Sturgeon biodiversity and conservation

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281 Figure 2. Status of North American paddlefish stocks in the United States. AL. Alabama; AR, Arkansas; IA. Iowa; IL. Illinois; IN. Indiana; KS. Kansas; KY. Kentucky; LA. Louisiana; MD. Maryland; MN. Minnesota; MO. Missouri; MS, Mississippi; MT. Montana; NC, North Carolina; ND. North Dakota; NE. Nebraska; NY.New York; OH. Ohio; OK. Oklahoma;PA. Pennsylvania; SD, South Dakota;TE, Tennesee; TX Texas; VA. Virginia; WI. Wisconsin; WV, West Virginia. Map drawn by W. E. Bemis. paddlefish stocked into large river systems of east Texas were reported captured in Galveston Bay. This ability to survive in brackish water probably explains the occurrence of several specimens captured by shrimp trawlers, and of two paddlefish originally tagged and released in Toledo Bend Reservoir in Louisiana that were recaptured in the Neches River in Texas. The former range of paddlefish in the United States encompassed 26 states (Figure 1). They have been extirpated in four states on the periphery of their range (Maryland, New York, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania). Even in states long considered strongholds for paddlefish (Iowa, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Alabama), portions of their historical range has diminished. During the last 100 years, significant declines in major paddlefish populations have occurred in the Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Red rivers. Status by state analysis In 1983, Gengerke (1986) contacted all states known or suspected to have paddlefish to gather information pertaining distribution, abudance and status of present day paddlefish populations. I contacted those same states to determine changes during the past 10 years. I will not repeat the 1983 information for individual states and will only discuss major changes since that time. Paddlefish populations are considered by resource agency personnel to be increasing in three states, stable in fourteen, declining in two, unknown in three, and extirpated in four (Figure 2). Since the last survey (1983), the number of states reporting paddlefish as stable or stable/increasing remains at fourteen. Fifteen of the twenty-two states recorded changes in the status of their paddlefish stocks. Of these, seven were positive changes, and eight indi-
282 cated negative changes in status since 1983 (Table 1). Significant positive changes were reported in Iowa, which changed status from declining to stable/ increasing: Kansas, which changed from declining to stable/increasing; South Dakota, which changed from declining to stable; Wisconsin, which changed from stable to increasing; and Texas and West Virginia, which changed from declining to increasing. All but two of these states (Iowa and Wisconsin) implemented stocking programs to supplement existing stocks or recover historic populations. North Dakota reported the most significant negativc change in status since 1983 by changing from stable/increasing to declining (Table 1). Additionally, Montana and Nebraska changed their status from stable to stable/declining. Most of the other declining shifts in status since 1983 are the result of states reporting that their stock inventories are unknown at this time. Several significant changes in the management and regulation of paddlefish during the last 10 years were prompted by recognition of continued degradation of paddlefish habitat, threats of industrial. Commercial, or agricultural contaminants in paddlefish, and an increase in the demand for paddlefish caviar. Since 1983, 86% of the states where paddlcfish still occur have changed their regulations of sport and/or commercial paddlefish fisheries (Tables l and 2). Alabama, Virginia, and West Virginia no longer allow a sport harvest, and Alabama, Io- Table 1. Classification and population status of paddlefish in all states containing paddlefish for 1994. as compared to 1983. 1 State Classifications Status 1983 2 1994 1983 2 1994 Alabama Commercial Special Concern Decline Stable/DecIine Arkansas Commercial Sport/Commercial Increase Stable Illinois Commercial Sport/Commercial De cline Decline Indiana Sport Sport Stable Stable Iowa Commercial Sport Stable Stable Kansas Sport Sport Decline Stable/Increase Kentucky Commercial Commercial Stable Stable Louisiana Commercial Special concern Stable Stable Maryland Threatened Extirpated Extirpated Extirpated Minnesota Protected Threatened Stable Stable Mississippi Commercial Commercial Stable/Increase Stable Missouri Game Game Stable Stable Montana Sport Sport/Special concern Stable Stable/Decline Nebraska Sport Sport Stable Stable/Decline New York Extirpated Extirpated Extirpated Extirpated 3 North Carolina Not Classified Endangered Extirpated Extirpated 4 North Dakota Commercial Sport/Special concern Stable/Increase Decline Ohio Endangered Threatened Decline Unknown Oklahoma Commercial Non-game Unknown Stable Pennsylvania Extirpated Extirpated Extirpated Extirpated South Dakota Sport Sport Decline Stable Tennessee Commercial Sport/Commercial St ab le Unknown Texas Endangered Endangered Decline Increase Virginia Non-Game Threatened Stable Unknown West Virginia Sport Special concern Decline Increase Wisconsin Watch list Watch list Stable Increase 1 Paddlefish are considered to be extirpated from Maryland, New York, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. 2 From Gengerke (1986). 3 Sole report of a paddlefish in New York was one fish in 1800s. 4 There are two unconfirmed reports of paddlefish being taken during the last 19 years.
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Sturgeonbiodiversity and conservati
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Sturgeon biodiversity and conservat
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Contents Prelude to sturgeon biodiv
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Portraits of three juvenile sturgeo
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10 I like this volume for other rea
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12 Figure 4. Paul Vecsei on the Fra
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14 In addition to our primary affil
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16 Figure 1. Leo Semenovich Berg, i
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18 fish fauna, Berg changed the nam
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20 history and evolution of sturgeo
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22 der Gattung Acipenser. Ann. Wien
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The three major commercial species
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26 the sense of Gans 1986) which we
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28 Few workers ever accepted the Al
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30 Figure3. Tree of ing craniates s
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32 Family †Chondrosteidae †Chon
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34 Figure 7. Aspects of the feeding
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36 Figure 9. The living North Ameri
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38 Figure 11. A large specimen of k
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40 Figure 13. Map of eastern Europe
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42 Figure17. Preliminary cladogram
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44 certainly warrants much addition
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46 could be reliably scored in at l
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48 Figure 20. Scanning electron mic
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50 atic because acipenseriform larv
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52 defining Acipenseroidei, which w
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54 other Acipenseriformes, is prese
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56 Figure 22. Functional morphology
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58 acter 15). One to three branchio
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60 Figure 24. Direct evidence for p
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62 ton (Traquair 1887, Woodward 189
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64 Northcutt 1978, New &Bodznick 19
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66 attempt to predict further chang
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68 manni Bogdanov under artifical e
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70 Patterson, C. 1975. The braincas
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a b Sturgeons of the Danube River a
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74 ground swell of interest in stur
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76 Materialsand methods Phylogeneti
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78 Acipenseridae. Some species of A
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80 Figure 3. Jugal of representativ
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82 Figure 5. Extrascapular bones of
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84 Figure 7. The opercular series o
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86 indications from Gardiner & Scha
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88 Figure 9. Left scapulocoracoid o
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90 Character 17. Basipterygial proc
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92 quair 1887), † Gyrosteus (Wood
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94 Figure 13. Ventral hyobranchial
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96 Figure 15. Basitrabecular proces
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98 Figure 17. Ventral rostrum of Ps
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100 Figure 18. Dorsal bones of the
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102 Figure 19. Ventral rostral bone
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104 sess thin jaws. † Paleopsephu
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106 ing the rostral nerves (grn). T
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108 ever, in Acipenser they are not
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110 Figure 24. Ventral axial skelet
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112 Figure25. Gill rakers of repres
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114 more elongate than a small, inn
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116 Chavacter 66. Cleithral wall pr
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118 tentially untenable. Characters
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120 ideal for retaining small prey
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122 benthic prey fauna continued wi
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124 Future research on Acipenserida
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126 dem Yangtsekiang und über die
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128 Within Acipenseriformes, all wo
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130 Table 1 (Continued). Species Ch
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132 rent views on paleogeography wi
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134 nucleus in species investigated
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136 cated loci is much lower, only
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138 Figure 1. A schematic represent
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140 sue). Our data were polarized u
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142 DNA sequence alignment and phyl
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144 tions of codons. For comparable
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146 Figure 5. The single parsimony
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148 A. brevirostrum; and (4) both c
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› 150 References cited Asahida, T
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152 Golubtsov, A.S. &E. Yu. Krysano
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154 shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhyn
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Portraits of a juvenile Huso huso 2
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158 which have quickly eliminated s
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160 ing the length of the spleen (i
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162 Hochleithner, M, 1995. Gesellsc
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Part 2: Biology and status reports
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Environmental Biology of Fishes 48:
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› › bly related to themal requi
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strong homing capabilities, althoug
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← Figure 2. Paleocoastline maps a
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175 sible to make meaningful compar
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efers to an individual that leaves
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Some have asserted (e.g., Yakovlev
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› › › › › › cens in Nor
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183 ces: Acipenseridae); threats an
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Figure 2. Distribution of the belug
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› › 189 rescu 1964, Manea 1966,
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191 Figure 5. Unusually large speci
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› › Acipenser gueldenstaedtii -
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› › ∨ ∨ cíkovo Holcík et
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the first draft of this paper and t
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Malesevics, E. 1892. Loszoncz faun
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Environment Biology of Fishes 48: 2
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203 caught here. You would not beli
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205 from the Vienna basin to the Ur
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and improved by Vadim Birstein and
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211 Population changes and status B
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However, since 1979, the number of
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215 Influence of dams on natural re
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217 (5) Since 1990, declines in stu
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genesis in Caspian sturgeons. Vopro
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223 Figure 1. The range of the Sibe
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225 the Siberian sturgeon range in
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227 basins: 1401 and 504 metric ton
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229 Kirillov, F. N. 1972. Fishes of
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Page 234 and 235: 233 Figure 2. Acipenserid fishes of
Page 236 and 237: 235 same generation mature and spaw
Page 238 and 239: cytes degenerate, then the age of t
Page 240 and 241: 239 Krykhtin, M.L. 1986. The rate o
Page 244 and 245: 243 Province. Also starting in the
Page 246 and 247: 245 counted for 87.4% near Zhaoxing
Page 248 and 249: ymous 1988, Lin & Zeng 1987, also s
Page 250 and 251: 249 Figure 4. Size frequency distri
Page 252 and 253: 251 mous 1988). A sample of 54 fema
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Page 256 and 257: 255 a stimulus to biological modifi
Page 260 and 261: 259 of pertinent information that c
Page 262 and 263: 261 weight (BW) and length (L) befo
Page 264 and 265: 263 Bemis, W.E. & L. Grande 1992. E
Page 268 and 269: 267 Figure 1. Different states of g
Page 270 and 271: 269 10.2 and 7.3% for stGTH I. and
Page 272 and 273: 271 Figure 4. Approximate length an
Page 274 and 275: 273 cultured Siberian sturgeon, A.
Page 276 and 277: plasma androgens (Moberg et al. 199
Page 278 and 279: 277 River in 1973, as determined by
Page 284 and 285: 283 wa, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Vi
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Page 288 and 289: 287 state are closed to commercial
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Page 294 and 295: were considered a nuisance to comme
Page 296 and 297: 295 Sport and commercial harvests o
Page 298 and 299: 297 Acknowledgements I thank S. Whi
Page 302 and 303: 301 Figure 1. Mitochondrial DNA hap
Page 304 and 305: 303 sive closures and openings char
Page 306 and 307: 305 Figure 4. Status of lake sturge
Page 308 and 309: as ‘absent’. Very few lake stur
Page 310 and 311: 309 correspond to local populations
Page 314 and 315: Table1. Estimates ofthesize ofthe l
Page 316 and 317: Lower section of river the harvest
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Page 322 and 323: 321 hierarchy that determines use o
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Page 326 and 327: 325 11568 eggs per kg body weight;
Page 328 and 329: 327 data). This is sufficient time
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331 would not change the basic rela
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tured Fish into existing population
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some areas, a small fall spawning m
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339 tic sturgeon occurred during th
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341 ly to severely degraded. Dredgi
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Commission (ASMFC) completed develo
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een prepared by the Atlantic Sturge
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349 Figure 1. Life intervals and se
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351 Figure 3. Life intervals and se
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353 (Buckley & Kynard 1981, Taubert
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355 from larva to juveniles appears
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357 The protracted period of Atlant
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Environmental Biology of fishes 48:
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361 By the early 1970s, A. sturio w
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363 Figure 3. Accidental captures o
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365 Table 1. Results of attempts to
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367 weight, this individual regaine
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Cryopresarvation of the sperm of Sa
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Part 3: Controversies, conservation
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375 ers and lakes was extremely con
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377 not found in the lower reaches
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379 cies (including stellate sturge
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Kessler, K. E 1872. On a remarkable
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Environment Biology of fishes 48: 3
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387 Figure I. Comparison of mtDNA c
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nate between S. albus and S. plator
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391 Figure 2. Gulf of Mexico rivers
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393 stock analysis, frequencies of
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necks on their populations. However
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Birstein, V.J. 1993. Sturgeons and
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Restricting fishing mortality to of
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and increasing total mortality to Z
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405 geon in the Suwanee River, Flor
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409 has been widely correlated with
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name the sturgeon or paddlefish spe
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413 Figure 2. Abundance and product
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415 managers and biologists have be
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geon (Acipener fulvescens) from the
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macroinvertebrate faunas, and obstr
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microhabitat diversity, and turbid
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Environmental Biology ofFishes 48:
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425 denied any contact with the poa
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429 and paddlefishes, particularly
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431 Table 1 Continued. A. oxyrinchu
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DNA primers (DeSalle & Birstein 199
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435 Smith, T.I.J. & J.P. Clugston.
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Species and subject index* 12SrDNA(
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439 hypoxia 206 irrigation 204,374,
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441 Gulf Sturgeon Recovery/Manageme
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†Protopsephurus biogeography 174
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