of children
with optic nerve hypoplasia
(ONH). Initial analysis
suggests that, contrary to
current thinking, ONH is not
only an isolated

underdevelopment of the
optic nerve but also
demonstrates some lack of
function of post­receptoral
processing.
Principal investigator:
Professor Gordon Dutton
Assessment of contrast
sensitivity in infants and
children with neurological
impairment
Funding body: Chief
Scientists Office
Total award: £105,938
Infants and children with
disabilities often cannot
communicate sufficiently to
allow assessment of their
contrast sensitivity. The aim
of this work is to develop a
standardised and rapid
method of measuring
objectively the contrast
sensitivity using visually
evoked potentials. The
importance of this work lies in
the design of educational
materials for these children
which can be easily seen.
Principal Investigator:
Professor Alexander
Logvinenko
Colour mechanisms in
human vision
Funding body: Wellcome
Trust
Total award: £114,275
There is growing body of
evidence that the classical
theory of colour vision
originally developed by D.
Jameson & L. Hurvich in the
1950's, and then further
elaborated by L. Guth, R. De
Valoise & K. De Valoise and
others, is in apparent
disagreement with the recent
experimental data. We plan
to evaluate the spectral,
spatial and temporal
characteristics of the yellow
and blue mechanisms
separately. We shall test a
hypothesis that the additive
conjoint structure is met for
the unique yellow and blue
hues. If this is the case, then
an additive numerical
representation will be
constructed for the yellow
and blue mechanisms. As a
result, a non­linear model of
the yellow and blue
mechanisms will be
developed which will be
suggested to replace the
classical model.
Principal investigator:
Professor Alexander
Logvinenko
Geometrical manifold of
achromatic colours of objects
under natural illuminations
Funding body: EPSRC
Total award: £162,791
A lot of effort has been made
by psychologists and
neuroscientists to ascertain
why "things look like they do".
Much less attention has been
paid to establishing what
exactly things look like,
probably because it seems
self­evident. However even
such elementary perceptions
as achromatic colours have a
more complicated internal
structure than one might
suppose. Contrary to the
general belief that achromatic
colours can be described as
a one­dimensional continuum
(referred to as lightness), we
show that, in fact, they
constitute a two­dimensional
manifold. We plan to study
the geometrical properties of
this manifold using
multidimensional scaling. We
shall investigate apparent
illumination/lightness
invariance using a new
approach. We shall also
address the classical problem
of lightness constancy (with
respect to illumination and
position) within a new
theoretical and
methodological framework.
Principal investigator:
Professor Michael Doughty
Comparisons of the acute
effects of comfort eyedrops
on human subjects
Funding body: The
Mentholatum Company
Total award: £10,500
Individuals suffering from
mild ocular discomfort often
will benefit from the use of
some form of tear film
replacement. Some of these
are called comfort drops and
the studies undertaken
represent ongoing
assessments of their effects
in the eye. These
assessments include detailed
evaluation of the ocular
surface, tear film stability and
patient comfort after the use
of such products.

Higher Degree
Projects currently
being undertaken in
the Department of
Vision Sciences
David Bennett
Spatial confusion in
periventricular white matter
damage
Director of Studies: Professor
Gordon Dutton
This research is interested in
the spatial vision of children
with cerebral white matter
damage. We are especially
interested in how this
damage appears to mimic a
variant of Bálint’s syndrome,
a loose triad of
simultanagnosia (the inability
to perceive multiple stimuli),
gaze apraxia (the inability to
control fixational eye
movements) and visuomotor
ataxia (an inability to make
visually guided movement).
This area has only recently
drawn interest from the
academic community and as
such there is wide scope for
ongoing research. In
particular our aim is to
develop a clinical test for the
simultanagnosia aspect of
this condition. This test must
be able to be used on
patients with a wide range of
ages and disabilities. Such a
test would enable better
clinical management of this
increasingly common
condition, as well as giving
insight to normal vision
processes and enabling
further research in this area
to be carried out more
efficiently.
Mhairi Day
The effect of stimulus
characteristics on the
accommodation response in
myopia
Director of Studies: Dr Niall
Strang
This project investigates the
effect of target vergence,
target luminance, spatial
frequency content, spatial
frequency adaptation and
stimulus blur on the
accommodation response.
Both static (e.g. stimulusresponse
and
accommodation
microfluctuations) and
dynamic (e.g. steps) aspects
of the accommodation
response will be measured in
both emmetropic and myopic
subjects. Examining the
effect of these factors on the
accommodation response will
enable us to gain a better
understanding of the
conditions that lead to
inaccuracies in the
accommodation control
system. In addition, the
project will examine
differences in the
accommodation response
characteristics of myopic
eyes in an effort to determine
the factors that lead to the
development and progression
of myopia.
Anneli Demberg
Development of a systematic
test protocol for identifying
functional visual losses in
childhood amblyopia and
monitoring treatment efficacy
Director of Studies: Dr Lyle
Gray
Amblyopia is a condition in
which the best corrected
visual acuity is reduced in the
absence of detectable
anomalies of the visual
pathway. It is believed to be
treatable provided that the
appropriate refractive
correction and therapy is
administered at as early an
age as possible.
Recent evidence has
identified four major types of
underlying visual deficit in
amblyopia: Abnormal contour
interaction, abnormal contrast
perception, abnormal eye
movements and positional
uncertainty. These visual
deficits can be rapidly
assessed in amblyopic
children using a simple
battery of chart based tests:
Single letter acuity, high
contrast linear letter acuity,
low contrast linear letter
acuity, repeat letter acuity,
and hyperacuity.
Currently only high contrast
visual acuity is measured, but
in many amblyopic children
the primary visual deficit does
not lie in the high contrast
visual acuity domain. Often
the most reduced functional
deficit is the one which shows
the best improvement during
treatment. It is therefore
important to identify all the
functional deficits and
monitor all these during
therapy. The main reason
that these functional deficits
are not assessed clinically is
because there is no
standardised clinical testing
protocol which can be
applied.
The aim of this PhD project is
to develop a standardised
testing regimen using
knowledge gained from
previous studies in childhood
amblyopia and from own
research.
Helle Falkenberg
An ideal observer approach
to the development of motion
perception in normal and
abnormal vision
Director of Studies : Dr
William Simpson
This project aims to
characterise the development

of motion perception in
children and subsequently
determine the degree and
nature of impaired motion
perception in a group of
children with brain damage.
Sven Jonuscheit
The evaluation of the cornea
in myopic eyes
Director of Studies: Professor
Michael Doughty
The main goal of this
research will be to assess the
cornea of myopic eyes, with
special attention paid to
possible differences between
eyes with different degrees of
myopia. The outcome
measurements will include
data on corneal thickness
and anterior and posterior
corneal curvature radius. All
measurements will be taken
in the centre, the midperiphery
and the periphery.
Detailed analyses will be
undertaken to assess
whether correlations can be
made the cornea thickness,
shape and curvature (of both
surfaces) and both axial
length and refractive error.
Corneal curvature and
thickness profile maps will
also be produced. One key
feature of my work will be,
that the subjects will be
strictly grouped according to
refractive error and gender, in
order to allow a weighted
statistical analysis. Some
emmetropic and hyperopic
subjects will be included for
comparison.
Graeme Kennedy
Static and Dynamic Aspects
of Angle Perception
Director of Studies: Gunter
Loffler
The accurate computation of
object shape is a
fundamental task for the
visual system. The aim of
this study is to investigate
shape perception at a
relatively low level of
complexity, by measuring
perception of geometric
angles. A first set of
experiments has shown that
angle discrimination is
strongly dependent on the
overall stimulus shape but
independent of the
orientation and position of the
object of which the angle
forms a part. Most studies of
shape perception have
investigated objects that are
stationary, and do not reflect
the dynamic environment in
which we live. The question
arises as to whether results
obtained with static angles
can predict our perception of
angles that are moving. A
second set of experiments
showed that angle
discrimination is equally good
whether the objects
containing the angles are
static or moving at moderate
speeds. These results have
strong implications for
mechanisms underlying
angle computation. In the
final part of the study, a
model for angle
discrimination will be
constructed using the
experimental data, and
predictions made by this
model will be tested
experimentally.
Santosh Khanal
Tear physiology in dry eye
Director of Studies: Professor
Alan Tomlinson
This project includes
investigations of cataract, an
ocular intervention, as a
cause of dry eye, severity of
dry eye due to different
aetiologies and the most
effective management for dry
eye. It is expected that the
outcome of these projects will
help in increasing the
understanding and the
management options for dry
eye. I’m also working on the
development of a novel noninvasive
technique for the
determination of thickness of
the lipid layer of the tear film.
The studies are being done in
collaboration with various eye
departments around
Glasgow.
Caroline Chaplin
Maturation of the cone
systems of the human retina
Director of Studies: Professor
Daphne McCulloch
In light adapted conditions,
electrical signals generated
by the retina – the photopic
electroretinogram (ERG) –
provide a measure of cone
function, from the a­wave
component, and of postreceptoral
processing from
the b­wave component.
Five pilot studies determined
ideal conditions for
investigating the photopic
ERG.
6. Stimulus luminance
7. Background
brightness
8. Coloured stimuli
9. Flickering stimuli
10. Electrode types
In these studies we
investigated the luminance
response functions for each
component of the photopic
ERG. An equation was
modelled to allow
comparisons among subjects
for the b­wave component.
We tested healthy adults,
children and babies to
establish normative data. In
collaboration with the
Children’s Hospital Los
Angeles, our protocols were

used on a cohort of children
with optic nerve hypoplasia
(ONH). Initial analysis
suggests that, contrary to
current thinking, ONH is not
only an isolated
underdevelopment of the
optic nerve but also
demonstrates some lack of
function of post­receptoral
processing.
Petar Mihaylov
Investigation of visual
function in real and artificial
scotomas
Director of Studies: Dr
Velitchko Manahilov
We base our knowledge
about the external world on
the perceptual representation
of five senses in our brain.
Vision plays an enormous
role in this process. The
traditional view is that there is
a close correspondence
between the perceived
brightness distribution of a
visual object and the
activities of a particular set of
neurones. Nowadays this
view is challenged by studies
on the perception of visual
information within areas that
have not received stimulation
but are surrounded by
stimulated areas (artificial
scotomas). Such perceptions
involve long distances
interactions. In this project,
we employ psychophysical
and electrophysiological
methods to investigate how
different types of information
(pattern, motion, illusory
contours, noise and colour)
transfer into real and artificial
scotomas from surrounding
stimulated areas. The results
will provide information about
the visual processes
underlying long­distance
interactions within the visual
network.
Taher Naase
Ocular surface
characteristics, sensitivity
and spontaneous eye blink
activity in humans
Director of Studies: Professor
Michael Doughty
The goal of the present
studies is to attempt to
objectively inter­relate the
characteristics of the human
ocular surface with the
spontaneous eye blink
activity. Rather than simply
studying one group of
individuals that might not be
representative, two different
groups have been
deliberately recruited to
compare data between these
two groups of individuals as
they expected to have rather
different ocular surface
characteristics because of
their ethnic origin and the
environment in their original
country of residence, namely
those of Arabic origin and
those of white (European)
origin. Various techniques
have been used to evaluate
the ocular surface including
ocular surface contact
sensitivity (Cochet­Bonet)
measures, assessment of
tear film stability (with
fluorescein), assessment of
the tarsal conjunctival
staining patterns with
fluorescein (using a new
automated image analysis
technique), subjective and
objective assessment of the
staining characteristics of the
eyelid marginal zone with
lissamine green, and an
impression cytology of bulbar
conjunctival epithelium. Part
of the thesis work has also
been to further develop
methods that can be used to
record eyeblink activity (using
a digital video system) and
analyse it (using a more
direct download of the data to
a computer).
David Nicol
Visual evoked potentials in
amblyopic and control
subjects from stereoscopic,
flicker and motion stimuli in
humans
Director of Studies: Professor
Daphne McCulloch
Amblyopia is characterised
by deficits in stereoacuity,

spatial resolution and
localisation while temporal
resolution may remain largely
unaffected. The aims of this
PhD research project are to
investigate Visual Evoked
Potentials (VEPs) in
amblyopic individuals using
stereoscopic stimuli
(anaglyphic random­dot
stereograms) and to
investigate the maturation
process of the stereoscopic
VEP in subjects with full
stereopsis. The effect of
amblyopia on temporal
resolution is being
investigated by recording
VEPs to monocular and
binocular luminance
modulation across a range of
temporal frequencies for
comparison in amblyopic and
control subjects.
Stewart Stanger
The effect of virtual reality
displays upon ocular motor
function and the implications
for optometric practice.
Director of Studies: Dr Lyle
Gray
Virtual Reality (VR) systems
are currently used in the
fields of medicine, education
and engineering. The
increasing affordability of
computer and video games
systems with substantial
processing power suggests
that significant public
exposure to these
technologies can only
increase. The visual
demands of VR systems are
typically i) a fixed level of
accommodative demand and
ii) widely varying disparity
vergence stimulation. The
incorporation of disparity
information in VR displays
introduces a strong
perceptual depth stimulus for
the user but is highly
unnatural stimulation for the
binocular visual system.
Numerous symptoms have
been identified following VR
immersion including blur,
double vision, postural
instability and cybersickness
(similar to motion sickness),
the visual symptoms may be
indicative of binocular vision
dysfunction following VR use.
The aim of the project is to
investigate systematically the
effects of VR upon the
binocular visual system.
Janice Waterson Wilson
The effect of various
treatment modalities on
ocular motility
Director of Studies: Professor
Gordon Heron
The above named study
encompasses patients
treated through surgery,
exercises, medication or
optical treatment. Saccades
and vergence eye
movements have been
investigated both qualitatively
and quantitatively.
Saccadic Eye Movements
Group
1: Retinal detachment
patients, saccades recorded
pre and post op, follow up for
6 months
2: Macular hole patients,
saccades recorded pre and
post op, follow up for 6
months
3: Strabismic patients,
saccades recorded pre and
post op, follow up for 6
months
4: Gabbapentin patients,
saccades and nystagmus
recorded pre and post
prescription
5: Normals, saccades
recorded to act as a control
and to assess reliability and
repeatability
Vergence Eye Movements
Group
1: Hypermetrope’s recorded
with and without glasses
2: Fully Accommodative
Esotropes recorded with and
without glasses
3: Intermittent Exotropes
recorded on two trials
4: Normals, vergence
recorded to act as a control
and to assess reliability and
repeatability

List of Postgraduate Awards
2003­04
Emma Price June 2003
PhD
Sources of variation in the clinical
measurement of pulsatile ocular blood
flow and their effect upon the detection
of primary open­angle glaucoma.
Director of Studies – Dr Lyle Gray
Emiljan Oblak August 2003
PhD
Assessment of welding ultraviolet
radiation on the corneal endothelium
using a newly developed computerized
morphometric system.
Director of Studies – Professor Michael
Doughty
Dirk Seidel August 2003
PhD
Retinotopic and spatiotopic
accommodation responses in
emmetropia and myopia.
Director of Studies – Professor Gordon
Heron
Hugh Campbell March 2004
MPhil
The effects of alcohol dependency upon
visual function.
Director of Studies – Professor Gordon
Heron
Nadia Northway March 2004
PhD
Psychophysical and ocular motor
aspects of visual processing in dyslexics
with Meares­Irlen Syndrome.
Director of Studies – Dr Velitchko Manahilov

Refereed Publications
Aakre, B.M., Doughty, M.J., Dalane, O.V., Berg,
A., Aamodt, O., & Gangstad, H. (2003).
Assessment of reproducibility of measures of
intraocular pressure and central corneal
thickness in young white adults over a 16­h time
period. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 23 (3), 271­283.
Aakre, B.M., Ystenaes, A.E., Doughty, M.J.,
Austrheim, O., Westerfjell, B., & Lie, M.T.
(2004). A 6­month follow­up of successful refits
from daily disposable soft contact lenses to
continuous wear of high­Dk silicone­hydrogel
lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 24 (2), 130­141.
Atchison, D.A., Strang, N.C., & Stark, L.R.
(2004). Dynamic accommodation responses to
stationary colored targets. Optom Vis Sci, 81 (9),
699­711.
Bamashmus, M.A., Matlhaga, B., & Dutton,
G.N. (2004). Causes of blindness and visual
impairment in the West of Scotland. Eye, 18 (3),
257­261.
Bambridge, A. (2004). Healing vision without
spectacles, contact lenses or refractive surgery:
a personal journey of healing vision. J Altern
Complement Med, 10 (4), 607­609.
Beattie, T.K., Seal, D.V., Tomlinson, A.,
McFadyen, A.K., & Grimason, A.M. (2003).
Determination of amoebicidal activities of
multipurpose contact lens solutions by using a
most probable number enumeration technique. J
Clin Microbiol, 41 (7), 2992­3000.
Beattie, T.K., Tomlinson, A., McFadyen, A.K.,
Seal, D.V., & Grimason, A.M. (2003). Enhanced
attachment of acanthamoeba to extended­wear
silicone hydrogel contact lenses: a new risk
factor for infection? Ophthalmology, 110 (4),
765­771.
Beattie, T.K., Tomlinson, A., & Seal, D.V.
(2003). Surface treatment or material
characteristic: the reason for the high level of
Acanthamoeba attachment to silicone hydrogel
contact lenses. Eye Contact Lens, 29 (1 Suppl),
S40­43; discussion S57­49, S192­194.
Booton, G.C., Rogerson, A., Bonilla, T.D., Seal,
D.V., Kelly, D.J., Beattie, T.K., Tomlinson, A.,
Lares­Villa, F., Fuerst, P.A., & Byers, T.J.
(2004). Molecular and physiological evaluation
of subtropical environmental isolates of
Acanthamoeba spp., causal agent of
Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol,
51 (2), 192­200.
Dolan, F.M., Parks, S., Keating, D., & Dutton,
G.N. (2004). The role of widefield multifocal
electroretinography (WF­mfERG) in the
assessment of eyes with branch retinal vein
occlusion (BRVO). Investigative Ophthalmology
& Visual Science, 45, U406­U406.
Dolan, F.M., Parks, S., Keating, D., Dutton,
G.N., & Evan, A.L. (2002). The role of multifocal
electroretinography in central retinal vein
occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual
Science, 43, U105­U105.
Dolan, F.M., Parks, S., Keating, D., Dutton,
G.N., & Evans, A.L. (2003). Multifocal
electroretinographic features of central retinal
vein occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology &
Visual Science, 44 (11), 4954­4959.
Donald, C., Hamilton, L., & Doughty, M.J.
(2003). A quantitative assessment of the
location and width of Marx's line along the
marginal zone of the human eyelid. Optom Vis
Sci, 80 (8), 564­572.
Doughty, M.J. (2003). Impact of brief exposure
to balanced salts solution or cetylpyridinium
chloride on the surface appearance of the rabbit
corneal epithelium­­a scanning electron
microscopy study. Curr Eye Res, 26 (6), 335­
346.
Doughty, M.J. (2003a). A physiological
perspective on the swelling properties of the
mamallian corneal stroma. Contact Lens
Anterior Eye, 26, 117­129.
Doughty, M.J. (2004a). Further assessment of
the size, shape and surface features of
superficial cells of the bovine corneal epithelium,
using scanning electron microscopy. Curr Eye
Res, 28 (3), 203­214.
Doughty, M.J. (2004b). Impact of hypotonic
solutions on the stromal swelling, lactate
dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
activity of the keratocytes of the bovine cornea.
Cell Biol Int, 28 (8­9), 593­607.

Doughty, M.J. (2004c). Influence of initial
fixation protocol on the appearance of primary
cilia on the rabbit corneal endothelial cell apical
surface as assessed by scanning electron
microscopy. Cell Biol Int, 28 (2), 131­137.
Doughty, M.J., & Bergmanson, J.P. (2003).
New insights into the surface cells and glands of
the conjunctiva and their relevance to the tear
film. Optometry, 74 (8), 485­500.
Doughty, M.J., & Bergmanson, J.P. (2004a).
Collagen fibril characteristics at the corneoscleral
boundary and rabbit corneal stromal
swelling. Clin Exp Optom, 87 (2), 81­92.
Doughty, M.J., & Bergmanson, J.P. (2004b).
Heterogeneity in the ultrastructure of the
mucous (goblet) cells of the rabbit palpebral
conjunctiva. Clin Exp Optom, 87 (6), 377­385.
Doughty, M.J., Naase, T., Donald, C., Hamilton,
L., & Button, N.F. (2004). Visualisation of
"Marx's line" along the marginal eyelid
conjunctiva of human subjects with lissamine
green dye. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 24 (1), 1­7.
Drummond, S., Weir, C., Buchan, D., & Dutton,
G.N. (2004). Cyclical esotropia following surgery
for partially accommodative esotropia. British
Journal of Ophthalmology, 88 (6), 835­836.
Drummond, S.R., Drummond, R.S., & Dutton,
G.N. (2004). Visual acuity and the ability of the
visually impaired to read medication instructions.
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 88 (12), 1541­
1542.
Dutton, G.N. (2003). Cognitive vision, its
disorders and differential diagnosis in adults and
children: knowing where and what things are.
Eye, 17 (3), 289­304.
Dutton, G.N. (2004). Congenital disorders of the
optic nerve: excavations and hypoplasia. Eye,
18 (11), 1038­1048.
Dutton, G.N., & Cleary, M. (2003). Should we
be screening for and treating amblyopia?
Evidence shows some benefit. British Medical
Journal, 327 (7426), 1242­1243.
Dutton, G.N., Saaed, A., Fahad, B., Fraser, R.,
McDaid, G., McDade, J., Mackintosh, A., Rane,
T., & Spowart, K. (2004). Association of
binocular lower visual field impairment, impaired
simultaneous perception, disordered visually
guided motion and inaccurate saccades in
children with cerebral visual dysfunction ­ a
retrospective observational study. Eye, 18 (1),
27­34.
Farrell, J., Patel, S., Grierson, D.G., & Sturrock,
R.D. (2003). A clinical procedure to predict the
value of temporary occlusion therapy in
keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Ophthalmic Physiol
Opt, 23 (1), 1­8.
Gillen, J.A., & Dutton, G.N. (2003). Balint's
syndrome in a 10­year­old male. Developmental
Medicine and Child Neurology, 45 (5), 349­352.
Gonzalez, P.A., Dutton, G., & Bryce, I. (2003).
Ultrasonic measurement of optic nerve sheath
diameter in the management of benign
intracranial hypertension. Investigative
Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44, U121­
U121.
Hazel, C.A., Cox, M.J., & Strang, N.C. (2003).
Wavefront aberration and its relationship to the
accommodative stimulus­response function in
myopic subjects. Optom Vis Sci, 80 (2), 151­
158.
Hazel, C.A., Strang, N.C., & Vera­Diaz, F.A.
(2003). Open­ and closed­loop regressions
compared in myopic and emmetropic subjects.
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 23 (3), 265­270.
Henderson, R.M., McCulloch, D.L., & Herbert,
A.M. (2003). Event­related potentials (ERPs) to
schematic faces in adults and children. Int J
Psychophysiol, 51 (1), 59­67.
Heron, G., & Charman, W.N. (2004).
Accommodation as a function of age and the
linearity of the response dynamics. Vision Res,
44 (27), 3119­3130.
Kerr, A.M., McCulloch, D., Oliver, K., McLean,
B., Coleman, E., Law, T., Beaton, P., Wallace,
S., Newell, E., Eccles, T., & Prescott, R.J.
(2003). Medical needs of people with intellectual
disability require regular reassessment, and the
provision of client­ and carer­held reports. J
Intellect Disabil Res, 47 (Pt 2), 134­145.
Loffler, G., & Orbach, H.S. (2003a). Factors
affecting motion integration. J Opt Soc Am A Opt

Image Sci Vis, 20 (8), 1461­1471.
Loffler, G., & Orbach, H.S. (2003b). Modeling
the integration of motion signals across space. J
Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 20 (8), 1472­
1489.
Loffler, G., Wilson, H.R., & Wilkinson, F. (2003).
Local and global contributions to shape
discrimination. Vision Res, 43 (5), 519­530.
Logvinenko, A.D. (2003a). Does the bandpass
linear filter response predict gradient lightness
induction? A reply to Fred Kingdom. Perception,
32 (5), 621­626.
Logvinenko, A.D. (2003b). A fair test of the
effect of a shadow­incompatible luminance
gradient on the simultaneous lightness contrast.
Perception, 32 (6), 717­720; discussion 721­
730.
Logvinenko, A.D., Byth, W., & Vityaev, E.E.
(2004). In search of an elusive hard threshold: a
test of observer's ability to order sub­threshold
stimuli. Vision Res, 44 (3), 287­296.
Logvinenko, A.D., & Kane, J. (2003).
Luminance gradient can break backgroundindependent
lightness constancy. Perception, 32
(3), 263­268.
Logvinenko, A.D., & Kane, J. (2004). Hering's
and Helmholtz's types of simultaneous lightness
contrast. J Vis, 4 (12), 1102­1110.
Malcolm, C.A., Hamilton, R., McCulloch, D.L.,
Montgomery, C., & Weaver, L.T. (2003).
Scotopic electroretinogram in term infants born
of mothers supplemented with docosahexaenoic
acid during pregnancy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis
Sci, 44 (8), 3685­3691.
Malcolm, C.A., McCulloch, D.L., Montgomery,
C., Shepherd, A., & Weaver, L.T. (2003).
Maternal docosahexaenoic acid
supplementation during pregnancy and visual
evoked potential development in term infants: a
double blind, prospective, randomised trial. Arch
Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 88 (5), F383­390.
Manahilov, V., Calvert, J., & Simpson, W.A.
(2003). Temporal properties of the visual
responses to luminance and contrast modulated
noise. Vision Res, 43 (17), 1855­1867.
Manahilov, V., Findlay, K., & Simpson, W.A.
(2004). Factors limiting suprathreshold vision
measured by a flash­sound simultaneity
paradigm. Vision Res, 44 (22), 2577­2585.
McDonagh, J., Stephen, L.J., Dolan, F.M.,
Parks, S., Dutton, G.N., Kelly, K., Keating, D.,
Sills, G.J., & Brodie, M.J. (2003). Peripheral
retinal dysfunction in patients taking vigabatrin.
Neurology, 61 (12), 1690­1694.
Miller, W.L., Doughty, M.J., Narayanan, S.,
Leach, N.E., Tran, A., Gaume, A.L., &
Bergmanson, J.P. (2004). A comparison of tear
volume (by tear meniscus height and phenol red
thread test) and tear fluid osmolality measures in
non­lens wearers and in contact lens wearers.
Eye Contact Lens, 30 (3), 132­137.
Murphy, P.J., O'Brart, D.P., Stephenson, C.G.,
Oliver, K.M., Patel, S., & Marshall, J. (2003).
Effect of hyperopic photorefractive keratectomy
on corneal sensitivity: a longitudinal study. J
Refract Surg, 19 (1), 34­39.
Naase, T., Doughty, M.J., & Button, N.F.
(2004). An assessment of the pattern of
spontaneous eyeblink activity under the
influence of topical ocular anaesthesia. Graefes
Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,
Naase, T., Doughty, M.J., & Button, N.F.
(2005). An assessment of the pattern of
spontaneous eyeblink activity under the
influence of topical ocular anaesthesia. Graefes
Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 243 (4), 306­312.
Northway, N. (2003). Predicting the continued
use of overlays in school children­­a comparison
of the Developmental Eye Movement test and
the Rate of Reading test. Ophthalmic Physiol
Opt, 23 (5), 457­464.
Parks, S., McDonagh, J., Dolan, F., Dutton,
G.N., Keating, D., & Brodie, M.J. (2003).
Separating the transient physiological effects
and retino­toxic effects of vigabatrin related
retinal dysfunction using the wide field multifocal
ERG. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual
Science, 44, U36­U36.
Price, E.L., Gray, L.S., Humphries, L., Zweig,
C., & Button, N.F. (2003). Effect of exercise on
intraocular pressure and pulsatile ocular blood
flow in a young normal population. Optom Vis
Sci, 80 (6), 460­466.

Ramaesh, K., Ramaesh, T., Dutton, G.N., &
Dhillon, B. (2005). Evolving concepts on the
pathogenic mechanisms of aniridia related
keratopathy. International Journal of
Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37 (3), 547­557.
Ridder, W.H., 3rd, & Tomlinson, A. (2003). The
effect of artificial tears on visual performance in
normal subjects wearing contact lenses. Optom
Vis Sci, 80 (12), 826­831.
Seal, D.V., Beattie, T.K., Tomlinson, A., Fan,
D., & Wong, E. (2003). Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Br J Ophthalmol, 87 (4), 516­517.
Seidel, D., Gray, L.S., & Heron, G. (2003).
Retinotopic accommodation responses in
myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 44 (3), 1035­
1041.
Sidiki, S.S., Hamilton, R., & Dutton, G.N.
(2003). Lesson of the week ­ Fear of the dark in
children: is stationary night blindness the cause?
British Medical Journal, 326 (7382), 211­212.
Simpson, W.A., Falkenberg, H.K., &
Manahilov, V. (2003). Sampling efficiency and
internal noise for motion detection,
discrimination, and summation. Vision Res, 43
(20), 2125­2132.
Simpson, W.A., Findlay, K., & Manahilov, V.
(2003). Efficiency and internal noise for
detection of suprathreshold patterns measured
using simple reaction time. Vision Res, 43 (10),
1103­1109.
Simpson, W.A., Shahani, U., & Manahilov, V.
(2005). Illusory percepts of moving patterns due
to discrete temporal sampling. Neurosci Lett,
375 (1), 23­27.
Stark, L.R., Strang, N.C., & Atchison, D.A.
(2003). Dynamic accommodation response in
the presence of astigmatism. J Opt Soc Am A
Opt Image Sci Vis, 20 (12), 2228­2236.
Thai, L.C., Tomlinson, A., & Doane, M.G.
(2004). Effect of contact lens materials on tear
physiology. Optom Vis Sci, 81 (3), 194­204.
Thuret, G., Manissolle, C., Acquart, S., Le Petit,
J.C., Maugery, J., Campos­Guyotat, L.,
Doughty, M.J., & Gain, P. (2003). Is manual
counting of corneal endothelial cell density in
eye banks still acceptable? The French
experience. Br J Ophthalmol, 87 (12), 1481­
1486.

Published Abstracts in 2003 & 2004
Beattie, T. K., A. Tomlinson, et al. (2004). Efficacy of
anti­neoplastic drugs against Acanthamoeba.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45:
S552.
Booton, G. C., A. Rogerson, et al. (2003). Molecular
and physiological evaluation of subtropical
environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba spp., causal
agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S336.
Demberg, A., L. S. Gray, et al. (2004). Effect of target
contrast on contour interaction.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45:
S492.
Dolan, F. M., S. Parks, et al. (2004).
The role of widefield multifocal electroretinography
(WF­mfERG) in the assessment of eyes with branch
retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45:
S406.
Gonzalez, P. A., G. Dutton, et al. (2003).
Ultrasonic measurement of optic nerve sheath
diameter in the management of benign intracranial
hypertension.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S121.
Gray, L. S., S. Stanger, et al. (2003).
The time course of ocular motor adaptation to virtual
reality exposure.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S2733.
Gray, L. S., L. Hobden, et al. (2004). Comparison of
higher order monochromatic aberrations in amblyopic
and non­amblyopic eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology
& Visual Science 45: S962.
Hamilton R, Mactier H et al (2003). Oscillatory
potentials (OPs) in premature and term­born infants.
Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 44:
S599.
Hutchinson, S. and A. Logvinenko (2004). Colours
produced under high­spatial­frequency tritanopia
(HSFT) are unique hues.
Perception 33 (Suppl.): 48.
Kennedy, G. J., Orbach, H. S., & Loffler, G. (2004).
Angle discrimination depends on the shape of the
triangle.
Journal of Vision 4(8), 660a.
Loffler, G., Kennedy, G et al (2003). Properties of
static and dynamic angle discrimination are different.
Journal of Vision 3(9), 795a.
Loffler, G., Wilkinson, et al (2004).
Effect of Facial Geometry on the fMRI signal in the
Fusiform Face Area.
Journal of Vision 4(8), 136a.
Logvinenko, A. D., Ross D. A. (2003)
Bi­dimensionality of achromatic colours as derived
from multi­dimensional scaling.
Perception. 32 (Suppl.), 40.
Hutchinson S. J., Logvinenko, A. D. (2003).
The effect of spatial frequency on colour appearance:
Colour contrast versus high­spatial­frequency
tritanopia. Perception. 32(Suppl.), 147.
Logvinenko, A. (2004).
Achromatic colours of 3D objects under different
orientations.
Journal of Vision 4(8), 343a,
Logvinenko, A. D. (2003).
Is luminance contrast necessary to perceive
lightness?
Journal of Vision 3(9), 417a
Logvinenko, A. (2004).
Discounting luminance contrast produced by an
illumination edge.
Perception 33(Suppl.) 54.
Manahilov, V., Calvert, J., et al (2004). Visual evoked
responses of human cortex to contrast modulations of
noise. Journal of Vision 4(8), 533a.
Manahilov, V., Simpson, W. A., & Calvert, J. (2003).
Internal noise and sampling efficiency in
discrimination of second­order patterns. Journal of
Vision 3(9), 618a.
Manahilov, V., G. J. McCarron, et al. (2004).
Dynamic properties of suprathreshold vision in the
presence of static and dynamic visual noise.
Perception 33(6): 756.
Mansfield, D. C., Shahani, U., et al (2004).
Dipole source modelling of the
magnetoencephalogram to stereopsis, binocular
fusion and rivalry.
Journal of Vision 4(8), 601a.
Orbach, H. S., & Henderson, R. M. (2003).
Are there event­related potential (ERP) correlates of
implicit change detection? A miscuing paradigm.
Journal of Vision 3(9), 588a.
Orbach, H. S., Jackson, M. R., et al (2004).
Inattentional blindness for psychophysicists:
Orientation discrimination thresholds for miscued
heterogeneous patterns.

Journal of Vision 4(8), 355a.
Parks, S., J. McDonagh, et al. (2003). Separating the
transient physiological effects and retino­toxic effects
of vigabatrin related retinal dysfunction using the wide
field multifocal ERG.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S36.
Pearce, E. I., S. L. Burns, et al. (2003). Effect of
spectacle (eyeglass) design on ocular humidity levels.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S429.
Pearce, E. I., L. C. Thai, et al. (2004). Changes in tear
physiology during the first three months of contact
lenses wear.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45:
S583.
Seidel, D, Gray, LS & Heron G. (2003). The
minimum blur threshold for accommodation in
emmetropia and myopia.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S2726.
Simpson, W. A., Falkenberg, H. K., & Manahilov, V.
(2003).
A "hard threshold" in detection, summation, and
direction discrimination.
Journal of Vision 3(9), 538a.
Singh, A. K., D. McCulloch, et al. (2003).
Visual function following surgery for ciccitricial retinal
detachment associated with retinopathy of prematurity
(ROP).
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S119.
Strang, N. C., L. S. Gray, et al. (2004).
Accommodation microfluctuations vary with target
vergence in myopes and emmetropes.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45:
S1001.
Tomlinson A, Beattie TK & Seal DV (2003).
Attachment of Acanthamoeba to Focus Night & Day
(lotrafilcon A) silicone hydrogel contact lenses.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44:
S3687.
Wilkinson, F., Wilson, H R & Loffler, G., (2003),
Interactions between radial frequencies defining
complex shapes.
Society for Neuroscience 819, 23.

Presentations at national and
international conferences
Research active staff and postgraduate
students are very active in presenting their
work to the wider scientific community.
Scientific presentations have been given
members of Vision Sciences staff at the
following conferences.
Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society
June 2004 Puerto Rico
Vision Science Society
May 2004 USA
American Academy of Optometry
Dec 2004 USA
2003
Association for Research in Vision &
Ophthalmology
May 2003 USA
Vision Science Society
May 2003 USA
American Academy of Optometry
Dec 2003 USA
International Society for Clinical
Electrophysiology of Vision
XLI Symposium
April 2003 Japan
International Society for Contact Lens
Research
12 th Symposium
September 2003 Spain
European Conference on Visual Perception
Aug 2003 France
2004
Association for Research in Vision &
Ophthalmology
May 2004 USA
International Society for Clinical
Electrophysiology of Vision
XLII Symposium
November 2004 Puerto Rico
European Conference on Visual Perception
Aug 2004 Hungary
Royal College of Ophthalmologists
Conference
May 2004 UK