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JPS: 16:2 254
39 The Sharda Act fixed a minimum age for a girl‟s marriage. The Muslim
community regards it as interference in their religion.
40 Mirza, Karavan-i-Ahrar, vol. 1, pp. 80-2.
41 First presidential address of Ataullah Shah Bokhari, SPPAI, 4 January 1930,
vol. L-2, no. 1, p. 28 and Janbaaz Mirza, Karavan-i-Ahrar, vol. 1, p. 82.
42 SPPAI, 4 January 1930, vol. L-2, no. 1, p. 20.
43 SPPAI, 4 June 1930, vol. L-2, no. 1, p. 32; and Akbar Zaidi et al, India
Demands Independence, in The Encyclopedia of the Indian National Congress,
vol. 9, 1925-1928 (ed.) (Delhi: Chand & Company, 1980), p. 562.
44 Indian Annual Register, vol. 1, January-June 1930, no. 1, 2 (Calcutta: 1919),
p. 3. In his presidential address, Afzal Haq urged Muslims not to lag behind
Hindus in the struggle for freedom, and criticised the Ali Brothers for their
desertion of Mahatma Gandhi. A resolution was passed appealing to Muslims to
join the Congress because it had now declared complete independence as its
goal. SPPAI, 4 January 1930, vol. L-2, no. 1, p. 28.
45 A Party pamphlet, Hafiz Ahmad Muawiya, Pasmanzar Peshmanzar (Lahore:
Majlis-Ahrar Pakistan, 1996), p. 6.
46 Ashraf Ata, Kuchh Shikista Daastanain, pp. 58- 64.
47 Afzal Haq, Tarikh-i-Ahrar, p. 72-73.
48 This group demanded 56 percent representation for Muslims in the Punjab, on
the basis of population.
49 Afzal Haq was called the „mufakkir-i-Ahrar‟ (Ahrar ideologue), and his
colleagues referred to the party as a “party of poor folks”. Janbaaz Mirza,
Karavan-i-Ahrar, vol. I, p. 82.
50 According to an official source “it was decided to take steps to arouse the
Muslim masses with a view to securing independence”. SPPAI, I4 June 1930,
vol. L-2, no. 1, p. 32.
51 Ikram Ali Malik (ed.), A Book Of Readings on the History of Punjab 1799-
1947 (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1970), pp. 557-561; K. K. Aziz,
Public Life in Muslim India (Lahore: Vanguard, 1992), p. 133.
52 Zamindar (Lahore), 6 January 1930.
53 K. K. Aziz, Public Life in Muslim India, p. 133, Janbaaz Mirza, Karavan-i-
Ahrar, vol. 1, p. 141.
54 For history of the Deoband School, see Zia-ul-Hasan Faruqi, The Deoband
School and the Demand for Pakistan (Bombay: Asia Publishers, 1963).
Thousands of other madrasas, even if these are not affiliated with Deoband, are
called Deobandi. Also see Barbara D Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India:
Deoband, 1867-1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982).
55 Shorish Kashmiri, Syed Ataullah Shah Bokhari: Sawaneh-o-Afkar (Urdu),
(Lahore: Chattan, 1978), p. 272.
56 For a detailed discussion see Muhammad Qasim Zaman, The Ulama in
Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change (Karachi: OUP, 2002).
57 Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism And Political
Mobilization In India (OUP: New Delhi, 1982), p. 212.