1867 September 27th - Grace's Guide

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SEPT. 27, 1867. THE E NGINE E R.
pARIS EXHIBITION.-GEMS, THEIR CUTI'ING I decide wha~ part of its projectin~
surface ~hall be applied
AND USES AS ROCK BORERS.
to the. pohs~~r, and when _apphed, how _1t shall be k~pt
steady 10 position. The choice of the pomt to be applied
No. III.
rests upon judgment and the eye.
THE diamond polisher is but a variety of the lapidary's Several curious looking little tools-which may be called
wheel. Essentially it. consist.'\ of a &.t circular disc of holder rests-are provided, which look something like
pretty bard cast iron of about 7in. to 9in. diameter, tw·ned little three-legged stools with two (J{ the legs mu

268 T H E E N G I N E E R.
on the contrary, it is a wavy, curved surface, the curves either ~'\86 is in the directiou 0, ~~ '·iz., m that of n nonoal
being shortest and most eccentrie about the middle of its to the edge, whether curved or stmight at the point of its
depth, and all taking the peculiar curves that chnrncterise entrance to the furrow in the glass. Upon principles
the "vitreous fracture." The glass is therefore split, and already stated it follows that the smaller the angle M, 0, S
split alon~ in the line of the furrow, and by virtue of made by this direction with the surface of the glass, the
eomething that has occurred in the production of the furrow more strai,l, for a given pressure on the diamond, there
by the diamond.
will be on the faces of the furrow, and the lus stru1 there
Wollaston was the tin3t to examine into this minutely, will be on the diamond itself to produce a given effect, viz.,
and to dissipate a deal of error \Vhich had gathered round the splitting of the glass. Now, this angle M, 0, s must be
it through bad observation. But even W ollaston bas always lC8s with a curvifonn diamond than with a.
scarcely cleared up the whole subject ; in fact he offers no rectiline.'l.r nn!!lcd one, as is obvious. The split of too
theory, no ralionale whatever, of the splitting of the glass. glass is observed always a. little to precede tlte poi11t at
He suppos~d he had pr~ved ~hat the curved form of cryMtal wldck tlte diamond acts .. T~ we equally see is explained
was essential to a. cuttmg dtamond, but this certainly is by the fact that the dU"ectlon of the resultant of the
not the fact, for a right lined cryslal, if the solid au..,le be
I
splitting pressure 0, S, is always in advance of the point 0,
h eld inclined to the surface of the glft.SS at a very ~ ma.ll or 0, S is directed towards M . Such appears to the writer
angle, will cut nearly as well as a cun·ed crystal edge; and to be the true principles, o~ somo of them, cooceroed in
we shall see presently that this, in fact 1n1Ut be so. Wol- the marvellous, to a refieetmg man, phenom~non of glass
laston showed that au artificially-form~ (by the polisher) cut with the diamond. They difier a good deal from what
ourviform edge, similar in form and angle to that of the was so .acutely advanced by Wollast.on; but they_ l ~we
natural Cry'St~l, would cut for a time. H e even showed unexplamed,. and, so far as we are aware, unexpla~na.bl~
~t by gnndmg such edttes upon crystals of sapphire and the most curious part of the phe?omeno.o-bow lS tt that
spmelle, th~ s?fter ~ies would "cut glass ;" and he ~e edge of the dtamond crystal, mconcetvably tine though
states t~at ~a. ptece of bard wood have its edge smoothly 1~ be, penetrates the .g la~ at. all so a.s ~~eave a. smoothformed
m like manner, then by it a vitreous sheet of dried stded furrow-that 1t digs mto the ngtd glass to an
glue or isin~_la.ss, to ~hich the wood is relatively, he says, extremely small but ascertaina:ble depth, and that to th~
depth the glass acts by the daamond wedge as though 1t
as hard as chamond ts to ulass, or like substances ma.y be
cut through just like g l~ We can only sa.y we have were not a rigid and ?rittle but a. malleable or pfastic
never succeeded in attempts to repeat his experiment, nor body l H?re, p~rhaps, 1s one of th?S6 as yet obscure and
can WA believe it possible. If it be so, isinglass, in its almost nnmvest1~ted cases of difference be~wee~ the
hardest and most vitreous state or glue or collodion molecular properties of the surf~ and of the mtenor of
sheets; or French gelatine plates, ~ouJd all: a [ras, and Ore bro. The
following table gives the statistics of the mines and production
of each of the fourteen principal producing provinces.
I n :tddition to the quantities therein indicated,
about 20,000 of bog iron ore is annually obtained from the
lakes aud marshes of the three last-named provinces :-
ProvlnceJ.
Yor'botten . • . • • . • • . . • •
Jcmtland . . . . . . . . . . • .
Gefteborg . . . . . . . • . . • .
Upsala . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
""' oek.holro • • • • • • . • • • • •
torn Kopparberg . . . . . . . .
\\' eslcras . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orebro • • • . • • • . • • • • . •
Carl~t•d . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ ykoplng . . • • • . . . . • . •
o .. tt.rgoll!Lnd • • • . . • . • • •
CsltDU . • . • . • • • • • • • . .
Jonkoplng • • • • • • • • . . • •
J\ ruoobe.rte . . . • . • . . . . . .
Total . . . • • • • •
Mines.
G
3
31
32
38
114
46
147
M
20
6
4
22
I
Iron oro.
Tom.
1,21 1
ISS
13,6~9
27,79$
22,576
136,888
62,98 I
109,2119
93,293
1 2,~87
6,270
1 , 13~
~.331
I t 9
------ I
624 1 4!12,47.---
Workmen.
13
5
262
6(,9
40$
1,004
306
1,20
607
266
44
112
6,0GO
One condition of great importance in the early history of
SEPT. 27, 1 83~
irun tuiuiug in Sweden wa.o the grea.t nlmu(laoce and
general distribution of water power, and it is a singular
fact enough that to this day only forty-one out of the
524 iron pits are pumped by steam. The most elaborate
devices, however, are in \"Ogne for the transmission of inconveniently
situated water power to the pits, lines of rods
of upwards of a. mile and a-half in length existing in some
localities. Rim's telo-dyn8.D.Iic sy tem has not yet been introduced,
but we have no doubt of ita speedy application
in a country so peculiarly circumstanced with respect to
water power. The establi bment of blast furnaces and
forges has been mainly deU>muued a.s regards locality by a.
~roximity to large forests, but is to a certain exlent modified
by the necessity of securing water power. About
15-horse power nominal is required for each wedish blast
furnace, mcluding the crushing rolls, which nre in•ariably
employed, except ·where recently the Amerieno stonebreaking
machine has been substituted. It is estimated
that, allowing 95 lb. of wood charcoal per cwt. of pig
smelteJ, rather more than ten acres of ground under forest
is requisite for each annual ton of pig iron produced. In
some places certainly-as, for instance, in tb& middle and
southern provinces about two-thirds of this aret\ will
suffice, but it must be alto~tb er free from ground rendered
unproductive by rocks ana marshes. Within the last ten
or twelve years the greatest possible care has been bestowed
on the- revroduction of timber by the leading ironma.stere,
and much practical improvement of system introduced.
The power required for a forge producing 180 tons
of bar iron a year is estimated at 8-horse power nominal
for the hammers and 5-borse power for the blowers. In
forges where charcoal only is used about 140 lb. of it are
cousurued for the production of each cwt. of iron, bot gas
re-heating furnaces are now becoming very general, in
which wood, turf, and co;ll E\l'e employed.
The smallest
production for working with them on an economical scale
is about 600 tons a year, which require something like
50-horse power for three tilt hammers and for blowing.
The employment of rolls in weden is of recent date,
about twenty seta only being as yet in u.se, each of which
produces from 1200 to 2000 tons per annum, accomplished,
of course, with a considerable aa.V"ing of power and consumption
of fuel, in the latter case equal to about 25 per
cent.
The valuable work published in 1 46 by::\!. M. F. Le P lay,
on the manufacturing and commercial conditions of the
north of Europe iron trade, offers a valuable opportunity of
comparing the past and present conditions of Sweden in
that respect. 1'he production bas greatly increased since
then, as have also many of the prices on which the cost of
finished iron depends; but in all other respects M. Le
Play's treatise is calculated to give a clear insight into the
state of the trade at the present day. The two great qualities
of "body 11
and "soundness" were then, as now,
sought after by avoiding, iu the first case, as far as possible,
ores containing traces of phosphorus, and in the second by
the employment of qualities containing manganese to a.s
large au extent as possible compatible with the perfect
flnidity of the metal Without pretending that the
"shortness" of iron depends altogether on the chemical
constitution of the ore, it is sufficiently remarkable that the
quantity of phosphorus in tho ore classifies the qualities of
pig and bar almost precisely in the order in which M. Le
Play arranges them, having regard solely to the prices
which tbf'y obtained then and now obtain iu the English
market.
The wages of the vario\ls classes of it·on workers in
Sweden range from 1s. 3d. to 2s. a. day, whilst the cost of a
man and horse U! from 3s. 2d. to 5s. 6d. a day. In several
cases rail ,vays and canals ha,~e facilitated transport, but in
general these facilities have not been much improved since
1 46. The present cost of carriage on common roads, or
by sledges in winter, amounts to from 3~d. to 5d. per ton
per mUe; by rail way, from 3d. for short distances, down to
a. halfpenny per ton per mile for distances over 150 miles,
and by water to 2d. The following table gives the distribution
of blast furnaces and forges throughout Sweden in
the year 1865 :-
Bw t Ill rnacee.
FO!'iCI·
Pro\'lncta.
For- Tooa or Work- ToOt of Work-
Fires.
D&ces. Pli• meo. bt.r. men.
-
Norbolten .. •• 2 332 26 6 260 24
WeslUbO\Ien .. 3 1 ,88~ 63 12 1,301 62
Wesler :Sorrlaocl 4 3,1 10 75 36 3 646 173
Jcmtlland • • •• I 109 4 2 "I 01 7
GeftebOrg • • .. 2' 26,r,G7 476 123 17 344 611
Upsala •• •• 7 7,026 139 32 "'769 221
Stockholm .. •• I 973 20 17 2,2~ 122
tora Koppatberg 42 60.~0!1 7&4 132 24,176 796
Weawv •• •• 16 16.4H 370 81 14,918 462
Orebro • • •• 64 63,786 780 101 19,i92 741
karabol'i .. • • I 1.020 18 16 2.333 76
Carls tad •• • • 23 34,233 391 171 34.004 1,066
EJr.borg •• •• l 91 20 24 4,318 168
N yltopl ng •• •• 5 3,260 102 21 2.090 112
Ostcrgotl&ncl •• 3 ~.I ll ~ 68 61 10 136 480
Calmar •• • • 10 4,ta7 147 21 3.0H 109
J oultopln~t •• 10 4.699 IS9 29 2,621 116
Krooobel'i .. •• 6 2,1 4 41 18 1.393 66
Total .. •• 219 226,678 I MS3 906 I
-
143,292 5,400
In comparing this table with the preceding it will be
seen that t he provinces of W esterbotteu, of Wester Norrland,
Gefieborg, Skaraborg, and Ostergotland, are deficient
in or~, which they obtain from those of W esteras,
K opparberg, Upsala, and Stockholm, &c. The provinces
which require to buy pig for conversion are those of
tockholm (which recenres its principal supply from
Upsala), karaborg, Carlsmd, and Os!.ergolland. These
last receive their supplies from Orebro and K opparberg.
All ores except the bog iron ore are roasted in vertical
ovens by the employmentof a portion of waste gases from the
blast furnace. '!'he constructiOn of the e ovens is generally
on West man's system, first adopted at the Dannemora
Ironworks. The temperature is carried sufficiently high
completely to soften the metal and drive off the sulphuruus
acid resulting from the oxidation of part of the sulp 1 ur
disengaged by the distillation at a lower temperature of the
pyrites combined with the ore, a part of the sulphur being
at the same time oxidised by the oxygen of the ore itself.
It is eonsidered that a very high temp~rature during the

SEPT. 27, 1867.
THE ENG TNEER.
269
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process of calcining greatly augments the yield of the
furnace.
The three fundamental rules followed by the Swedish
furnace manager ro·e, first, that the weight of oxygen,
ilica., and alumina. together shall be equal to double t.ha:t of
the basis; secondly, of course, that the quantity of phosphorus
and sulphur a.re to be as small as poSi'ible; and, thirdly,
that there should be an appreciable quantity of manganese
in the slag. ~!anganese is, however, often wanting without
the pig, being, consequently, infetior.
The furnace charges are in general com posed of from
thirty to forty cubic feet of charcoal, and from 850 lb. to
1200 of ore. The blast is in general heated to about
400 deg., but the Dannemora iron is produced with cold
blast, or at most with a temp~rature not exceeding
160 deg., and the charge of ore does not exceed 950 lb. for
each forty cubic feet of charcoal The greatest care is
taken in ertualising the size and quality of charcoal for
each charge, as well as in arranging tho mineral regularly,
so that considerable thickness shall be evenly round the
walls of the furnace, diminishing to a minimum at the
centre. The richest ore employed yields 68 per cent. of
pig, and the poorest 19 per cent. The qua.ntit.y of charcoal
employed is determined by the weiS{ht of mineral only 1
so
that the difference in cost of production is heavily aga.mst
poorer ores. Far foundry 11iR the mixture of ores and flux
lS such as to give a highly silicious slag when a very grey
iron is produced, especially if the quantity of manganese
present is small. For the casting of guns a small percenta~e
of sulphur is allowed to remain in the minerals
const1ttuing the charge, in order to render the pig harder
and less graphitic. A quantity of sulphur amow1ting to
nearly 1 per cent. in the pi~ is not objected to.
Amongst the Swedjsb p1g iron exhibited in the Champs
de Mars tbet·e are two samples which nearly approach
spiegeleisen in their great white crystaUine structure. The
first is Nissafor's pig, produced from the ore of the great
Taberg mountain, which contains a considerable quantity
of n:umganese, amounting in some ca.oes to 3 p~r cent. vr
4 per Cent., though registered in the following table as only
possessing au inconsiderable quantity, from which it would
appear that tbe samples from this district, though appar
ently homogeneous, are of different compositions in
respect to the quantities of manganese they contain; this
ore also contains about 10 per cent. of titanic acid. The
other sample is from the Olsboda Works, where a certain
quantity of man~anese ore is employed with each cha.rge.
'l'be Kihlafors p1g, which is also produced from a charge
containina much manganese, has not the same appearance,
because tte essential condition of light charges for the
production of spiegeleisen is not there complied with.
Besides, this last species of pig is more difficult to refine
tha.n that of Olsboda, on account of the greater quantity of
carbon and man~anese which it conta ins.
Pig which is Intended for the Begsemer process should
always be produced with a. less charge than the furnace
could readily be worked with for other qualities of iron.
This arises from the fact that metal reduced at a high t~mperature
combines with a greater quantity of silica, which
retards the action in the converter and permits of greater
deliberation and perfection in the operation; indeed, even
when it is intended to refine in the common fire, and that
the workmen are not tbvroughly 1·eliable, or that the pig
contains too much phosphorus or sulphur, it is better to
produce grey iron with a high furnace temperature; more
silica is taken up, and a better quality of iron obtain~d by
a more prolonged refinin~. I n Sweden, however, Rucb expedients
are seldom req utred, as there is an immense choice
of material for the furnace charge, and skilled workmen are
easily found. The following are the principal Swedish
ironworks, with the number of their furnaces, production,
&~., and Table III. gives an analysis of the more wellknown
Swedish qualities of pig iron :-
Carbon.
.....--..-
- :Namea of lbe blul "2
0
/:.
,Q
flunaca. .9
., ~ ..
0
5 -
t
. . .
s •
• •
s
-
Cl
~
Cl
.alling, their construe-
tion being n. com promise between the Lancashire and
Walloons hearths, but larger than either, and with great~r
consumption. For all these methocls the fuel employed
is wood charcoal. They can ali, if properly
carried out, givo good iron. The Dannemora irons
have generally a 6ne and unequal grain, because the hard
and soft parts are mixed, as is seen in the specimens exposed
by the Osterby forges. Nevertheless, the ductility
and the tensile strength of these irons are always superior
to those of others. One remarkable peculiarity of this iron
is that its behaviour in the 6re is like that of the softest
iron, and it becomes highly fibrous, even when its appearance
is hardest; and, as in any case it is always converted
into cemented stet!!, whi1..h is then melted, the inequalities
quite disappear in this last process.
Iu most of the La.nca.shiro and Frauche C

270
T H E E N G I N E E R.
SEPT. ~7. 1867.
•
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SEPT. 27, 1867.
THE ENGI NEER.
~71
ABBEY
MILLS PUMPING
STATION.-FILTH HOIST, PENSTOCK, AND
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272
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THE ~~N G IN E E R.
SEPT. 27, 1867.
•
ABBEY MILLS PUMPING ST.A 'II ON.
No. v.
I N our pre•ent imprcs•ion we conclo..Je the elnborate series of
drowiogs with which ''c have illustratr·tl what may be termed the
last great work of one of the most colo~Ml ancl important engi·
neering undertakings ever cnrricd out. \\'c have ~elected .fro•u
the contract drawings courtcou"l} supplied to us by Mr. Baz 1lge~te
everything required to gho o. correct ideo. of the construction of
the engine-house and machinery. In our 6Upplement we sh w the
various parts grouped os a whole. 'Ve have devoted much space
to the subject, impressed with the conviction that it was expedient
that a comvlete record of tho whole, even to the dttails, should
be }>laced before our rudera for future reference, and we
think we are justified in stating thot so colllplete a rle~cdption
of any engintering work hns never before O(lt•e trl!tl in the pa!(C.'! of
a wceklv joUl nal. For much of this cotn)Jlct~:nen we are iu..Jebted
to lllr. Bozf\l:.~etle, to wl•om we hrg lo t~:ncler our tlmnka.
The buildm~e ate n ow in PO forward a st11te tbat the roofs will be
completed wiU,in a few weeks, a nd tha E-ntire pl~ce handed over
to tfle n onrd of Wo,·ks by llllllCh, 18U8. As fa!' liS blickwotk and
cut stone go, nothing cun be ho~lt~J' than thr su Jl• 1 lltructu• e 1
oud tho
su bstructure of brick in cement is in ihelf wo1 tb n v1ait from
ehht~r th11 nm:Heur or professirmu.l, the workml\nship beinl{ hiJ;thly
creditable to the engi neers, and also to the contr.1ctor, 1\lr. ' Villium
Webster.
T h e engioc-housP 1\S we !ltntetl in a previous article, is cruciform
in plun, see page 27l, each nrm of tbP cross being 6tift. in length and
37ft. in width, me;lSurNl intern:ulv, from the centre of the build·
ing. The whole of tho brickwork above the lt-\'el of IG·oO orduance
dat um is built 1\rlth Portland cement, and the remniocler in blue
lina limo mortar. The roof over eugiue-hou.!ic, now in courtoe of
erection, will be, when complete, of the form si.Jowu in our large
su pplemen t, framed in wrought iron. The following are the principal
dimensions of the roo[:-The rafter 4tin. by 4in. '}'.iron, the
joint plates l'~Jin . thick; tie bora 3io. by ~in., those nut a hoe to be
in one piece, those between first and second strut :iin. by !in. double,
and tbe c13ntre ones 3in. by din. single. The tie rod, from king head
to king atrut will be 2in. by ~in., anol that from king strut to
rafter 2in. by bin ., and the queen rod I Mn. by !in. The king and
queen roda wit, be connected at each end to the joint plates wit h
gibs and cotters, so as to be en.sy of :uljustment, and the tie rods,
from bottom king struts to rafters at the angles, will be &welleJ
where the cotter holes occur. Tho et1 uts will be of cnat iron,
with jaws each eml to r('cdve the rafters and tie bard, the struts
having a l~in. bolt at bottom, nnd 1 fin. bolt nt top. The hip
principale will be connected to the king bead of the ordinnry principals
by a ftin. joint plhte on the top tlan~e, rivetted with ftin.
rivets. The end ond ordinary principals will be connected by the
same plate before described a.s connecting tho hip rafters, and the
tie rods of the end and hip p1·incipats at bottom of larger strut of
end principal, nod thence continu ed by a single rod to king bead
of the principal next the dome, and so run along the ridge to the
wrought iron curb at the bMe of the dome. The principals c na many
as are up) are secured tocnstiron shoes. Thtseshoes nrc bot ted through
the cut stone into the brickwork of the walls, each by two 1 !in. bolts
with cast iron wa,I.Jer plates. The t>urlmq '"ill be 7in. by 3in.
deal, wrought thrte sides, ami slO)J cl•amf~:red on two arisses, and
will be fitted in the following tJO•itiona, that is to say, one ov&r
ridges, one over shoes and stt·uts, and two intermediate between
t h e large struts and ridges. 'lhe common rafters will be 5in. by
3in. deal, wrought on three sitles, notched over purlins, and secured
to the ridge piece with wrought iron knees and coach scrt:ws. One
rafter will be fi xed over each principal, nnd one iotermedi.ltP. The
bottom purlins will be most aecun!ly Jnevt-nted from canting by
wrought iron straps, and the purlins s~curul to rafters by L-iron
knees, bolterl to iron raftcra and tecured v.ith ftm. coach screws.
T he roofs will then be boarded, elo.tt:c.l, and ridged, as described
in an earlier impression.
The internal nrraoge.nents next claim our attention, and we find
that the packing or cylinder ftoor will be of open or perfomted
cnat iron plates of a very orn11mental pattern, having ribs or
ftange.s, the plates being bolt\:d together through the ftonges, and
supported upon .::n.st iron girders, some of which are to be
bedded upon templates of Bromley Fall stone 9in. deep,
and tailed 1 3~ in. into the wall, and these stones will be
six inches wider than the bottom of the girder; others will be
bolted to the bottom of the shafts of the large columns, which will
be 15in. in diameter. Box cn.stings moulded on t he face will be
bolted on to the outside girders, so ns to form an ornamen tal
margin to the floor. To this margin, and at intervals on the out·
side girdera, there will stund an ornamental iron fence, fully
shown on the larger druwing, partly cast and partly wrought, and
finished on top with an elaborate handrail of polished 1nabognny.
The portion of this floor in front of the entrance to the spiral
atairca.se connecting the floors will be supported at one end by a
ca.st iron cantilever of ornamental pattorn, and a similar descrip·
tion is to be used for the beam Ooor. The small cast iron columns,
Sin. in diameter, are supported by, and bolted to, the girders of
the engine-room ftoor, the flanges of which will be enl:ulted for
that purpose. The plates of the beam floor, when bolted together,
aa before described for the cylinder floor, will be ~upported partly
on abort girdera between spring beams und the walls of the engine
h ouse, and partly on cnn ttlevers of a highly ornamental character,
ae shown in the illustrations. These IMt, see page 270, will be bolted
to t he web of the spring beamannd cntablatur.:s round all the openings
in the beam floor, except those for the main Learns of the engines.
The short girders will be bolted at one end to the spring beams,
and at the other will rest on atone templates, n.s described, for the
large girders. AU the openings of this beam Boor, except those
for the maio beams of the pu10ping engines, will be protected by
an ornamental fence of ~:a.st uon, lin.i.sbed with a solid mahogany
handrail
Each f111or wiU bo approached by a circular stnircMe erected in
t he four turret,, which nre shown on lhe plan of the building, one in
each of tho four internal anglts, foriiJed by the inter;;ection of the
four arms of the cross. These turrets are built in brick1vork, and
t he stone base mouldings of the engine· bouse are carried all round
the turrets. There is ulso a splayed COUJ'lle of Portlnnd stone at
level + 59·00, and the wholo of ~he turret 'vork above that line is
of the same w nteriol, having circular arched openings with angle
colu mn, with moulded buse and moulded and carved caps, and
carved string course above. The brickwor k is similar to that ot
the engine·bouse. except that the turrets have four bands, each
band conaisting of fout· couraes of red brick and an alterno.te four
of white. T he turret walla are pierced with four windows, each
4ft. high by Ht. wide, so na to light the staircase, and a blank o.rcb
in red brick is turned on each of two sides above the splayed
string course at level+ !i9 '00. The windows will be fitted with
cut iron enl'ning,. above; from thesepointsgangways
of wrought iron will be fixed, eo as to fonn an easy a.ccess to the
roof of the engine-house. I nternolly there is also executed in
P ortland stone the moulded stringv, which will be enriched with
patera below the level of spring be.\ms and the plain moulding on
tot> of it, the keystones of the lower windows and doorways, 11nd
the shaft, hMe, and Cl\pital of the latter. Also the moulded
string courae above the beam floor winclows and the walls above
this poin t to the underside of pri.ncip,ds of roof fo1·ming the cor·
nice to the build ing, tbe cantilevers of which are of terra-cotta.
AU the carved work, we understand, will be in a. variety of pat·
terna, of which our drawings give only a few samples, and the best
artisans in London will be employed to execute tho work -at
leMt Mr. w·ebstor l'lys ao, and we believe him.
Upon tho atone forming the cornicu to the interior of the engine·
bouse there will hen '' rought iron trnmraillaicl, fixed by o1k trenoiJ,
to ccmt inuou~ b t• aring~ of 3in. fir planks, secured to stone b"ds
by Lewis bolts. To c.1rry this tr.1mw,1y ncros~ the opening at the
internal ~ection of the arm ~ of the cro•s e:1ch op ~nin~ is to be
spnnnetl by an arched mnulJed and orMmental iron girrlt:r com·
po~ !!c l of t\YO castings holted together and to the Willi an•l resting
upon c.uved ttntl moulcletlstone corbels. The spanc.lri.l will be c.IBt
open and aftt~rwards filled in with separate castings. T e tr.\ID
will bo continue.! over this girder upon cQntinuous timb ~r bearings,
as before described, and bolted to the girde1 casting.
If our readora will turn to T aE E~GINEER for Jan. 12, 1866,
they will find nn elaborate account of the outfall works. It will
suffice to any here that three lines of sewer on the north sicle of the
riv

•
'
'
~E C Tl ON .AL E L EVATION OF E NGI NE HOUSF, ABBEY 1\ULL!:) P U~lP I NG STATION, METHOPOLITAN MAI N DRAINAGE.
MR. 'BAZALC£TT£, E~t:un: Ert
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["ToE E.'10I!

SEPT. 27, 1867.
THE ENGINEER. 273
==============================================~========================~=
jeo~ion, the_ uppe_r courses projecting over the brickwork 4~in. have rolled for onecc>mpany. The Austri.-m Siirlbahn erected large fastened to the fhmges of the girrlera nnrl croq' hrnrPrA by ~i n.
This course ts earned up to the level or+ 48·50 Ordnance datum ironworks nt Gratz, and r 01 sevc1-al years past bas turned out all rivets. The whole of the upper surfoce of these" bucklrrl ploltt s,"
as sho_wu on the drawings. The shaft is then carried up in brick- the rnils required on their extensive rnilw11y system; their mako after being put in position, will be coated with hot ~as tnr, aml
work 1n mortl\1', with facing, &c., of the aumo de:~crip \ion as that for 1 6:> is given at 15,500 tons, e'Cclusive of 3065 tons of Be~scme r over that will be laid a layer of concreto. After thu• ltvtt ~ tuff
described in a former number of TFTB ENOINiii:R as being used for steel-beaded mils, which are stated to have withstood very severe bas been levelled to the underside of the causeway awl pavement
the engine bouse, with this &.:~oep~ ion. that there will be (in each tests, and shown a perfect welding between the heads and the it will be covered with asphalte fin. thick. Tbe carringe wny is
shaft) seven bands of red brick of 2ft. 9in. each, the angles bt>ing softer iron or which the stem is composed. intended to be formw f ~n\te \' itched l>&Yin~r. c ch stone
out and rubbed. The shaft is 17ft. Gin. external diameter above The Austrian State RAilway Works, Rescbitza and Anina., in of a depth of Sin., 4it\,. •bioi. a~~\ ftom mu. t_o l~io. io length,
the hasP, and when finished will be lOft. 3in. exterMl diameter Hungary, have lately supplied all the mils necessary for the line. bedded in mo~;tar aut\ g1-ouw\ with. llytl~uhc lnne nnJ sand
at the top under the corbelling. 'l'ho thickness of the brickwork Rails have also been rolled at the works of the Prague Iron in the proportion of ono of tho {o.t~or W two of. the latter.. 'l~e
above the base is 4ft. 4 ~i n., dllcreasing to 1ft. 10~in. at the level of Industry Company at Wilkischen and Niirscban: at Ebenau, nel\1' gutters and curbstones. wUl b& ~f white gramte, each l8in. IJl
86'50 1 at which point tho brickwork is set off internally 4 ~i n. all Salzburg; Adolpbsthal, near Budweis; and the CarlshUtte, under- breadth, rou~h axed, and t~o (~~~lengths o( 5ft. ~ .
rouna, the thickness there being 1ft. Gin. up to the level of 12.>·2!), took an order for a portion of the ra.ils for the Carl Ludwigsbahn. The elevat10n of tbe oubide JiT~e>l'i\ IL9 show" 011 page 27n, mll
at which point there will be ~~onother set off of 4~in.; the thickness be relieved by cast iron wot}i o( ~ Q1"naq1enlal chnructer, a rope
up to the top will, therefore, be lft. l~in. The corbelling and moulding fastened to the ~in\~~s by scr~Y( \lolh following tho outcorbel
table will be of Portl.md stone, as shown on elevation and NEW BRIDGE AT HOTCHESONTOWN, GLASGnw. Ul\o ot CMI\ ~Uob,. The spnndrila wiU ho fillet\ in with panels
section. set in cement. '-' &MI(lafu( 410~o ll wor~ am\ annori~ dliehb. ~ml whicl\ will be o rn~~- ·
The top of chimney shaft will be of cast iron, of the form illus· TITE t>ngravings which we publish show tho handsome new brtllge menl~\ with armorial bear~gs. T he ceuh·e uf tl•e l!riclge at the
trated. Tho thickness of the CnJ;lopies and iron shingles will be 11.bout to be erected over the Clyde, to connect the grea\ o~ty of J'4fll\'9t will be ornamen\e(\ by rn11el\ be~rciM ihe nrms of the
lin., and the columns, curbs, and ribs of ftin. motnl. There will Glasgow with one of its principal 11uburbs, Hutcheson~wu. At city o( Glasgow, and w~ *rust the enpl\~\'a will \nqist on :111 the
also be a. vertical wrought iron tie-rod pa.s ~ing from a cross stay in the present time there is a bridge across the Clyde at th~ ll-lace, "he~ldic" wo\·k, both dr;a.wing an(\ ol\r' lng hNng executl!

271 THE ENGINEER.
\VARNER'S PAT ENT STOP VALVE.
SEPT. 27, 1867.
BAILEY AND CO.'S PATENT BOILER FITTI NG.
IN the annexed engraving we illustrate a. neat arrangement of
boiler fitting ju.at brought out by llleasra. Bailey and Co., of the
Albion Works, Salford. Tho importance of having two aets of
water level testing apparatua i~t always acknowledged, and here
we baYe them combined. The steam gauge on top i.a Bourdon's
•
\
\
I
IN the a::~P~ed
cut we illustrate a. atop valve recently patented
by Messrs. Warner, e;;~~ers, o_f J9win-cr~ent , _Cripplegate.
In the construction of this valve, which is ml\de ut" ~t !TC!l for
economy of production, n. segment piece, in conjunction with t.Oe
di.so or valve which closes the fluid pasaage, turns on a. centre or
pin in the top of valve case, which segment piece is constructed
with teeth gearing with a worm cut on the spindle, the stem of
which passes out of the valve case through a s"lffing-box, and on
which a. wheel or handle is fixed. It will be seen, by reference to
THE SLIDE VALVES OF THE SCOTIA'S
E~GINES.-WAD DELL'S PATENT.
TRE long D valve may now be considered as aJmoqt Fupeneded,
its place being taken by the short D valve, which will itself be in
all probability gradually replaced by the three-ported slide valve.
This is not merely the case with the smaller oln.ssea of the direct-~
engine, but also with tho marine and other heavier kinds, its introduction
being favoured by modem plans for taking the pressure
off its back-the original objection to its use for heavier enginework-and
also by the increasing use of direct-acting engines for all
purposes. Ita other objection, that of occasioning a cona1derable
lose of steam in large ports, might, it seems to us, be oftener met
than is usually done by using two valves on the same rod, placing
the steam ports close to the ends of the cylinder with an ex.hau.at
the dra.wing, that by this :simple method a: clear water-way is
obtained, the disc being drawn by the screw or worm entirely out
of the way. In this wa.ythe patenteu claim that all tho advantages
cf J:he ordinary sluice valve are obtained at much Ius cost, and
the liability to set fest and get out of order entirely obviated.
They are adapted for all purposes where a atop _valve for ~ot or
cold water or gM is required and are equally sUlted for high or
low pressure. In case of ne;;d a fresh val\'6 seat can be applied,
without the inconvenience of removing the body or {'1\Be of the valve.
port to each. A good many stationary engines are worked in Lancashire
in this way.
As regards the short D valve evidently so called from its shape in
cross-section. 1\.S aeen in the instance illustrated in the accompanying
engraving-Waddell's mode of pao~ and equilibrating it can be
looked upon u giving it the best shape 1t ia susceptible of receiving.
Mr. Waddell is the chief engineer of the well-known Scotia steamer,
of the Cunard line of steam packets from Liverpool to New York.
Her side lever engines n.re fitted with the short D valves shown in the
engravings. They are of the gridiron form, by which, of course, ho.lf
the width of the port and of the length of travel of the valve is
saved. The baok of each half of the vnlve is packed by means of
strips of bmas, made to the shape of the valve, abutting on the
casing, and kept up by pinching acrews tapped through the casing.
A strip of india-1ubber is placed on the brass strip and is acted
on by the set screw. The improvement consists in placing the
greater J?Ortions of the space between these packing strips in communication,
by means of a pipe and cook, with the steam port or
the cylinder, in order to really equilibrate the valve and make its
back take the same pressure as the face.
The cylinders of the Scotia. are lOOin. in. diameter, and with a
atroke of 12ft. The side lever engines of the steamers W uhington,
Lafayette, and Europe, belonging to the Transatlantic Steam Navigation
Company, are very similar to those of the Scotia, having
wrought iron columns and massive solo pla\es and entablatures of
cast iron. They were built at the Greenock Foundry, and have been
at work from two to three years. The size of cylinder of these
engines is 94&in., with a length of stroke of 8ft. Sin., and their valves
were also fitted with Waddell's patent equilibrium pipe and cook.
It is stated, by tho way, that the Transatlantic Company intend
to convert their vessels into screw ships, and to work them with
direct-acting engines. Some of the engines of tho newer American
monitors, and of the l\Iessageries Imperiales, are fitted with
Waddell's equilibrium valves, the patent for which hM acquired
importance from the fact that it wu renewed for several years in
last March. Previously to thia Mr. Waddell had filed a disclaimer
of some of the steam engine improvements therein described. He of
oourse still claims the plan of valve we have illustrated, as also
the application of the same contrivance to expansion slide valves.
Another mode of equilibrating slide valves described in the patent
consists in, so to say, hanging the valve on a plate proJecting between
the cylinder ports, and cast with projecting atnps at its end and
aides, against which tho valve bears. A chamber ia thus formed
between the back of the valve and that of the plate while the
face of the valve bears upon the cylinder faces. As the steam
enters between the back and face of the plate the pressure is
counterbalanced. H e also described a mode of equilibrating a
rookjng valve, by making it double-or with two discs having
opposite bearing faces. A somewhat aimilar idea is carried out
with a slide valve.
TRE SociETY 0!' E..~oiNEEllS,-Owing t~ the satisfactory mauner
in which the excursions have been carried out, the council have
made arrangements for an extra trip by the society to the
Thames Embankment Works, and to the BW:kfriars Bridge
Works, on Friday, the 4th of October. li!Ambers and associates
who purpose joining the party are requested to communicate
with the secretary on or before Wednesday, the 2nd
proximo. Members and associates to meet at the contractors'
offices. Southern Thames Embankment, Westminster Bridge, at
one o'clock, p.m., on the 4th of October.
0PD>INO OF A NEW COLLIERY NUR BABNSLEY.-Tho inauguration
or opening! of a new colliery belonging to the Darley l\lain
Coal Company, wu celebrated during the week by a supper,
which wu served up in the new engine house. The works, which
are situate at Mearsbro' Dyke near Barnsley, are proposed to communicate
with the old works of the Darley llla.in Colliery at
Wa.rabro' Dale, belonging to 1\leasrs Crofts, Baity, and Company.
They consist of two largt~ ahafte, the last one of which hM just
been completed, ao far as the sinking operations are concerned.
Amongst those present at the gathering were the chief of the
colliery engineers, and proprietors in the South Yorkshire district .
There were also present Mr. Crofts and Mr. Baity two of the
partners. The two shafts have been sunk with but very little interruption,
either a..s regards gas or water, and have been got down m
about two years. The company promiies to have a. valuable
addition to their numerous ahafts by the two just finished.
patent, improved by lllessra. Bailey, and filted wj.th n 7in. dial
The entire apparatus is neat and simple; but two holes require to
be made in the boiler, and the design is so pleuing to the eye that
the apparatus is certain to enjoy favour with those who like handsome
boiler fittings.
BELCL\l'l" RAILS. - The exports of railil from Belgium amounted
in the first seven months of this year to 59,800 tons, u compared
with 36,000 tons in the corresponding period of 1806. The
increase observable in this year's figures is attributable to the
large demand on Russ.Um account. A further order for 20,000
tons of ruHs for Southern Russia has just been secured by the
Join. Cnckerill Company and 1\1~1. Blond.iaux and Co.
E.'i"CINEJ:RINC LV CHIN A.-A' i'oo·Choo-Choo the native junk ic:
fast being superseded by steamers for the purposes of coast traffic,
and a private dock having been at work for three yean with great
success, which receives vt-ssels drawing from 14ft. to 15ft. of
water, the Chinese Government intend to make n. further move
in the same direction. Looking back for a few years the proposed
operations of the imperial officials seem to indicate n. social revolution
in the eastern empire. l\lr. Sinolair, the British consul, reported
to the Foreign Office in l\Iarch of the present year that the
Chinese Government have in contemplation the construction of a.
naval dockyard at this anchorage, and the establishment of a
school of engineers. Tho whole machinery is to be under the
superintendence of French officers, who have been engaged for a
series of years. The instruction of the pnpila in naval matters
and navigation is to be given in the English language, but the
engineering department is to be under French instructors. IU.
Giquel, fonnerly a sub-lieutennnt in the French navy, and afterwarda
an inspector of customs at the port of Hankow, hu recently
returned ~ France with another officer ~or the purpos~ of engaging
and seleohng the persound of the establishment. Theu- purpose is
at first to build a few gunboats for service on the coast. There are
se~ous.doubts entertained 1\.S to the success of the undertaking,
wh1oh J.S planned on a most extravagant scale of expenditure.
Thill stat6 of things seems to change all tho notions about China.
which wo obtained at school. when that vast empire was like a
sealed book to Europeans. Now the Government seem inclined to
descend from their celestial connections and to adopt the solid
advantages of the habitable globe. They have decided on placing
a first-class lighthouse on the White Dogs at the entrance to the
channel of the river, and on constructing a series of beacons of
granite and iron at the dangerous S\)Ots, the cost to be defrayed
out of tonnage dues on foreign shipptng which it is calculated will
pay the entire cost in two years. '£his modem innovation is not
confined to one port in China, for Mr. 1\Iorgan, our consul at
Tien-tsin, also reports a similar state of things at the Peiho, and
states that in enumerating the chief difficulties which affect tho
navigation of the P eiho by foreign vessels the 1langerous shoals
near the low-lying island of Shalinteen must be included, nor does
he omit to state that steps are being taken by tht~ authorities to
erect a lighthouse upon the island, which is about forty miles
north-east of TaJru. and lies to the south-east of nn extensive
range of sand-banks, on which four foreign vessela had been
lost in the few years which intervened between the opening of this
port and the end of 1866. H e also adds that the export trade of
Tien-tsin, however, will probably receive its greatest and most
permanent increase from the development of the vn.at mineral
resources of Chili and Shanai, 1\.S there can be little doubt that the
mountains of these two provinces contain a superabundant su~ply
of both coal and iron. '£he coal that is known as the Chai-t ang
coal 1
and which is procurable in the mountains to the west of
Pekin, ha..s been tried oq different occasions and found admirably
adapted for the use of steamers. The mines, however, are worked
in the rudest way to a. de\)th of not more than from 150ft. to 200ft.,
and when water breaks tn and gains upon the workmen, whose
only means of getting r1d of it is to carry it to the surface in
buckets, the water-invaded pit must be altogether abandoned.
Thus the best coal is never bro~bt up from these pits, and their
proprietors o.re opposed to the mtroduction of that foreign machinery
which, under the superintendence of foreign mining
engineers, might be so beneficially employed in working the mines.
Fortunately, however, for the development at Tien-tsin of a. trade
in this most important export, the Chinese Government hM determined
to establish an arsenal at this port. The requisite machinery
baa already been ordered, and Europe&n engineers have
been engaged to superintend it. Ria Excellency the Superintendent
of Trade, who is charged by his own Governmc.>nt with the
management of thia arsenal, knowa that the Chai-t'ang coal is
particularly well aJ.apted for foreign furnaces, and he has informed
him in person that, being himself anxious to procure it here as
cheap u possible, he is about to depute a competent officer to
ascertain whether a more direct route can be obtained. The
consul states that the mere fact of foreign engineers being employed
by the Chinese Government in an establishment in which
good coals must be used will of necessity have a very great effect
in paving the way for the introduction of foreign machinery and
the employment of foreign capit&l and skill in working the mine&.

•
SEPT. 27' 186?. '1' H E E N G I N E E H. 275
-
N E W B RIDGE AT H U T C H E S 0 N T 0 W N. G LA SGO W.
•
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• MESSRS. E. B. BELL AND D. blii.I.ER, ENGINEERS .
r 0 i or SIOf All CII
---------
DATUM LI NE
- ---- ----------· --·----·------------ - ------- ---- lOS•~" ZFAI'J ----------- ... - -------
FAf•T OF CCNT R£: .J.RCk
0 AT U M =.L.:..;I !:..;.~..::.L;_..._ ___ _ _
------------- ·- -- .. --- ---- ---- ------- - -- II

276
THE ENGINEER.
SBPT. 27, 1867.
Ol:-l TilE ELECTRICAL I NDUCTION OF MR
U O et;O.'' INSULATED WlH.b; ', COMPARKO
W[l'il UUrl'A-Pt;lWHA t NSULA.TED WillES
~'Olt TELEUR.\..Pfi l() c BL1!;:::!.11- I
Dy l\lr. W. liOOJ>.&U.
IN tho communication which I hl\d tho honou.r of making at tho
last m~utwg of t.bo Brttish Aasociation I rofortod to tho relation
c'tid~iu.; blltwoon tho variOUil inUuoncos which modify tho Mtion of
olel!tnc tl induction as observed on insulatou wires. I have since
oxtou.lurl my obsorv:\tiom• with a vio1v of contributiog some
iuforlll •tion r08pcotmg tho clootrico.l. quoHfication of o. sto.ndanl of
illllucttvo Cl\l)l\Ctty. J!rofo flor \Vhou.t~tono, in tho report of tbo
cowmili8ion on tho con~o truotion or telegmph cables, observes tho.t
·• Although cct·tain gonct\11 conJitions of inducti vo action in telo·
grnpbic Wlhl.t havu beuu ml\tlu the subject of experiment and are
now well known, our knowledge in regard to this subject still
roma\ua vu1·y limitoJ." 'l'ho 1\l:IUlts of l.,rofesaor \Vheat8tono'a
experiments show that the ritpidity of diachnrgu through a copper
wiro i'l gret\icr tlHm tho velocity of light. In insulated wires thia
1-apiJlty of dischnrgo becomes cousiderobly diminiabeJ. It ia
woll known thnt on long submarino tolcgro1>h circnits the cum~nt
n ~ th~ ncar cn,l, who~ cont.act is m~do witll o. battery at the
d.i.lltu.nt •·nd, nUhough tustanto.neous 1n nppcnrnnce require11 n
co•·ta.\u time ~o roaoll o. certain £motion of the full force of thnt
ow·ront. This givo11 dso to what is termed " rotardl\tion 11 nnd
other CJrcumstnuces being cqunl, ia prop or~ioonl to tho inductive
Cl\i'I\City of t.bo io.sulator. 'l 'hc mct\8ure of induction M gooernlly
uthlur~tood 1.8 GX l)rcss~d. by tho qunu~ity of e l e~tricity which a
body "' Ct\pablo of r.lcoJvmg from aoy gtven source m t~ definite or
~iv.:n Limo, but us this is ouly ouo of tllo properties of itlduction
1t would bo d.:atrnblc, at lenst in point of J>reciaion to adopt th~
torm iutroduc~d by l.Jrofcssor Sir WLlli.aw 'l'bowson' nod to dolioo
tuis (\!j .~ho electr0·8Ltltio c.\1>1\city of o.n insulator. l~ my lust paper
1 oxpl.uuod tbat a well dolinl!c.l mto of varintion of rQsistanco tn.kes
plucu wht•u•uy insul.\tor is 11ubm.ittod to dHforeot temp ~:ru. tures aud
l show.:ll tllu •·ut.oo[ vu.ril\tion remained coustaot foro.U tumpcrat~res
oveo up to the boiling point of water. This nfford8 tho most sub:
sttmtitd evidooco of its olectl·io.tl, chotnical, and mcobnnical per·
muocnoy. 'fho difficulty of conducting a serio.:~ or observations of
~his kiuc.l ou umtorial.s . hnving different insulating quo.l.itics,
mvolv.cll oiahomto preoau t1

SEPT. 27, 1867.
TH E ENGINEER.
RAILWAY MATTERS.
ON Tuetvere gnle~. which have con•iuorably delayed the opemtione of
tho st ..tf under ::5ir S "uuel C,mning.
Tn! df\m of thoU ,•. " Tc,t H lrtford reservoir. which supplies
thl\t city ,~.ith "lttr, WtlS w.\•.he I nw11y l'~r ly on Fridl\y morning,
Se11t. Gtb. The duon11ge to pdvt\to }Jropcrty will be large, the city
of J I \rtroru sust \in in~ n lo a of aboltt 100,000 dols.
TIIB number of l' piudlcs now employed in tbe cotton JDBnufactnro
iu Grel\t Dntt\io exceeds :lG,OOU,OOO. Their produce of yarn,
when in re~ular work, is 1; I,OOli,OOO miles in n. day of ten hours,
which gives cnou3h to wind f our times round the globe every
minute.
1\J r'l~R!t. P ,\LaH'R AND Co. (Limited), J nrrow, l1o.ve, it is understootl,
hoen comwi~e io ne~l to huild an armour-plated war vessel of
tho Monotor cluss. ~he will be a twin screw, and will have
cnt:ines of 2;:;()-horso power, which will be made by Me11rs.
Palmer.
A ~Tr.A 'I roller ia bein; used by the surveyor of St. George'•
VNtry to tix tho aton s laid down in tho north end of the Old
Kont-rond. It u• emplo' ed n-< n. kind of anti-unionist resor t, owing
to tho strike which took plnco somo time since among the workmen
employe•\ at the •outh ent\ of the Old K ent-road.
IT ia 1\nnounce

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•

SEPT 27, 1867.
NOTICE.
With tkis number of TII E ENGINEER is i88ued a two-page
engraving of the Engine H ouse, Abbey Mills P umping
Station. Each number oj'roE ENGINEER, as iuuedby tlw
Publuher, wiU contain the engraving, and mbscribers and
others are r~uested to notify tl1e fact at this o.tfice should
they not recewe it.
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
• .• We btg to call tll.e a-ttention of our Advertiltrl to the notice
bel01D, and to 1taU that tht large ci1·culatU>n of THE ~OtNEER
comptll u.s to go to prus at an early /tour on the morning of
publication. A!lverti1emtnts, to eMUre insertion, mtut be delivered
at the Engineer Oj)ia before stven o'cU>ck on the Tlt-ur1day
evening of each 'UIUk.
• • • Letters intended for puhl~ation m'U4t be accompanied by the
namu and add:reuu of tl~ writers, not neceuarily for imertion,
but as an widence of good faith.
• • • We cannot tt1ukrta~ to return drawings or ntanmcripts, and
m'U4t therefore requut our corrtq>ondtnts to ketp copiu.
R. 11. (i\lolueo).- R«tiutd tDilh th4nb.
J .] E.-Tl"t art quite uoo~ to ~ay tDiwr the uconcliiOlmnt of Jlr. Stontv"l bool:
tDI/l be publt.lltd. &tm, we h~.
H . a .- Ptrpttual motf4n u an impo&sillUily, and no ,.Nard for it1 d~ ha1
~m o(fertd by tloe OourntiWit.
C. B. (Milncho.ner).-TIIan.b fo•· your ktttr and injormat«m. Sol dlunt. o.f
rourre. We dl> not auafl our1tlru of your 1uggution for r~111 tDhtch tDUt
lhort:y be oppannt to vou..
R. T. T .-Your Khmle u ffr!1 old. Sud. an a1TangtmeRt ICQ.I txMbiltd a~ .far
ba~ 01 l8C.l . No tkpoulmce can be pla«d on il, and tile •lfgi!Jed {aUul"t in
its adWfl 111ould uad to on accident. Thtre 11 no wbllitutt fin" tile inttllf.?tnt
1lqnalmon.
J. L . (Blrkenhcad). - No autlloriud publi«aion of tile lltaTIIIhip ~Vporl of
the/Jrft(.lh .4110Cia1Wn IUU 1/rt lakm.plau. The tabultO UlhtcllfiOUrt{tr, andol
to the eorrteJntu oftDIIkll fiOU txpnu a doubt, hau bun printed. in a wut,
1urrtptitiotuly, and art quilt incorrw. Tl~ u:planallon.r !Dill al10 be alttl"td.
Tht eommittu•• aool111iJ tD(llm~t be pub/Witd, in all probai>Uuv, tm nut vtar,
01 mw:h teork 1141 1trU to be~.
ltRTBOPOLITAN li18AT AND P OULTRY JI£A.RK.ETS. - Wt tDilh 1-J co,.,.td an
erron~tU tmpru1lon tDhkll our rtadtrs fMY haet bun ltd to form from tht
heading of an mgraolng (lirtn in aformu numbtr. at p. 19S. Under the tUft,
·• MttrvpolUan Mtat and Poollry Marktts, Smithjldd, "tDt illltrttd the nam!l of
Mturr . .FoiiJitr and Johllltm, mginur1, alongtDith that of Mr. I]~Waa Jonu,
tht arcMttd of tile bu1ldln91. Wt be9 to inform our rtadtr1 that nnther 1M
forTilU gmllnnm n->r any other tnginttr luu bun auotiattd tDUh Mr. JtJnu in
tht dutgn In" carrying out of the IIIWh of tile mtat and poultry marl:m. The
namu tDtre only ill(roduu.d becaust tht cut In tJ1U4tion lhow1 part of tht tDorkt
bting carrUd out by tht Mtlropolltan Rai/IIJay Company undu lht marktll.
TR & VISIT OF TlUl OClETY OF F.NOTNllfiRS TO OlfflBNWTCn.-&wrol trt"Orl
har:t crtpt irno our rtport of the vilil of the S«itty of Englntvl to dlturr.
Pt11n'1 jactor)J, '11Jhid1 it 1.1 ~.rorth tDII1te to eorrtcl and aa:ount (in". Fir1t fin"
the corrtctlon•. Tht tngfnu are intmded to tDor!· up to 1200·11!n"U pqtJJtr, ana
nolto 8400-hor•e potDtr; tht .:ylindtr1 art l27in. m diamtltr, not 117in.; tht

280
"'bauical toys, or a. youth to construct waterwheels of
l' USh t~s, its foud parents were sure to indulge in the Wu11i ve
thought that a l.u;lliauL eugiucet·iug t::.tt·ecr lay op~:n bd'ure
~ 1m ... Euglaud stauds tJre·oUJiueut. tn t~e ~e ot ougiueorw
g LaleuL, u.nd the ougllleenug profcsslOn l8 tlw thing both
for Lbo acq U111itiou ot JUouoy .~tud
with 1.rOn, but thnt they wouJJ a.lso Lo built in tho yardtl furmerly
colltle-.:rated to lnilinruon n.od wb.Alorl!. 'l'hc old notion of
t.be oo1111truotion of a mau-of-war wa& vor·y mucli cuuJinou to thCI&o
curiou11 building eheda whioh ovon now attract attention on the
rivor aide; whore thu w&rinCd kept guar•l O\'Or tho ships, and ga.ve
a williug car to the yorue which 11lupmato.1 and sb.ipw1'1ght. alike
dolighteu in narratiug. 'l'hon tbf•ro wct·o thu llulkll aut! thu
cooYil..ta, whoso unwilling hLIJour was tbu origin of t.h11
eolebrntcu " dockyard tltrokc,'' tho 11luwoe.J of which
l'llll.Y be saiu to ha vo gi vou the tiruu fur ull opur~tiuns
i11 the wo1·k of l'ublic 11hip'Luuuiog in tlto U.tys
wbou time rl!gi..toroJ Wlll'o not t'Cllttu·ccl :wd col!t l udg.:rrupun.satiun. Tho 11um vt £ IU,S:JG W!l.'l gl\·eo to
.1\loll~

SEPT. 27, 1867.
3ft. 6in. These wheels are solidl with steel tires 4in.
wide. The wheels are keyed on a beavy shaft, carried at
the mid len~th of two hanging rod~, ooe at each encl. The
lower enrls of the rod nrc connected with the bell-crank
lever by other roclll with screw bo~e.~ for adju ting tbt:ir
length. On~> }>air of friction wheels is fitted at each end
of the brake ,.,lD; tlwy are coupled bv tie rods, so that
both pairs are appli~:c.l t•> both pairs of brake van wheels at
the same time. Close to the ur.ake van the maiu brake chain
ter,oinates in a sh:v·kl t.>. to which are M'CUrerl theenc.ls of two
chains, the other eodsbeiug fas tened one to the axles of each
pair of friction "heel~. By turning the hand-wheel in the
guard's van the friction wheels are applied with more or less
force to the roac.l wheel~, the former are caused to revolve, anc.l
wind up the chain, wJ,ich, rendered tight, thus applies the
brakes to ever.v wheel in the train, except, of CClUI'l:>e, those of
the brake va.u which has no brake blocks, but is retan.led by
the frictihort a. lioe ; but apparently none too
many when we considrr that about forty engines are under
steam daily. A very few ye..tJ'S since, when the works
were much sroall e uuprepared to deal with, that
the locomotive euperintentlent was barJJy bestead to provide
eu~ioes, repairs being done uy ui~ht iu sllif;.s. No
locomottve could be spat'Ctl long euougn to enable its defects
to be all t horougWy ru:t ear.
The Bow locomotive shops are not much to look at.
They are disposed to the right and .left-har.d 8ldes of the
station on the London side. Uoming from F enchurcb-street,
the erecting s hops and engine shed-all in one stand to
the right, the forges and woou-working shops being on the
left. On the right cowing from Bow station we find first
the engineer's ottice, drawing office, and board-room, dtsposed
in a sufticieutly conveuient, and more than sufticiently
ugly building, io no part of which is it easy to
carry on a conversation without being interruptt>d by the
tbttnder of passing trains-500 in twt-nty-fou1· how'S, or,
say, Lwenty-tive p er hour during the hvurs of daylicrht
Beyond tbioi-that is lo aay further up the line-hes 0 the
grinding l>hop, in one cod of which is locaU:d a horizontal
steam engine, supplied with steam uy the boiler of a locomotive
fitted up as a stationary generator. Mr. Adams'
grinders turn out some extraoruinary work. Everything
"ith a flat face is got up on the grindstont-,
in a. way that cannot be excelled uy the fitb•1·, and at a.
very moderate co::~t. The sliu~ bars of the stauc.lanl engines
are very heavy, 1cin~ some four inches wic.le on the face.
They are tnmed out 10 the be t po ~ i Lle style on the gl'indstone,
with the exceptiou CJf the tounJed iouer curvt-s, which
are lin is~ed by Jra\1 -fil111g to the proper rac.lius. A. huge butf
wheel gtv~s a. p~.llsh to every pal't, whach leaves uothmg
to be dcstred. lhe rueu, who run·e b~:en a lCJng tilu~
employed on tbe WOJ ks, mauifest a peculiar U..te~ treoce
and an adruimule aw bition to excel in their °Craft:
To believe thunday l:lllt 1 rom exhaustion frow the etfectAI ot 'tbe burns
.lie haJ tubercular disel.illo of tue lung4, but the bw-n.a nccelurated
h1s death. J ob.u bliddletoo, o.locoJOo~ive foreman who had been
emplo)ed by the cowv:wy for seven yeara, aa.id h~ had aeen the
engJDe before aud alter the a.cctdont. T.b.e druer revorted t h.\t
two. or three tubes were lcalung a t the smoke-box ~:nd of the
ngme, and asked for them to be repaired. Th el1gine was then
outatdu the Camden 11hed. The Ovroner.-ln case of acmdents
whlle on d uty biuulnr to the present, 18 there a.ny compe 01 at. 1 on
aUowed to tbe wtdow a.nd her chutlren? Witness - No air
The Coroner.-My opinion is ~hat under ~n.l Camp~U's Ac't th~
company would be liable. The brother-in-law of deceo.aed mterpo:rt:d
by aay1og that he had appli~d to the company to defray the
e.xp.:Dies of the funeral, and they had refu.sed to do ao The Jury
exprtl.lied ~heir opwion that tt was a ve.ry h.a.rd t.h~g tba.t men
should lose thel.l' ltvtll through an UJJforeaet:n acctdent a nd no
co.upensatlon bo gtvt:Jl to tht:U' iauulie~ . .ttlr. J4mta .lieoder•on,
~uo ~ller forewan o~ th~ ~v~:owot1ve t.lepartwent at the Cawdeu
;:;tatlou, 1\bo g.lve bu OpiD.IOn tha~ xt w~ the blo•v of the haLUuler
tbu.t J~rret.l IWld bro.

•
282
THE ENG INEER.
SEPT. 27, 1867.
•
LITERATURE.
(.FmST NOTIOE.)
A IJictumat-y of Science, Literature, and A1·t. Edited by W. T.
BllANDE, D.C.L., F.RS., of Her .Majesty's Mint; and the Rev.
GEOROE W. Cox, M.A., late Scholar of 'l'riuity College, Oxford.
T hree vola. London: Longman, Green, and Co. 1865-7.
IN the preface to this new edition the editors speak of the
dictionary as "possessing the comprehensive character of a
general encyclopredia without its amplitude." This, however,
is hardly the case. I t must be remembered that there
are other branches of knowledge besides those mentioned
in their title, and that so long as the dictionary fails to
include a gazetteer, and gives no biograpbic sketches of
celebrated men and women, it cannot be termed a general
encyclopredia. In fact, the editors appear to us to have
gone either too far or not far enough in the matter, and
the union of literature with science and art seems scarcely to
be a happy one in this case. An exhaustive dictionary of
science and art is always a welcome addition to books of
reference, whilst a work treating these as well as literary
subjects in a. f:eral manner, together with the other
departments of owledga mentioned above, constitutes a
compact encyclopredia that has been greatly needed in the
present day. A dictionary of the character under consideration
should, it seems to us, take one of these forms. This,
however, is a question that must be left to publishers for
solution.
F or the production of the work the general editors procured
the assistance of a goodly company of coott-ibuLors,
amongst whom may be mentioned Mr. Morton, for agriculture,
Professor Owen for biology, Dr. Lindley for
botany, Professor Hirst for mathematics, Mr. Bristow for
mineralogy, Professor Ansted for geology, Professor Frankland
for physics and chemistry, Professor Pole for music,
and Mr. W ornum for painting and the fine arts. The
papers on engineering subjects are by Mr. Bourne, and
those on archit.ectw·e by Mr. Burnell.
The greater part of the paragraphs and articles-the
!attar would in many cases be more rightly called essayswhich
ccmpose these three bulky volumes are written with
great precision and conciseness, those on the various departments
of biological and mathematical science being
especially so. Of a work, however, of such va.stness, which
tells us all about the Swedenborgians and the chicken-pox,
and is equally ready to furnish us with instruction on the
steam-chest or the musical glasses, a proper estimate can
only be obtained after it bas been in constant use for a
considerable spaee of time. Whilst, M already mentioned,
t he subjects are for the most part t reated with great correctness,
there are instances where too great prominence
bas been given, others where sufficient description is wanting,
and others, again, where the statements are enoneous.
l n proof of what bas been stated we will briefly record
some of the observations we made as the result of a general
examination of these volumes.
I n the first place, the writer of the paragraph on the
Broad Arrow would lead one to believe that this mark is
contined to the naval stores of the British Government,
which is certainly not the case. Our word bullion is allied
to the French billon, and not to " bouiUon," though the
Australian merchants who send us ''Liebig's extract of
meat" must have rather substantial reR.sons for regarding
this explanation as happy in their case as it is original.
In the article on Betrothment we are told that "Public
betrothment induces (where it is recognised as a. legal
ceremony) the obligation to marry. .But, according to
modern practice, an action for damages is almost the only
way of enforcing it-a small fine or impri::~onment being
the utmost penalty for the VIolation of the engagement."
This "small fine," however, is often a pretty penny, and
small only when compared to the flaying which the
" faithless wretch" receives in the large-type columns of
t he next morning's paper. The Boiling Point of Liquids
is very imperfectly described, no mention beiug made of
the causes on which the boiling point of a given liquid
depends. And amongst other physical points that call for
attention is the omission of all explanation of the word
"ether " as employed in celestial physics. Again, why
should the term "anhydrous" be confined to acids and
salts when bases are likew!se frequently said to be in this
condition l The subject of pyropborus extends over half
a. column, whilst that of antiseptics is despatched with an
explanation of four lines, none of these useful substances
being mentioned. The atmospheric railway is described
in the first volume, and again in the third, and in the
former case it is stated that the tube in which the vacuum
is created "is closed at both ends !"
Of ice-making machines
that alone is mentioned wherein the depression of
temperature is produced by the expansion of compressed
air; surely the writer, who is here describing his O\VU invention,
might also have mentioned the compact apparatus
for domestic purposes devised by M. Carr6.
The description of certain of the chemical compounds is
anything but satisfactory. What, for example, is the good
of describing a. typical body like glycol as "a sweet viscid
liquid, soluble in water and alcob.ol ?" This might be said
of twenty organic compounds. Acetic acid, again, is described
in six lines, and no mention made of its component
parts, nor is even its formula given. Then bromal is
oescribed a.s a body formed by the action of chlorine on
aldehyde. Bismuth is " yellowish white;" cadmium is
"much like tin," whilst its oxide is "yellow" and used as
a pigment. Cresium is described, and rubidium-discovered
six years ago (since which time the metal has been
prepared by reduction with carbon and has been investigated
both physically and chemically in far more satisfactory
a manner than in the case of cresium)-is altogether
omitted. No explanation of the term carbide is given;
carburets are said to be "compounds of carbon with the
simple combustibles," and the well-known sulphide of
carbon is only described under the very uncommon title of
" carburet of sulphur." Moreover, oue would not expect,
in the present da1,, to see fluoride of silicium described as
"flnosilicic acid;' it is not true that this body in contact
with water " forms silicia and hydrofiuoric ,acid "-hydro-
1luosilicic acid is the acid produced; this compound, how­
"Ver, is nowhere to be found. Oxide of thallium, we are
told, is dissolved by hydrochloric acid, although chloride of
t hallium is insoluble; and chloroxalic acid is "obtained by
exposing acetic acid and chlorine to bright sunshine."
Rosaniline is absent ~}together, and, of the tar colours,
magenta. is dismissed with a line and a-half, whilst mauve
is "obtained from aniline, and from benzo~ two of the
constituents of coal tar." We must, morever, protest
against the custom adopted in this dictionary of giving the
combinio~ numbers of the elements as multiples of hydrogen,
whict1 they are not; chlorine is not represented by 36,
no1· iodine by 126, and to make those of phosphorus 32 and
of bromine "about 78," instead of 80, displays great negligence.
We fear this part of the compilation must have
been confided to the care of the contributor who speaks of
bromine as an "undecompounded snbstance," and triphane
and lepidolite as "lapideous bodies."
Amongst the minerals we 1ind " Al-senosiderite," which
should be arseniosiderite, described as an "arsenide of
lime," &c., which is incorrect; of diallage, an important
mineral, the constituents are not mentioned at ali; realgar
is called a native "tersulphide" of arsenic; and yellow
01·piment a "yellow arsenic or sulphuretted oxide of zwc,"
whatever that may mean. Purple copper ore has a definite
chemical composition assigned to it, aud its percentage of
copper is stated to vary 15 per cent. Selbite contains
" carbonate of antimony." "Scheelium" and " Dianic
acid" have each a place, and scbeelite, the tungstate of lime,
is uowbere. P yrargyriteistermeda "sulphantimoniate,"and
its formula is incorrectly given, whereby the reader, who
is told that proustite has an analogous composition, is misinformed
as regards this mineral also. In the article on
pearls the writer mentions one which he rightly calls "one
of the most remarkable of which we have any authentic
account;" it is in the possession of the Shah of P ersia, nod
its "diameter is sixty-tht·ee inches at the largest part "
This " treasure of an oyster" dims the lustre of the tallest
gooseberry ever discovered in the silly season.
Tht Electric Telegraph. By D r. LARDNER. A new edition,
revised and re-written by EDW.AcRn B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S.
L ondon: James 'Val ton, Gower-street.
TilE lengthened period during which Mr. E. B. Bright has
been connected with telegraphy during its rapid growth and
extension since electricity gave the coup de grace to the
old semaphore, affords some guarantee that the present
work will be of interest not merely to the semi-scientific
general reader, bnt also to the telegraph engineer and to
the larger class who look to the commercial aspects of
electro-telegraphy. The professional rel\.der would, it is
true, look in vain for much of the information which would
be expected from a modern technical or scientific treatise
on the telegraph; bnt, on the other hand, he will here find
matter of a historical and descriptive character which can
scarcely fail to embrace some facts of special import from
his point of view. The chapter on the telegraph to I ndia,
those on the Atlantic telegraphs, and t hat conta,ining
"General Remarks upon Celerity of Transmission," may
be in st..~nced as exemplifying this. Except in the case of
those who may require a popular introduction to electrical
science, those portions of the work which are due entirely
to Mr. Bright will be the most readable. The author's
forte is in description and statistical information, and in
compiling he has generally well selected his materials.
The deficiencies that might be noted are in the direction of
want of originality of idea and novelty of facts in relation
to the scientific bearings of the subject. Throughout the
work we observe very little that is of a critical or discriminative
character. The author contents himself with
supplying certain information to those who require simply
a record of what has been done rather than a broad investigation
of what ba.s been, might have been, and remains to
be accomplished with the means at hand aud the knowledge
step by step acquired.
Turning over the pages of Mr. Bright's book we notice
(p. 50) a chemical error which it is of some importance to
rectify. The author says that "a very ingenious volt..'\ic
combination has been invented by Marie Davy (Mari6-
Davy) in which moistened bisulpMde of mercury is used
a.s n. medium, zinc and graphite plates being employed."
We recently had occasion to advert to the detrimental
substitution of the bisulphate for the subsulpbate of
merctu·y in the battery in question; but here we have
specified a salt (cinnabar or vermillion) which would for all
practical purposes be absolutely inert in the voltaic combination.
The error is, of course, due to a lapsus pennce or
printer's mistake; but, in conjunction with those of a
similar nature to be found in other works, it might almost
lead us to suppose that in the opinion of some telegraphists
" one salt is as good as another," if not "a great deal
better," for the Marie-Davy battery.
Mr. Bright says-()r rather allows Dr. Lardner's work
to sa.y-that " Daniell's combination, which is extensively
used in 'vorki~ telegraphs, consists of a copper cylindrical
vessel," &c. w e imagine thai it would be difficult to find
any "copper cylindrical vessels" in the battery cellars of
modern telegraph stations.
The following passages relating to our Indian inland
telegt-aphs are of interest:-
In England, where the lines are carried along railways, and
w~ere there are no living obstacles to cont.,md with, the thin iron
w1re, No. 8 or 10 gauge, answers its purpose well, but no sooner
were the rods mou.nted on their bamboo supports in India. than
flocks of that largest of all birds, the wjutant, found the rods
convcnieut perches, and groups of monkeys congregated upon
them, showing clearly enough that the ordinary wire we>uld be
insufficient to bear the strains to which these telegraphic lines
would be subjected. It was found also that not only must the
wire be stronger, but that it must be more elevated, t o allow
loade~ cl~phants, which march about regardless of roads or telegra.phtc
lmes, to pass underneath." • . . " One of the peculiar
characteristics of the railway (telegraph) lines intended for India.,
a.s contrasted with the English lines, is the greater distance
between the posts, which are higher and stronger than those
generally used. The thick wire is raised to a. heigllt of 14ft., on
posts nearly the eighth part of a mile apart. To obtain the necessary
strength to bear the strain the posts are fixed with screw
piles. To show tho strength of the wires thus extended a rope
wa.s, for experiment, hung to the centre of the wire of largest
spa.~!, and a sol d~er climbed up to it, the weight of his body producmg
but a slight curvature. The common deflection ari.eiDg
from the weight of a wire of a furlong span does not exceed 18in.
The plan adopted for joining tho lengths of the thick galvauised
wire is to have the two ends turned, so as to link into one anothert
which are then introduced into a. mould like a. bullet mould, anCl
an ingot of zinc being cast over them they form a most substantial
joint and perfect metallic connection. At first it was assumed by
the constructors of the Indian telegraphs that from the general
dryness of the climate and thickness of tho wire on long single
lines of wire insulators could be dispensed with, but after ten years
of wretchedly bad working on very short circuits an improved
system was adopted, and n better ~d of insulation applied to
some of the lines. At the present t1me, however, tho mternal
Indian telegroph is still one of the most insufficient existing."
lf the concluding observation were considerably stronger
we should be .l?repared fully to endorse it. W:h~t is most
wanted in Indm is a slight knowled~e of electr1ctty aud of
the principles of tbe electric telegrapn. not only on the part
of the subordinate employes, but also on the part of those
in authority over them.
Mr. Bri~Tbt gives a somewhat detailed account of the
constructio~ and laying of the principal Jine3 of submarine
telegraph, illustrated by woodcuts showing the actual
dimensions of the cables and of their constituent parts.
I n adverting to the causes of permanent failure in cables,
it is stated to be the opinion of " practical men " that the
great and only risk is from defects pl'oduced in the process
of deposition, or from original faults in the principle of
construction. The selection of route bas, we think, much
to do with the success of submarine lines; and if it be
granted that attention to this point is also essential,
" practical " and "theoretical " men are now tolerably well
agreed as to the point under consideration.
" The entire capita~" says the auLhor, "that has been
invested up to the present time in making aud laying the
seventy-four submarine cables enumerated amounts to
about £5,500,000, of which twenty-three cable.s, represent­
£2,200,000, have been lost. The first A~lantic cable and
the Red Sea line made up £1,250,000 of this disastrous
total. If the list be referred to it will be seen that the
costly experience thus purchased has been derived from
the failure of a series of very light and weak cables,
insufficient either in strength or insulation for the positions
in which they were placed or the work required of them."
A short but interesting chapter gives the history of the
telegraph to I ndia, bP.ginning with the failure of the Red
S~!a line laid in 1859-60, and ending with a notice of the
proposed extension to India and China of the line from
Kurr~chee to Fao, desi.,.ued and laid uy Sir Charles
B ~'ight and Mr. Latimer 81ark, the engineers appointed by
the late Col. Patrick Stewart to carry out this important
undertaking. A diagram is here given of the plan of
testing joints by accumulation of the leakage, which was
adopted by .Mr. Clark in testing the sections of cable for
this line at Mr. Henley's factory. Referring to the commercial
results of this enterprise, Mr. Bright states that
"although the connecting wires tru·ouft~ Turkey aud
between Kurrachee, a.ud the main Indian · es at Bombay
are very badly managed, the cable bas proved a commercial
success, yieldin~, at present, over £100,000 per
annum upon its cost of about £400,000, and there is no
doubt this revenue would be very greatly increased if the
connecting lines were better worked. For, while the
average time occupied in transmitting messages between
Knrrachee and Fao over the four sections of the cable is
only three hours, the messages between I ndia and
England frequently occupy many days in transit over the
land lines. This is partly due to the utterly inefficient
staff of half-castes employed in I ndia by the Government,
and partly to the carelessness and indolence of the Turks."
The two succeeding chaptel'S are devoted to the Atlantic
telegraphs, and give a popular account of the great enterprise
which has so recently been carried to a successful
issue. Beyond the fact of having here a hi

SEPT. 27, 1867. THE ENliiNEER. 283
E M B A N K M E N T W 0 R K S A T B 0 U R G N E U F.
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the regulated clock is either fast or slow. "As a. clock,
even with a great rate of error, cannot vary much in the
~urse of a second, it is found in practice that large public
docks may be brought under the most absolute control by
the influence of an exceedingly feeble battery. The system
was first applied about ten years ago to the control
of various public clocks at Liverpool, by Mr. Hartnup, the
astronomer, in conjunction with the writer, and hassincecontinued
toaffo1·d the most satisfactory results. A seconds clock
on the Exchange has enabled the various clock makers to
regulate their chronometers with the utmost exactitude,
and the large town-hall clock, with other public clocks,
have been kept truly to Greenwich meau time \Vith little or
no trouble, and at a trifling cost, even compared wiLh the
ordinary clockmaker's charge for regulation. The method
has since been int1·oduced in Loudon, and has also been
very extensively adopted in G lasgow, by Professor Grant,
and at Edinburgh, by Professor Piazzi Smyth, in connection
with their observatories. Some of the church anu
other public clocks regulated are old and ill made, previously
keeping wretchedly bad time-frequently minutes
wrong; but since this simple electric check was applied
they have gone with the closest accuracy."
In the chapter upon "railway telegraphs and train
signalling," Mr. Bright describes the various forms of
Apparatus devised by Messrs. \V" alker, Preece, Tyer,
Bartholomew and Spagnoletti. The merits of the "block
system" of train signallin~ are duly insisted upon, and
the false economy of adoptmg any system less safe than
this somewhat costly one is reasonably deprecated.
The author's observations on "celerity of transmission,"
"uses of the telegraph, &c.," are a~companied by a great
many facts of interest in relation to the working of overland
lines, and by a number of pertinent and amusing
anecdotes. The following example of what may be
effected in the directions both of economy and secresy, by
the use of a well-contrived code of abreviations, may afford
a useful hint to those who habitually use the telegraph in
commercial business.
The dispatch to be sent consisted of
sixty-eight words as follows:-" Flour market for common
and fair brands of western is lower, with m oderate demand for
h ome trade and export; sales, 8000 bbls. Genesee, at
5 dols. 12. Wheat, prime in fair demand; market firm;
common description dull with a downward tendency; sales,
4000 bushels at 1 uol. 10 cents. Corn, fo:jn news
unsettled the market; no sales of importance e. The
only sale made was 2500 bushels at 67 cents." This disp
atch, when converted into code, was expressed in nine
words as follows:-" Bad came aft, keen dark ache lain
fault adapt."
The concluding chapter of the work is on "tele~raph
statistics," and supplies important facts and data m reference
to the past and future extension of telegraphy both
in this country and abroad. "At the present time," says
Mr. Bright, "it may be said that wherever there is civilisation
there may also be found the telegraph. In round figures
the world is now overspreall by about 160,000 miles of
line, comprising 400,000 miles of wire, working between
nearly 14,000 stations, and giving employment to a. staff of
probably 40,000 persons."
EMBANKMENT OF TIDAL LANDS.
WITH the apathy peculiar to our national ch.a.racter we
seldom undertake any engineering work of magnitude until its
construction becomes a necessity-until the apparent evil day
cannot be further postponed. The idea. may be stated, the
project broached, the scheme canvassed in all its bearingsdiscussed
in the House, referred to a committee, reported upon
and referred back again whence it came, but there it remains
until a crisis arrives which renders its accomplishment no longer
optional but imperative. It is, probably, for this reason that so
little ha.s been done in reclaiming lands from the sea, and bringing
them under the dominion of the husbandman and agriculturist,
although the majority of those included in our subject have been
endowed by nature with more than ordinary fertility, and thus
offer the strongest possible inducement to man to avail himself
of their prolific resources. Anyone who contemplates the
increasing figures of our periodical census cannot but be aware of
the fact that as the population augments, not only the demand
for food augments likewise, but the food-lJroducing area is proportionately
diminished. Look at our metropolis, witness it
stretching out its multitudinous branches to every point of the
compass; see the green fields disappearing-not one by one as
formerly, but by dozens together-before its insatiable grasp,
until the face of nature becomes converted into bricks and
mortar, and in a few years an inhabitant. of London will have to
make a day's journey to beheld a field of corn. We are, in fact,
human locusts, and are even worse than our insect. brethren, for
although in their destructive flights they annihilate and consume
every atom of vegetation along their route, yet their depredations
are migratory, and the damage they commit is temporary.
We, on the contrary, not only consume the products of the
land but afterwards permanently establish ourseh'es on the site
of our spoliations. Arguing from the foregoing remarks, it is manifest
that the reclamation of arable and pasture land from the sea.
will sooner or later become a necessity, and there is no question
but. that were all the land utilised and put under tillage over
which the sea. ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours, we
should not merely have food enough for ourselves but some to
export as well. There are large tracks of alluvial soil owned by
the ocean, which exhibit at low water an ebb of more than two
miles; and when it is borne in mind that the pressure seaward
against an embankment is independent of the surface in that
direction, the advantage of a large difference between the rise and
fall of the tide, combined wit.h a flat shelving shore, is at once
apparent. So far as the width is concerned, or the distance
measured square to the face of bank or dam, it is as easy to keep
out an ocean as a stream only a few yards wide.
An important work of reclamation is at present in progress on
the be.y of Bourgneuf, la Venclu, under the superintendence of
M. Le Cler, engineer to the company, comprising the embankment
and subsequent reduction to tillage of over 3000 acres of
polder. This term is given in Flanders and Holland to the alluvial
land that is formed by deposits from the sea, or at the mouths
of rivers, where it constitutes the well.known "delta." The term,
although capable of some latitude, always applies to land that is
adapted for agricultural purposes and suitable for reclamation.
It has been remarked that the weak point in most embankments
of this description is that they have not. been constructed
of a sufficient height, and consequently, when any e1.'tra.ordinary
high tide has taken place, or a. violent hurricane, they have been
breached. Sometimes the damage has been partial and t he
inundation small; at others the bank ha.s been literally swept
away, und the sea. reinstated in the seat of its former dominion.
The nature and direction of the prevailing winds has a considerable
influence upon the determination of this dimension. I t
was found that in those situations where the embankment at
Bourgneuf was exposed to the force of the western gales, which
frequently sweep the surface of the bay with terrific violence,
it was necessary to raise it to a height of 8ft. 3in. above the level
of spring tides. Upon the coast of Noirmoutiers, where easterly
winds prevail, a height of 6ft. 6in. was all that was required.
Another cause, in addition to the one already mentioned, influencing
the height of sea. banks, is the depth of water at their
toe, and at a. short distance in front of them. Where the longi·
tudinal section of the ground is such t.hat at certain places it
rises to within five feet of the level of spring tides, the top of
the bank may be safely placed at a height of about 3ft. 3in. above
this datum. The reason that the depth of the water in the
immediate Ticinity of the face of the bank bears upon the
question of its height is founded upon the fact that the force of
waves increMes in a rapid ratio '\vith that dimension, and when
the depth of water at the toe of a. bank has a. ma.ximum value
e::tceeding that of ten feet, its construction becomes both
hazardous in execution and costly in ch.a.racter. At present the
height of the banks under notice has reached that of 16ft. 6in.
Their base is nearly 69ft. in width, and the same dimension at
top is reduced to 3ft. 3in. They are constructed, as is usually
the case, of the earth excan ted upon the spot outside the margin
of the polder upon the seaside. The slopes vary with the nature
of the filling. If it be of a. sandy description the exterior slope,
or that towards the sea, should not be less than that of 2 to 1,
and the interior than that of 1 ito 1. If of a muddy, argilla.ceous
character the former slope must be flattened to 2l to 1, and the
latter to 2 to 1. Occasionally a double slope may be employed
to advantage-a flatter one for the lower than for the upper part
of the bank. The exterior slopes are protected by a. facing of
stone 1ft. 9in. thick, extending over the top of the bank, and
continued for a depth of 6ft. 6in. down the side of the interior
slope. This facing requires to be done with care, the stones
being well consolidated with the earth and firmly embedded in
it. by blows of a hammer. When the filling is of a sandy,
porous nature a thick stratum of puddle must be laid under the
stone facing. The top of the banks is planted with arbutus
trees, which enend about seven feet down the side of both the
external and internal slopes and form a. kind of a. hedge. The
interior slope is covered with lucerne.
There is no description of work so troublesome or so
vexatious as what is termed tidal work, where the operations
are carried on intermittently, or, as it might be called, by fi t.->
and starts. .All the water covers at each returning tide the
whole, or, at any rate the greater portion of the polder, there is
no other resource but to carry on the work upon the above
system, since the formation of a temporary dam would
be tantamount to the construction of the permanent one.
Under these circumstances, it is no easy matter to organise the
labour and prosecute the work, as the hours available for working
operations vary every day; and, moreover, the height of the
ratio varies also, demanding incessant precautions and foresight.
A brief description of the difficulties encountered in executing
tidal work in embankments, togeLher with some practica.l details,
will not be without interest to our numerous readers. .All the
slob lands in France being the property of the state, possession can
only be obtained by direct concession, or by public adjudication,
which latter was the means employed by the Bourgneuf Company.
In a manner somewhat similar to that in custom among
ourselves, plans showing the general course of the proposed
works, and the accompanying sections, were prepared for the
inspection of the authorities having the disposal of the lands.
These being approved of the sale was authorised, and the company
became the legitimate possessors of the required territory.
There are several disadvantages connected with this method of
concession by public adjudication, which we shall allude to pre.
sently. Possession having been obtained, the preparatory works
are commenced, which consist in procuring and depositing the
stone to form the protecting parts of the bank. The stone is
procured from the rocks which abound in the bay, at a
distance of about two miles from the shore, and its transport
is effected by means of yoles, or small vessels, of six tons, and
managed by a couple of men. During high tide these vessels
are denerously ma.nwuvred, until they are right over the walls,
which are dry when the tide is low, and consequently they
settle down upon them as the waters recede. .All soon as possible
the men commence fimng them with the material, and
when the tide returns it floats the yoles \Vith their burdens
over the line of the embankment where the stones are
clischarged. Altogether, two linea of walls are constructed
of t hese stones. The first, 3ft. Sin. square is built
at a distance of a. bout 80ft. from the foot of the inside slope of
the bank, and owing to its small size is speeclily completed. The
object of this small wall is twofold. It serves to encourage the
deposition of alluvial matter upon the area. to be embanked, and
also assists to retain the first quantities of the earth deposited
for the filling of the permanent bank. This is termed the little
wall, and so soon as it is finished the large one is commenced,
which is built up to a height a little above that of thelevelofhigh
water. It has a base of 13ft., a width at top of 9ft. Qin. and a height
of 8ft. 9in. The two walls are shown in Fig. 1, which represents
the preliminary state of the works, in which A is the little, and B
the larger will. The drawing is of a scale of ~~ll• so that their
relative distances and height with respect to H . W. S. T. are
accurately defined. The line E, F, indicates the level of the
ground in its normal state, and C, D, that to which it is raised by
the alluvial deposits, formed after the building of the two dwarf
walls A and B. The yolel! employed in this work number a
hundred, and to each one is allotted a length of 75ft. of wall to
supply material for. When the stones have been discharged
they are built into the walls at low tide by men especially employed
for that work. Stout uprights, furnished with corresponding
numbers, a.re set up in the water to indicate to the
" yolers " the proper place for each to pitch out the stones, so
that all confusion is avoided. I t ia an interesting and picturesque
sight to witness this sma.llfiotilla, with its red and white sa.ile,
getting into line to commence the discharge of ita cargo. By

284
'T H E E N G I N E E R.
SEPT. 27, 1867.
building both these walls one or two years previously to the construction
of the permanent bank a large increase of t he most
fertile alluvium is made to the t~o il, attaining, behind tho walls,
a depth of more than 3ft., and gh·iug a me.:m depth over the
whoie surfa.ce of the polcler of nearly 2ft., a.s shown in Fig. l.
The best time to commence the earthwork of the dam iA immediately
after the equinoctial tid6ll, and they should never be
undertaken during the winter time. When commenced they
must be pushed on with unremitting energy and acthity, as the
bank must be closed before the autumnal equinox comes in, or
it will, in all probability, suffer severely from the high tides and
tempests accompanying that season.
Before proeeecliug to fill in the bank all culverts necessary for
letting out water that may accumulate in land must be constructed.
WhE', t hese are made of wood they are called coefs,
and are always rrc.vided with self-acting valves, which close with
the rising of th~ tide. These cui verts serve for the draina~e of tbe
polder, and a. variety of other useful purposes, whether to con,rey
water away from the land, or, as is sometimes the case, to convey
the salt water into the interior of the country for salt marshes.
In the latter instance the culvert must necessarily be continued
throughout the length of the polder, but it need not be built
solid in the usual manner, but may assume the form of an open
drain, care being taken that the sides be high enough to prevent
all chance of the polder being flooded by the salt water. It
must be borne in mind that the time for draining titlal lands is
very limited, the opportunity only offers during low water, therefOJ·e
it is of the utmost importance that the number and dimensions
of the culverts should be regulated so as to bo eifectual in
this respect. Should an error occur in this calculation i~. might
be very serious, fot· it is an extremely hazardous operation to cut
through a sea bank for the purpose of getting n culvert in after
it ha.s been completed. The polder of the Dain, one of the
embankments under notice, has two open culvt>rts or canals
running through it in order to afford a supply of salt water to
the marshes situated inland.
Some of these canals are fed by a culvert, and others of lesser
importance by a coef. The culvert runs under the bank, as seeu
in Fig. 2, and is founded upon a timber sole S (see cross section
in Fig. 3). It is built of rubble mahonry, laid in hydraulic
mortar and flushed over with cement, and ha.s a layer of bewn B
for the bottom. It is supplied with a gate of oak in two vertical
pieces, so that the supply of water can be regulated a.s required
(see Fig. 4). Figs. 5 and 6 represent the constructiou of a coef,
of which the average size is about lit. 4in. by 1ft. 9in., and the
total length nearly 70ft. A longitudinal section of a portion of
the coef is shown in Fig. 5, the dotted lines indicating the
position of the gate when the tide is out. The cross section is
represented in Fig. 6, the shaded parts denoting the covering
pieces over a. joint. The thickness of the top and bottom
timbers is 24in., which is also the thickness of the covering
pieces, but that of the sides is increased to 3.in. Ail it is pul
together at a distance from th~ intended site it ha.s to be
transported in lengths to the embankment, and the transit is
thus accomplished :-Tt is put together comvletely uvon the
banks of one of the large canals in the provinCE', and at about
every 12ft. a couple of empty barrels are attached to the sides,
and it is floated. A yole is then brought up to take it in tow
and convey it to its destination, where, the wall having been
opened for the purpose and the bed prepared, it is tinaUy made
fast. The barrels are then detached, the coef 'veighted with
stones, sunk to its place, and the operation completed. In Fig. 7
is shown a plan of the coef with the barrels attached to it, and
in Fig. 8 is represented a cross section of tho same arrangement.
There is one more preliminary detail to be accomplished before
the actual filling in of the bank or t he earthwork proper can be
commenced. It is the opening of a certain number of breaches
in tLe two walls in Fig. 1, for the purpose of allowing the water
free ingress and egress during the raising of the bank. By these
means the water is maintained at the same level on both sides of
the bank, and the earthwork is thus better protected against the
force of the waves than if attempts w~re made in the first
instance to exclude the sea altogether. The number and dimensions
of the openings required for any par~icular length of b~
are obtained by the joint aid of theory and practice-calculatlou
and experience. For the embankment of the section under consideration,
which includes a length of two and a-half miles, two
openings are BUf!icient, each being 260ft. in t he cle.1.r. Besides
the mere cutting of these openings they must be soled or well
faced with stone, for at each tide the water ebbs and ftows \\;th
a velocity depending upon the area of the polder, the height of
the tide, aud the width of the openings, and increasing prportionately
with the progress of the bank. Retaining walls of
stone are built against the sides of the openings to keep the
earth in position until the closing of the bank. Everything ha.s
now arrived at the stage when the earthwork or tilling in of t he
bank may be proceeded with, a. description of the details of
which we must reserve for another occasion. The polder of the
Dain is embanked in two sections, with a. cross bank or dam
between them, as it was desirable to effect the reclamation of
each portion in one year, but it will be seen hereafter tha.t in
many cases this is not practicable.
LEATHER A T THE FRENCH E XHI BITION.
TaE ancient trade of tanning, so fa r as products a r-e concerned,
has come out particularly strong at ~he P aris E xhibition.
In Gallery V., in t be French, Austr1an, and Zoll~erein
sections, there are whole rooms tastily decorated w1th
the displays brou~ht forwar d by some hundreds of fi rms of
considerable contmental reputation, whose st.a.lls and cases
exhibit specimens of every class of prepa rt>d leather, from
the rhinoceros and elephant hide upwards of an inch t hick
to t he finest kid, gaugmg no more t han a sh eet of writin~
paper. Although we have again to express our regret that
so few English firrus have come forward to sustain the high
twelve inches wide. The boles for most of the stitching
are carried dia.goually through the substance of the leather,
so that a vt::ry abort length of each stitch comes to the surface,
and the liability to wear is much reduced. 1 he
quality of the leather is admirable, and some of the
bands exhibited hn.ve been treated with a waLer-proofing
prepat'at.ion. The Tauned Leather Companv, of Greenfitl ld~
Manchester, have asta.ll in the machinery gallery, containing
a lso some good specimens of leather banding of various
sizes, as well as samples of bides tanned in twenty-seven
days with t he aid of a specia l liquor which they employ.
Messrs. Evans, Parker, Sparke, and Co. have obtained a
silver medal for a collection of finely-finished hen.vy hides,
among which are some admirable skins for pump leather,
&c. Noue of the other English exhibitors havo qualities of
leather specially adapted to engineering purposes, but to
admirers of tannery prorluctious in general, when finished
to the hig hest pitch of modern art, the collections ~;~bo,vn
by Winler and M asters, and J. Dickson, of London,
Bayley, of Notting ham, Wilson, Walker, and Co., of Leeds,
and Boake, of Edinburgh, will be well worthy of examination.
E vans, P a rker, and Sparke have one quality of
leather which is altogether unequalled in th~ Exhibition, the
preparation of which is patented by the last-named member of
the firm. I t is cowhiJe tanned so as to I.Je pliant and flex ible
in the highest degree; when soaked in water it becomes as
limp as a piece of wet linen, though of very thick substance,
and takes readily, without the application of any considerable
pressure, t he form of any object to which it is applied,
anrl which it retains with the greatest rigidity when again
dried. These qualitications have already brought it into
extensive use amongst surgeons for splints in m a.ny cases
where wood has h eretofore been used, a nd a variety of
others to which wood could never have been applied.
T he leather productions of France are mainly exhibited
in two la.rgt> rooms of GaJJery V. Amongst the finest displays
are those of D ona n and Son, and Pillart, of Paris, who
have some wdl-6nisheu thick-edged 12-in. bands; Gallien
a nd Co., of Lon~imea.uJ A. H onette, of P a ris, who has received
the first gola medal for japanned and Russia
leathers; D omer, of Rouen, who has some beautiful light
banding, jointed with scarfs and cement; Pringnand and
Lemoine, who show some fine wide banding, with cemented
and ri vetted joints. In the machinery gallery, Frt::nch
section, M. E. Scellos, of Paris, exhibits a 22-in. composite
band composed of ninety st.raps, on the edge principle;
the fabric is about three-quarters of an inch thick, and is
intended for transmittin!{ 150-horse power. M. P. P etter·ean,
of Chateau-R~nault, is a lso an exhibitor of bands.
The productions of both these houses are of good qua.lJty
and fini.•h. W e come now t o the German exhibits in
this class, amongst which there are fewer specimens of
banding and pump leather than in the French and English
departments, but the display of curiositie:.! in tannery is
very considemble. H. P ollak, of Vienna, and L eopold
Ra~ of the same place, have some good banding, and the
latter firm display a splendid rhinoceros hide, which is
sta.terl to have occupied no Less than six years in tanning.
Gerlach and Sons, also of Vienna) show a fine buffalo bide
about 150 lb. weight, which bas been carefully prepared
for the la•·ge pump valves of the drawing l ifts so extensively
employed by the German miners. From Munich
we have an exhibit by Alloys EschenJohr, which claims not
only to be a novelty but a mystry, consisting of several
samples of bands, from four to six inches wide, and of
~!m ost any given length, a.nnounced as "cnt from one
piece." This, of coursE', is a. misnomer, as several of the
s.'Ullples contain more leather than t he hide of any one
animal that ever lived, even supposing tha.t it coulJ have
been beaten out after being rut from the hide iu Apirals
into the perfeclly strai!{ht, though r ough, baurl exhibited.
It must, therefore, be jointed in some way, but it is impossible
to discover wlu:re, :tt 1•--t"'t d•1ring such an ex~mination
a.~ one c:tn give it in the E~hibitio n. )frnt of tbt>!le
bands are t.hree ply, simply. folded over aud rc..ughly
cemented to11ether.
As spec1mens of lel.ther they are
decidedly inferior, badly ta.one.l, and roughly dre'lsed,
besiues being ruore or less uneven in thickness, buL if the
mode of manufacture be as s imple as it is asserted to be,
and the joinings-if joinings there :lre-as sound as they
are invisible, there may be something useful in M.
Escbenlobr's idea; but, useful or not, it does not seem likely
that the world will soon be favoured with an und~>rst::.nd ­
ing of the inveution, a.s we are informed that the inventor
UJt only keeps it a secret lmt refuses to sell bid belts to
an.v but Bavarian fact~ries, le t the secret shoul l be found
out, the iuference being naturally that BlH•arian m echanical
intellects are possessed of lower reasoning powers than
the rest of t heir European br,.Lhren. The display of tanning
and lt ather cm·ry ing appli.'lnces in the Exhibition
generally is not extensive. In England we have Cox's
patent. revolving frame, exhibited bv Stothert and Pitt, of
Bath, in which the hides are bung inside a barrel, the
staves of which are nanow laths sep;u·ated about half-aninch
from each other.
Pins are provided on tbe outside of
the laths for stretrhing tl1e leather, which hangs loose in
t.he interior of tbe barrel; and, as perhaps a hundred aL a
time are thus su penued, the burrel is nearly fill,•d wiLh
them, a constant rubbing motion amongst the leather b ei n~
maintained as it revolves immersed in the tanpit. Witn
the ordinary tan liquor the thickest cow and bull hides
are prepared in less than three months by this simple contrivance,
the usual time by the old process being about a
year. M essr01. Stothert and Pitt also exhibit a neat little
model of a horizontal leather rolling machine, the roller of
which is moved by a sruall hydraulic cylinder. Close to
the grand entrance in the Eog~i h macbintlry gallery stands
a well-finished bark mill, by J . Tyler, of London. It is
mounLed with shifting steel teeth, and bas a vertical knife
fitted over it moved by a crank on t he driving piuion,
which serves to cbop the bark into even lengths as it drops
into the mill.
Messrs. Huxhams and Brown, of Exeter,
are exhibitors of two mills in other pa r ts of the building,
each with a set of jag~ed cast iron rollers for breaking the
bfl.rk before feeding it into the mill. In the French annexe
de voted to tannery appliances, which we have already described
in one of our earlier Exhibition articles, we find an
addition since made, in the shape of Mr. George .Ell's
well-known d• essing and finishing whee], which is exhibited
by M:. Berndorf, the French licensee of his patent.
I_t c~nsists si~ply of a wheel about th_ree fee~ in dia~ete~,
stx mches w1de, and rather convex m sectLon, whtch IS
faced with sand or emer y paper, and made to revolve at a
high speed. It takes the place of band labour in dressing
and finishing the lighter kind of skins, but it is not employed
with heary hides. There ha.ve also been anJed in
this shed since our first visit a grea.t variety of bark mill~:~,
all having for their object to tear or saw the bark, instead
of grinding it. The object may be one very desirable to
attain, but the appearance of the mills put forward for the
purpose is cer l.ainl_y more complex and unsubstantial than
that of the old grinding mill. They one and all look as if they
would go out of order once a. day, aud fall to pieces once a
week, so 've will not trouble our readers with a description
of a ny of them.
We notice that most of the machinery
for currying leather, pressing it, dressing it, &c., to which
we alluded on our first visit, has been sold during t he
season.
A STRANGE CRA.FT.
how perfect is the expansion, proving it quite possible to work
ON Friday last was tried upon the Thames a little v'!sael in- .\nd condense steam of a tolerably high pressure in marine engines.
tended for service in Australia, ha.vtng some distinctive and orig'infll The boilers are tubular, and fitted with copper superh-eaters, and
features. She is named the .Mystery, and was built by 111essn. constructed to bear a. tJressure of 40 lb. upon the square inch-to
Money, Wigram, and Sons, t he eminent ebipbnilders of London, be used in heavy towing- and nave been tested by water to 75 lb.
and possesses tbe novelty of being available as a powerful steam On trial tbe vessel attained an average speed at mile of llt
fire-engine, being fitted with pumps to be worked from her main knots, having a. toean draft of 6ft., and a displacement of 1!54 tons
boilers for that purpose, and is propelled by a pair of balf-le,·er the immersed midship section being 86~ square feet. By tb~
diaconnecting paddle engines of the collective nominal power of diagrams taken it wa.s found that by cutting off at one-twelfth
------- ----:;--------------------------, with steam in boiler of 21~ lb., engine~
SCALE '/10 ~ ... _ 1 ••· making 44 revolutions, exerted a collective
indicated power of 154 horses;
that by cutting off at four-tenths, with
a pressure in boiler of 2-l lb., engine~~
made 48 revolutions, and developed
17.+l.
MEAN VAOUUM 10.+1.
OF STE AM
RevolBllons. 69; steam In hollen, 2S lb.
491 X 27""·' X liO X " X 2.,. a;! I.
33,000
fii£All PRt:as•oF SJEM~ IZ f '{2
cba.ra.eter which British tanning and leather currying / ~
has always maintained, we have not, as in some other cases, ~------------------------~~~~
to lament the absence of first-class exhibits. T he English
IUA!l VAQUUI ... 10 •• ~
leather producers who have come forward a re few, and t he
range of objects which t hey display falls notably short
of their productions ; but the quality of the a rticles Revolutions, 48; stet~m In boilers, 24 lb.; expansion
exhibited 1s first-class, and we have, as we have said, only
out tlrur off 4-1 Otba.
491 X 2 l·8~ X ~!._X 8 X_! = 2Gl.
to regret that there a re not more of them, and that t hey
33,000
have bee n rather dispersed in their arrangement, wpjch
lessens the gAoeral effect.
40 horses, which. together with t~e boilers, were manufactured by
. · · . h b 1\lr. George Butchord, of the Milton Ironworks, Gra.ve!end, from
. Wtth m ost descrtptions of P~l"pared leath~r we nve . ut t he specifications and drawings, and under the superintendence, of
little to do as eng ineers, but WLth those wh tch are applied Edward A. J . Buckland, Esq., late engineer of Nortb 8eet Dockto
the purposes of machine bands, t hongs, a nd pump yard. They have cylind.en 2!lin. in diAm~ter, with a stroke of 4ft.;
leather, the mechanical engineer is especially concerned. -stroke of cr:mk 2ft. 9w.-;-have f~atbenag p~dlewbeels _of tbe
The best exhibit of the first of these classes is shown by beet const-ructton, bushed _w1th A_fncan oak, ~ma oovored an ~n
"' S k metal, and are Jitted With vartable expanaton valves working
M essrs. Webb and S~n, Com b s .+annery, near tow mar et.

SEPT. 27, 1867.
THE ENGINEER.
285
•
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.
(We do net llc.7d our..Ut r; ~ 'l.ft for tlat OJ>ini.ona of our
Corrr.t,wfl tlrot:t.)
Srn,- The recent tle11th~
ATMOSPfiERlC ENOINEERI~O .
ocrurt ing to trnvellers by tlte unclerltl'Ouucl
line have cnu•etcnt to inclic.\le
the rehnive putity of uttuo~phcre~. but of tffectinA' ntmo•pboric
purific11tion. The scheme is functionnlly chemical, but will neerl
some engincerin~ appliances to cn.rry out. If a &tab•ment of particulaftl
in your influential journaleboulcl have the effect of brinzi_ng
into practice a principle that cannot be irupu;ncd, my encl wiU bo
nn~wcre1l. To premi~e, let me oh ··rvc thnteverycbcmist towbom
I hnc mentionccl the circum~ tance affecting the unclergTound
milwl\y ftl;r~• "ith n~ in the opinion that the ClUe of impurity of
atmo,phcre ns 1\llegeJ a~pinst th11t line has htcn far too highly
coloureol. No one doubt~ the prc"Pncc there of carbonic ACitl an1l
Rulphurou~ Al'itl g'~e•- it mav be carhonic oxitle ga, too: n.~ littlt:
cloubt can tho re he thnt the gMPS stn.ted nrc, when rcqpirecl.
injuriou~ . IL is llltogt>ther ~< que~tion of dt>gree; 1111ol viewinJZ it
thu~. WI! h11ve to remember thnt tho outqitlo atmosphere of London
bold~ Pli:I\Ctly the en me sort of impurl.tirs ns the inside atmoQphcro;
understnntling by which that of the underg-round rnilway. Looking
at the circum8tnnces nntler which thift railway ia worked, consiolering
the daily 1\mount of coke burnet! therein nne! the limited area of ltMeou•
egress it wunll be too mncb to e~pPct thl\t the unrlergrounci
ntmo,rhel'l; should not manifeAt on anl\lvsia" lnrger pr rcentnqe of
g:ueou11 impurity (meaning by that, carbonic acid. carbonic o:~.irle,
anrl aulphuTY•u• ocicl gas), than is pre•ent e:octt>rnally. That there i ~
a bala nce of impurity nzain~t the un•lcrgrount\ atmosphere may
bl' tak en for grnnted; which bPing ao. it wout.l beal1ke satisfActory
to the public who u~e the railro 1d, nnrl tbe cnmpn.ny upon whom
di~cr erlit hM hcen thrown, if some ea,ily workable method could
be rlevi•ed ctntl (lUt in p rnctice, of firat purifying the underground
atrno~phere -or to genemlise. arr y ntmo•phcre-~econdly, of indicating
the exnct degree to which purification ha-• been carried.
We will n•sume, to b ~gin with. that tho proposition is to inrlicnk
gaseous impurity, merely premi•ing tbnt it cnrbonic oxide shoul•l
bl\p(len to be present, the method contemplnted would not be. quoa4
thll.t gna, of avnil. The chemical problem of removing c'lrbonic and
eu'phurous acids from nny atmosrhere where they may be present,
fixin~ them by cornbiMtion. ancl thu, bringing them to tht>
condition of being easily weighed, is obvious; and on the ~mall
scAle of re'\tly adoption. Every chemiat is ctware that a Liebi~·,.
bulb 11ppnrntu,. chArgeeing
an opernhon commonly performucl, nnd one that involves no difficulty.
One provision would require to bo aeen to in the apeci11l
~PJ?IiC:\t~on of the b~lb apparatus t? ~bo cond~tion indicated, ancl
1t ts tlue. Nece ~sn rily tho trMSmtsston of mr for long periods
would cause, or rather would tenrl to cause, evaporation of the
water of the 11otash solution ; if thnt evaporated water were
permitted to e!cnpe unnoticcrl, the loss of weight due to auch
escnpe would vitiate the fin:tl inolicntion of weighing; moreover, it
must he borne in mind thl\t the atruospbPro would be cborged
with steam; which, t he conditions of the experiment not requiring
to be taken cognizance of, shoulc\ be eliminate•! from the clllculation.
For these reaqons the atmo~ phere, after leaving the gasometer
nne\ beford pa•sing into tho bulb apt>aratus. should be made
to traverse a tube cbn!'j!'etl with chloride of calcium in the ordinary
way; nntl on emergmg from the bulb npparatu'l sbouH be made to
tmverpe another chloride of calcium tube. Tllis latt~r should be
weighed, together with the hulbapparntus, hut not the former;nnd
this for reasons which will be obvious. Wlten the structure and
function of such a compound appiU'lltus are reflected upon, its
competence to register the amount of carbonic and sulphurous
acids present in tbe atmosphere, will be conceded by any chemist
or other person able to form nu opinion on the basis of sufficient
acquAinttUlco with the principle involved and tho means employed.
So much, then, for the me ms of registry; we come next to the
me&ns of purification. H ere ogain any chemist will at once
concede that, given a potash bulb apparatus large enough, and a
volume of air transmitted copious enough, puri6cation of an ntmospbtore
would be effected. In practice mftny disach•nntages
would lie agninst tbu use of potr•h for this use. Si.acked
limo woultl be much be 1 ter. H t\vi.ng describ'!d princi1>les
and nppnmtns thus fnr, let us see in what manner both might
admit of application to the special circumstances of the underground
tnilway. E11sily: in point of fact more easily than elsewhere.
Thus, were it desired to regi~tor tho impurity of the atmo~phero
of a room , or to remove the 11amo hy absorption, some
mechanical mNtn'l of generating an Mrh1l cur rent-of driving a
volutuo of 1\tmo .. phere through tho tlb~orbcnt arparntus- must bo
d eviso!d nnd put in operation. That is tbe rea dtfliculty wbicb I
have had to content! with, or el•e. as a metlicnl practitioner, I
shoultl bnve brought the RJStem into u•P in domestic chambers
long before now. In the railwl\y tunnel the means of gener4ting
the current e:ocist olrendy. A portion of the engine motor power
could e.tllily he diverte,J anti npplic•l to the working of a piston
npparatu~, which wouJ.I maintain a II \~t whenever, and so long aa,
the engine wa~ in motion. Coming n Qw to practice, what diflicu lty
woultl there he in lnying upon the roof of el\ch carriage R flat bo"{
hold in~ sltlkl'lllime; what further difficulty in driving a current of
atmospheric air through the Hame? I can perceive none. Engin
eers woulcl fintl none; the C:l~e is simplicity itself. or COUI'l'e I
am not blind to the f,tct thnt ventilntir · - shaft ventilation
p erbapa if ll(•(llietl to the Metropolitan t-..mel, woulcl effPct 1\
great nmount of purific,\tion. U1e ventilation by all means·
extent! it to the f,nthest pos,iblo limits. When th~e arto attained:
however, let the means of purification brgin, if needed; at any
rate u ~l.l the rl'gi~tcring appamht•. if only for the aak~ of proving
in bow far Yentilation bnd been effectual. Such is tbe i•lea., Str,
which J do my~elf the honour to lay ltefore your engineering
render~. It arlmits of much lleveloJlm~'ot to other purposes; some
of which I •lull, with your perul.i~~tnn, nrl•lre~s myself to in your
ably conrloctNl papH h~>reafter. " 'b,,t chemistry, to he prnctical,
mostly need11 11t the present time is 11ngineering nid. Mostly,
ch em i ,t~ nrc not engineers, nnd engineers arc not cbt>miste. He
who h fort un~~t c enough to combine in n neces•l\ry degree the two,
will, if I rutstalto not, open a mine of weoltb of inestimll.blc vnluc.
JouN ScorFERN, M.D.
n eroafortl llou~te, J;ereaford-ternce, KcnvilljJtOn Park.
(\Ve eomtnt>nd our corrto,pondent's Yulut~ble Auggestion to the
atttntion of the l£etropolitan Railway nutborities. There is no
difficulty whatever in secttring 1\ ru h of air through the lime
boxes; the current would be c:~u~ed by the motion of the train.
The im)1Uro air to be passed through could be taken from the lower
part of the tunnel, where, owing to tho pre~en co of carbonic acid,
1t is most likely to collect, by trunk• with fun1Jel mouths, in aomo
meuure rcaemhlinJ the wintl aaila used to ventil&.te the engiuerooma
of steams~s.-ED. E.]
SOPERELEVATION OF TJIE OUTER RAIL IN CURVES.
SIB,-An art.icle on curves and cradienk, in TsB E.'(GJNH& of
M11y 3'~tt. touches upon a subject I he•e bken mach intereat in
1lurin~: the l t\~t t£>n yl'f\1'11, hnvin;; hcl.'n enga~ed during that periorl
n1 nn i n•p~ctor of J•erm;tnent w w an•l worka. I ba"e oluring t hat
time met muny p••r.on• eimihrlv en~,,gecl aq mv~elf, who sel'med
to h we a notion thnt i t '' ''~ nlmost ned to imponible for 110
engine to ,::o round a curve wiLhout 1\ ce1 bin amount of supel"·
lcvo~ tion of tho outer rail of the curve, nnd seemecl to hnvo but
vcrv confu •e1l i•lens ns to \vhnt nmonnt of Auperelevation wru~
rG:t lly nccc••:~rv for any particulRr apeerl or rnrliu'J of curve; nncl T
tnf\y nho ndcl I h:wc not myself ever seen any instructions i~sued
fro01 the hea•l of theen~ineer'a derartmentrespectingtbis; it appears
to be 11retty genernlly loft to the inspector or ganger of their
re~prctive chArges what amount of superelevation their own ideas
m(}y lcncl them to adopt. Ancl I believe there are reany men in
ch"r~e of districts of line that have not tho mo~t rem.,te iclea of
•uch 1\ thing ns centrifugal force, or why one rnil is elevaterl more
thnn the other in a cun•e. Now M the !afctv of a line depend~
very much on its form nntl condition, J think such n stn.to of
iqnnmnce exiqting nmong~ t those in charge of permanent way will
not conrloce to that safety.
Tiaving, very fortunately for my,olf. on taking charge of my fir~~t
district, hl\d the ndvantngo of boin~ plncPcl untler a thoroughly
practical nnd experienced supet"inten1lent, who often directerl my
attention to the practice of giving so mnch soperelevation in
curve:> ~ . which rl o1ring my own experirnco 1 hnt for which the foreign, and especially tho P aris,
nrtisnm nrc remark11.ble. This versatility would be badly appre ­
ciated by our manufacturers, who nre accustomed to obtain good
workmanship by keeping tho same men employed for a long while
on the same article: but m P aris knowledge is not acquired nt tbe
expense of manual dexterity; nor d o I believe it to bo in any
country; on the contrary, the moat learned workmen are usually
the most dexterous. At the Creusot works, where firat-class
machinery only is turned out, the men are not more ignorant than
in m any of tho ironworks of the Loire, or of our own Black
Country, probably far leu. At Ronchamp I have employed men
to carry the chain who were quite competent to work their own
little farms, exerciso some trnde in the village, and, when
employed by the mil way company, to superintend a gang of workmen,
keeping their wages and canteen accounts. Not a few of
th ese men leamt, in three or four days, to level with the farmer's
level (nivcau d' eau); others, when not employed on the railway,
maintained their families by getting con.l, either for daily wages or
by contract; in the latter case they had to measure and value their
own work, nnder aupel'vision. of course- not only they did all this,
but they did it well, and expeditiously.
It is n eedless to show that our present !IYStem is inconvenient in
its applications, and is ecnrcely intelligible to foreigners. I hnvo
only to consider which is the m ost likely to replace it. The choice
lies between 10 and 12 as a constant mtio from one end to tho
other, or, as nearly a.s possible, of the mensuration table. Tho
French metrie system is not the most convenient for all purposes,
tbe standards a're in some inatances out of the usual diwensions ;
besides 12 is a. more convenient ratio for mental calculation. 12 clUl
be halved twice, thut-
Y = 6, and ~ = 3;
or it can be divided by :J, nnd then halved twic~, t hus-
~ = 4 }
~ = 2 integers.
t =1
On the contrary, the quarter of I 0 is n frnctional qWUltity. On the
other band, again, written calculatiolUI are more rapidly effected
with decimal quantities; the duodecimal measures would offer the
same arlvantoges to calculators if referred to a duodecimal numeration,
including elev•m figures instead of nine; but that is impracticable,
all nations being accustomed to count on their fi ngers.
Practically, the decimal system "'onld be the be.st to introduce
in Great Britain- 6rst, because it is easy to learn; aecondly,
because in moat problems (oot in all) it is easy to opply; thirdly,
beenuse it has already been adopted by several states with which
we keep up a friendly intercourse.
1.'here a.re a. few defects in tho French "tabuau ilc11 poid11 a
mtW.l"U" whi.ch might bo remedied if it were introduced in this
country. For instance, measuring iron by tbe cubic metre gives
very awkward fractions, with long rows of cyphers. Tho atondard
in this instance should be the litre.
There would be n o difficulty in teaching the metric system in
our schools or colleges. but there would occur a very eeriout one if
it were enforced n.t present in our commen:ial operations. This is
a qu~tion for the Legislature only. However, it i.s eaay to perceive
that it iB gaining ground on the Continent; it will probably
be adopted in Prussia within the next two yeare. anol 1nust be introduced
in our own country at some period not far distn n ~.
t:ionthsea, Sept. 13th, 1867. n. 0. W.
[We are far from &ttachiog u much Vl\lue to the Fren ch metric
system as our cor responrlent, nod it is very questionnbll' whether
it re~lly po~es 11-ny adva.nto.gea which would justify ita introduction
tnto Enghsh workahops, and the enormous depreciation in the
val ue of existing dra.wings and patt ern.a which mutt M o. matter of
COUI'IO en.sue.- E.o . .B.]
TfiK FRBNOII EXEIBITION.
1\[0 NSIEUB,-On rne aigna\e une bistoire usez edifiante que voue
racontez dans voa colonnee, t.. propos d'un m embre do jury dee
ree?mpenees qui aunit pro6U de ea position pour 80 livrer, a Ull
pet1t trafic ll. eon profit persounel, et q_ui eerait deacendu M\ l'lltll
de • • Corum is Voyageur Colporteur" (Bagman), pour imposer nux
expounta qu'il 6tait appel6 l juger, l'ach at d'un exemplnire d'ull
ouvrage dont ce juri eat l'auteur-livro dont vollll indiquer m~me
le priJr cinquante france.
Juqu'icri oje a't.i rieo l ..m d.,. oe rioi\ que j'ai toot lieu de

286
THE ENGINEER.
fSEPT. 27, 1867.
croire authentique, mai.a vous ajoutez, " This gentleman is the
author- as M. Lacroix of Paris well knows -of moN than one
edition of a. work upon the textile manufactures."
J e ne comprend.s pa• bien )'intention qui a. dicte cette phraae,
et quelques una de vos lectelll"'l ont penae queUe pouvait ~tre
pr6judicmblo pour moi.
Parmi les membres du jury de Ia olasse dont vous parlez se
trouvo M. .Michel Alcan, auteur d'un livre sur les m ati~n~s
textiles.
J 'ai effeotivement trop eonno ce lll onsie\tr que vous voulez bien
appeler un gtniJtman i j'ai eu precis6ment avec· lui un pro~es, et
cela. a propos d'un livro de. 5~ f.-ouv:age
dont je n.e sWB ~as
l'editeur et que d'apr«!s mot tl a pubh6, sans en avou- le drott,
puiaquo htais l'editeur d'uno edition antcrieure non 6pui.s6e.
S'il s'arit de ce livre, et votro article est A.Sscz tra!l8parent pour
me le f~ir 0 e croire, je desire quo vous sachicz bien que je ne sui.s ~our
rien dans !'exploitations 9uo vous signalez_. et tous c~ux .qw me
connaissent sa vent que lorn do prOter la mam nux explottat10ns do
ce genre, j'ai toujours refuse, et jo refuse encore, l'in.sertion de
tout article payc, ou de tout nrticlo de complaisance, dana mes
"Ann ales du G6ni6 Civil," et dans mes ' Etudes sur l'E.xposition."
11 est nussi vrai do diro que n'6tant ni savant, ni professeur du
conservatoiro, ni membre du jury, je sui.s forc6 d'Otre au moins
quelques choso " honnete et impart1al."
11 parait d'apres votre recit qu'il est des aute~s et de.s e,diteurs
qui entendent le commerce autrement que mot. Cec1 n est pas
mon affair~>, mais je desire quo vous annonciez A v~s lecte~~s .que
je suis completement ctranger a C~ que VOUS qual~ez S?. little
jobbing,'' ct ;\ eu qu'en bon franl(alS nous nommertons d tgnobles
tripotta:;es.
EGN. LACROIX.
P~TENTS OR NO PATENTSl
SIR - If some of your readers would state, from private knowledge,'
how successful patents ha':e. bee!?- completed, it would, I
think, generally appear that tho ongmal mvent10n was b~t a c r~de
idea :md that it has been perfected only after much disappomtment,
perseverance, and expense ~bpe t~e manufacturer mee.ts
with much apathy and even opposttion, mcura great expense m
introducing it to the public, and that to the patent laws solely are
due the invention, improvem en~, and introd~etion of many o!

SEPT. 27, 1867.
THE ENGINEER.
287
l
'
I
~
s
j
of £16,104 p er mile, wLlle tLc 1~,~\J mUu in workingiat the 2 , , 11 JOU I'I HAWOkTll, 'fhorociiO't, Old 'l'ratford, near MIIJJ C hc.t~r, " 'J.'r&m·
aame date in G reat Britain and Irelantl bad cost nltogether the va.at waye aud ca rr la!lcalor the awne."-26111 &pttmbc', 18GO.
IUDl of £455,478,14:S, or £34,274 per mile.
It is right to ob1erve
th~t the British Government givu no guarantee on Britith home
llo t lcea or I ntention t o Ptooeed wttll P ate n t..
nllway1, but the gu.o.ra.ntee given on B elgian !iDet only figure11 in ' 1382. G.W&OE McK.eN~IE, Ola~aow, Laoaruhlre, N.B., "Improvement• lo
the a verage net r eturns 11ecured by the compaD!el to t he extent o f the menoftctore or lllumlnlllnrc au."-1 0111 Jlav. 1867.
one-tenth p er cent.
The ntio of working ex:pen11e1 to tra.ffic 1408. Gu&uv ADOLPH NBUliEYl!U, Dlibltz, Pruula, "lmprovmenta lo aoo-
pawder for mlnlna purpo~~et .' '
reeeipt.a upon the B elgian linea va ried very CODIIJderably in 18Grt,
amountincr upon the Lichtervelde and FumCII to u much a.a 93 p e r 141 2. llBNJU A»tUEN BOliiNEVlLL!, Porchetter.terraee, Day~water,11llddleaex ,
t b
"'n· h Cb 1 · d v~. lin t ' f b " A o Improved wublng powder. "-A commuolealloo trom LouJ.a Laelam and
een '/ w ~ upon t 0. ar ero1 an ~ 'i ne Dell aec JOn o t 0 narthel•my Adolph Ouyot, Allblo, France.
Nortll Belgian 111tem 1t wa.a aa low u 32.,pe(cent.
141!1. EDWARD FIELD, ChaodoJ.cb4mbert, Adelphi, We.tmtnst.cr, "lmproTe-
THE PATENT JOURNAL.
COfi/Unwl from tM J ournal of t.JLe Commilliont~•• of Pat ZIVPR, Bury, a nd WALTER OOODDIUND, flalford, Lanea,
t blre, "Jmprovemeote In the method of war mlng earrlagu employed IJllbe
eooTeyancc of ~naen on rallwaye."
2-41 !1. WJLU.ul tiBORJ!.OOlt ABD TON, Oarweo, Laoc:uhlre, "Cforlaln Improvementa
lo metallic packing to be employed for tbc ' 11landa • and • 11umng
boxet' or •alve. or c:y!lndert uted for aleam or llqolde."- 23r d August, 1 e67.
2.423, 0EOR01l ALLmON and EDW.AJlD WILSON, Worecttcr, " lmprovemeota
In apparatue or IJeartng for tteerloc ehJpe."
!42.6. ATWOOD WIOZELL and EUilTACE W IOZ£LL, Sowerby Bridge, YCIJ'ktblrc,
"Improvementtlo or applicable to J ucktt' furnaces."
2-427. JOfJJil fUIII!Oiil, Tbt> Bwh. Antrim, Jrelaod, " lmprovemeottlo egrleultoral
apparato.a lor apadnsc and dlnlnll roott.''
24.31. Wn.t:U.JI BOB.I:&T LAK~. Southampton-building•, Cbancery-lene, London,
"lmprovementtln eartrlclget for breech-loading llre-armt.''- A commllllleatloo
from John Wet.ter Cochran, New York, U.S.
2.433 F BED.BBJOK JOB Iii CLBA VER, Red LIOn•rtreet, London, " Impronmeott
In tertw pr et~et end apparatue for pret.tlnl' and mouldlnrr aoap, or for preulo~t,
m oulding, packing. or 11amplnr olber materla.IJ."-2.olllt .dugtUI, 18G7.
2,436. W .linER CBJliBTOPILIR TIIUBOAR, Norwich, "lmprovementt lo apparatnt
for resolattug th• •upply of cu to humen.''
24 37. WlLLtA.K ROBERT LA.XE. Soutbamptoo-buJldloga, Cltaocery-lane, London,
w A new areen colour."-A communleaUoo lrom ~ward Wiederhold, Casul,
Prll.lllla.-2GIIl.dug!Ut, 18G7.
2.ol3!1. WlLLIAK ll ura, I'entonlfllle-road, London, "Impro•ementt lo machinery
or apparatut for 1U1chlna or omamenUng and unlllog fabrlet.''
24.41, WlLLIAK E DWA&D C.I:DO.I, Wellin~t ton ttreet, Strand, Loodoo. "An
Improved maeblne Intended to divide, break, or cruth all 111btltaneet capable
of being triWraltd, more especially booet lllld boroy tobtlt.aoeea of every klod
(or convert lor lbem toto manure.''-A commanleatlon from Eo~tene A oduz.e,
Paaaa~te de. Petite• Eeurlea. p,_rla.
•
2113. JACQOE8 AUOU&Til ALPBE» ETATX, Brydga-1treet, Coveot..~t ardeo,
London, ~ lmprovemrott lo hand aerew propellert."-27/h AtJ9rut, 186?.
2-4~ ~ . TUOIUJI ~AO.lJl and TUOIUJI RlOIUIOJiiD, B uroley, Lancathlre, " lm·
provementtln looma for weaving.''
24-17. JAMES El)WAnD BOf CE and ru>oEnt IlA&B.INGTOtJ, Blrmlnabam,
"Improvemmla 1n umhrellat and par4101t.''
2449. G.WBO£ ORAIN0£8 TARDY, Anerlcy-rolld, Peo~r c, Surrey, "Tmprovemmtl
lo lbo prtparatJoo of vulclollal.tlc compoWlel.t, lllldlo the manufacture
or artJcleJ therefrom.''
•
216 1. J OJJN E LLIOTT, Soutbafllptoo, Uanu, " Jmpro•emeott In m11cblnery
uaed lo eottlnsr coal 110nc, •late and other mlneraJ.t, and in forming tuJUielt
and l!ailerlct, a r.d ror other quarry ing pui'J)OIIel."
2 4 6~ . WlLLJAJI 8 0RTllWJC¥ SIIJTU , Covmtry, "Ao Improved coottrodloo of
le•tr watch movtmen~. "--'l8 11t
A ugtUI, 18fl7.
24h7. J OBlil ~U OINTOBIJ , North J3aok, Beseot'a Park, and WJ.LLu.w nooaen.
L lndat>y B ouac, Cbtlaca, London, " lmprovcmeott lo eprlos• ror b

288
atoftm It adml ll~d thmuah ono or tho ct'ntral 1Lenm rruou ~:cs al on~t which It
PUKI t.o ono or tho tubular arms thcrtlnbeforo referred t.o. tbro:~gb tbo et.um
nlvo Into tbo annular epaoc; tho ttenm thco actt between a monblc tro.p
door, wbleh now &Iandt up and Ott tho annular chnmbel' atcam·lllthl, lbo trap
door acuna u an o.butmeM from which lbe etum propclt tho welgbt.od pill on,
and eauue t ho revolution or tho engine. M aooo u tho apparatua baa been
tmpell ~d
roond half a rc•olutlon a att'am YAIYO and trap door In tho oppotllo
llde oft.ho annular chamber aro openoo, the trap door through \Ybleh tbo ttcnm
ftrtl pRUed lnt.o tbo chamber now becoming tbut by meant or o. eprlng or
I nell ned plane, tlluatod a~ an an~rto on the otMr end or tho piAton, fore ln ~ the
door down very aradually, and with lhtlo not~ M
the appnratua rovlll•es
Juat befOre tho tmp door It ebuttba Inclined cod or tbo plet.on pu~s onr end
•bull dawn a thllrt lc•er attached to a connecting rod for shu tung tho a team
vavlo opening U1o eshnuat pert. at tho aamo time opening tho eceond eteam
val•o on lbo oppoelte aldo or end or tho npparatUJ.
T ho eteam o.od e'llhaun
vo.tvcaa.ro or tho equili brium cl!IJJ. To prGvent oolee from accruing by the
opening or tho trap door, ono or both ends or tbG wcl11btod pl1t.oo aro provtdccl
wltb curved or Inclined plnnea, eo that the t rop door m111 open very gradually.
Tho 1ldct of tbo trnp doort 11ro provided with m~l&lllc or otbcr pa~kln)( to
prevent tho atcnm leaking through.
One or both endt or the wcllrhted pl~t.on
arc alto provklod w llb mclulllc or other pn ~ klng
to keep It or them ttcnm
tight.
'fbo trap tiOOI'll tlnd ,.o.l• u lover~mny bu 110tunt.od by tbe pressure or tho
Iteam olono. or they mny ho.ve eprlng•, Ievert, or other 1lmllo.r contrlvnncct
for aotu11llng them. Tho nooulor chnmbcr 11 provldlld wiUl valvos or cocka, or
other at.nllor npparolus. for the purpoeo or rello•lng tbccllombcr of tbo reaction
between tho ttco.m nod cold wntcr.
478. J . ltOOfiiHON, and J. RliiTII . fltXMalt, en(IIIIUt'l 1 ".;J pplpiniJ molict powtr
t() MJwframa. "- IJatta 211t Jle~ruarv . 11107.
T hli lnvcmlon rolntc• 10 tboae ~aw rrnmoJ "bleb nro driven by tho di rect
action or•tcnna or nlr,and conwllll, flretly,ln to r~ulot ln;r
the motion or tho
valvca of euch 11enm or air cylinders or thei r hi PI, th!ll tho lndoclloo pwago It
open btforo tho tnton hu completl'd Itt atrokc, 11nd the tnld Ould thereupon
oppoaea tho pl~ton and acll at a cuthlon fur It to abut ag11lon. Secondly, the
hovenllr•n relate• too method or ~riving
motion to euch valvcaullforeultt. F'or
lhll purpoeo tho lnvent.ort employ n welaht«cln;c tm,rulcd to tbem.
Tho
outtr eude or Ul- ur ma or lovcre extend to a oontlder .. blc tenatb beyond tht
aldCJ of tbo boot or car, a nd art oontlnued In a form or ver1 light framework,
proforably rormtcl or lllbl ba"", over and nodcr which allk or other materlo.l or
a llllbt aod llron~ruatoro
It folded a nd drnwn Uaht, tbua COIUtltuUng a very
powerfUl wtog. Tho propel Uti.)( bOat or cor Is a ttached lh a aecon!l b o a~ or CAr,
which nell u a tender to tho flrtt, earrylni the /lrcl nnd ttorca requlrccl fJr n
journey; behind tblt one or rnoro e11r1 are coupled, In wb!ch lbe va•na-er• or
mcrchandlee arc carried. 'rho tender, boat, or ear, as well ruJ puaen11er or
morchondlae cllrt, arc prcvldelndlea IJjecUon made In tho
Inner odgo or e11ch srtndcr, whlcb 111.1 lot.o or ohb ~ r
or a aerlca or groovae or
ootchea made t.o receive It on tho rae• or tbo O&t:d lo.kln11 or 1upportln11 ban ;
wooJen 1llpa or wedjet aro tneertod In lbc apace bet weco one race of the a lOCI
~rrlnder and tho f:u:o of tba nost or succeoclln~
boelLing bor, 10 u t.o ... Itt to
IJ(,Jtllnll tho scvcral tt.cel bnrt or rrlndere In thtlr placea. T hoee wooden allpa
aru •· cure-d by a hoop or rlntr of brau or olbl!r metal taiLing lot.o a n annular
ttroove u each end or tbe roll, aoch hoops or rtnaa being, by preference, made lo
1egmcott rur eTY. Ourrtlram ll'utgatt, Norfvtk, "Uurdlu, tif/r, and ftndn~."-
DatttJ :tilt Ftbr•ary, 18117.
Thla Invention oonalltt In the conalrucllon or bun! I• and 111\1, or aoctlolllll
a nd otllur tencln11, by tbe u o or teottonal rode or wlru In COGJbloatloo with r&­
l lltlna roll•, bore, rode, or ttrutt, bet,.cen lbo vortlcat or otbtr ends or pottt or
aucb hurdloa, una, or r~nclng ,
and with or wtthoot dlqooru bracmra or rodl
eecureol to tho roeltllog rallt or atrutt by na\11 or otbcrwlao, and t.o tbt at.ralned
'Wiro by loop• or at.avlcs.- Nol procudtJJ ~eUh.
Clue 6.-BOILDJNG.
I ncludin{l BJ•ick and Tile Machinu, B rWkt, T au, Drain P ipu,
and llotUC Pllti1lQ8, JVarmin{l, Ventilatin{l, &c.
403. W. CLARK, C:lt.anctrv·wnt, Londtm, " Ma.cll fntrvfor moo/41119 anrJprunnq
b'*U "-A W71.m u:n~atron.-Datt4 13tlt Ptlit•t.tary, I ~G7.
Tbll Io ven IIon c11noot bt dc..orlood without r efcrcnco to tho drawlnga.
423. J . CAPl'llR, ll'atfrtoo, ntar L l~trpcol, '' CMmnev lop or cop."- Dattd 131/t.
PtiJruarv, 18ij7.
Tho object or tllla tnvcnlloo IJ t.o protect the lluCll or chlmncya ot lholr upper
tormlnatlont rrom wind and rain, nod te lnduco on upward current In tho lltlld
lluca nt 1111 timet. For this purpoao tho Inventer CODJtroctt a clllmncy top In
aucb n munncr that tbo tmoko or olr from tbo Oue IJu nnot t.o nscend and then
t.o dcaccnd In tho 111ld cblmooy top before It cnn cacapo tote lbc atmosphere.
The part or a chlmnoy pot, conatructed according to tllll aovcntlon, which scrvea
u
a contlnontloo or thO l:luo a nd It atW:hed t.o the chimney, I• made or a
cyllodrlcal or ot11cr abapo.
Ovcr and downwardl, a rountl that part n cap, open
ooly at Ill lower end, Ia placed. 'rbc 1ald cap II Aupport.e4 bY brociLctt or
othcrwl.t4!, and belna larger In horlzooto.l acclloo tbnn tbo part t.o bo attached
to tho cblmoey, a n lli)Dolar or other epaec II rormed between the two; It It
Uaroogb eueh apace tho uooko or o.lr moll oacape downwards tnt.o tbo ntmo·
apllcro. A door can bo mac:to ln t ho top or life cap to l'acUJtoto awcep1n11 or
cleanln~r .-.Vot proat.dttt willa .
432. J . CART£K, /Junftrm/1~. Fl/t, " 0pt.flln1J, clorlng, and I«Urill{l 1&~1,
rJQcn, an.d 1/lu//trl.''- na.W.t t r,u, f'tJ)ruory, l ~G7 .
Thlalovlllllloo b.,. rtfero.neo to a former patent dated I ~ th J une, t8GG ( S o.
1016), and couallta to employing a 1balf, tho upper part or wbteb It acrowed, or
bu a acrow formed on It, for ral11n" and loworao111he upper 1a1b, abutter, door,
or port •butter, UlO lower part or t be abaft bolng plato. aod wblcb pu~ct down
tbrougb a trowacr or tubo tcrcwoo on tho oullldo fur rn111og a nd Jowcrtoa tho
onder eaab, tbuttart, door, or port abutter, lbe trowscr or tuoo btlog onlJ' ho.IC
tbo length or t horeaboutt of the 10Ud acro"ed ab111'1, Itt length beln11 1ufficlcat
to rallo tbc under aaeb, thuttcr, door, or port abutter. l)y lbl1 orr1.1111emeot
either or the tald tbuttera, doort, or port abotten, moy be relted or lowered or
accurotlln any IJOIItloo or tbelr molloo, thCI coda or tho screwed 1llaflnod lbc
trowecr putlnll down tbrcuab tho fr&J'Illnr lot.o o wall box, their lower coda
bolng provided wltb bevel who II, wblcb a.rc acto3tccl by n handle, 111 to tbo
lnvonlloo rcrorrco.l to nbovo.
It It t.o iJC uode,.tood that the IICrowod pa.rt or tbo
ahal't and the trcwtor or tubo puact thro u~rb
or tnt.o corre1pondlng acrewcd
luge attached to ttlo rrarntng or tbc 1111b 1 ehuttcr, door, or port abutter, eo tbat,
aecordlntt 111 tho IICrcwe arc revolved, the aaah, abutter, door, or port abutter
movce upwardt IUld dowowardt.
Olaaa e.-FIRE·ARMB.
Including Guru, Swo,.dt, Cannon, S!wu, Shdu, GunpwJrkr, Im·
vlcm.mtl of War or for Defenc-e, Gun Ga1-riaqu, J.:c.
3~:1. W. KILIIIIB, 8tnalUI«lth, lVaMDkk, "Or«cct,[l)ad(ng jfrt-armi.''-Daud
8th PtiJruarv, 181i1.
Tbo !

SEPT . 2'r. 1867.
,
times rrejecthm rcatlog ngaln.u tM back of tbo
lltrlkcr. When tho breech block ls dr,L\\'0 b •ck to open lllo brctc:l:\ tho spiral
spring Ia overcome. nod tho sllllo comes bnck wtth It, nnd thoo Is caught and
rotai.Oed by a scar lo connection wltb tho trlg{ler, so tbotlt remains bacJt wbon
tho breech ls cJoeed. When tbo trigger Is puUCd the tlldo 1~ rolc~~ed, and Jmm
odlately its spiral spring corrles It forward notU lUI projection comes forcibly
ogr.lnattbo strllt~ r.
aud driving It forward e~tplodcs the cutrldgo. T bero Ia o
trlgeer-Uko prQjcctloo on tho slide, by means or wblch It may be lowered
gcot\J' so 118 to reUovo tbo tension or tho spring when dotlred. A slnglo screw
pln or key serves to rct11tn tile block In Jos rcccu, and tb «1 brooch block Is kept
In Its place, so tbnt lt cannot when tbc gun Is to uso allde oft' M tho rear end
or Its gll!do by tbc proJection from the lock &ldo wlJich act' on tbo at.Jikcr; benco,
w boo tho lock 18 removed, tho brccc11 block e&o bo ~' bo so constructod that during tho ttmo or cxploaloo
a larger pl\rt of tbo rocco of tho powder acu on tllo rear end or tbo breech piece
than on the fore end, tboreby keeping tbo umo closo ag ~~omst tho ba rr.,!.
With
tbls an ordloary brcecb pltlfo, eltbor hoUow or solld, may bo used, but It Ia preferred
to bavo the breech ploco In a mcWJure bullow to cootaln wllbln l~clf aU
or pa r t o( tbo 01ecllAnlam foe I! ring tbo arm. T bo act of openlog tbo breech
to lnaor t the cor1rldge Rnd tbo clo!l~,~g or IL porformlo& tho otbcr acta tllrourh
a system of lovera 1111d a aprlog or aprl.op, and a caon or c oms, or cocking aod
extraodog tho cuo or tbo spout CArtridge.
In tbat part o( tbls hiVeotloo which
relata more PMtlotltarly to projocltiCIS tho cartrldgo Is made to cont.aln Its own
meant ot lgnl!loo to tbo follo••log manner : - A tttbular pMaago 16 provided In
tbe body or tbo cartridge, and In lh.o rcor or tbll a b ard plug Is placed , wblob,
a t tho lnst.aut of firing tllo nrm 14 soot forward to tho looor end or tho tubo,
whore It strikes a dctonallog powder or cap from wbleb t bo Oro Is corn01uni­
CII.Icd to tho e&rtr!d,o.
The cartrldae 1e alSO provided with a spring at 11.8 r~tar
cod, wblch, bolog co mpr~fiMd wbllat lo tbc barrel, as soon 111 tho bteeob Ia
rcleaaed from tho compression, fo rc«~S tho cartridge ca, o out, aod so Lbo bonol ls
len frco for ro-chruvlog. T ho bullet or shot which ts alto applle&blo to b.cavy
ordnance, Ia by prefcrenco made of aabapo 8omcwhut trlaogl.llar or square In
aectloo ; tho JUiglos are rounded and the aides boll wed
Thld sbot Is propelled
through a twisted or rlOcd barrel or almllnr accrlon to •llo shot. or nenrly so; or
It may bo cncl.:~aed
loa jacket of any suitable mrHerlal wblch will take Into a
groovtd gun, or It may bo surrounded by a jacket fitting thn e&8o or a smoothbore
gun, tbcjocket being detached from the shotllaclf. so that, on lcovlog 1110
gtto, tbo abot bclog of ICII! scctlono.l ar~a
than tho Jacl!.et, the.o separate from
eacb other, and on t.ravelllog through tho air the shot ls caused to rotato longitudinally
by tho acuoo or tho lllr upon ll.
to COtlltructlng bcavy ordo11nco
UDder tbl.t lovcolloo no outer Jacket I.e empluycd of conical form, so that
d l.ll'log t be explosion tho force being transmitted to the breech piece, which Ia oucd
Into t h oj a~kct. Lbo j acket 1s drawo Ugbter over tho body 01 tbe gun by roaaon
o: tho explosive force ca using It to movo a UtUo Lo a rearward dlrccUoo.
- -
Claee 7.- F URNITURE AND CLOTB I NG.
I nclud1ng Coo!.:ing U~ila, Uphoutt:ry, 0MUJ1MIIU , Mu.ticaJ. I~tru ­
menu, Lampa 0 M anufactured dt·t4clu of D 1·u1, J:c.
408. S. OsnonNs. 004tlt·ltJuart, Folotm-ltJUore. London, " Altmufal:lure of rlWor cistern, and at tho samo ttmo a anconei
small pump Is actuaLcd by tho earno lover wblob forcos tho same amount or
water wblch was discharged from the bag at tho l118L operation Into tllo upper
ole~rn, @0 tho.L n coostaot circulation aud supply II noalolalned, ood by tbls
mea.11a tho u~ ol\ 1 oiJ: vessel or reaorvolr Is dl!)lonsed wit b. A ccond port of tho
lonntlon rela tes LO tbo mould or block between wblch tbo artlclca ore pressed
and conelaUI lu eo form ing tho Interior of t.bo mould cover or ltd ua to Joavo ~
apoce boLWLCn It Rod tllo bilL brim, so"' to leave room for an extra thlcknos.s
ot material out or which any peculiar sbapo or brim may bo funned, nod tn
Unlng tbcso parte w ith paateboard lns~ad
of lcatllor; ana al.so In Ottlog tho
exterior of aucb m11uld Into a s~am-tJgbt
recess In tbe fram ing, ood applying
steam direct to tho exterior aurfaeo or such llJoutd. Lastly, tbo to,·entlun
rcluttl to 0111cllncs In which dorno covers are o•ed. aod con&lets lu attaching
such co,•cr to a wheel by a chain or rope, and acting upun such wheel by a
aorlca or l o vo r~.
so 118 ro trnn!fer tho mouon effeclcd by tho t1and bolow to tho
wbcelabovo, and cnuso It to rota to portly, and so ~ ~
ro.Jao or lower tllo dome
cover.
347. W. T. CAnRINOTON, Ptr:h, " Suam rolltr."-Do/ed. 7111 Ftllruary, 1867.
Tbls lnvonlloro
con•ISI8 of an Improved steam roller wbercln tbroo rolling
Wb e(!ls aro omoloycd, so arranged that wbl!o two of them arc placed a cert.aln
dtuanco apart upon no nod tho 8amo ehnn, the lhlrd I~
sltuatc1 behind or In
front or tbe other two In a position corre6poncllng with tho apace bot•~ceo thole,
Its width being such Mju•l to ovorlnp tbo wldtb or such apace. Thaso rolling
wheels arc mounted In a strong framing, upon wblcb la pt.occd tbo bolter, with
lnrgo water tanks on each sldo thereof.
One, two, c>r more swam cyllndort
bolted to tho frumlng Impart motion to tllo two rolling wbcela on the samo
abaft by meMs or a craok abl\1\ nnd ~ ultab lo
lotcrmcd.lato speed-reducing
!lUring, wbllo tbc slniCIO rolllng wheal lo m " untod In a swivelling rrnrno
OOtuutcd by suttnble gcurlnq fllr stcermg s od turutog.
Tbc two driving rolling
wbeele oro ao arr11n ~ ed that either the ono or tbe other c 1n be readily thrown
out or gear by mcaoa or n clutch RPPllfatus or otbor koown arraugorueot wbcn
the roller ls required 10 turo or run In rbarp cttn•os, nnd thO etoertng wheel t.,
by prorortoce, cum posed of two or more lndopcndoot r!lrte so aa to reUovo tho
grludlog action on 11\c road wllon turolng.
Tho axJe-boscs to tho driving
rollin& wlloels aro pro\'ldcJ with Iodin rubber or other •prlngt.
3 18. E. SIDDA WA v, lVt~t Dromwiclr, Stojford, " Charcoal box 1moolhiT1LJ troru •'
-baled. 111• Ftb( U4'1/.l ~ 6 7 . .
T bla lnv~nuon
coli>lats or tbo Improvements b.orolnanor dc•crlbed In constructing
llOd arraoglug tho parts of cht\rcoal box @lDOOtblng Iron,, wborcby
compactoou lllld Struogt b or tho parts nro scoured 118 well 118 greater ro... 01
(or tbo handle. Tho ptltentoo describe' Ills Invention ln connCll'tlnu \V (th n
obarcont box smoothing Iron bavlng n hinged or Julntcd lid or cover.
Jt.
Jolnte or binges tbelld or cover to ono end or tho box, nod bo cennocu to tho
anld lid or cover tho hlllldlo by wblch tbo Iron Ill protloted when to usc oall
tho guard by wblcb tbo blllld Ia protected.
Tbo chimney by ~hl cb
tho rumeB oscapo l'rom tho Iron Ia alao car ried by t bo hinged lid or cover.
Tho eald cblmnoy II m nao In two parte, tbe lower part bcl.ng I!Jtcd to tho Ud
or co,•er or lbe Iron, and tho upper part beiog movablo nod capalllo of rotaUDJ
upon tho lower fixed part or tbe clllmney. Wboo tbo upper movable part or
tbo cblmocy bU bocn torocd ln tho d lreetlon proper to provent the lllmot ao­
Doylog tho penon ualng the Iron tho aatd m ovable par t Ia secu.red to the lae4
part by a .screw or olbct CWI~n lng.
Tbo blllldlo or tbo Iron Ia euppor t«< at on e
end by ao ordinary u pright. and a t tbo other end by tbe lower Osod part of the
chimney, tho aald Os edlowcr part coot titullog tho sccor\4 upright. By the
lmprovemooUI doscr lbed ono or tbo ordinary upright. Ia dlapcnaed w lt.b, ao4
more room Ia, In consequence, obta ined for tho handle. T bo cbtmoey Ia allo
mnc:h stronger and ll.rmer than ordinary chllllneya. ,..
350. F. C. LEADBll., Haym.arktl, LondMI, " Vtnflial• blt'rldi.''-Daled :11h
Ftbruarv, 11167. • · ~.:
T bla Invention rolatca to a mode or method or a

290
--
166. W. J OW&II, Woleo-lwmpl01t, "Mo~lll"ffll for manufodur{n9 IM}u~ltml OJ
gill, waur, 1kam, and olllrr p(pu.''- JJuua 8th Ftbruorv. 11167.
•
•
• THE ENG INEER. SEPT. 27, 1867 •
etopper com poNd of an loc11"rvbber, gutt.a.-pert'ba, leatbt-r, or other aub•tance
ool omnt at the junctlona of tbe IO'Ytrallenatba tbereof by the dec&)' from corro·
unall'ected by t be action of au llrtulda. cbemlcllla, acldl, or eplr1u, connected to
alon or otber cauac or tho bolll by whlcb the nttrnal or Internal ftani!CI of
tho eplral or oUler •Pring by a handle by mcaoa of ~wo plecca or metal, one at
eueb lmgtbe have llerctofore been futened toaether; and the I.DYentloo cootho
top and tho other at t be bottom or WJe eald ttopper, tble etopper bclrlll
1lau In wnnructlng tho acveral lengtbl or plica and column• with dovetailed
Tbllt.oveoUoo rdt.UII to machinery for manufacturloft tile Jonellont or ft&l,
water, 11eam, and otber plpca, commonly called elbow•, T Jolou, Cl'OII Jolnu.
beod.t, lOckett, and OtbcrwliO named according to Ulo particular 1bapc ftlvco to
them, tbo l&ld Jolnu bel oft employed to cooncot ponlone or gu, water, etcam,
and otbcr pipet LOiCtber.
Tbo lllvcnllon con.IJI.I or the arrangement or combination
ot paru or machinery, berelnaner uph.lned, for manufacturlnft the
aald jolnu. Tbe patentee con11rucu tbc machinery In the following m onoer:
placed lnlldo and bt'lo" l bo neck of tbe bottle. Jar, or vcuel, 10 that wbcn
(Janaea, by meane or whlcb they nre (ulenod LOiether without the aid of bolt.l,
dcprceeed b) the a c:tloo or prcuuro or t ho eprlng an openJor or vaooum le pro-
aa o1ual. On tbe coil• or two lcn(tt b.l of pile or column lnttnded,to be fulene4
dueec1, and the contenu or the bollle. Jar, or otber veuel1, when Oiled, can bo
together ore rramc11!angea wltb projection• and lpacet l'tllpecllvrly c:orrnpood·
J;. etu.m bGmmcr le eupporlec1 by framing on the rouodallun or toue platt or tho
ma.cblnc, andle actuat.cd In tho oeoal manner, tho motion or tho aevcrol paru
of tbo machine being taken from tho niO lie am hammer.
Tho machine for tbo
manoJacture ofcrouJolnU,tbat le,Julni.M havlnt~ rouropcnlnftt, caeb o()('nlng being
Gt ri&M an111u to tbo ocxt, II arranged u Mlowa: on tbe bed or the machine,
&114 lmmcdlately under lbo attam hammer, a IWIIfllng tool 11 Olled, havln& the
6JQre of ne.rty one halt or tbc crou Joint to be wade, and tbo ewage or forging
tool c:&rrlod by tbo etum hammer bu neArly the Oau ro or ooo otber ball or
tbe aald crou jolot to bo mllde. A blank or tho required ahapo for moklng tho
crotl Jolo~ le bIlerlcal.
connccllng roc1t, wire-, or chaAint, cr11uk1, and lcvctll, welgt.u a nil counter·
The etobo 11 eu1pendccl by meant or a metallic band, by wblc:h It II encircled,
wcl11h11 In aucb manner l.bftt the rlalng and (IIIII nrc of tbe w11tcr In tho cl1tem
from a gu •up ply plpo In tho form or two aupportlog a rmt lllled at tho two
will open und cloeo them wltbout 1110 Intervention or a reaulatlnft tank but
oppoalto 11dca or tho band, one or wblc:b arme cooveya tho rcqulelte eupply or
wuh a like ca cct.
ftll to a ring lnelde tbe band, and thence to the burner, the air bolng a4mltte4
384. 11. T. TUOMPIOH, !Jt. Jomu'1, ,Londqn, ·• 34udl (IJI(J fluth1N.''-baled I IIII u rcqulrcc1 t hrot~~b eo I table a pertureatn the banc1a. Tbo glau cblmoey or tho
Ftbruorv. taG7.
burner extendlthrou11b an •p.,-turo In tbe top or tbe 111obo Into a metal •haft
Thete hnprovcmcnta In button• ond t heir ra~tenlora refer rooro t~peclally to with a cowl at tho top, auch metal abaft being 111ppor1ed quite lndepenc1cotly or
brace buttona, but they may be UJCd for other purpotet. T ho patentco makea
tho globe. nod prevented by IIOPI from r eatlng on tbo top or the eame. Tbll
the button of o dltc or any aultablo 11zc, and dlthcntrc of tbla dllc, projectM a oeck·ploco of a lenrctb
40B. w. E. NBWTOB, ChoiiCQ'If·lant, Londtm, ".dpporat11.1 for toklniJ '/)Mkl·
accordln11 to thutblcluleee or material to bo applied tbtrcoo, wbllo In the fr" nt
grapM~pnco to tho drawtnee.
or ovtrhanglng trom tho top to t ho bottom, lnattall or vertical, In order to
411. J . WALTON, IYUnulolll. C/ftllllrt, and n. lJABLOW, 1/talon NOt'T"il, .'Jiork·
ob•la to a common difficulty occ:aetoned by the needle attlltlog tbo ebuttlo aa
port, " Apporuttufor tllltnv 1iarrtJ1 orr onv duuiptwn of ~JU/aqt.' '-bated
they paw cacb other. Tbat tbc point or tbc >hotUe abcll cerualnly enter tbo H ill FwnJDrv, 18117.
loop or tbo netllle tbread. It le nccca~&ry tbat tbo ebuttle ADd tbo needle thai!
Tbll lnvcmlon relatca 10 tbe cooltruc:llcn of an apparaiUJ wblcb can be
approach u near toaether aa p-lblo without actually tooehln~r, and thll object
readily applied to tllllnll a barrel or Cllllk or any deterlptlon of atJ IIago; It II
It m 11ro ciTectually eecured lly Inclining or overhanalng the alelc or tho race, 10
elm pte Jn tu cooJtructloo, and In action Ia not IIBble to ehtlllo the contonu or
that t ho uetdlo can PUI tbrou~h the beck of tho edge at tho top, llnd emcr(to
a cauk or borrcl10 u to dlaturb tbo eedlmcnt. IUld wblch a. eeparatc and dll·
from tho 1ldc of the race at that point very near v hero tho noae or tllo ahuttlo Uoct from tho ellllage. The apparatul cooeltU or an arched mclallle bar, b1
p111ea to take up tho loop or ILJ threa4. A fllrtbcr Improvement contllt.lln
preference, conatruc:ted of T ur angle Iron, wblch baa two pointed feet to reaL
making tbe wa.11 or tho race aeparata from tbo bed and aecur1n111hem thereto
opon any ordinary Jtllla(tc, aoc1 Ia provided with a ec:rew bavlng a doable
t.y tcttcrewe for Uoe porpoee or adJottlr:g tbl waya u they wear, or raeiUtalluc
JWivtl book at Ill extreme end to which a c:llalo, ba.,loa clawt or boob at IU
tbelr renewal when ncccaeary. T ho Jut part of the lnvcutlon relaiCII to lm·
extrcmltltl, 11 linked. Tbe mOdo or utlncs thla apparr&tlll may bo tllu• duorlbed:
provemeo" In connection with the >bottle. The Invention cannot bo fully
T he arched bar 11 placed In a \'Crtlcol potlllon acrou tho back end or tbo
detcrlbed without rcfcreoco to tho drawloga. barrel, 10 that IU pointed fcot a haJJ r cat UJkllltb() etllltlliO· One or tho claw• or
3!18. w. CLIJSOLD, budbrldJ;t 1Yor41, ntar Stroud, Gtoucutu, " TtnltrlTIIJ 171(l· tbe chain II tbeo eaoiCilto clutch bold o1 the cnel or the e!Gvca at tho back or
cM~.''-/Jaled 12111 Fwruurv. 18&7.
tbt barrel, and tho other chain, by meRnl .,, Ita clow, laya boll.l or one or tho
Tbll Jnvenllon cennot be c:tuorlbocl wltbout reference to the drawl nil•·
boop1 aurroundloi tho barrel, or to the end or the 11uea at the front of tbo
4oo. J . W.e.tTWIJOO, &~. a'ld ll. ll.ULLIB, Lqton, euez, "Iron IQ/tJ."-
caa~ or barrel; a reYolvlna motion bolng tht n communicated to tbe acrcw, tho
end or tile barrel 11 c:auaod to riJo ~erlldually,IO 11 not to duturb tb11tc11·
baled t:Jifl Ftliruarv. 1667.
Thll Invention cunalau, Flr, l, In formlntr ono or tbc vertical eldee a nd lho mont lylo~r at tbe bottom or tho borrel.
door In front with a aerlu or torretpondlng 1tcpe In t he.~: parte or tho eald 412. lL A. D oFneN.K, Partl, "1/o/d;r for raawav and lltmr ti

• •
SEPT. 27, 1867.
THE ENGINEER.
lJ to facllitate the paeklng Into rolled up bandies or tbe p \d eomb-ll'ke I~ l 'utantt and otber matbematlcallonrumentt for meunr1Dg angles or ele•atlon,
of matcb apl nt.s, and banda of papen or otber llex.lble prepared banda. Tbe
and their object co01lr_. 1o Improved an angemeot or th- \Ditrumenu, wblch
paten toe employs a mechlne or macbloery lbe ~tlal (eatare thereof being
allow or reading by meana of lbem much am&ller sabdlvlsions l.bAn may be
that It haJ a rotaUn!C spindle, around or on which lbe prepared lengths of
be read on lbe graduated limb or sacb l01truments wben constructed In lbe
match ~pUnts and prepared bands are rolled or wound at the Mme time. Tbe
bllberto known manner. For thl.l purpoeo lbe Improved lnstrumenu, Instead
aald aplndle Js suppaned by a suitable framf, and drlnn by hand or oUJer
or h&riag only one graduated c:lrcle limb or ma.ex, are prorided wllb two or
power; It ts proYided wllb a ~lot or clip to catc:b lbe end or each length or
more of Ulem, arranged loto a aeries 1o a manner almll&r to that or the tell·talo
match spllnta or lbe band, or bolb of them, and &lao with a forked lner to
or ngl.nerl.nr lodu or ru meters, viz., l.o auch manner that If, for Instance,
remo•e each bandle qatckly u100n as formfd from Ill tree end. Tbe llexlble
lbe primary graduated circle or Index lboWI lbe deer- or olber primary
preptred band Is wound 1o long tengtba on a ret1 free to rotate on lu u.ll, and
dlrulona, lbe nut following Jraduated c:lrcle of lbe eerles abo"' lbe tenth par\1
Ia draw ott u reqolred by the rotating aplodle abOYe menlloned.
or other IUltable fraeUona of lbeee pr1mary dlrialon~, the next graduated drcle
415. o. lJIBI.A...'il>, Oo.ndlu:rtJrth, Stojfordlhirt. .. Crud {rtzrMJ, liguor {raTTI4, l1olld 1o Its tom sbowlnr fractlona of lbe aecond one, and eo on, cacb ancceed l!lg
otNr fraTT14 tor holdiWJ boti/Q."-D

202
WALES AND TJIE ADJOINING COUNTIES.
(F rom our 01Dn Corrupondent.)
Tut: I noN TMUI.: L tttle CltrJngc to N ote: 'l'lte l m:pmtJlno T en·
dmru ftlawtllilltd : ! tlcrttJftO/ Order• E.rperwl. at tnt Oommrrvr.
mmt of thr Nrw Quarter. mme e;rpecial.lv it' the Dome 'l'ra.~e:
L arue .'iltipm, nt1 t •J the (!, iwJ Statu : H fiJ{JQrtl '? l tu-li" D e·
rrC4Jilng in rAJTIIIf'JlVIIr" (Jflht A7JproacA of the TV mtn- Htr.tll(})t:
P rOfHJINi ,"Jtatur IIJ Jlfr. lV£1tiam Craw1fw..v, lltl' Great l rtH"·
ffl4•trr- Ttu; 'fll'f· f'LATt 'l'R\U£ - T ift liTJ>A\f OOAL 'l'IIAIJK:
l r1Crtr.uf'4 II rtivitv at U~ Collieriu : Cutlifi'J tltt Ftr•t T urf of a
N ew P1t "' Owllt-Jtr rtllt THK l~CU &'I"IJL A1HJ I;OI,;TIJ W AJ,LH
1JN H>'f JtAII,WAY-'1'11 1~
ltiHJI'IVUA VALLKY ANO HrnwAIN J Ul'-0·
•rwN JtAII,WAY Tu~ NI,WJ'OH'l' AL-»XAIIIIJIIA D oOK!f Til£ VALl!
(Jif 0UJ(JK IWWI.LL l;t.AJ LWAY.
Tue iron tr111lo of !'Iouth Wnlet baa not unclcl'aono much obango
d~triog tbo JIUL week. Tho impl'oving tcnd~"ooy wbich bu bcoo
fult for tho Jl 11t roontb i• mnlnt.Uoc,l, nnd from tho otbf r iron·
l lrooucini d111triott tho roporl.l nro 1uch 1111 Lend t.o •tronatlwn tho
ouUof eotorlt•inod by uu.ny tbnt. ordt, 01111'111 .. .. .. .. .. ... • ~~~ I • 0 , o o Ol ~I 0 o.. 0 0 0
Mcul'll. u.~,bert.e,n nnd Oo. h11vo contrnototl to bullol r~ ocw trou nll.,t, pati'IIL.... ..... .. .. .. ~ a ro n.. n o o ''1 c, n.. o o o
tug atcawor (IJr tho Olr11gCiw nnd Crotoook Hhit•Ping