Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology

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Research Note: This study provides information about the traditional indigenous uses of plants by the inhabitants of the Parvati Valley of Kullu district in the western Himalayas of India. Since no published literature from the past 10 years exists, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted among the ethnic groups of the Parvati valley and first hand information on these plant species was recorded. A total of 266 species belonging to 180 genera and 71 families (including 44 species as recorded for the first time in the area) were collected. Out of these, 223 species within 152 genera of 61 families belong to dicots; 31 species and 22 genera under 7 families belong to monocots and 10 species with 6 genera in 3 families belong to gymnosperms. Venkat Kishore Ryakala (India), Shahin Sharif Ali (Ireland/India), Hallihosur Sharanabasava, Naushaba Hasin, Pragya Sharma, Utpal Bora (India) Ethnobotany of Plants Used to Cure Diabetes by the People of North East India (pp 64-68) ABSTRACT Research Note: Northeast India is considered as an ecological hot spot and has a wide variety of flora and fauna. Diverse ethnic communities inhabit the area, each having their own traditional medical cures for different diseases. During the course of present studies it was found that 52 species of plants belonging to 36 families are used as antidiabetic agents in folk medicinal practice. Leaves and bark were found to be the two major plant parts used for making hypoglycemic herbal preparations. Around 26 treatments involve administration of decoction to the diabetic patient. These decoctions are either prepared from leaves, bark, fruit, root, seeds or from whole plants. Out of the 52 plants 12 are also reported to have antidiabetic properties in the Diabetes Medicinal Plant Database. The remaining plants could be a potential source of new and efficient cures for diabetes. Ram Swaroop Verma, Rajendra Chandra Padalia, Amit Chauhan, Ajai Kumar Yadav (India) Chemical Composition of Leaf and Flower Essential Oils of Two Thymus spp. from Western Himalaya (pp 69-72) ABSTRACT Original Research Paper: Thymus species (Lamiaceae) are considered to be very beneficial whether used as food or as a medicament. Essential oils (EOs) derived from leaves and flowers of Thymus serpyllum and Thymus linearis grown in northern India were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 37 components forming 94.8-98.4% of EO composition were identified. The EOs of both species were rich in thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. Thymol was higher in the EO of T. linearis (74.6-75.8%) compared to T. serpyllum (51.9-70.1%). The amount of thymol methyl ether, p-cymene, 1-octen-3-ol, camphor and borneol was relatively higher in T. serpyllum EO. Further, phenolic monoterpenes were higher in flower EOs of both species than in leaf EOs. Ram Swaroop Verma, Rajendra Chandra Padalia, Amit Chauhan (India) Chemical Profiling of Mentha spicata L. var. ‘viridis’ and Mentha citrata L. Cultivars at Different Stages from the Kumaon Region of Western Himalaya (pp 73-76) ABSTRACT Research Note: Two spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. ‘viridis’) cultivars viz. ‘Neerkalka’ and ‘Supriya’ and one bergamot mint (Mentha citrata L.) cultivar ‘Kiran’ cultivated in the Kumaon region of northern India were investigated for their essential oil content and composition at different stages of crop growth. Essential oil content and composition were both affected by crop age in all cultivars. All the cultivars accumulated maximum essential oil at 150 days after transplanting. The percentage carvone in ‘Neerkalka’ was higher at 90 days (67.0%) followed by the 150-days-old crop (61.68%), while in ‘Supriya’, carvone concentration increased at 150 days (72.47%). In ‘Kiran’, linalool and linalyl acetate were highest in 150- and 180-days-old crops, respectively. Amit Chauhan, Ram Swaroop Verma (India) Cultivation Potential of Three Rose-scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) Cultivars in the Kumaon Region of Western Himalayas (pp 77-79) ABSTRACT Research Note: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the production potential of three cultivars of rose-scented geranium viz., ‘Bourbon’, ‘CIM-Pawan’ and ‘Kelkar’ in the temperate region of Uttarakhand. ‘CIM-Pawan’ had the highest essential oil yield (103.87 g plot -1 ) followed by ‘Kelkar’ (79.93 g plot -1 ) and ‘Bourbon’ (72.01 g plot -1 ). The essential oil profile of ‘Bourbon’ was rich (relative percentages) in citronellol (29.05), geraniol (24.36), citronellyl formate (5.94), isomenthone (5.82); the oil of ‘CIM-Pawan’ was rich in citronellol (32.60), geraniol (21.38), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (6.83), citronellyl formate (6.29) while the essential oil of ‘Kelkar’ showed a different profile with citonellol (61.48) and isomenthone (10.56) being almost twice that of
other cultivars. Javid Ahmad Parray, Azra N. Kamilli, Raies Qadri, Rehana Hamid (India), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan) Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Euryale ferox Salisb., a Threatened Aquatic Plant of Kashmir Himalaya (pp 80-83) ABSTRACT Research Note: The antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of seeds and leaves of Euryale ferox was tested against nine clinically isolated bacterial strains (Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureoginosa, Citrobacter freundi, Shigella flexneri, Kliebsella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium) and subsequently was also tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values which ranged from 0.25 to 500 mg/l against six ATCC bacterial strains using micro broth dilution method. The broad spectrum activity displayed by the seed and leaf extracts appears to provide a scientific basis for the use of E. ferox in kidney problems and urinary tract infections in ethno medicines. Rehana Hamid, Azra N. Kamili, Mahmood uz Zaffar (India), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan), A. Mujib, Javid Ahmad Parray (India) Callus-Mediated Shoot Organogenesis from Shoot Tips of Cichorium intybus (pp 84-86) ABSTRACT Research Note: Cichorium intybus L. is a medicinally important plant with anti-cancerous and anti-hepatotoxic properties. An efficient method for totipotent callus formation has been developed in C. intybus from the basal portion of shoot tip explants on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) like 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) and kinetin (Kn) with an auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Cultures growing under the influence of BAP+IBA produced considerably more callus than cytokinins used alone. Re-differentiation of such callus led to multiple shoot formation on the same medium after 3 weeks. Isolated shoots were individually rooted in the presence of different concentrations of IBA. Plantlets obtained were transplanted into small pots containing peat, vermiculite, sand and soil mixture (1:1:1:1), 60% of which survived. Rehana Hamid, Mahmood uz Zaffar (India), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan), Azra N. Kamili, Javid Ahmad Parray (India) Impact of Chromium on the Oxidative Defense System of Brassica juncea L. cv. ‘Pusa Jai Kissan’ under Hydroponic Culture (pp 87-89) ABSTRACT Research Note: Brassica juncea is a medicinally important plant and is commonly used as a diuretic, stimulant and to treat arthritis. Seed are used for the treatment of tumors and stomach disorders. B. juncea can hyperaccumulate cadmium and many other soil trace elements like selenium, chromium, iron and zinc food supplements. Chromium (Cr)-induced oxidative damage and changes in the contents of proline and glutathione in leaves of B. juncea. L. cv. ‘Pusa Jai Kissan’ were investigated after 3 and 5 days of treatment under hydroponic culture. Cr was supplied as K 2Cr 2O 7. The main response was an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and proline content which subsequently reduced the activity of catalase and glutathione content in plants. Janifer Raj, Ballabh Basanth, Pal M. Murugan (India), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan), Kumar Saurav, Om P. Chaurasia, Shashi Bala Singh (India) Screening Phytochemical Constituents of 21 Medicinal Plants of Trans-Himalayan Region (pp 90-93) ABSTRACT Research Note: Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and cardiac glycoside distribution in 1 high altitude medicinal plants belonging to different families (Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Urticaceae, and Zygophyllaceae) were assessed and compared. The plants investigated were Achillea millefolium, Artemesia dracunculus, Bidens pilosa, Carum carvi, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Ferula jaeskiana, Gallium pauciflorum, Heracleum pinnatum, Hippophae rhamnoides, Inula racemosa, Mentha longifolia, Nepeta podostachys, Origanum vulgare, Peganum harmala, Rhodiola imbricata, Rhodiola heterodenta, Rosa webbiana, Rosa macrophylla, Rubia cordifolia, Tanacetum gracile, and Utrica hyperborea, which have been widely used for time immemorial in the traditional Amchi system of medicine in the Ladakh region of India. Phytochemicals were qualitatively detected using aqueous extracts and solvent fractions of plants using various biochemical tests. These plants are a potential source of useful drugs. Future studies will isolate, identify, characterize and elucidate the structure of novel bioactive compounds. The significance of these plants in traditional medicine and the
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