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Chapter 2 Distribution and Description islets and shorelines, and vegetated coastal cliffs and bluffs (Ward et al. 1998). These areas are subjected to harsh environmental conditions such as crashing waves, winds, heat, storms, and salt spray. Coastal bluff ecosystems are often intermixed with other ecosystems such as Garry Oak woodlands, maritime meadows, and vernal pools. Trees, when present, are sparse and may be stunted or windblown. Species include Arbutus (Arbutus menziesii), Garry Oak, Douglas-fir, and occasionally Seaside Juniper (Juniperus maritima). Shrub cover is usually limited but may include Tall Oregon-grape, Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia), Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), and Common Snowberry. The herb layer consists mainly of graminoids, including Roemer’s Fescue, Alaska Brome (Bromus sitchensis), Long-Stoloned Sedge (Carex inops), and Red Fescue, with a few herb species such as Stonecrops (Sedum spp.), Small-flowered Alumroot (Heuchera micrantha), strawberries (Fragaria spp.), Nodding Onion (Allium cernuum), Death-camas (Zigadenus venenosus), Sea Blush, Wallace’s Selaginella, and Puget Sound Gumweed. Harvest Brodiaea and Menzies’ Larkspur (Delphinium menziesii) occur less often. The moss and lichen layer is diverse and typically includes Racomitrium elongatum, Syntrichia ruralis, and on exposed rock, Polytrichum piliferum (Ward et al. 1998). Coastal bluffs are usually rock-dominated and lack soils or have a shallow veneer of soil in rock crevices and depressions that allows vegetation to grow. Soils are usually very dry and nutrient poor and may have high salinity due to salt spray. Due to the surrounding harsh environment, it takes many years for organic matter to accumulate and distinct soil horizons to develop. Soils are usually sand to sandy-loams. Steep slopes limit the accumulation of organic matter to bedrock fissures on cliffs and bluffs (Ward et al. 1998). 2.5.6 Douglas-fir Plant Communities Restoration Many of the deep soil sites that currently support Garry Oak can also support Ecosystem Units, Douglas-fir communities. Within the Coastal Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic developed for zone, many of the Douglas-fir communities are red- or blue-listed by the BC this publication, Conservation Data Center (see Chapter 4: Species and Ecosystems at Risk). provide restoration The Douglas-fir communities are considered the end point in succession practitioners for these sites (see Section 2.6), and ecologically are acceptable to restore of Garry Oak to on these sites. Douglas-fir communities have been described by Roemer (1972), McMinn et al. (1976), Green and Klinka (1994), and Madrone (2008). and associated Tree species commonly found on these sites include Douglas-fir, Western ecosystems with Redcedar (Thuja plicata), and Grand Fir (Abies grandis). Common shrubs are information that Salal (Gaultheria shallon), Red Huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), and can be used at a Dull Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa). Sword Fern (Polystichum munitum) broad scale. and Bracken Fern occur in the herb layer. Mosses are common and include Hylocomium splendens, Kindbergia oregana, Plagiothecium undulatum, and Rhytidiadelphus loreus. The plant communities where restoration of Garry Oak and associated species would be successful include Douglas-fir/Dull Oregon-grape (CDFmm/01), but only on gentle slopes and steeper warm aspects, not cool aspects; Douglas-fir/ Arbutus (CDFmm/02); and Douglas-fir/Alaska Oniongrass (CDFmm/03). 2-14 Restoring British Columbia’s Garry Oak Ecosystems: Principles and Practices
Chapter 2 Distribution and Description 2.5.7 Restoration Ecosystem Units To aid the restoration of Garry Oak and associated ecosystems, the authors of this publication have developed broad ecological units called Restoration Ecosystem Units (REUs). These units are used throughout this publication to provide restoration practitioners with information that can be used at a broad scale. If practitioners require vegetation classification information for a site, they can refer to Erickson and Meidinger (2007). Table 2.2 Restoration ecosystem units and their plant associations. Restoration Ecosystems Unit No. and Name Restoration Ecosystem Unit Description Common Native Plant Species Plant Associations 1 REU #1: Deep Soil, Average Moisture Garry Oak Communities Deep soil; variety of soil conditions; average or mesic moisture; low elevations; gentle slopes to moderate and steep south- facing slopes; usually over deeper bedrock Tree layer Garry Oak, Douglas-fir Shrub layer Common Snowberry, Tall Oregongrape Herb layer Common Camas, Great Camas, White Fawn Lily, Western Buttercup, Broad-leaved Shootingstar (Dodecatheon hendersonii), Sea Blush, Pacific Sanicle, Cleavers, Harvest Brodiaea, Spring Gold, Miner’s-lettuce (Claytonia spp.), Blue Wildrye, California Brome (Bromus carinatus), Alaska Oniongrass (Melica subulata), Long-Stoloned Sedge Garry Oak – Common Camas – Blue Wildrye Garry Oak – Great Camas – Blue Wildrye Moss layer Racomitrium elongatum REU #2: Deep Soil, Wetter Garry Oak Communities Deep soil; wetter than average moisture; lower slopes that receive moisture from above; wetter subhygric Tree layer Garry Oak, Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia), Douglas-fir Shrub layer Common Snowberry, Oceanspray, Nootka Rose, Indian-plum (Oemleria cerasiformis), Western Trumpet (Lonicera ciliosa), Tall Oregon-grape Garry Oak – Oceanspray – Common Snowberry Herb layer Cleavers, Great Camas, White Fawn Lily, Chocolate Lily, American Vetch (Vicia americana), Blue Wildrye, California Brome, Long-stoloned Sedge Moss layer Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1 From Erickson and Meidinger (2007) and Green and Klinka (1994) Part II Understanding Garry Oak Ecosystems Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team www.goert.ca/restoration 2-15
Page 1: Restoring British Columbia’s Garr
Page 4 and 5: Published by the Garry Oak Ecosyste
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Meadow-foam Macrae’s Clover Manro
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INVERTEBRATES (excluding butterflie
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Marah oreganus Meconella oregana Ma
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INVERTEBRATES (excluding butterflie
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Propertius Duskywing Erynnis proper
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Approval signatures
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Table of contents 1.0 Restoration p
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Figures Figure 1. Map showing locat
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3.0 Site description 3.1 Overview A
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Figure 2. Plant community (site) ty
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3.4 Cultural features In July 2007,
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management prescriptions are summar
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Table 3. Objective 3 indicators and
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thickets will follow the protocol t
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Plugs and live stakes will be plant
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5.4.7. Forbs and grasses⎯general
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Public education will be achieved t
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Agronomic grasses⎯While eradicati
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9.0 References Blackwell, B.A. 2007
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Cooperative Extension. Available ht
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carinatus), and Kentucky bluegrass
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Table 6 cont’d Vegetation Type 1
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Table 7. Site type 74: Camas-Herbs
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Appendix 2⎯Exotic plant species o
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4. Use a rubber mallet to drive the
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Chapter 6 Outreach and Public Invol
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Regional Parks T: 250.478.3344 490
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Regional Parks T: 250.478.3344 490
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The Corporation of the District of
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The Corporation of the District of
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Chapter 7 Ecological Inventory and
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Forbs Carpet Burweed (Soliva sessil
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Ribwort Plantain* (Plantago lanceol
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Seedling Stage: Container: Chapter
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Himalayan Blackberry* Rubus armenia
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Large-flowered Blue-eyed Mary Colli
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Wild Strawberry Aster curtus) Fraga
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Mammals Columbian Black-tailed Deer
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Chapter 11 Conclusion and Glossary
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Parks Canada Parcs Canada Environme
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