'STAMENOID PETALS' IN A NATURAL HOMEOTIC VARIANT OF

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Chapter 1 Repeated evolution of a floral trait in Capsella 8.0). For native electrophoresis 50 µl samples were separated on 7.5% polyacrylamide gels. More detailed information about experimental procedures and nomenclature of AAT allozymes are given in Hurka et al. (1989). Data analysis For all individuals, genotypes of three duplicated Aat loci (locus 1A/B, 2A/B, 3A/B) were determined. The percentage of polymorphic AFLP loci was calculated using AFLPsurv 1.0 (Vekemans 2000). AFLP fingerprints and allozyme data were combined to generate a 0/1 matrix. This matrix was used for principal co-ordinate analysis (PCO) and neighborjoining analysis. To display the genetic distance between the analysed populations, PCO was performed in MVSP 3.13 (Kovach Computing System) using Nei & Li coefficient for binary data. For insights on individual level, neighbor-joining was conducted in Treecon 1.3b (van de Peer 1994). A wild-type individual of C. bursa-pastoris from USA (Reno, Nevada; progeny of 740/6) was used as outgroup. Wild-type plants from Gau-Odernheim and Warburg were included for all analyses. Results Allozyme variability For 34 decandric samples, genotypes of three duplicated Aat loci (locus 1A/B, 2A/B, 3A/B) were determined. In total, six different multilocus genotypes were detected. In Gau- Odernheim as well as Warburg, genotype II (1111 1144 1155) was the most common genotype with a frequency of 74% and 57%, respectively. Both individuals from Vienna- Hütteldorf revealed a single genotype (1111 1111 1155) and the two progenies of the Russian ancestor also showed just one genotype (1111 1111 1122). The AFLP analysis yielded 101 reliable AFLP fragments. Among the analysed populations, 76 fragments (75.2%) were polymorphic. In decandric individuals the percentage of polymorphic loci (PLP) varied from 36.5% in Warburg to 68.3% in Gau- Odernheim, whereas the PLP in the two Russian individuals was only 3.2%. The two samples from Vienna-Hütteldorf were not polymorphic in AFLP loci. Genetic differentiation A combined 0/1-matrix of AFLPs and allozyme data was generated to elucidate the single or multiple origin of the decandric variant. Figure 2 shows the results of a principal co- 22
Repeated evolution of a floral trait in Capsella Chapter 1 ordinates analysis based on the combined data set. The first two axes accounted for 29.4% of the total variation and separated the four analysed provenances into distinct clusters. This differentiation was primarily explained by axis 1 (16.3%) and further promoted by the second axis (13.1%) which additionally displayed a separation within Gau-Odernheim population into two groups. In the first group decandric and wild-type individuals occur, whereas the second group was entirely set up by decandric samples. A few individuals were placed in-between these two groups. Wild-type and Spe individuals from Warburg population formed another distinct cluster, whereas the decandric C. bursa-pastoris from Vienna-Hütteldorf groups within the Russian cluster. Axis 2 (13.1%) 0,40 0,20 0,00 -0,20 -0,40 -0,40 -0,20 0,00 0,20 Axis 1 (16.3%) 0,40 0,60 Vienna-Spe Russ-Wt Russ-Spe Warb.-Wt Warb.-Spe GauO.-Wt GauO.-Spe Figure 2: Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCO) based on pairwise genetic distances inferred from a distance matrix using Nei & Li's coefficient. Analysis was performed for a combined dataset including 101 AFLP markers and eight Aat loci of four distinct C. bursa-pastoris populations harbouring both floral phenotypes. The first axis separates the analysed provenances into distinct clusters (16.3% of the total variation). In the neighbor-joining distance analysis (Figure 3), decandric individuals clustered clearly within their source location and did not found a monophyletic cluster referring to flower morphology. A wild-type individual from USA as outgroup provided convincing bootstrap support for a differentiation into a German cluster (Warburg and Gau-Odernheim) and a opposing Russian/Lower Austrian cluster. The latter populations are again separated with 23
Page 1: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERI
Page 4 and 5: ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATURAL FLORAL V
Page 6 and 7: Introduction of floral organs is no
Page 8 and 9: Introduction inflating species numb
Page 10 and 11: Introduction Figure 2: Single Capse
Page 12 and 13: Introduction Thesis objectives and
Page 14 and 15: Introduction A cross-species linkag
Page 16 and 17: Introduction Hurka H, Paetsch M, Bl
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 1 REPEATED EVOLUTION OF A F
Page 21 and 22: Repeated evolution of a floral trai
Page 25: Repeated evolution of a floral trai
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND
Page 37 and 38: Genetic differentiation of a natura
Page 55: Genetic differentiation of a natura
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 3 Establishment of a natura
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Chapter 3 Establishment of a natura
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Chapter 4 Mapping a floral trait of
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Conclusion General Conclusion Stame
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General Conclusion are located in w
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General Conclusion reproduction, pr
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General Conclusion shepherd's purse
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General Conclusion studies about th
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General Conclusion Higashi M, Takim
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General Conclusion Turner GF, Burro
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Summary necessary to facilitate the
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Summary / Zusammenfassung depend on
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Zusammenfassung Markerstudien (fing
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Danksagung Ich danke der Unteren Na
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Erklärung über die Eigenständigk
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'STAMENOID PETALS' IN A NATURAL HOMEOTIC VARIANT OF

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