DavidRoyHunter.pdf

The quehly 01 Itl,smitfohcheis heavily dltpend.nt upon 

.+ 

NIt'o"allibraryol 

C.",,(ll. 

CllaloQuinge.anch 

Caned'a"" ThINS Di~is,on 

~~~~,.Cln~a 

Oorechondu·calalOll·9· 

O,v'$,ondl'Slhiowscan8CI,annes 

\ 

NOTICE 

IheQuali\yoflhlo,iginlllhe$iS5UDmltled 1o rm ,tml,lm. 

ong E''''YeflorlhlSb•.enmadelo,,~ure I"ehlgh"t 

qualilyof ,..production pOSSlOla 

11 pages a"misslng. cOl"ltacllheuniversi1y ..rucl'l 

grantec:llhedes'" 

Some pa9n may heye indlst,nct pfint espee"I'y'! 

the on9inal pagf!s were typed with a poor '1pew'll" 

nbDon or it the ...n,y.,."y .ent uS a poor photocOPY 

PHly,ousl¥ copyl1gllted male"alS (Iou,nli ,,1,

eO~O:>O~TS FROM THE eOfIRS AR1'l FO!U'!J\T10N 

(MIVlJLE ORDOV1CIA.'lj, 

, 

NORTlI-er.NTRAl NEIo'FOUSDlAND 

DavId Roy 

Ilunter 

Dcpart".entof Geo!ogy 

Submitted in panial f"lfillment 

of thO' r~qulre""'nts for the degree of 

\ 

l 

, 

Faculty ofCraduate Studies 

Me:norlalt!niversityofNewfoundland 

St, John's, Ne"foulldland 

February, 1978 

@DaVidROYHunterI978@

FRONTISPIECE 

View south-west over Cobbs Ann 

11

On 

NI'W.World Island, north central N,,-vfoundland, 

lin" when pur.. ly carbonatc. Th.. pur..r 

cubonat" accumulations of the 

formation would appear to hav.. b..en deposited In an environment free of 

terrigenous detritus between "mergent vlcanics"-;;;J"-.t;hall"" ..at~r 

Ordoviclan Cobbs ArlII.fo......tlon constltute" only a slDall proportion of the 

~ . 

dOlllnantly volcanIc and volcaniclastic strata of the ls1and arc t"rrains 

chllracteTI5tic f th" Dunnag.. Zone. Th.. Cbb5 "'nIl 

. 

Formation is 

predominantlycOIIposadof li....5tone9 thataredarkllre)-Incolourwhen 

1I1x..d with volcanlc detrltus and ltght grey alldlK>recoarsely cr1sta1- 

'101- 

canlc sandston.." to the north: and trenchdeposlt5 to ch.. south. The result 

was a carbon..t" gralnstone barrier that aubdivld..d part.. of th.. 

Hlddl.. Ordovtciancoaotltnaintaaland..-ardr"striCtedlallaonalenvir- 

Olllll,,"t and ..n ,,,,ean..-ard open marine environment. 

Ilecauseofthepres..ntlydefonoednatur.. of the New"'orld 

Island rocks, sev..ral small io"0111I'I ..1:,, 

Formation ..-ere ..essured and sampled. 

sections of the Cobbs ArIIl 

DetaIled investigallon of the lithologil!s 

of the sampbs reveal..d·a s"diOientological pattern tndicatlve 

ofasiightlyerra\ictranSKn,sstv"pha"cofdeposltton. llispos"ibl" 

lhallhee....rgenc"ofth"arcterraillS,whichpr"cededthede p o.1tion 

._-1" ,of the Cobbs"'nD Fo.....tion, and the subsequ..ntsubsidenceof the island 

arctcrra{ns,whichaccOIUpaniedand " ..ccee:de:dCobbsArmFotl'!ationdepo· 

sit ion, was the for.. and afteT"llath of a rldge-trent.h interaction. The 

transgression resulted In a landward shift of oceanward facIes, now recorded 

III 

th.. vCrlide sequences of thl! CobbsAr.. formation. 

The conodont fauna of the Cobbs AI"Il fonnatlon app.".r,. to be

dlyislbl~ Into twO 5p~cl~5 ,assoc!nlons. Ooe relate" w~ll "'Ith $.,,11- 

..~nt.. of the pToposed ~trlcted ~ovlro"!",,n" and the other relatea well • 

wHh sedl...,n",. of a more ~en ....rine envlronment. On a finer scale, 

there aHear" to be a 

Telatl';ns!>lp between "ub"tratum characted"tlCs 

and cenaln conodont ",peeleS. Because of this ..pp.. r~nt ~cOloglc..1 eo" 

trol on ....ny 

of t".. conodont spec1es, the conodont 10nesand subzonesof 

tile Middle Ordovlclan wet.. dHflclllt to accurately apply 

Conodonts are found lnrelatlve abundance Inth" Cde~odus varicos~atuS (S"e"t and Be~gst~o")' and rygodu$ 5.. ~r"s 

(Iladding) constitutes more than 1~ percent of the lot..l nu..t>er of recn"ered 

conodont elements. Other lmporunt conodont speca. include' 

prevsrlsb111s- B 

. 

B3ltoniodus 

Dn.panoistodus n. 51'. A, Eoplaco!~athuS IlndlOtroe..i (l1""",r). E. robustus 

Bergstro,", ~elldu" cavus (llaber..), Strachano!nathus parvu.. Rhode", 

walll""rodu~'ethingtoni(Fahraeus), ~'allt"erodys nakhollllensis (ll"",ar) and 

. _h . 

lIalllserodu.. n. 

varlab1l1' transit ton, DistacodusvenuSluS (Stauffer),

I. : 

I 

TAaL.£ or .CONTElITS 

Pag" 

LIST Of PHOTOGRAPHIC 

Pl.ATES 

...~ Ackn"",l"dg"o>entt 

PresentStll.dy 

I'!ET,HODS or STUDY 

Colhctl~n 

of S.....ple" 

P">ces,,lng of S",",pl'" 

OlAPTER) 

CEOLOGICAL SETTING 

LI,TIIOSTIlATlGRAPHY A"D SEDlME:-TOLOGY or TilE COBBS All'! FOIl'lATlON 

~ .-------------

Page. 

l.ithostratigraphy 

CottlU Island Section 

J. 

Squid Cove 

S~ctidn 

'Iltllgude Section 

4.2.4 CobbaAl'1IIR 

Composition and Gro"th 

Natureo( the Collodont Apparatus 

loIerc:ConodontsCephalopods? 

.. - .....,

Page 

Hultl..1.."",nt T"xonomy 

" 

62 

'Order Conodontophorlda Ekhenberg 

Sllp"rf,,,llily Uhtacodontaeta (!lassler) 

Fam11yDlstacodonlid...,6assler 

Subfamily Orepanolstodlnae Fahraeu" and Nowlan 

Cenu8~Pander 

Cenus Drepanolstodus LindstrQl:l . 

Drepanohtodus II. !!p. A 

GenusPaltodusPander 

P31toduS se"lsym""'trlcus (1i"lI8r) 

Subf"mily Protopanderodontlnae Lindatro. 

Genu§ Orepanudui Pander 

Drepallo

· 

~----~_. 

Suped;l!l,ily Panderodontacea Lind.trom 

f"mtlyPanderorlontidu:L1ndstrolll 

Gen"s~Ethlngton 

~srr3ta(Dzik) 

rage 

8B 

" 

~"."'p.A 

r."n...s~Ethington 

P"ndu"()dus gracilis (lll'anson and Hehl) 

Panderd1Js,""Utus(B-.:ansonan~hl) 

?~D..Sp.A 

hOlUy Scalpellodontldae n. fa",. 

cenu6~EtnlnltOn 

Bcloa"llan.•1'.'10. 

Genus Sca lpellodusDzil< 

92 

" 

tol 

to2 

101 

105 

Scalpellodusca""s(OJebcrs) 

Sca!pdlodusn. sp. A 

Genus~scrpagl1 

109 

Wallls,,-rodus "thinglen! (Fahraeus) 

112 

P!'Ieudobelodlna n. sp. A 

iA!nust'""Genll!'lAn. gen. 

118 

119 

Ne... Genu~ A n. sp. A 

'FiolllilyUnl

Page 

SUborder~DzU:' 

SuperfuillY Prlontodontaeea (Bassler) 

FamllyBalognathldaeHass 

Genu, A:oorphognath.u. Branson and Meh.l 

NDorphognath.u" "p. d. A. ,1nae9=11s-l... 

G'lnuilEoplacognathusHamar 

EoplaColljllllthusL1ndstro-e",l (Hamar) 

EoplacognathusroblllltusBergstrolll 

CenusPolyplacognath.us$tauffer 

Polyplaeognarhusslleet18ergstro., 

Genus~L"montan.1lindstro.. 

( Pysodus ansertr",,, Lamont and 1.1n~"trm" 

III 

Pygo~u" s~rru5 (Hadding) 

Pygod"sn. sp. A 

Cenus Rhodesognathus Bergslrol/l and $veet .,"---'" 138 

Rh6desognsthus sp. cf. R. elegans polonie"s 138 

Dz1l< 

Fam1ly Pr1on1odontidae (Bassler) 

Genus~P~nd"r 

?~n.sp.A 

Bdtonlodusvarlabll1s (Bergstrom) 

Suborder~Dzlk 

Fs",lly PerJo

. -'~-'_-.:~~.;,.. 

·, I 

Page 

Periodon acubatus ll.addlng lI(Irphot~pe , . 

?Famlly~Llndstrom 

GenusSplnoduaDzlk 

Spin~du5 "pinar,,' (H~ddlng) 

Suborder Unknown 

.G"nus Ne"Cen"sllergstrom, Rlva~K... y 

Ne"'Cenu$n. sp. lllergstroll, R1\1aand,Kay 

Order lOesterg;srdodlnlda Lind"trom 

Family ....estenaardodinidae Mulhr 

Genus West"rgaardodlna Muller 

Wesce..-gaardodina sp. cE. W. bicuspid.. Mulle... 

d1st~cn,di 

f{',rlll 

ofstodlf.orrn 1 

panderodifnrm 

." strachanognathiform 

165 

" ~." •..---

PHOTOGRArlllC PLATES 

~1).1). ~u~ (IIr"""n" ""d 

)lehu._~~I...!.;!rl. ..p.A. 

~i~(Fahr""us). 

~".sp.lI. 

II. 

'~_,!.!n.SP.Aand~indnnaCUleat\fS)bddlnp,..,r?hotyp .... 't"ndO. 

tlldler, !'lew . \, strach"no~n"thtt"u"dlst;l.codlfor ln • 

(o

__ 

14. Scanning electron .,icros"op" ..Icrographs of conodont.'. 

15. Scannlnll electron ..ieroseope ..lcroKcaph" of conodonts. 

1". 1l1"lribHlon nf cOl1odont sp...des, part I. 

Ih DI"trlburlon of conodont ~pccl"". pan 2. 

lnpock"t 

In 

pock"t 

r.eo!ullkal .... p of t'Jone D"mc 8ay, 

s;lmpllng lo~~11 t te" 

In 

1'0

Page 

12. S"dimentolo~ of the Cobbs ,,~., ~ectjor. (.. ;

Pag~ 

29. ~na S~nUa (D,l\:;), B·~lOdjn., o. sp. A And heudohelodlna 

n. sp. A . 

:10. ~nderOdussracllls/BrAn"on and :-lehll 

)1.~d~(3ranson"ndlichl)"nd?.!'.!nderodusn. 

J2.N...wr.~on5A".sp.Aand~n.sp.A 

JJ 

)'.' 

~.s.'!.!J>-.!'.llod\Js~(IM,eTs)andScalpellodusn.sp.A 

_Wallls~Todus ethlnglonl (Fahr"""s) 

J&. W"ll~ n. lOp. A. OIHodlfon. 2 and strad,.1nORnathlfor", 

~ .~~.Q.!~£og"athUG robustua ~erRstro.. , ~oplacognHhus If,,,lstro,,,,,i 

.'od£y~n.np.,\ 

J9 ?6.rod\lsn. sp. II 

''''dK>oy 

A1 Limy lense In Inffa n~H the sh",." h"o".nh th.. An~II,Lan

I 

82. ndn ~""tio" phot(}rnlC~Ograph 

Thin s,,~t ion pholom1crogr a ph 

B4. ThinsectiOnphot 

apl'e"dl:o;B 

app",ndlxB 

,,-ppcndl111l 

Thin sectlol1 photo",jcro~raph

I. I Acl

of this fonnation occurs within Cobbs Arm, north eaStern New World Island, 

at latitude 49'37' and longitude S4·)S'{Fig. I). Aserh,s of fault bounded 

~llarries, at the head of Cobbs AnTI, oner excellent cxpostlr"s of typical 

Cobbs Ann For..atlon ltthol"gte~, y"t hl1 to giv~ a trll" Indication of 

the fortn.:lt ton thlckn",,". A ..ore cornpl"te ..eetion c~n_ b

underBtandlng of the gttuctur~l comphxlty of New World Island and other 

pans of Notre Da_ Bay (!.:..!. ~y, 1969

~iddl" Ordovician Cobbs An> Fonoatlon fro,,-N.... ',Iorld Island. 

vest1gationof5al:lple l1tholog1es "ndananalys1s..,f thcd1strl.b..,tlon 

/Ln" frequencieS of varIous conodont speele" has I""d to f"rm\Jlilted co,,- 

cllls10ns about the sedl""'''lolnp;y of the Cobbs "'rn FOl1\'la[lt>n and pa leo~rolo!,:!c,,1 

charact"r!5tl.csof so"", "onndont so('"les. SUf'plp"""nt.>ry to this, 

th" p"sslbtenatur""flh""nnodontanl""'\ Isdl.3cussed.

'2.1 Collecttonof Sam.ple". 

The ortgtnal nature of the Cobbs Arm I'ormat!on llthologi"s lias 

be..n masked by til... prClce~~e~ of pressure solution "nd recrystallizat ton. 

and dlsaggregatcd by Slludan and Devunlan faultlng and foldlne. A!.

digestion re'l"lr.. d as few 3S u,n days for purer limestone and ;1" .... n~ as 

t~..nty days ror impure lilllesto"". 

The u!sult"nt residu"s ,,,ere ,-,ashed through a 200 microo ,""sh 

sievp,dried(lndSepar"ledl"Tetrabrometh(lne (sp, gr, 2.88). 'Jlththe 

conodonts sen ling Ir. the heavy f, act Inn, by one of t'JO ...,thnd~: J) >:ra v - 

tty sen ling, for pert"'!~ of 12 hours or ""'c.. : and 2) centrlfu~aI ~er"c- 

,lllnn, for iI period of t..,"'t~ "Inut.." :tt 250 revolut Ions pec minute 

Most "Ample" ....rp sep"rat"d by the first mHhod, but. ht'C;1"SC 

of the I"purf> natur.. of ",an~ sampt..,;. so"", v.. ry \ar9,e resld""s "'.. r .. r,'- 

coveced, In order to spped lip "ep.nat Ion of ""ch s'lmrle~, a cent r i fll~"l 

_thod "as us..d, Il.c'lldue ~a" plac"d into Tetrllbromelha,,,· In four S centi- 

..,f>trediamater test tubes, "hich",er.. n

J 

,- 

GEOLOC'CAI.SETTING 

Th... field "'ark rer thj~ study cOllc",,,rriHed on thQ In,,,,,,tlglltlons 

and sampling of the carbona' ... Gobbs An. t'o",a~io" on roe... lIorld t~hn

! . 

~,,()IJ$ s"dl"",nts representative of a tl_ lnterva!.

..v"rY"herebYt"eUPI'"roroJ"vib~~lans"nSOllcreY""Lk.'Th" 

s ..dille~t!l of thl~ fOnlation are d",n,{ndvOl~""jC"'dim"ntary 

unit', is the dominantly volcanl" tHr"lns north of Ih" LobMeT 

Co",,~Chanc..po.t Fault Syste,., 

On ~h" Fortune H

Cu" •.,qu"nt Iy the thru~t~ _nd the Orduvkl"" ""d Silurian Strata "'"rc' 

buth 1lkc·ly fold ... d durin~ tl'" M,,,llan or"io:eny (lIea" and S,rutlj

hy "bout )00 "",t n3 uf t,,,,.ic lav~ flo"", ay,)I,I",nerat~S, t"flS ~l\,1 ""I,·..nie 

11\

l,lTliOSnATlGRAPIIY AlW SCflHtENTUI.Q(.Y Ilf TilE

th~, roughly l,aralld til" oril\irul ~"ddi,,?, ?r",s~"r.· solution 1.~ mo~! 

o'"I,Irlethehss easily dls,jnl\olstred 

TI,,, light grey pur" 1Imes""w. have very little' Insluble ",al- 

"rl"l and are There foTe 11 ghte r In cO j"or and l""k ttL" antoS ~Oll'lOS Is "bed- 

"in~," that I" ch"ruteris'ir of tl'e dark grey 11"'''stnnes. S"mples of th.. 

light grey llollestone"ary'eKtural1yfromgrai""ton"stomuds'r,,,..sas 

rlass! f i ...d .~c(nrding to lJonna",. (1962). The grainston"s char"eler iSlh'~ liy 

have "'''II develol'«U synlaxl"l ove

In an at t~mpt to In,,,'st I~at.., as ",",ch of lhe conodont

-16- 

Figure 3. View eastward of the Cottles Island section. Base of the 

section is to the right (arrow). The left arrow marks the faulted top 

of the measured section. 

~. Exposure of the uppermost part of the Squid Cove section. The 

l8IllDer at the right marks the top of the limestone. The hammer at the 

eft marks the base of the black shales of the Rogers Cove Formation.

l}]J -""•. 

.--, 

i= H l' 

H 

:"¥ 

::. :~ 

" 

I!.£!!..!:......1. Sedi"'entology 01 the CI.tl .. ~ hh"d sect!.on and the dlstrlbul!OT'\ilndrelallveabundanrc 

of Some COlMlon conodnrsperles.

4.2.2Squ!dCov.. S"nion. 

On th.. south"astern sho~e "f S'l"ld Cove (FIg. 2l. th.. ~" are 

three thtn beds of Ilmeston" In a S"e' Ian of domin~"tly calcar"ous tuff 

(Fill. ~). The I i"",Hone beds "c~c d"po~ltcd under co"dlrlons nf relatIvely 

I"" ",ave klnet Ie energy r"l""s" lI"d c.ontain abundant insoluble vulc~nlc 

detrU"s exc..pt for in the uppe~",oSt part of tl," ,,"cr{on. The true "aturi! 

of the contact bet"'''''''' the llppe~most ll"",ston.. a"d the ove~lylllg black 

"hale of the Rogers Cove form.atio" 

Isunknownbecaus" thatpaTt cfth.. 

S.,qlWoce 10 e"vl'"rone-thlrdof the sedlraentsapp"ar to r"present

n -,. 

~._- 

.'-- 

,. 

§j~ 

~'='.'::''' 

--,..,..... 

_ ....

WJfI -,"- ~ --. 

~._- ~'.':.':'::''' 

l-rrrn-rrT";:;-::;-;;"T-;:;"..:;:-;:;".:;-";:;""..:;:' ..;,-,-rrrri--__-IJ

-21- 

/ 

Figure 8. View southward of the Hillgrade section. Tree c.overed volcanics 

are to the right and overturned Bod barren limestones are to 

the left. 

Figure 9. 

View west of the Cobbs Arm road locality.

1111(11 ",~v" kln~flc ",wrllY rele~,.... v"ry n"ar a SOlin·,> of t"rrll("no\ls-("I..s- 

~.2. 5 Cobbs t\.nn S"l"! Ion (Middle Quarry Fa~,,). 

n,ls s"nl"", Is l",·at"'d "'I thin fhe ..a In quarry a, the head 

of Cobb~ At.. (Fill·. 2). It rrv Cove Sectl"n. 

n,c Quarry Covp section of the Cobbs Ar", For,,"llon (Hg. 2), 

i,. divis{ble Into t"'o "","bcrs: a ~ met res thick lower memb

-23- 

Figure 10. View southward of t.he overturned Cobbs Arm section (middle 

quarry face). Note the interbedded nature of the dark grey and light 

grey limestones. 

Figure 11. View southward of the overturned Cobbs Arm section (west 

quarry face). Not.e the calcareous tuff bed (arrow).

~. Sedillento\ngy of tn"CobbsAnlsect;on ( ..iddlequ,HTyL>c.,), 

and the distribution and relative abundance of some COClmon conodont 

speci~g. .

Wcatcar..ou.tuff 

light grey cry.~"!lllne 

1I",."to'" 

l-l~. 

quarry filed . 

S~",plcdlSl"b"{lOnlnth

~~,.- 

~.=- 

~ .•.- 

~_D' 

~~'O 

~:::'=" 

~,,,,..,,.f,.•• 

-.",.,..... ',.,.. 

:~f'." 

Q 'oI.uo

-27- 

Figure 15. View eastward of the Quarry Cove section. The base of the 

section is approximately marked by the left arrow; top of the section 

is marked by the right arrow. 

Figure 16. Limestone lens (outlined) in the Summerford Group volcanics 

near Tilt Cove.

4.3 Sedl,.''',tology of the ColJbs ArtllForaat10n. 

The Middle Ordovidan volcanism 1n the Cobbs P,.en area is 

thOu&:t to have been very actIve bec"-""" the volcanics of tho: sUllmIerford 

Grnu;> an, dOlJinated by basic flows "od sublOuine pillo,,", basahs ",Ilh only 

minor IncerV.y"ted tuffs and agglomerate" (Harris, 196b). 1I0wever, In the 

, Squid Cove-Tilt Cov; aTea (f~g. 2), t"" voleanle gtratlgraphy of the 

Summerford Croup

secllon. fo~ example, Is underhln by ",assi\/e volCllnl" ftnd co..p~ls"s a 

lo,,'erunlt of carbonate gratnstones rich In volcanic deHitus th..t appear 

to grade upward into w.. ckeston"~ dcl> 1n volcanic detdt"s. Thes" arc in 

I"rn succeeded by a " .. rles of aH"rnatlng ",udstones or "ackestones and 

grainstone", all of w!ltch ~te composed of rehtlvely ~ure limestoneS. 

pr".""'ahlythepurercarbonates..di....."t"aCCur:lulated.far .. noughoc"..,,,,,,rd 

to ucap.. the Influx of volcanic detdtus fro", the e"",rgent volcanic arc. 

'l1,ev.. rtlcalchanges, in the s"dl ....nt characteristics of the 

Quarry Cove section. are cnnstderedtobe the result of transgression of 

theltlddle Ordovlc1an sea onlO the arc volcanics. This Is possIbly the 

"e.ult of arc &ubstdence fo11o"I"1\ a ridge-trench IntHa"tlon (Kidd, 

De""yandNelson, 1(77). Thetransgr"sslonsuperimposedocean"ard facies 

over lOCIr .. landward facle" In acc"rdan~e with Io'al ther', La" (Walther, 

1894). 

upper t"'othlrdsof lhe section (Fig. \4), ..aybe lorlICati"eofa.'ltpsun 

comlitlon of transgression,.!.:.!. a sea level rise would ,,;ouae a 

shore""rd shift of" sr

Quarry Cove section. but contains A higher proportion of lI.,e ",udston"s 

(Ftg. 

12l.ltexhlbtt'!atransgresslvesequellcebeglnll lng ..1thin1crbedded 

..ackestonesrlch InvolcanlcdetritusaRdcalcareouatuff...hlch 

aU .."cended by alternating high sud 10" energy • 

pLlrd carbonate-terrigenous facies (FiiO\. 11). Sedl"ents 

"f the Hillgrade "ectlon (Fig. 7) ...1>r1>presuOlllbJydePosttcdlo'ithlna 

..!xed carbonate-terrigenous fllci~. lind a lagoonal lillie lIudstone faclcs. 

Sedi"",nts of the Squid Cov" section. hn...ever. "ay have been 

depOS1tcdunderdlff"rentenvlroruocntalcondltionsth""theotherex- 

_lned.eerlon" frail th"Col>bsArIlSe'luence. The calcanous tuf(sof the 

In...er portlon of tl]eSquldCovescctiolllllOst likely represent shal In..

g .; 

•, 

~. 

/ 

I 

j

-32- 

....aterneH_shorevolcanlcsandsandsUts. These are Interbedded with 

and "v"Thln by carbona·;e ..-ackestones rich In volcanic detritus, which 

are 11\ tur" ov..rlalll by pur.. r carbonate muds. These lime Jludstones app"ar 

to be suco"edcdby basinal shales. If this Is.lnde"dtheOase, the Squid 

Cove secl1

I - 

i ,-)3 

I 

in the Ul'p"" part of the 5ectl0~" 'h~"ever. are interpreted as an 0

PALf.ONTOLOCYAND 

PALEOr.COLOGYOj'THECOBBSAR.'lFOIl'IATiOS 

S.IPale,mtoloSY· 

The tota1 prod"c ~ Ion 0 f t hc c"rbon" res 0 f 1.he Cob blI' Arill F°rmation 

"'auld have rcquiredvastorganitproductlvtty, andsoth.. rel,,- 

1.lv"ly shalla", Hlddle Ordovlc!;.n "'''ters, that s"rround"d lhe centr,,1 Ne\l~ 

foundl,~nd "rc systems, muSt have been overf)

I, 

I 

fr·om IXIst of the sa",ples of the Co~bs At" FornaUon. 

5.2 Corwdo!ltophorld PaleoO!cology. 

S.Lltonod""c!o". 

Paleoi'cologlcal studi"" "n benthic COr.ur,uni ti"s are ~osstble bccause 

::.any of th" benthic taxa have pr"~"Tvabh hard parts that are, in 

Some c~se~, found In or nell,. 1 tf~ positi""s. Careful analysis of substratu",associatlon, 

of the sedi.nentary macrtbits ofe'lch [ndlvidu3.1-ta>con 

"IU'I" the benthic co"..munity. 

Hewe v "" formulating conclusions of this nature about the .jority 1 Ordovlchn conodontopho~ids "'er" hnthlc or 

nel

to b~ h.rgeLy restrlCfprl to .,qu~torL~1 relljon~ characterized by tals,,~ 

sallnlcyand t,,"'pera(un,. Conodonts of the North Aclantl~ 

Province '-'ere 

considered to represent" nor",,,I-IIIarlne, virtually cosmopolitan hun... 

The only p"l...glc for.,s recognized, in both provinces, \lere the sl~,p\e 

conegenera\llthapr!llIitlvesyotnetry transltlonser!e... 

Berg.. trom and Carnes (1976), analysed the r"latlons b",weenth" 

distribution of varlous c"n"d"", specie.. and 'he envlron"ent'" of d

--(~---- 

The hank with patch reefs environment appanntly developed In 

Pvgodus anserlnus 1:.one time and hosted a conodont fauna ,"lmHar in composition 

10 the Ilelodelh_Phugmodus_PolyplacognathuS KSA, but refcrr'!d 

to as the Bcl.od.. lh-PhugOlOdus Prionlodus(Balconiodus) RS.....Tn 

thiS RSA, 

spede' of rolyplacognall'u~ appear to have be..n replaced by forlls of 

1 ; 

Ilalton1odusa"dEoplacoKnathua. 

5.2.2 Conoduntohndd PaLeo"cologv of the Cobbs Arm Formation. 

n,,,conodontfaunaof the Co\.o\.os ... rm Fornation 1smoStcnaracter1Hically 

or .. Sorth Atlantic Provbce affinity, and is r"presented 

by at least )7 ",,,1 tlel".."~\t sl"'cies. flo""ver. ,"ore than 7~ ~'!rcenl of the 

toralnumberof r"co"eredelclIl)ntsare represented hyonly the s i«OlOSt 

abundant species: Pand:hibited hlEh frequ'lnci.,~ onl)' under crrtain 

.,,,\limnDlCntal condition~. to ~'hi{"_h they nust have been ~O-Hluned SU :.s 

to flourish uver th" _oy other represent,j!d conudont sp..

Ii 

i I; 

America, it is not surprising that the conodont fauna is of ~nh AtJiIlHic 

Province afflnfty. The "edh.entology of the Cobbs Ano Fortllotlon is r"presentatlve 

of 'H4sonably ..hallo,", condition; of scd tlt"nt .. t lon, and the geo 

.."cryof rhfosedlltent"'edge. as depicted In Figure 17. suggc,ts that parts 

of the coastline adjacent to the arc tenain, .laY have b.,,,,, ..ob

if s"dlmcntatlonoccurred In an environment 'oIHh a hlgh_low_hlgh_lo'ol pattern 

o!nathus robu"tus in the ..Iddlc and Feriodon acuhatu", E. l1ndsn""ml and 

b'J.2:dusallserln\'lntheUpp"rpartOflhe"eetion.Ofthesc.i.:.J..~and 

~~.J.o"'theirh{gheSlfrC'lUenCi"slnthehlghenergygraln- 

of "ave kinetiC en.. rgy releost, only the lo",_hlgh_l""ponlon of this Iii 

preserved 1n the measured Hetton. Again the relative Fre'lueneies of !IUlny of 

thereprM"nted

OfIlO!'lOSTlUTICRAPIlY OF TlIE COBBS ARM FORI«TlON 

6.1 Local Correhtlon. 

figure 19 sUl!llltlng 8""'pl... 0 .. groups of ~hlmpl..s, 

thrOughoutth"l"ngthuf the sections; suggesting that the t"'oobv!o'"sly 

co-occurringspeclesh3vedlff"re,ue"ololllcalamenlties. Aslmlla'pat_ 

ternisseCn,toxl..""erdeg....e.forEoplscugnathu" ..o[,ust.sand~ 

~"ndfl"ltonlodusprcvartabtlh-B.var1abi1istratlsitlonand~ 

ThI"killdofevtdence.lnconjunctlon",lththedlscusSlons·of 

theprevlou;:ch.1ptcr..."ylndlc.,te thatthepaleogeographlc·djstributlun 

of the biostratigrxphically Important conodont specie" Is some",hat ernlogl~:'11y 

controlled. :.nd. as " cons"q"t"nce. the various sections of the 

Col>h" Arm formation ,""y be nor.. s~r"t 1ltraphlcally tttne eq"l v;> lent th.,n

[. 

Cobbs Ann road 

. 

slIction 

I..0---_--_ 

Quarry CO"" sectit,m 

0' 

.~

~------~ 

previously thought. The se"tton~ could be reprellentatlve of dt fferent 

poctlons of the overall sed!lIIenutlnn tfKldel of rigut"" 11, and the composition 

of the conodont fa.una in anyone portion ,",ould refl..ct til.. phys~ 

kill and che"'cal condttiona of that ""dilWnlJny ""vlconNOt. 

A Umestone LenS ... [tllln green tuffs along the shore beMath 

the Mgllc"n church Bouth",.."t of Herring Neck (HI" 2, Appendix Ill. 1 1 ,,1- 

ded ""vHal conodont spedes lndudlng t:oplacoRnac'hus robUB[U" (Table \a, 

lb; referred to 80S Back Cove S,\mple). ThU suggests an oge in close proxlmityrorh"lof 

the Cobbi ArnFor...atlon. 

Conodont" ..... rerecovered fro",cvoother linf:stone lenses: one 

In the Surran"rford Group volcanics near Til t Cove (Figs. 2, I~). yi"lded 

~ fe~ "l"l:Ients of Pygodus ansHl"M~. and one frorl th~ SUlIPerford Group 

volcanics of the Toogood S"q~ncc near Ne""illc (HI';. 2; Apl'endlJl A), 

;i 

teLdspeCI..enSOfEOPI3cosnathusrObustus.ThesetllosamPleS ,,150 5Ugt 

an age In close proxi"ity to that of th" Cobbs ~r.. ,'ormation. 

f>.2RegionaICorrelatlon • 

FroOlthe dlscussloMOf the pre"lous section, it.lsconcludcd 

that th.. r.onodont Zle"'foulldiand. 

In the absen"" of the ap?;H"nlecologlcal control on ..any of the conodont 

sp"des, the Cobbs Ar.. Fonurl"" se""''' to represent" lime period from 

theuppctpartof thePygod\JSSCrrusZon.. into the uPl"'t half of the 

,PY!jodus ansedl\U5 ZoM of lhelHddle Ordovidnl\ (Fig. 19). ThLs ..ould 

cunespond to n..arly all of lhe f!J:prograprus tet.. ruiscul,," graptollte 

Zone, al\d p.. rhaps the baae of th.. Ne .."graptuS sracilh Zone. Thls ...as

first aup,ge9Ud by S~..gstrom~ •.(197'. Ugs. 7,10). 

lIow~v~". considering the apparent ecological control on many 

of the conodont "peet~s, the Cobbs A.... Fortnatlon 'could have been deposlud 

In .. shorter period of tl",,"; p"rhaps cOOlpletely"tthln the period ."pns 

..nted by th~ Pysodus anserlnus lone: 

This foll"."... f ..om the gene..ally ho,"",genou" nature of the cooo- 

dontfauna.rorexa,"pl.e,t"ospede"of~.t"ospede"OfEOphCOIS- 

~,p,altonlodusvarl.billsandth"closelyr"latedP,altonloduspreva .. ~ 

110101115-8. varlablUs transition. "e"~ all .etov~..ed frolll the Quarry Cove 

:'\~ctl0n(Ftg.I~).1tl"hlP,hlYCOllCelVabl~thatPY80dusserrusand~ 

~usrObustus,",ereabl... 

co.. plel

7.1 Composltionand Growth. 

Conodonts are composed

I Conodont.. ,,~e 

built of," \.. n.. r

continuous syrr:netrlcal-asyremctrl'ial symmetry tran!l!tionserles {Slit neS 

~•• 1977). In order to classify 50:- of the Cobbs "'rm formation conullitedcones. 

Thus IIPparatuSlaincludeS'impleconesoflIY(!.:.!.'~ 

odontgcnera, however, th.is diagnosiS had to be e",..ndcd to include denticpellodu! 

and I./alli!lerodus); apparatuS Ib Includes dcnlicuhted cones (!..:..!. 

Belo.t,l~andNe"Genu"A);andapparalustclncludUgenera"lthanaP- 

// paratuS sln:llar to lb, but ..lth" r""er nufober of constltuent forms (i:..!. 

Pseudobelodlnll). "'pp"..-..tuS III and lh, of the repreSp.nled spec1es froOl the 

CObhs ... rmForm.nlon.co.,.nonIYContalnedfiveconstltuentfOI"IIlS(.!:.!;..~ 

pelodu!! cavus. Fig. J)A-E; \.!lI11lscrodus n. s~ ..... ng. )6A-E; and New 

Genus A n. sp ..... Hg. )2A-E). 

Apparatus II Includes cunes and compollnd e!e..ents e~hlbltlng a 

COrdYlodlfor.... zYgogn... thiforrn-trlCho"odellifOrmSy""'..tr y 

transit{onserleo; 

(lla; !.:.!.. B'inodus splnatuS). 

~::::;::;:~~~::~;~~~:.~.;.::;~::~ )/1 

panderodus. Panderodus and DrepanoiGtOdUS). Protopandetodus varleosl~"tu" 

,n,. "'.El. '0'"0'''0'.'''.''''' ,n,. ]OHI. "., ".,eo."".'"' .I 

for""'_ ""eh with three curvature forms. Drepanol5todus n. sp. A has;lt Ii 

::::',:::: ::::":::::,":::':,::::::::::::::,::,:'::'.:::':,::'::/ 

c"use of the lack of charactedstlc e!e.,.,nt surf..ce strult'urf!' "nd "+:ere- 

! 

fore. It mllY conlaln more Lonstltuent forms than ~hown ....pparatu~/Ill 

maYbCrCducedtOasmatl.. r"umberofc"nstltuCfllfOnll5(1Tlb:~. 

1ie1oHna). 

If 

/ 

f

Apparatus IV Is i ....gardedbyll.arnull...........ll. (l911) 3St"'otransiUon 

!leri"s; corrlylodlfor-zygogntothlfon:>-trichonodeI11form (-tetn.- 

prionlodiforlll), lind r.yrtonlodifono-prlclcdifcrm_blarle (-phtfon.); ea::h 

"'iththr~eorfour"le"""n::S{IVa;~.Ar.Iorphognathus,~,and 

~).BaltonIOdusYarlabllls..ppearstoh"veSlxconstttul!ntforol" 

(l'"1g. 40B,C,E:-H), ",here"s Perlodon acul"at\l" appeau to have S"Ven (Fi~. 

IoIA,B,D-H). P.... rlodon acul""tus also app..ars ·to h

1914), to a ..ell founded dl~,"{sul of the first four of ch" above five 

hypoth~"e:l. The 1..,,[ hypothesis, h"""vet, does appear to b" on" 'Jay of 

explaining grovth, sh"pe. syrrnctry and h"1IIOlogy of conodonts. 

~rrls (1976), dese.thed an In,,,,rtebnte, """"'d Odontogriphus 

o""'lusJolorris, frolll the Borge"" "hale (C"mbrlan) of British Colull'bls. It 

carries a horse-sho'", shap"d structursof teeth-llke ..Ie_nts that ste (onsidered 

to have supported a lophophore. This lnd""d is an exciting find, 

and One that I"so""'''''hat In support of 1.1ndstrol1'shypothes!s (Lindstr""', 

1964. 1973, 1974). however, the lophophorau described by Monls Is badly 

cotllpressed and needs to:'e supponed by addHionaldlscoverie". 

The fossijj,.ed reoulns of a sroall soft bodied organism Irm" th" 

Be3rGulchLi....,stone (Carbonlf"rous) In Hontana, loiaS found to contain 

conodont eh_nts thaI are dllconod.ont pr"dltor,., ralll"r than conortont 

animals. tf the conodcnlS liere eaten by thec"nod,,"tochonlates, th"max- 

ImuTlslze of Ihec"nodont animal 

couldnoth;\vebaenm"chgr."tcrth

conodont eleonent~ could h~ve been caken up from the botton sedi.-ent. 

Interpretation of the mode of 11fe oft.heconodont.ani.... l 

"HI probably only h.. possible from exa..lnH1on of the nat.ure·of the 

conodontsthem,."lv"s. It S""lIls apparent, froIO the previous chapter, that. 

the «>nodont. "nI1lla1"""pelagic and/or nektonic as ",.U asnektobenthic, 

and "'as thus 11kely 8bl" to have control over its moveents. Most 8't~er. 

alre"dy"gree that the conodont ".set of lMny other 

tax"no

-Or 

FI,~ 

, 

\A,,~j 

"1,, ~

n,,, shal'" of IIlOsr c1"....n

Plate 16 ~I"es " part tal vle'o' of on~ uf th~ lungil"J.in~l ro""". 

of th~ Individual rad"lar teeth of Ille" Ililcebrosis Is similar to the 

sizeofmanyconodont6. 

all OVH the ",arid and ra"gefro.. inside the ArcticClrcl"r.a the edg

animal dl f fer~d IIttlo fro," that of ro:cent ~ephalopods. cephalopods and 

~onodont". have oft"n been fo"nd to occ"r together In the stratigraphic 

re~otd. but this 'U~ "nly Indiclile a "imilUHy of life environment 

!\ 

(Llndstrom,I'J7:l). 

The ""Iy rtalistlc d1llHarities b",,,,,,,n conodonts and the ud"lae 

Ofrec'!ntCePh"101'0dSIi.eS"'lththesl"Ple.coneapP3rat"s"",~"-!' 

th"recent representatiVes"f the naulilold.,\fl,.s " 

be;orin& lIl'lny transverse [O"'S of "\1111'1" conical te..th. The rad'lla of a 

Pennsylvanian n."nllold. Paleoea

Ta"onoalcal clli"slflcatlon of the:nany and v"ried p;o.it torms 

of 11fe 1" fcequ"ntlyco",pllcate

Sch.idt (19)), !9l/'), in Geraany and'Scon (1934, 1942), In tl\e 

United St"t"c' de ..crlbed physically associated conodooU uo shale" of Carb.onlferou& 

age as did n" Bols (l9/,l) , Cooper (I9~') and lUlodes (19,2). 

Lint~ (I'lna). w~s the first to uport as~..lIIbla8es on the ejed sudac" 

of li.... ~to"e, alld frofS dtgUl"d 11_stone, Barn"s (196]). Rexroad lind 

Nicol (1964), AusrlnandRlwdes (1969). and Pollock (1969) ••eported 

fu....d conodon!'s that w,ne 11190 thought to rep,,,,,ent ..,.selllblages or parts 

l4o"t conodont wor~e's, 1\0""""", continued.to follow ParHl"r' 9 

appro"ch to cooodont t"xonofllY by regardi"p, di"c,He fot!,," of conodont" 

as dtff..ring 9pec:ies. l,ath ifSpro"e"","t" in labotatory tedlot'l"e" io the 

1930's and 1940',., M!re andbetterl'r",.ervedconodonu",crebe:lngrecovered. 

Boiling of soft "h..1ell110""d IIranson",,,dHehl (L9H, 193 1 ,) to 

, 

ufdy gen,,,,, or decant ",uri. leaving the conodonu along ",lth other residual 

p~rtieies. Dlg"..ting of U...,,,tone wtth dUute """'!lle "eid was n 

"",re d.o(leate proce"s thH left a I!luch more complete material. TIlis me- 

U,U

I.'~ll{~er (19M), not"d the pr~s>

~ ••atruet....", of conodollt ta....no.y va" th",...rore un""'ttllnl to _ny WO'- 

ke••. tn a blo10llcal aena•• hove"e•• utilitartan tla••ifteulon .... not 

natu.al, for a naturalel•••ith:.tlon .hooJl

or th" r"pon"d IIp,,cie~ of interest are located alongside th" author's 

"aOl

8.2 Hultlllielloent Ta.ono,"y. 

ord.,r5·ODONTOI' RID,\Uch.,nbo!rg, 19JO 

$uperfa,". DIST O[)()NT,\CE,\ (Bnsler, 1925) 

~·a..1 ly D T aOONTJl)AE Banler, 1925 

Di~cussiun. Llndstroll ([971), pI8ced the co::,on.. nt~ of this falilly 

Int"t"otnformaigrouP",~.theDrepanod,,,,groupconststingOf~ 

..nOdUSPand.,r,16S6, ..ndther~grOUPConSI":ln!lOf~ 

Pander,18S6,Dr.,p"nOl"todusLindStro.. ,19~'~P,,",~.,r,1856an "how a curvature transition and rhus 

""'y have evolved 

fro", an earlier Simple cone stock. exh1bhlng Atmilar

-61- 

chacacl",risticS, g. OlI"otod"'" If so, at would ~ppe;H th"t ~~ 

~,Dr"P"nOdusandPr"top"nd""OdtlS"VOIV"dS"pa ...teIYfto.. SelllacOnll 

~"lnc" ~arly loclIIS of this latter genus'flcst ~ppear ln rhe Mldcont- 

l"entProvlnce and do not seellltO b'" found In the North At.tantlc Prov ince 

until Dr".,anodus and Urepanolslodus a,,' w.,11 establls hed . 

Fru. compadsoflS of Figur..s 21 and 2~, of thh "tud,. It would 

"""lIappaccnt that Dr"panoll1tt>dUS;).ndDrepanodusare ch,s.,lycehc"cI.lhiS 

is tn agr.,ement ..hh 1.1ndstrulll (1970,1971). I'rol' co",padsons uf Flg.- 

ure" 24 and 27, it "outrl \.ille"l"e """", apl'arent that Drelanodua and pro-, 

~~areCl5elyr,,\at"d.Llndslro"'(1911),ail,reeSlhat~ 

'p:"8nderuous,and Dr",panodus ..enderl'led from a similar ancestor, but he 

polntS Out that PrOlOpanderodushaS Un" surf~r" strlatl0ns"herea.. £E.!£-~ 

~ does not. Thl.s .".6 31"0 dll>co\'"red i~ thiS study, t ... · Pla[e I~ f1.il,'" 

I, la, but thi" authOr 1s not co""illced that the pres"n

In Or"I'",mistodu6 and ~ostate in ralluJu," and DhnacuJus. In this study, 

the drepanodH,n",:ohrod!fur.. rnlo app~an, 10 be 4>\ for Orepanoistodus, 

l:210rOIStarOdUOIandL5:1for~~.Allthr""gen"rapOS,;lblYhave 

atyp" lIla apparatus 

Gell"" 6ISTACODU'; 

Pander, 

"''':,'':~',:~.2: .. 

lHSTACOOUS VES\:~TIJS (Stauffer, 1935) 

,,(. ,,,. 8, ,. ". ,,, ,. "". 9.'" ,. >J. 

PI. I, figs. la-:'b; PL C\), rigs. 2, 3; ~·ig. 

\ 

utsllc.eas long '''5 hi«h and 

Qxt"nd posteriorly only. Their basal cavitles ar" shallOW "ah an 3nurcrallycollvex 

In latecal vt"" and sll

,'. 

!J..~"J..£..1l. A-T, lh,.tacod",,- ""nust"" (St""ff"r): A.ll sy..,,"'tTlcal btcostate 

dr"panodlfof1l1.s; C-F uym""'trlca] blcostat .. d

I ! 

"v 

\ 

""ar che bual1l.3rgln. Ant~rlorlytht CIlSP faces ar" slightly con?7 

Mynne." ..lc forms have planar to concave inner cusp h.e"" and co~veK outer 

eusp faces, both of ....hich ate usualty costate or carinate. 

OhtodHor",,, have shArp-edged CIISPS and bases that ~re nearly 

equal in longth. Lat"l'al hces of th.. cusp are carinate, ,."re consplcuoll.ly 

on the outn. face. 'The n"tun of th~ basal ourgin and th....."1".0- 

aboral ",,!,;I .. h variable. In One eKtrellle the basal _argtn anurtorly has a 

nearly right-angle up...... r

! i. 

· t;!:;::~~::g~~1~m::l~~:;;:i!;~;'::~~~~l;g\:mg~~~' 

I dIm 

ll" "'':\',.:_.:" .. :,:;.,,~.,--_,.';':_:'.

DiSC"!5iOn'I.Formspe"iUCOnSideredbelOngingtotheg"nus~ 

o\'!Itndus.havebeenreported frllllstrata rangIng in age through DlOllt of 

the Ordnvic\.an in both the Midcontinent and No(th AthntiC Provinces 

(Bra"s01\andMehl, 1'133, 1'J3t.;Rhdes. i'J53; Lindsrrn... l'J55a.lo;ebers, 

1966). 

\.indstrom(1971),hUdiffe...ntiacedthet""species~ 

dito,...,.of D. foneps havealov and long bas," "ith a amaH "ndulation of 

the abofO degreeS. This spedes is recovered from Middle and upper Ordovician 

nrata (\lebers, 1966; ll1ik, 1976). The ..icrostructure of this species 

show. little "hite rarter it allY ac all (Barne~·!!..:....!!' 1973). 

The o\.stod1!otll nf orepanoisrodus n·; 51'. A has a 10"1'. s.tnighr 

cusp and relatively 1_ .~d short base. "hili' an antero-basal angle of 60 

to 80 degrees ......terlo..ly tlle e1e....nt is so"",..hat pointed. 

E"cepr tnr the· nistOdifoffl"S, 

the appantu"e. nf these four

i. 

I 

spedes 1s very llillllhr. One vonden whether the slight morphological dlff"n'nce" 

of the oistodifonD.ll alone 15 enough to diffe"rentiat" on the 

species level. V"n Wamel (1974) questions. Lindstrom'. (1971) diffenntlat1onofD.·forcep.. 

and~andc1ai_thatanyauhdiviSl0n 

of Dtepanoisrodus .....uld be poa"ibhonly on rh.. basis of blo~trtc data 

and.eartUiesl_thad". 

Sonethe.less. the ohtodHorllS of the Cobbs Arm Fonnatlon specI",. 

of Drepslloinodus arC rather unlfot1ll'in lh;ir characteristics and are d18- 

tinct f"OlloistoditonllS of the othn three speths mentioned. Considering 

also the relative ase ranges of th..c" lhr"e species it see:asal'propriate 

to, at leut tentativel)', place thl! Cobba Arm Formation ,,~du of ~ 

~asanewspecies. 

Description. 

This difficult apparatus ot simple cone

inv",rsely with the magnitude of banI flaring. An ohtodifonn ",ith a large 

flare has a postern-oral angl.. of about 20 d..gr....", "'hereas an oistodifonl 

with a ",,,.ok flaTe is n",ady aya:metriCOll and generally ha!l a postero-oral 

"ngleofabout40degreea. 

~.ili.. Within the Cobbs AT'III Fonaatlon fauna there"re ..bout500 

ele:nents referable to Drepa:loistodus n. "p. A.. Th..... sho"'aratioof 

drepanodlfor!ll!l:oistodifons chat supporta Lindstrom's (1971) figure of 

4:1. The hOIllO

DZIK1916,p. 435,F1g. 184-f. 

Descrtptlvn. Paltodus !Iclli!l'(1!fte outer lateral 

coata brig1nateS ""'ch nearer to t!>.. basal marg1n than do",s its inner 

counterpart. Ant"dorl)·, the outer lat..r31 face 15 conve" ",hereas the inner 

lateral face i .. planar. Strongly 3a)'Jml"tric fonns have in",ard twisted 

cu~l's and asy_tr1caHy anan~..d lAteral costae. the outer lateral costae 

occupy puster10r positions ...heua" the. 11111"r lateral costa.. lire locat..d 

~Teantedorly, 

the olstodilo,"'" have long and slendercoOlpteS8ed IIfldsharpedged 

cu"p. thllt ar" t ...o to three t1....8 the hogth of their resl"'ctl v e 

bases, Anterior and basal margins ..eet at an ..ngle of about 60 degrees. 

Otal and basal ""rgtna f

The outer b.s.lmargin h 

u.oothly c.onvex. 

with. large tnward flaring of the b.a",al .... ri!.in h."e a s..all~r poStero-oral 

.ngle th..an do forms 

exhibiting less basal flartng. 

Rellarks. The li..ited .DClnnt of ....ter1ll1 fro.. thh study probably 

doesnotglvefull perspectiv8to then.ture of the applI.ratus 

of this 

spedes. Th" general IIlOrphology of the constituent eh-ents is siOl11ar 

, 

to those of the Distacodus venustull appa..."tus and thulthe tlorospecles 

appur to be taxonomically close together. Therefore, P. 

possibly has a typ" lila apparstus. 

sefll.iaymmetricus 

~.62 ..pec1_ns(37dr",plnodifot"llls.25015todlfo["llls) .• 

Subra.Uy PROTOPAlmF.RODONTINAE Lindstroln. 1970 

Et>ended D1a8no0;1.. 

Conodont apparatuses consisting of symmetrical 

and uy_erric.l simple cone conodont. that are lion-costate in early 

spedu. costate and non-costate to wholly 

costar", 1n later species. 

ElelDf!nrs of the appllntus gl'n..rally have an anterior and posterior ..·dg.. , 

and can exhibit a high degree of variatic",. Th.. el..ments can non",(hcless 

be arranged into a silll'le sYJ""'t-trical as)'llftetrlcal 8y......try tran.. it~on 

seri.....nd a curvatur.. transition ....ri..... both of .m.ich are char"ctl'ri. 

tlcof .. typeI11aapparatu•. 

~nus DREPANODUS Pander. 1856 

Type SpedI'll. Drepanodus arcuatusPandu, l856 

..lelllent.. 

Di.c~"'ion. LindltrOll (l971>' included fo~r fGnu of non-co.rate 

in~andp1npo1nted1t.f1ratappearance·tot"e

latest Tremadocian. Previously (Lindstroll, 19~5a), "conttod".. arcu"tus 

s.f. and A. 

reclinatu, s.f. were reporud fro," middle Arenigian sections 

whiChahoYielded~,butthe)'occ"rredins .....llnu..hers. 

~ •. f.prelu"",ablyevOlvedfrom~6.f·1 

duringth.. ",arlyArenl11.lan.~s.f.,~•. f.andfo"", 

transltionalbetweenthe"etwOwerereCoveredfrO"lh,,~LilOl!- 

.tone, of 

the Parohtodus origlnal!a Zone. on IIornhol... Denmark. (5. Stouse. 

pers. COlOm.). Similarly, 101'1...... fonns WHe reported from the LIMV!rnbn 

ofSwedll.n 

(Fahneus, 1'166). 

The evolutionary trend, frolll an 

apparatus comprising exclud"ely 

non-costate forms to an apparatus with costau and non-costat.. formS, app..arll 

to " .."e culmInAted in th" Middle Ordovldll.n with an apparatus co''· 

prlsing coacste: forlaS only. 

It Is conc"-Ivable that apparatuS"s with costate 

and non-coStste fOnls a~d 

be .-"r.H.-ed to new genera respectively. 

apparatus"" ..Ith only costate foru should 

DREI'AtlODU5 ROBUSTUS (lI..ddinS, 19lJ) 

2. figs. ~-12; Pt". 13. figs. 9,1.0; Fig. 

DZIKI976. p. 400. Fill.. 11d,C,lt, not !. 

Descrlptlon.~haSSycne[rica1ornearl)'s)' ....... trll'alb~co.- 

tate dr"panodlfonllS, symmetrical l"ult1costat" drepanodifor..s, as)'....etric 

bicoetate dr~panod1fonlle, w,,-altly blcostate uywaetrical drepaood1!on,,. 

and costat", ohtodifo1"1lls. 

The ey_etrlcalornearlysy-.tr1cal blcosta~e drepanodlfonu 

have a robuetrecu,"""dcusp"that,:I.s anteriorly sharp andpoilter10.-11 

.~ .-

L_ 

; ...•. :, '. '.':~ ......,;,..'.'.. , ..

, 

_1 _ 

Th"r" 1s a slngle posterior co~t. on each lateral rae.. , ...htch 

begins near the ba...l urgin and contlnu.. ~ to the Up of the CIlSp. 

The 5y"",etrIe.l multicostlltl! drepanodlforlts have pro,,11l, the Inner face" slightly eon""..: 

to concavevtth increasing aS1n:111etry. n." ouHr basal OI3rgin,,,f strongly 

aSYlIIIletrie foras 11141 have a rather pronounced undulaclon. 

The olst"dH""",, h4ve r"clln"d robuet cuepe"hlch ar" ..nteriorlysharp 

andposterlorlycoscace. The ouc"r lateul face of the cusp 

isslDOlJthly'c':'nv"xexcept"h"relnterruptrtdbyaslngleposterlorcosta. 

The Inner lateral face hss a prominent carina developed posterior of itll 

..1dUn,,; anterior to thh the Inner lat"ral fat" 18 planar. 

ReWlr!

IZ5yml1etricalm"ltlco5tatedrepanodiFormlO, 

47asy....etricalbicostate 

drep..llodlfonos'. ~2 weakly b1coHtaCII uy_trical dre:pal'lodlfOrllls. 34 

oisrodHonls). 

I}IlEPA1.QOUSsp. 

D. ARCUATU!> Pander, 1856 

1'1,.. 3, f1g$. 1..-7; 1'1. 13, H~s. 11-13; Fig. 25A-1I 

~. Only .. few speeilrlens, "h1ch possibly npresent aderlvatt".. 

of D. 

arcuatus, ""r" recovered from the Cobbs Arm forMti"n. Thh 

"pecies8Ppearitocontaincostateandnon-costar;edrepanodifo....5. 5y"'- 

_trical costate dn,panodHorlflS have on" costa on each laural face where- 

" 

as asylml'1!Uic"l c(lstate drepanodHorms have a singh costa on the outer 

\ i 

\ 

PROTOPANDERODUS 

face only. The re..a.in1ng drepanudl forms, and th" ol~todlfol'1011, are non- 

MaterL.l. 41 spcc1"",,n~ ( 11 sYlIlI:Ietrlcal bicostate drepanodifor;lls. 

13 un leo' tate drepanodifor.ns, 13 non-costate drepanodifonts, 

ifonos). 

Genus PROTOP,\NDERODUS Lindstrom. \')70 

~.AcontiOd\JsrectusLind!ltroQl.1955 

PESELEP\tAIH1S (Lindstro"" 1955) 

PI. 3, fi~s. 8-"11; 1'1. 13, (ig. 17; Fig. 2f>G--J 

LlNOSTll.()K 195511. p •. 595, 1'1. 2, figs. 19.20. Fig. 3

• Ftgllre 25. A~H. Drepanodlls sp. cf. D. arcllBtll5 PandH. A.II. sy...."trlcalblcostatedrepanodifor1l8;C,llniccstatedrepanodlfOl'lll:F-K,acostcat"dr"panodlfonns: 

0, olstodtfo'rm; E, ?oiatodi[ono. tnnH laterat 

vie'Js. left ot cenu,,: outer latceral views, rlghtc of tc"nrre. lliustratlons 

are all :

Fhur.. 26. A-F. Proropanderodus r .. c~(l.in

~. Connd01Hs ~f .,thh 'p"cies have ,harp po't,e~ior and ~nurior 

"""r&ln', white matter and striated to definately costate hterd 

.urface" Thlre 10; a lIimp~'''.lly_triCal asy_trie31 syantry tnn"itlon, 

Thec"aracter18ti6,ofthisllpeciesbestlluitthe&e1)us~ 

panderodu" It is consequeQ.tLy reWlved frolll Scolopodus ..here It wa.. tenutivdy 

pLaced by LindlltrOID (l9SSa). 

De"seription. Constituentelell>l!-nlsof P. peseLephantis are slllnea1"Iysy"""'tTic..1 forms and located BOre 

po"tetiorly on forms ~l.th ,nong, inward deflection of the ~usp. St1"ong1y 

u y....tr1ea\ fo~s have coStae In an oute1" postero-Iateral ~~itl0n only. 

Some fOnls Indic..te the presence of a curvature transition. 

RelUrks. There are only a fewelelllent,ofP. peaelephantillpre",rved 

in the Collbs ...... Fo"""tion and t.herefore any atrong ccmclusio[l9 about the 

nat UTe of it!l lIpparatu!I cannot b~ IIade. It !,ould apP"'~r. however. \hat the 

apparatus is ,im1lar to other ,pecie' of Protopandcrodus.

PRClTOPA.'U>ERODUS RECTUS (Lindstrom, 1955) 

PI. 3. fig.... 12-1bb; P). -I), fi!!~. '5. 16; Fig. 

lHOSTllOM 1955., p. 549, pl. 2, flg5. 7~ll; p. 593, pl. 4, ftgs. 2L-~S. 

flg.3k; 

~:;;l;Z~;:';.345:' pi:' 1: figS:'1:2. " 

SWEET and Il::RGSTROM 1962, p. 1221-1227, pI lb/!, fig.... 2,3, fig, Ill; 

p. -1222., 1'1. 1_~9. fill;. II, Hg. 11; p. 1246, pI. 1&8, fig~. 13,\6. 

HAI1AR \91>4. p. 25], pl. 1, figs. 6,7. It.., , \8. Fi g. (,.' ~; p..258, pl. I. 

figs. 10,12,13,17. FillS. 4:4~.b; p. 182, pl. 2, figs. (,,1, Figs. 

6:9,11. 

FAHRAEUS 1961" p. IS, 1'1. 2, fig. 3b; p. 16. pl. 2,f,I&5. Sa,b. figs. '-e, 

[.II,;p. 17, pl. 2, figs. 7a,b. Fig. lb; p. )(J.pl. 3, fig. ii, 

Fig.2k. 

\'IlRA19f.7. p. 321, Fig.... 1:12,13. 

8AR.~~_a~d POPLA....SKI 1973, p. 782, pl. 3. figs. 1,4,';, pl. 4, fig. 15. 

~ 

\'1111..1. 19H. p. 46, pl. S, figs. ]).26, Figs. 25,26; p. 48, pl. 4, fillS. 

21-23, Fig. 29; p. 49, fl8S 30,31,34,D2,',)} 

~OZIKI976, Hgs, 16'1-d,/,l. 

Uesniptiol'l. P. t.eetus has ~ICOState drepanodlforms "nd 1\ui;l-cu~t.. te 

I 

I., 

~c costat.. dr"l'~nodifor",s have a lony, and ~len:l.. r prod/ned. 

~uber..C\ or reellned "usp "ith ""~t,~" In ,~ poste.o-late.al 0'051 t Ion. 

These costa.. begin nen. the basal mar~in. and continue to the tip of the 

eus.". On SY~"lrkal drCp;\Mdiforms they arc ('arh po~,erlorl)" hounded hy

a furrow. Asy""",nlcal fonns have a fun"", bounded costa" on one 1at~ral 

face only, The Inner lateral face" h~,'e a costa or c~rlna that is positioned 

mOre cennally ""d I" bounded ny a fun·ow near the base oniy . 

The. disposition and diGtinctne~. of ,~.. lat.. ral r.ost~e On dlffeunt forms 

olefin"" a "y...etric"l "'symrnetricalsy,,",.etry transltl'On.l

PROTOPANOEROOCS VARICOSrATUS (5"""t and ll... rgsuoa:. 19(2) 

1'1. 4. fiBS. La~ 7b; Pi. I~. figs. I, la; Fig. 27"'-£ 

SI.TET ~() IlERGSTRO!1I9&2, p. 1247, pl. 168. figs. 4-9, Fig". l .. ,c,k. 

1'.11245, pl. I&S, fig. 12, Hg. Ie. 

HAMAR 1964, p. 284, pI. I, figs. 1,2, Fl gs. 4:7a,b; p. 281~282, 1'1. 

2, figs. 16,17;1'.282, pI. 2, figs. lO,It. 

HA-'lAR f966, p. 7~, pI. J. flg. 18. fig. p. H, pI. 3, fig. I, 

Vllll.A 1974, p. 123, pI. 5, fillS. 23,24. Fig. 11>0: p. H9, pl. 5, 

fig.)D, Fig. lSI. 

.!!£!lOZIK 1976, Fig•. 16e-g. 

1 SyTIIIII..tri.cal 

Discussion. ThB species of Pro(op""dnodus ha. flU,",HOU. repre.e~tatlves 

in th" Cobb. ~rll1 Formation. "nd she... a

-83- ./ 

~I~ 

----- ------J~"

- 

om, 

third of the length of the CUllP anJ has a slightly "im'ouS basal 

macgin. 

Tclco" ~at~ drcpanod i focms ace s i.,ilar to th~ syrort_el rica1 forlllS 

only in th~ fact that the cusps ar~ hmg and alend"r; costate and not 

twisted oUI of th" plan.. of th... base, but dHfer in that On'" lateral face 

has tWO lon~iludinal costae; the oth... r "

tlp of th.. ~u~p. 

The oul'H lateral hce .Is cunv"". 

~,I'.va.rlco.tatu5probablyevolvedfro",p.reclus.thrOUgh 

the addition of audliliry laceral costae, 50"",llm" Inch" upper ....r"nlltlan 

(DZik.1976),~-"!.!contlnued"'!Cl\:alni_l~hangeuntilatleastthe 

IlIlddle Lland"ilian and th"" c"a""d to cKi"c ...h.. r .. a~ P. v3ri~ostatu". and 

its predecessors, undeNcntchang... rhatculmlnated in the Ashgtll "iCh 

1', InscuIptu', an "hmgate protopaltdHodld having forms ... tth douhle lat- 

~. 1'.!9Ispecimens(157Sym:nelrlcaL:nuLtlcosUHed.epanodiforms. 

327 nlcost"le d.epanodl for-s. 581 aSylr.lllCtr1caI multi~ost.. te dr..panodHn....', 

226 non-costate scandodiforms). 

r ..."ilyUNK.-:OIorn 

Genu~ STAACHA:-lOmiATIIUS Rhodes, 1955 

~,StraChanognalhUSparvus.RhOdes.195" 

D1s~usslon, n... afflnill.. s of this genus are nOt ~I"ar. 1 t Is _of 

"lmp1e ~oM type but for th.. rr.. s ..nce of a single larg, basal c3vitiesare shallOlJ and thC surface of theforllls 

-lacl

pres","t .ti~e t "'~8Ign this genu~. to any {lre~ently described {a",lIy. 

I STAACIl.ANOGN ....THUS P"RVUS Rhodes,19.'>.'> 

Pl. 2, flg~. la~4b~ Pl. ~ fig. I; Ug. 28F-I 

• 

MODES 1955, p. In, pt. 7, fig. 16, pl. 8. flg~. 

BERGS:rROH 1962, p. 55-56, pt. J, figs. 1-6, Hg". 2b,3h,i. 

IIOLSKA 1961, p. J58, pl. 5. fis-s. 6a,b. 

SERP"CLI 1967, p. 71-11, pt. 29, flgs. ~a-c, ?Sa-c. 

BERCSTROM, RIHand KAY 1974, 1'1. I, fig. 7. 

DZIl< 1976, Figs. 14j,\

!.!.Fcv...££.1..!!. A, Rhodesognath~s sp. cf. IL elegiln!' polonicu~ Ozik: oral 

view, top; hteral view, centre; 3.b"ral view, botto..; XJ7. B. Amorphognathussp.•cf.A.lna"gualh,-A.klelcenslstrans1tion:ora~w, 

tup; lateral view, centre; ..bnralvlew,hntto..;';)1. C, Westergaardo_ 

.~-W ~~E,c~~~.~~~l~~s~:~(:n:~~~'o~:~t~i=:::a~o;~e~;,t~~:~t; 

~:~:~' f~~~~o~T~S.~~Y~1 ~~~:~h~:~=~~th~(~n~;r~~:e~:~:~~~~"~:;; ~~~"tcentre; 

outerl-,It"ral views, rIght ofrpntre; XS).

.- ..... 

Superf&l!lily PANDERODONTACF.A Lindstrom, 1970 

~" Undllnom (1910) prOPOlled this superfa"Uy for cJ.odont 

species with apparatuses consisting of !limple .cOne conodonls with 

or ..ithOUl lateral coslae or ""Tinll" and for related 8peCi~G having fO ....8 

w1th" ro" of dent~"lell po"lulorl~. Importa,n tn Pand..rodonlatea. b~ 

definition, t .. the pru..nce of flnelongltudl,alstr1atlonsonthecusps 

of the constltuentelellentS. 

Middl

Th" apparatus shows a simple sy=etrlcal asy""ui,trlclll symmetry 

tn,nsHlon and a ~urvlltur" transHion, characteristic Of type IIta apparatus"s. 

Theapparatu" ..ay be reduced In nuroberof .,lements nUb; g. 

8elodi..a). 

Genus 8t:LOOtNA [thin"ton, 1959 

TypeSp.,"l..... Belod"'''!ltandlsSta'Uffcr, 1935 

IlELODINASERRAT",(Dzlk,1976) 

PI. 4,lIgs. Ba,b; PI. 14, fig. 4; Fig. 

DZIK 1976, p,422,Fig. 14f, pi. 41. Fig. J. 

this, there is " hairline furrow that begins al II small notth in the base 

and

-90- ./ 

~gure 29. A, Belodina serrata (Dzik). B,C, Belodina n. sp. A: B, belodiniform; 

C, eobelodiniform. F,G, Pseudobelodina n. sp. A: F, belodelliform; 

G, oistodiform. 0, Belodella n. sp. s. f. Barnes and Poplawski, 

1973. E, non-denticulated belodeiiiform from the Belodella n. sp. A 

apparatus (Fig. 32). Note the similarities betwee~a serrata 

and the belodiniform of Belodina n . .c;p. A. Inner lateral views, left 

of centre; outer later views, right of centre. Illustrations are all 

X74.

." 

appa~at"s 

represent non-dellt.lculated panderodtforms. 

ltat"r1al. 

)Sp"'I""'"5. 

BqOD'::SA n. sp. 

Pi. 4, figs. ~""b. 113,b; 1'1. 14, fi~. 7; Fig. 29B, C 

A 

Description. Belodlnan. sp. Asppears to have a type IllbapPHatu.'lcomprl$lngbeladlntformsandeobelodiniforms.' 

, ' 

The belodinHonns ClI" be differentiated into erect and procl1ned 

for~: both ;Ith 7 t09 dentlcles on the posterior .."rgin thal begin at 

the bas" of ~ cusp and contin"l upward for three q,,!'rters of its length. 

TI,e ..' ....llllng edges of the element an, $harp. The basal cavity Is trlangular 

and penetrates One third the len&th of theele""'nt. 

The "obelodlnifonosare strongly compressed laterally and 

... sharpedsed. The straight posterior edge of eheeu..pi.. "e"rp"ra]I"l 

",ith, and "",re than t"tee the length of, the basal ",~rgin. The anterlnr 

edge l~ cOnvex and continuously curved to the basal "'",gin. 

lloth form elements hav" fine longitud.inal Striations on the 

lateral faeesanda11ledlanfurroIJonth.. outersurfare. 

Re"",rks. 

Belodinan. sp. Ahas thegene,,,1 ch"racteri"ticsof3elodinaco"'pr......a. 

but th.. 

b..lodlniformo:of Belodinan...p .. Ahave""",ller 

B. compr'-5sa. The eobelodinlform50f Belodinan. sp. A have much longer 

1_. 

I1at..rl"l. 30 specimens (16 belodln! forms, l~ ..ob..lodinl for,,-s).

-"-92- 

G~nug PA.~DEROOUS Ethington, 1959 \ 

Tv?",. Species. Paltodua unicogtatus Branson and M~hl, 1933 

PANDERODUS GRAClLlS (Br..nson and !1ehl, 1933) 

1'1.5, figs. 1.-7; Pl.; 14, fig. 3; Fig. JOA-E 

(' 

BRANSO~ and :olEH!. 1933, 1'. 108, 1'1. 8, figs. 20,21; p. 109, 1'1. 8, fig. 19; 

p .. ~2, 1'1. 3, fig. 3; p. 42,. 1'1. 3, fig. ~. 

STAUFFtR 193511, p. ISO, pl. 12, figs. 1,7,26; p. 142, pl. 12. fig. 18; 

p. 1~2, 1'1. 12, Ug. 16. 

STAUfFERI935b, p. 61:1, 1'1. 74, figs. 6,8,9; p. 612,1'1. 74, ftgs. 1,2,11. 

1)-15,19; p. 612, 1'1. 74, figs. 4,7; p. 613, p1. 7~, Has. 3,16. 

STAUFFER 1940, p. 427, 1'1. 60, fig. 6; p. 427, 1'1. 60, fIg. 10; p. 427, 

pl. 60, figs. 8,9; p. ~28, pl. 60, figs. S, 12,13,11; p. ~28, pl. 60, 

fig. 11. 

1lRA.'1SUNandMEHtI943, 1'.386. Pl. 64, !i,g.'b; p. 38b.,p1. 64, figs. 7.8. 

BRA.~SON 1944, pI. 11, figs. )",~4.3S; 1'1. 12,. H8S. 20-23, 25-28. 

1lRA.~SO:-l

-9)- 

ETIII~GTO~ 1959. p. 284. p\. 39, ftg. 4; p. 284, pI. 39, fig. 2; p. 21'1'. 

pl. ). ·ns. 

lIA~\!I1l 1964, p. 271- 7:1, pI. 1. f \ 11:". 2',.21'>. FI ~,.. 1>; 2a. 1>; p - 272, pl. \. 

[ir."· 28.29. flll" -"J 

HA.KNH 1'l6J. ~. 12,1'1. I, [1". 1'l. rl. 2. fiK. 17; p. 72. pI. 1. fl;:. IH. 

I'. 72.1'1. 1. fig. n. 

22-14. t·ll\. ):);1'_ (,).1'1 I. liK_ h: 1'1 I. (If',. 7. 

OBHC 19(,(•• p. 140. pI. I',. 11K. 1\; p. 11,0, I'\' It>, fig. ); I' 11,(1. pI \'l. 

1 I ~t . 17; p. l 4n, I' I. 15 , Ii>,. I 

piS. f i 1'\. )(); p. 6~. pI- ~. [1~R. 22.2 1 ,. 

11l'.BEIlS \')1-,1-.. p. 3R, pl. 2. fiK". Ib.I>.'1... h: ~. )fl. pI. 2. I ilt~· I?, 11;

PI. 9, fig. 20, Fig. 3;20; pl. 9, !Lg, 24,Ftg. 3:24; pl. 9, fil!. 25. 

Fig. ):25; pl. 9. fig. 26. Fl~. ):26; pl. 9, fig. 27, Filt. ):27; 

pl. 9. fig. 28, fig. );18. 

ANORt:WS 1967. p. 895, pI. 113. fig. 3; p. 89b,pI. Ill, fig. 9. 

100 and KOIKt: 1967, p. 12, 1'1. I, fil's. 1..... b,lO••b. Fi~. 4b; p. 15, 

pI. 1, f i I;.~. l-5. fll(, 4j; p. 2 I, 1'1. 1, f I ~s. 11, I J.. , h, 14~, b, 

fi .... 5.~; ?p. 18. 1'1. I, figs. 1.2, Fi.... 5\0. 

p. ~9, pI. 23, f I ..... 1~-2c. 

W£l"ANT 1968, p. 55. pl. 5, fl .... 7; p .. ~~, pl. b, f1g~. 1,2; p. 51>, pl. 5, 

fi;:. 4; p. ~6, pi, S, (il;.•. 1,2; p. 57. 1'1. I, fl~s. S,b; p. 57, 

pl, 5. fl~. 3; p. 58. pl. S, fj)o:. n. 

qOl\l:~SKY .1nd JAlIHREIl 1911." p, 57, pl. 4, ri ... ~. 1.2. 

~o1S~,'I.r.~K() I'J 73, pl. I, fiRs. IJ, 14; p. 33- 39, pi 

l8,pl. I. flR. 15. 

I, firs. 

nr~n 197,',_ p. IS. 1'1 1, fiK". 7-14 

r,-j;'l;,"n J'urp".s('s, n'e rha':'rlni,ti"s nr 11", "rpM,'I".~ kw.' {h,,~ not 

~"·""""I.k.~1 '''y_,·try tn,nsltion or riv,' forms; ro", "f ",1,ld\ "','r" pr..-

-95- 

,\... r,~.]))'! ~! 

~ ~ . ...; 4j" '?~~. 

iI(,r')jT ji 

' tr,,~!).~ H 

, ~ ~ 1 Jj I ~g 

. ~ ~ . E 

~~-~rDlJi1t\,. 

"( \!J if 

~ 'v Iii==;) ~ • ~ c 

~ . 1\ E ~ 

,~o ~ ~,~. eo. 

~~ '~ I:~ \\ \ ] ~ 

t .~ ~ ~' f ~~ 

~ ~-~ ~!

chau,ctt,rlst;c of a typ" Ill.' aPI'",a!tl". 

~occllr~lnnbUlldanc,,\nbO\hth"N

I 

The nearly sY1ll!lletricai gr"clild IMnder"diforWls are very ~imi1ar 

t" the sY"'"'C1 rl c.,l forms but lack an Inn... l~t"Tal furro,,", and bas,," 1 

notch. Thesharl'oT"l edge of tlo"b..."" occuple" a slight outer latcral 

po~l t ion and the lateral ""Atae are nOl qui Ie "yllllt_"trlc"llv :" of this fnen is pnsl t ion..d ..,,,... nutPr l"t"r.,ll~ ""m"who'l paT- 

"lId to Ih.. fUTTOW ''', the "uter latcr.,l fa~e. A n.1rrmJiv r"",,

Th., apparar,,~ appeau to have five dtfferent for.. Itroups rhar 

exllibit a curvature transiti"n series superimpos\. 17. 

r.TIll'1Gtoli 1958. 1'1. 39, ri~. II. 

HA.'1/\R I~bl,. p. 25~. pl. I, fl~. J; p. ~I:>._h~. pl. I. flKS. 4," FI~ 

IIF.RCSn,)~. a"oJ S.... r.ET 19hh, p. 101-3Il:> , Vi. 1:>, 11jl.", 7-9. 

IlIl.;'lAR 1961>, p. loll. I' 1, 2. f j I'S . I. 2 , 10. ~. j ~," . 

SCHor F 19h1l, 1'. 51. r I. ~. f (~. I, t"i ". 7b: p. 11. rd. ~, f 1,~, 70, FI >:.. 7a. 

I (~J and KOl Kl 196/. p. 12, p]. 1, f 1"". 2 I • ~ 2. F j f;. I.e; ?p. pl. I, 

SERP/ICU 1967, p. 18-19, pI. 9, flf\s. (,,,-Ii,; p, 11-14, pl. h, fi"", 1.,.h, 

Dn/( 191~. p. 4)R. Fll;~. 

""'~1 of ..hlrh :ore orn"ml'n{f>rl .. ltll la",,,,\ """';'1' .~nrl IM~il",li",~1 stri,, 

t!,'ns. Thr "ppnr"tus ha" " sym"",'y tr,~n"l{lon ""rl .. " of forms .. I,ll

-99- 

/ 

4((Lf~~O~~, 

~"''''{(A))~~~ 

".' D ", 

~ !f ,\ r ;t E~ • ,';, 

F~E ~~./..O=G~~,'" ~'.' 

"~" Ie ~;# 

/ \ . '~~'., 

~~ ~ ,"", ~ 

'- 

, r. ~ ~ 

,~"~~,~J 

\ J .. I -,,,,,,,,.~ 'O' I J 

~ t,,:~~~L~ 

0 \, G '; -0 ' 

111 ~~ !/c:, K 

II ~ OJ ¥;. ; ~. ~ .• 1; 

'-_ .. .. ~ 

~:~~ A-J, Panderodus mutatus (Branson and Mehl): A, synunetrical 

, crodiform; B-G, asymmetrical inner costate panderodifonns; H-J, 

~~r~cal Outer COstate p'lnderodifonns. Inner lateral views, left of 

M, BY~t~ter lateral views, right of centre. t.!"I, ?Panderodus n. sp. A: 

left) K leal form; L, asymmetrical form (outer lateral view, to the 

.• panderodiform (residual). Illustrations are all X59.

coarsely 9ttl.n"d ,"urbc"" and has, in addItion, ~ymmetrlcal forlOs "'lth 

The coarsely strtated forms h~ve long procl ined to erect sharp 

edgedc"spsth,tar",contlnuou"lycurvedwiththep""rerlorlyel

conodont "ith a rouod"d anterior m>lrgln. a costate pOHetlor ••"rgln, 

""",11 d"velol'''

coHa" (Ia;~. 

W"lllseTodus) 

S_,,_,,!lacon'lod,,~ (Ozlk. 1976). FTO," ScalpeJlodus, it is pOSSible to dedv~ 

the l'enu5 IIei0dellaby thedevelop"",nt of po,teTlor deoticles and 

gen"s~byth"devclo?,""ntoflateTalcoS["c.Nc ... r... n"s,\could 

the 

be det I v"d f to", Be lod"ll a by t he den tI c\lI.~t ion {' f the an te r i Or "ar>::n 0 ~ 

one or roote of the constlt"enl IOr.,5. The g.. noL~ ~~(~.!.I_"-d_i.,,a n. gen. 

has ,h.. compositional charaetetlsttcs of aelodln

J,I, ~~'1~~,-J;; A-f., :k", l;cl1"~ ~ I ~,;~~~; ,.A ~,. ~~J~~~7~ ,',;~ ~a ~. I>,I,~~:~:: ~,~., 1,,- 

1>"1,,,11,-",,_.'1 .. h,'I"d.·ll I r",..; II, M"~''''''' I>.n~ X~ I.

d.",'i~I~5 on the postedor OIlIrgln, and 1M)' conllequently bear dos'! al~ 

finltytothegenus~.n,etendencyfo.sc"lpellodustOpr(Jd(Jce 

denticle••;H' be seen. at a later s"age In develop"",,,t, in the ~Iddle 

T"bl.. Head fo"."tlon (Dr. I•. E. fllhra~us, petS. "Olllfll.). ~ Middlp. Urdovi,,- 

lan.peci.e"of~}lodu'''C""rsl:>thcCObh",\.mFnr",a''Ion. 

1\0 "vld~nr., of

allterlor ll'.arll.ins and deep [r[""g"l,,r b"s,,\ ""vi t{e~ th~t have th"l r a~jc"s 

at the potnl nf 1M>:!,"u'" ,,1,,"'"t "urvatur". Narrow r:~dnae run the length 

of the "I .."",nt n"ar the centre of "ach lateral fare. 

Nemarks. Very fp~' .. l"",,,nt& of this species were recove red and sO 1t 

is "nllkely th,1[ th" nature of the whOle apparatus Is repr"s.m["d b~ the 

d... ~rrlpt ion... 

Rlodella n. sp. s. f. (Bllrn"" and rr]""'~~I, 197)), fro.. the 

29 al(}n~. wi th a nr'n-dent [""lllte,1 b.. l"dei II form fr"m the pos~ lhl v r"lated 

I? "O"-d""li, FI~. 14,,-... 

"wl

cu..alur

- 

•• ]...."'H ,wilr th~ "nf~rl,'r "",r"in of th" la,Hal f

Ger.u. I,IALLISERO[JU~ 

S~~I-'''~II. 

'mil a ..uite oj ~ost~l" pal'odlronr.s in a j(~A

-110- ./ 

t~{;~l.t..· Wall1serodus ethingtoni (Fahraeus): A, symmetrical multicos-

(J 

-Ill-~ 

be conv"" or ~h3rp 

Sy"""ctrical """I,I"""la,,, d'epanodlforms h,w~ " co.late postc'- 

lor ....gin, a convex "oterioT "'aut 

these beL: in 

So"", dIs,,,,,"", up the cJem..nl. Other asy,c,""nlcal forll'tS s..ay ~" cos\

I ,. 

~s a~YL'"""trieal m"ltiCo~tale drepanodif"rma. 21 non-co~u.te drepanmj;- 

torms, 

10 strongly bwpd dr"pano di lor"'~). 

WALl,lSEROlJlJS lIAKtIOl..'lF.NSIS (lIa..... r, 1(166) 

PI. I, figs. I-Sb; Pl. I~, f ii;. l2; n". 

DlIKI'l7&, Fll'os, 14q-t. 

slrla~lon'" lhi" sped'-'s has a type La apparatu~ th~t sho,,'S a simple .ymrIOst 

of which are ctlaracterHed by lateral costae and fine lonp,ltudhal 

\i 

"OstateandaSym:.eUICalbleostatedrepanodlformstonon-rostate inll"ddrepanodilor",S, 

The e05tate e\efllen's havll slender suberect topr"cllnedcu.PS 

and deep basal ca"Hle~ thaI have their aplc"~ near ,h" ,,"terl'" .... rgiLl 

at the point of l'oreatest ele"",nt c

ili~_r.!'.-2. A-E, W,'111~erodu" nakhol~n~ (H;,lmar); X62, A, "y..,...trical 

.."lticostatedrep''''Odifor",;B, trlcost",e

....~y""""'trical blcostate drepanadlfanns ha ..., an In..ard ,,,,Is led 

cusp, a convex auter surface and a planar to slightly eM"J"X Inn"r surface 

of the base. The posterlor lItargln ,Df the cusp ls broadly carinate 

frornlts tip to Its base whereupon It hero"",s Lndlstlnct.Theanterlor 

...srgin is sharp 'lnd slightly curved posteriorly. Mauler pos,erlor costa 

b"l!insn".. th"basal lfIargln andcontln"es to the tip of the cusp. The 

sharp ora! edge of th.. base isnol rontlnuous",ithth"carlnateposterior 

margin of th"cu..p, but r41h.. r It contl"ue" a short distance up th"cusp 

bet,",,,en th" posterior margin of the cusp a"d th" out.. , lateral casta, to 

"he,,,lrbeco",,,,, Indistinct. ".hort cst:. Is often p,cscnton th.. in,,", 

11H,nan_castatelnwardbu....ddrepaLlodlformsaree,,,,,,exour..-a rd 

and taperedth"lr full leng:b. The posleriar .."rgln af tile LUSp Isn.lcco",l:; 

rounded but becomes indistInct n,,,,c Its 1>"5C. The or.ll cd~... uf '.h" 

b.lse issha

fjsur~ 36_. A-I:. .l!.illJ.!!.ro.d~ n. 5p. A: 11., sy_lrlc.~l lIulticMlate 

drcpanodifor m ; 1:\, a"ynroecdcd .lUltlro"cale dr"p""odlfor m : C, trlCu5 

catedr"panodtforOl: n. asyo""",rlcalbicostat"dr".,,,nn,J,fo,,.;E. in 

"'''r,Jbu'....ddrcp.1nodlfor... F,oistodlfor.. ' (residual). G,strachan 

"r.n"t'dfor m (n,sidl>"I). Inner la,~r "Iews, l

symm... try transition compf!slng fOllr "lllll~ostat.. dr"panodifon"s and "",. 

In",ardbo"edandunlcostat ...

"'h ;cr, narro"''' to " round..d r!rl~" ..m th~ bas". "1oi,; rldgt· I" out"an!l V conv"x 

~nd in"ardly planar. A po~t ..clorly pos,tJl>""d ~"~1a "" th.. l>ut.. r laleral 

fa"" bellins n~ar th~ basal ..argln and rontlnues up th" rusp to Its 

lip_ A" antt:ri"rly positil>ned cost" on th,· IneL~r I,Heral f.'r" runs most 

of the It'''llth of th" "h",ent. The beLa.' of thlg for.. ha. near parallel O\lt- 

The 

inlo'ardlybo,",,,ddrepanodltormsaretap,,redandho~tecior and anterior marllins that art! s01Jt!"h~l curv~d i"""rd. Tto"

"itionlo~'!i!.,butappearstohav"d~sc.."d"dfrQman""tlr"lydifand 

~.,l"dina 

,u" probably du" tn " ...olutionary con ..... rK""'c. 

PSEUDObELODINA". 51'. A 

PI. 7, fl~". lla-13b; PI. 14, 14, f i[(s. 14 .l~; flit. tif ,G 

ETlIl~·t:TON and SCHUMACHER 1969, p. 465, pl. 1)8, fil;S. 5,9. Fig. 41; p. 

1)8.1']. 68, figs. 1-4, Hg. Sc. 

IIERGSTROM, ~IVA and KAY 1974, 1'1. I, fig. 11. 

!Jescrlptio:l. TIllssp"ci"sh"sbelode1l;tornandolstodiformc on - 

The belod..lIHorCl" ha....... r"la,.I ....,ly short. cOClpr"ssed 'lIld 

sloarp-"d~ed C\lSP that is followed l'0steriorl y by a ro'o: of 10 to 1S small, 

sh.up. basally c,,,,fluent and l'lterally compr"ssed tl"ntlcles that sho"" .. 

near con_t..1nt inclination of about 20 degr...,s '0 the cusp. TI,c anterior 

m:lrgin of th" elernent is sharp and continuouslY cur...ed frum the basal 

marK,n to theti"of the cusp. Eachlat"tal farecatTlesanarrowlytOund..dcarina""loichheglnssllsh.tlyposteriorof 

the midline on th.. cuspand 

continues par~tl"l to th.. "n(eriOT ",argin down to the basal ",ar'l;n. 11,,, 

innH lateral ~"ce is slightly concav" with .. near plan." basal margin 

whereas (h" outer L,,:£ is con...ex ""It.h .1 basal l:IaTgln that fl."re" out",,,rd 

in the region of thecarin.1. Thcba5alcavity is trh.ngular l:\outl1n.. 

"'lthltsapexnear th" anterlot,.IIrgin about hatf "'''y ul'lh.. element. 

The O10re a5y""",trlc

- 

is slightly In",,,rd ddl"cc"d. Th.. anterior ,url!>ln Is contl11"o"sly 

curv"dfro,nr.hetlI1"fthecusplO the basal """rgln. Th"posterior.,,,rglO 

of the cusp Is ~lI&IHly cOllca"" and continuouS ... ttl> ttl.. k.. ~l"d COl\V"~ 

planar to slightly co"v.. ~ ...h"r~as tlL.. Inner later" I face and I tS basal 

.,argln ~r" broadly cnve> tWO ~ped"S "ere not found to b" 

~r~.I.I ..e~,th"CompOSitiOnnfth.. apl'aratuSofthi" 

genus app"ar~ to be n./Iuced In com~arhon '"~ t\'IOre, norTllal apparatu>;~~ "f 

.!'i!!'.:!.!.;:'.~.

- 

allledorlyon al least OlLe of the ~o,,~tltucn[ [or"'s. Then' Is a stmpl~ 

syllUl",etdcal "sy...etrlcal sy""",try transltlnn only U.."-!:- apparatuS lb) 

~a:w CE~.mS An_ ~p. A 

Plo 7 _ f litS. IIo-l~b. Pl. IS, fiit s . 1.2: fli\_ 

~.ThISSpecieSha~a"I"'PleSytrf\letrytran~1tIOnfro... 

sY""""trlCal and asy...,trlCal ble"sutc belodeIIU"n." throui\h "deostate 

\ 

andacostatebelOdelllf"rms to an ant .. rtorly and 

posterIO( 1 )'dentlcul:,oled 

away fro" the cu"l'· There a"" t"O latcral costae "hlch oestn a' the ti.p 

of th" Cll'p "od conti[\ue rlown the anterior ..... rgin of th" bMle ...here they 

become coua-1Ik" proc"~s"s. TI,e lateral faces of the base are planar_ 

The basal cavity is trianglliar and ~hallO", with Ito ~~px neat the antcrn,,, 

sy_ttleal bleost..!C belod"tllformhas a relatively Inn!': 

and slender erect (.\lSP ,,!th " conve~ "C,ed"r lIlargin and a sharp posterjor 

lIlarjl;tn. The ar~d oral lMq~ln of til" base has about 10 co..pr"ssed, 

sharp and basally confluent denttcl"s that silo'" Incteasinglncllna,lorl 

\ 

lor ",,,rgin about one thltd the dlstance llP th" base. 

ThCaSy....,ttlCalblc"sratebeIOdelilforlllSloavea,rcl;

Th" cusp of the unlcost.. te b"lodelllfor", Is aoout One ''.s a Short. compr"ss"d 

and shArp-edged cusp ..nd den(ituh'e

I 

The latter [OTlIlis similar to [or.... deurlb,,

',- 

( 

~i· 

the .." (or.." Into an apparatus; ralher. they are all dlffer.me andh.vc 

the 

lrregularlt1 Hkely co be "hOWl1 by dH""1 dentlcles 

!iateefal. 

6 sped""'''s. 

Suburder PR!OS;OOONT/.~A nzik, 1976 

Superfamily ~RIO~TODU);TACr.A (Bassler, 1925) 

DisruSSlon.l1nd"troro'~(1970),dlagnoSiSOfPri"niO~!ncorporatcs 

eArly 3ppHaluses co"'prlslnl( olstodlfor",s, compound forlll.'i "ifh a 

sy,....ctry transition 'cdcs and pL

a.e c~~uct"rh:"d by asyll\ll>Ctrlcal for"'-~ with tWO brancheS, lInd so, follo~'- 

ing.D.II: (I'H6),~hplac"dwithlntbe ,.u~ordi'!r~ 

Ozlk, u,b". than within the suborder I'doniodontlna. 

of type V apparatus_ Within th~ 

hmLly 3alop.n:lthidoc, """"r?huen".!.h~ and 

andRhod

Ge~."s AI'10Rf'HOCSATlIU$ Bran~on and Mehl, 

~. .v.orphogn,,~hus ordovld~us Branson _d H..hl, 1933 

...."I0RPHOCNATHUS sp. d. A. IHAEQUALtS-A. KlELCF.SSlS tranS. 

Flg.2BB 

Oescdption. This ,peel;:" is rO'~ns..nt"d by only t"o broken amorphoKnathifor..sthnhave"'longslr

Genus EOPLACOGNAfHUS HOIII

Figure 37. A.C,D, Eoplacognathus robustus Bergstrom. B.E,F, Eoplacognathus 

lindstroemi (Hamar). G-I, Pohplacognathus sweeti Bergstrom. 

n,F, dextral ambalodiforms; C,E, sinistral ambalodiforms; A,B,H,I, 

polyplacognathiforms; G, ambalodiform. Illustrations are all X58.

1. . 

procen develops from the cusp at an angLe of about liO degr..e~ ..1th the 

posterior proc""s.lt l .. Il""dy.uaight,"....lyequal tn length with the 

posterior process and 1s strongly flexed d""'" away froOl the cusp. 

The Slnhtuo.l alllbalodifOTm is not a 111lrrored t .... ite o! the d"xtratambalodtform. 

Posterior and Lateral pro""""O!sAreneAr!Yequal in 

lo'.f\lllh and s"t at an angle of abuut 90 degrees. The poHedor pro"'''''' 1,. 

cllrved slightly ""t" ... 10r1y whereas the Lote.,,1 proceu is stral~hl and 

is flexed strongly do,"," a~'ay frOIl the U.st or seconc denticle "nredor 

to the cusp. The ""cedor process Is more than twice the length of the 

posterior pracess, Is capen,d tn a point and Is denlitulat"d In "t"Uar 

fashior, to th" dextralamalodiform. ThE'dentlc!erO"sof the posterlor 

"1'1,1 anterior ptOCes~e~ ate sPt H an angle of about 110 degrees. 

The basal cavities of the a1lll>illodi forrls ,,"'tends down a1 1 ~rocesscs 

as narrow slits. 

The polyplacol';"athifo""s ate star-like pLnforllcon"dontS with 

fourlrreKularanddenti"."\ntedpro,,esses. Th""",indenti

Mntero-laaral pro"",." o~lgtnat"9 fro", ~h.. ""lOp an~ has a long, Hralght 

and tape."d posterior lobe ,,[til. a( l ..ast I~ dent1cl"", and a short and 

p[nt"dantertor Icb""ith thr...,or tour d"nt1cl..... 

Th" basal caVities of the polyph."ognathtforlll.1 ar" narrO\.' sIltS 

that contlnu" down all proceu.... , but they are hidden tn nearly all specirnensbybasal 

funnels "'hlch ..... broadly open b"n"ath th"poSterlnr ..nd 

poStero-lat..ralprocf!sSe"andlthichar"narroWbeneathth"ant"rlorand 

antero-laUral processes. 

I"......rtal. lOll speclmen~ (15 d.. x(ral "nd 17 siniHI~l 3rtbalodiform", 

7f, polyph.cognathlform.~). 

WPLACOCNATHU$ROIlUSruS 

Ilergstro",. 

PI. 10. figs 1-~, 7-8b; Pl. IS, fig. 6; PI 16. figs. 4-6; Fig. 37A,C,D 

IJOLSKA 1961, p. 346, ~l. I, figs. 6a,b; ;1" )46-47, pI. Z, figs. lla,b. 

1HA.'1AJ( 19610, 1'. U9-60, p1. S, figs. 5,12, Figs. S:2a,~ 

VIJRA 1961, Figs. ~: Ja .b. 

IlERCSTROMI911. p. 140. pI I, figs. 

VIlRA 1'J72, Hg. 8. 

VItRA 1974, p. 79-81, pI. 8. fillS. 16-18, Hg~. 811-91; p. 108-10, pl. ", 

figs. )-9,13-18. n!:i. 

DZIJ: 1916, FIgs. 32

to fO TIIl 

the dent;c"l.oted processes. 

The postedor proclUS h tongue-like, has about 7 101< J"ntlcLes 

~nJ Is sOlllel

The basal c .."itles of the ..mbalodiform. are narrow g~ooves 

occur beneath the three pror.eases. but they ar.. hidden by a balal hmllel 

that 

In .. I"'Ostalloftl""specl.mer.s. 

~.Thep01YP1"COgnathtformSOfE.rOb"st"Svar-Ylittlefro", 

those of E. l1ndstroemi. TI'" "'aln dendcle row ap;>eaTS 10 be a Ulll.. 

more sinuous and th" pial form flar" of tile postertor process broa~er on 

pnlyplacognatlllfor:hS of Eo robustu". The postero-latcral proc"ss and th" 

antcrlor lobe of the antero-l.aterat process are proportionately long.,r 

On polyplAcognalhlfonls of L 

I1ndstroe Rl L 

~.)16sp"cl_ns(83de"traland1U3siniStralamLalOdifora.fi, 

lJOl'olyplacogn",hlforl:ls). 

GenUll POLYPl.AC(X:~ATHUS S~auffH. 1935 

Type Sp..des. Pohrlacognathus ralllOsos St"uff..r, 

rULYPLAC()(;NA1llUS SWU:Tlllergstrom. 19i1 

PI. 10. figs. ))-15; PI. 16, fig, I: fig. 37G-l 

HA:1/l~ 19b6. pl. 5. fi~s. 10. II. 

llERGSTRO!-! 1971. p. 1~l-44. pl. I. figs. 1,2. F1~s. 14c.d. 

Oescr1ptlroceu that I" "et at an 

"nKl" of "hour 120 de~r"es t

pcri.~,eter 

0' the anrerlr proce99 t"'9 10'" ridies

fr~m 

the app3utUggg of I:sarecompl .. t ..- 

ly lacklol'; aod

----- 1"-.-~- 

. ,-.,:ir4~~~.... ,.

subclrcular cusp t;hat is about; one half the lengt.h of ~h.. base. A poat;erlor 

process and two equally developed lAteral processes e3ch have ..bo\lt 

8shortprocllneddentlcles. 

Thebelodlfonll8 are s[[Iilac to che trichonudelHfol""'s, but h..ve 

"sliithtly Invaro t"hr"d cusp, an inward con,av" postulor process and 

unequally developed lateral processes. The outcr-13teral process is wj~,,-r 

developed than the inner-later"lprocess andtogetber"lththeposterior 

process have shOtt. basally c:onflu"nt and "harp edged d~1\ticles. The in- 

L1er-lateul process My or may nut b....r dentides. 

n,e t",tr"pr;oniod1fo,,"s are "",,",11, elongale, slightly inward 

concave and have shonandslenders"bclreularcu"pS. Theposterio rand 

anterlor processes have (, or 1 shon and proclln"d Im'''rd directed dentieles 

"hereas the later"l process-like co"tse arl> undent1culH..d 

The hndd1ngodl ~orms have short e reet Clt~PS ~hat are aha rp-edged 

and btconvex. The sharp edges of the cusp continue d""'n and "",ay fro", the 

cusp"~ "",t.:1 Y 

"

ut sh"llowly ncavated. The roof of thc cavity I" "mooth exc~pt for the 

pr"sence of circular cavities ben..ath the node-lilte denticle. of the upper 

surf"ce of the element. 

!'!at... ria}. 1687 specimen.'! ('I'll pygodifo",s. 617 haddingndiforM. 15 

,.r\chonod"lllfoT_. 46 b"lo

naddlngodifoms stron&ly outoucber the tiny farllS 

series. 

of the Hut transition 

In only one sample did the sMll denticul.lted forlrla approach th 

hc

paralleillith thelnncr-DIIrglnaLrldge. The central rldg.. carrte" 10 to 

ISnode-likedentlcle... ~ 

R".... rlu;. TI,,,S" platforms have rhe outstanding characteristics of 

the platforms from the P,serrusapparlltu", but in the 11Itter ca,Se the 

....rginal rOilS of the platforms bur node-like dentlcles. the marginal rows 

of~n.sp.Aarenc·n-denticulated. 

It Is not cl",a[ whethf!'t or not the rf!'malnder of the "pp"r"tus 

Of~n.Bp.Alstrn.s.~"'eorslllltlattotheap;>aratusofp.serru's 

and P. '"-n!lerinus. ~ n. sp. A lias found in auodalion w1th ~h~...nts 

ofP.an~erlnus,butonlytheplatfonllele ....ntsweredistinctfro.. ~ 

serlnus. 

Genus RHOOES?GNATHUS S"q;sLnJm and 

Sweet, 

~.lunbaloduselc8ansRhodes,1953 

KHODt:SO(;NATHUS lip. d. R. ELf-GANS POI.ONICUS DzilL. 

Fig. 2M 

D.>scrlption. Only o~e complete specimen of this species .."s rccov~ 

credo It has four prace""e", three of IIhich divergp from the ~usp. Tlo,' 

shorpanl"r1orandposterioredgesofthe 8hore 

androbustc"spof this 

ele"""nt dcvclopSlntone

three procuses, It Is sunllOunted by sharp confluent dentlcles. 

ca"ity contln,,"S under all four proc"ss"s aa" broad open cavHy. 

Incollpletc apparHUS that Is assIgned lO Rhod"sosnath\lS because ot the 

"nuaual Md appsrent.fy cha",ct"rhtlc nature' of the ambal.,dlfo"" of lhe 

( 

genus. neaurfaceof the descrlbedel"...,nt doeS not bear the dIstinct!"" 

pattern of ,dnut", clo,."ly spaced pHs. charednlnQuestlon. ttle genus Rhodesognathua 

Is placed ...ithln Balogn"-thlda~ following Lindstrom (1970). 

~.3spec1"",n5. 

h ..tty PRIONIODOH!Ill\r: (Hassler, 1925) 

Dlscu•..ton. 

LindstrOIl(1970) Incorponted",lthln lhis fallily the 

Pr""louSly,lIerg.tron(19b8).tladrellardedthefor.. al'ecles 

Gothodus co.aul,Hu", Lindstrom a.r.

-------- 

a 81Ibg"n"s of Pdoniodu!I. lIergatroOland CoopH (L973) 

tlal for dl5til\l!.uishing Pricniadus evae,"and fo"",,,tth a similar type 

apparatus, as an independ..nt subgenus. They ''''sse,ted the appraprhte na"'" 

Serv.. g 1i 

(l914) 

noted th" poUI\- 

revi......dthenOll'll'nciatlIrediSClI..s(OnsandconcludedthelDOstsatlsfaClOrysolutton 

tabe to subdivide the genu' ~ 

tanlodns) and Prlonlodns (Oepll

-r - 

-141· 

GenU"ACODuspa"de...1:& 

~.AlltSp..et..&",ndCOnsequenttytncluded.uchdiffertngaPp11[- 

atuses"~th06.. of~",ndSColOPodus.lthaS~jnceb,,end"bated 

whelherth"hy"llnenatureofso.... Spec1.. & t"l",po..tant forclaastflcatlonor 

wh..th"r it 18 the ..esult ur ..nvi ..on....nt

-142- 

~ b·J ~ 

~~~~ 

ffi? 

Q ~& jJ)] 

~'~ ~ 

~/l?>~~ 

, G \:::::--. 

~~. 

Figure 39. ?Acodus n. sp. A: A. ?trichonodelliform; B, prioniodiform; 

C, tetraprioniodiform; D,G,F, cordylodiforms (I, 2 and 3 respectively); 

E, oistodiform. Inner lateral views, left of centre; outer lateral 

views, right of centre. Illustrations are all X42.

j 

I 

sharp posarlor"dg" t:har is continuous "teh th" aharpo ...allllll.rgin of the 

ba~..'. There are tWo posteriorly directed c""ta-lik,, procesns that do not 

app"" ... to be spmeUlcally dlspo""d. The b""al cavity 15 deep and triangular 

In troSs secrion. 

The prlonl9dlfol'lll.5 are !lupe[f1c1~lly sh,n"r to th.. trlchonodel- 

11 for... , but Ulustrste II lllOr" pronounced llSYlII]etry. The b"saltllargln Is 

convexou[wardandconc"ve inward. 

The utrllprioniodiforllS lIave a 

proclined cusp and sharp ant~rlor 

andpost"riorllat"ginsthatbeco",e,,[ronglykeeledon thebase.T\.toun- 

"qllallydevelopedandasy_tricallydtsposedprocess-LLkecostae",.."rg.. 

frollch"lat"H11fat.."ina"",r"ort..sspo"terlordlrect!on. 

Th" olsrodifon.1I have a robust. blconve~ and sh'lrp-.. dged cusp. 

Th" oral IMrgin of the base Is Sharp snd sbout as long as the cusp. The 

basal (:3Vity is lan(:eolate because of lateral flaring of the'basal ..argio. 

TI,ere are three forlnS of non-(:ostate elem"nu thn are be~t u'- 

garded cordylodifornu;. Oue (on> has a suberect ...nd very robust cu~p ..ith 

sharp anterIor and posterIor ..dges. The outer hce of th.. cusp is conv"x 

and th" Inn.. r faceisneaTlyplanar. The base ls short and not laterally 

e~pllnded. A se(:ond fom has a robust erect cusp "'hh sharp edges and conve~ 

lateral faces. Unl.lke tn.e first descrIbed forlll It 18 antera-poster l- 

oTlyextended. Thebasa!rLargin flares In both lateraldlree.tlaos. The 

t!>ITd for'" has" short cusp, is extended snterq-posl..rlorly and h brnadly 

fLar

~.48speci_ns. 

Genus BALroNIOOUS LIndHro.. , 1971 

~.Prlonlodusnavi... Llndstrolll, 

BALTONJOOUS PREVARIABILlS-B. VARIABll.lS transitIon 

8, figs. 1-8b,12a-13; PI. l~, figs. 3,4; fig. 40A,B, o-F ,H 

DescriptIon. Thts genus has a type IVapparatuIi that Is charan"rhed 

by tlla transltton serl..... : trld'onndelllfnnn--unraprlonlodlform-belodiform 

series and a falodHorm-prlonlodHorm-;lIn,nphognathl[orEl transition 

Theprlonlodtfol'Tlhas its posterIor and 

lateral processt's"et 

H an ..cute angle. The anterlo~ process is strongly curved Inward and 

varies from One half the length'''nearlyeq"al th.. I ..ngth of th.. slightly 

flarlngpostcrJorproc..s,.. The lateral process lsstratght anda]ways 

longer than theot"er twoproc"s"..s, The d1sposltlon of the procelisesof 

tlois for.. ts sunnglyasYn>..trJcaltonearlysyo:rnetrlcal. Inth"flrst"xtr"m", 

lh"anlerlorprnc.."" lsabnutan.. h..Ifthe l .. ngthor, ndissitoated 

lID to 1)0 degrees to the posnniar pro"""". Orall)", ther.. Is an 

angle of;Q to 90 degrees between the lateral and anterIor processes,and 

~re"s. [n the latter exue"'e, the anterior process Is ncarl~'equal In length 

to the posterior process and oriented DO to I~O degr....s from it. Or;\l1y, 

DO to 150 deRrce~ bet....een the lateral and the posterior prucess..s. Later"lly, 

the posterIor and the lateral processes a~e Set at.about 80 d,,- 

there is a 70 to 90 "~l':r.... ~ "nglp. b.. tween the la~ral and the anterior 

proccss"sandaI30toI40degr"esanglehet"eenth.. laterallOndthepnsterl~r 

processes. Laterally. the posterior and the lat..ral processes are 

-,--_.-_ 

, ..,;~:,: 

_ _--~-~.

-145 

/ 

& '~.: 

. " 

, . 

j 

.. 

1 

Figure 40. A,B,D.E,F.H. Baltoniodus prevariabilis-B. variabilis tran 

Sition: B,e.E-H. Baltoniodus variabilis (Bergstrom). A, lateral and 

aboral views of prioniodifonD; C. oral and aboral views of prioniodiform; 

D.C. oral and aboral views of amorphognathiforms; B, posterior 

and aboral views of trichonodelliform; E. inner lateral and aboral 

views of belodiform; F, inner lateral and aboral views of tetraprioniodiform; 

H, outer lateral and aboral views of falodiform. Illustrations 

are all X61.

-146- 

setatanangleof60to!lOdegrees. 

Th"amor;>hognathHomhas an arched poster-iorproce,.,. and a 

straight lateral process s"t at an obtus~ ..ngl.. of liD to no d"gree'l. 

The anterior process is shoTt ..nd curved Into a plane nearly perp~ndlcuLn 

tu tit", plane of the long. slightly sinuo". and laterally flared poster-iorprocess. 

The laceralpr"c"s" Is strafl'htandl"'sltuatedanterinr 

(1'i0 10 160 degr"u) to the posterior procu.... Th"basal cavity continues 

along all three processes. It 19 narrow In th.. anterior and the {aterlll 

process"s and broadly {hred b"neath the pOSterior ~>roc"ss. 

The f .. lodlfo.... has a robust and generally long base thatexhlbits 

a 'Itrong outer-lateral f1ar... nu. cusp Is later; and slelllier 

prodlned cusps and long "trail\ht posterior process"s with n:"'-llnifornly 

sl~ed dentlcles. n,e tr;chnnodelliforlnS have sYnll"-trieal denlicul3t.. laleralprocesAes 

thatorallyd;vergeata""ngleof IOtol5deg..eesand 

which are lat"r"lly sel at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees wi th th.. pO~l"rlor 

I'ro"e~... The belOdHorlM have a sharp-edge,d and undent lculated antertorprocess 

that enc1os"s anangl"'o( 35 to 1,5 deRreeswith theposterlorproce,,,•. 

Thet"'lraprion1odtformsh"veananterlnrd"nllculaled 

..ndl...olateral dent;culatedprocess"s, 1o',e"vl"",eddO\ffl the cusp. the 

lateralprocesses3r"set3tanan/ll"o(about 135 degrees. Laterally, 

the anterior a"d posterior processes m.ake an angle n(about 30 del! rees 

and the outer-lateral and the pMterlor processes ""'ke 3n "nglc·of .about

----- 

,_141_ 

~ Theambalodifonosofthell,prevarhblliSapparatusare 

apparatUS, e:onsequently, fornsrepresentatl"eof this evolutionary tOsteriors1deofth" lateral pro- 

cess.l'\CreadvancC:dfo""salsodevelOPledge5alOngCheantt,rinredgenf 

tne lateral prncess and alollg the anterlor edge of the anteriut protea", 

During the ~hort ttme span of the evolutionary boundary bel"ecn 

eh,. tWO species it is difficult to set apart "n amnalodiform which repre~ 

v"riablli" Iran- 

sition are herein c:aH"d Baltoniodtl1l pre",ulahil iS - B , 

to split the sped"", This "ad"biU~'y ",as alsO not"d herein .HId ""5 fur- 

"",extre"",lyvaICiablenatur"oflheprioniodifor..,,,,,,,,sttr,,t 

not"dby Bergstrom (962), &"dat th%t dmehefelt il might be I'ossibl

B,t,LTONIOOOS VARIAllILIS (!!ergstr",,", 19(2) 

; 

!. 

Pi. 8, Hgs. la-5b,9-l); Pl. 15, Hg. 5; fig: 40B,C,E-H 

BERGSTROM 1962, p. 51-53, pI. 2, flgs. I~ 1;- p. 54, Pl-. 5, fig. 16; 

1'.50-51,1'1. 2, figs. 8-12, Fig. 2

~o~responding cl~...,nts Df ~varlabilts So..... of the a,",,~rhogn;1thlfo~

llgonodlnifom-prlonlodlnlfo... serl.,s. Th19 is ch.. racterlstlc of a lype 

IV apparatus. The forms of lh" Ii rst tran.i tl:ltiun, th".e two varieties of P. atuleatu.thuare 

set apart only by the nature of the loxognathlforms and perlodonli[o...". 

These 1"0 forms conslltut.e. the third desrrlbed "1"....nl of the first symmetry 

.r""shh", sedes I" U,dr r ....petllve " .. rt".t"s ..nd ar" easily dlstlngul"h..d. 

The loxognathiforlD has a lIell dp'eloped outer-lateral process, 

an Inoer postero-anterlor angle of aboulll5degreesa"da long posterior 

proces~ that Is distally flexed inward. ThO!- outer-lateral surhte of the 

p"r!odontifo........., or l:Iay not have a ..... U costa-like process that, "hen 

prescnt, may cccassionallycontinue to the tip of the cusp. The Inner 1'05- 

tero-anterior angle of th Is for.. Is close to ~O degrees and Its long 1'05- 

lerior process h dislally fleK"d out"ud. 

The frequencies of the trichonode111fol"TllS, eollgonodlolforltlS, 

periodontiforlls+loxognathlfo.....s, lIR"oodln1for1'D.s, prioniodtnlfor..s, 

and ["l"dlf".......uggest.. lhe re.pectlv~ ratio.: 1:2:2:2:2:4. IoIlthb indlvldu.. 

l ....,ples,thep.. rlodontlfor... anclloxognathlfor""' .....reln"arlably 

pre..ent at .. r"tlo do..e to 1:1. If the 1\10 forlDs ..... re to have represented 

t.wo different species, then One ..lp,ht eKpect t.he rallo belween lhe two 

forms to vary COMlderably frQ11l .ample to sample or wlthl" differing 

lithologies. The rat10 was consistent and consequently the t"oforms 

"ere taken to represent varieties of the "a.... apeele,,; po".. lbly" rare

!IIOrphotype¥ snd:DOrphotyp",', relpectlvely. 

PERlOI)ON"CUI.E"ruSKaddlng,I,:/I)lllOrphotyper 

PI. II, fig". 7-8~, IOa-17; PL 16, flll~ 8-10; Fig. 4IA-F.,C,M 

IiADlllNG 19D, p. n, pl. l. fig. II. 

LlSDSTROMI'l55b, p. lto,pl.H. figs. 11,15.?14,notlO,16,l5; p. 110, 

pI. 22, HK. 35 

LAMon and LINDSTROM 1957, pI. ~, fig. 15. 

SWF.ET and BERGSTROM 1962, p. 12]5, pl. 171, BiOS. 3,9; p. 121oD, pl. 171, 

figs. 7,8; p. 1230, pl. 110, figs. 13,14;)). 1221,p1. 170, flgs. 2, 

), Hg. 2b. 

HAMAiO 191>4, p. 274, pI. 3, Hgs. 11,21; p. 273, pI. J, fig. 10; p. 278. 

pl. 3, fig. 28, Fig .. 4:19;p. 265. pI. 4, figs. 9,10, Fig. 4:18. 

SCHOPiI91>6, p. 67-68, pl. J,f1S". 10,12,13.14; p. 70,p1. 4, figs. 27, 

18;p. 59, pI. 4,f1gl.22,26,?2J; p. 56,pl. 1, fig. II. 

IlRAOSI\AW 1969, p. 1159-60. pI. \)], Hgs. 1-3,5; p. !l60, pI. 137, fig 

19; p. 1152, pI. In, fig. 18; p. lI51, pI. l3S, ft8~' 16,17. 

UYENO and BARNES 1970. p. 112, pI. 2J, flg'L 1,2.!>,7,?4; p. Ill, pl. 23, 

figs. 12,16; p. 108, pl-n, Hgs. 8,14,IS,18. 

DZIK 1976, Fi8~' 341,1-q. 

De~cr1ption. Thh morphotype of P. aculeatus has" typ" IV apparatus, 

whioh constitutes trlchonodclHfor... , eoligonodlnlfor"'S a~d periodontlforll!!; 

faLodlfor""" Ilgonodlnlfo...'" snd prlonlodlnl fOrI~. 

TI,e "Ie_nta of tbe fir,t transition ."riucharact"r1"lic"lly 

ha,·. slender and .h"rp edged r"curved CUtlptl and long, highly arched P05- 

terlOT proc"ss"". The posterior p..orellsell "re 8urtIIOuMed by l"t.. raIl~ 

•

-152 

/ 

b~. ~~ 

~ 

Figure 41. A-E,G,H. Periodon aculeatus Hadding. morpho type r. A.B, 

o-H, Periodon aculeatus Hadding, morpho type ". A, lateral and aboral 

views of trichonodelliform; B, tnner lateral and aboral views oC eoligonodiniform; 

C, outer lateral and aboral view of pertodontiform; D, 

inner lateral and aboral views of ligonodiniform; E, inner lateral and 

aboral views of prioniodiniforlll; F, outer later and aboral views of 

loxognathifonn; G,H. outer lateral and aboral views of falodiforms. 

Illustrations are all X5S.

~oOl"res6ed. basally fused and sharp-edged d~nti~l"s ...hl~h In~rease In 

..he and In In~linatlun towards a great den[l~le at the a[~h cr"st. 1'0" 

udor of rhl.. the process ia crOOl"",d wHh nearly perpendlc"lar and slll.aller 

d~ntlcle" and "",y be fl.,,'ed Inward or ou,ward. The trlchonodellHoru 

h"ve posterior proceu".. that are untleJted. The laural costa" of tile 

cusp extend vertlcally. p08terlorlyandaltghtly laterally as lly""""tr le;ol 

"InK-11k" proc'u.... that are cro.,ned .,Ith sN1I peg-like denti~les. A 

deeptri:lngula'll"c..vation is located directly bel"", ,h" cusp. Posteriorly 

the b ...al ":I,,i ty be~o..~s lnv"rt..d. 

1"0,,- eol1gonodlnlfor.... are "llghtly ~..y.....,trl~al and Ila"~ a 

posterior proceu that distally 1.. flexed in..."rd. The antedor ..dge of 

th.. cusp contlnuesvertlc..lly and ......1.y:ro.. the cusp and the post.. rior 

ptOC"ss as a shan blade that la undcntl~ulated to ...eall {"rro..,. Posterlu

·10n&,th....nt... rior ...&In of ••""'11_ fur.ow. tn. b•••l c."ity ".rln In 

\ 

.h.....nd .h.p.. d.pa""I"1 on the d..""lol*t!nt of tb.. out..r-l.. t .....l co.u. 

but g.n"r..ll,. 1....11. It h ..eakly trl..n.uhr In outl1n'" and inve.ud 

posurlorly. 

Th... 

UgonndlnHoru and th" prioniodlnUonY h.ve .obust cusps 

that are In",ard d",rhct",d, coapns,..,d and latually ca.tnate,. The sharp 

...dgu of th'" cu.p contlnue_nteriorly ..nd 

I'oatuiorly as ",,,,II dev... loped 

proce~.es th.. t ar" ,aur.ounted by l_teral1y co"pressed. sh.. rp and basally 

fused d...ntlcl"a. DinaHy th~ posterior proeuse,...re t",lsted ..uell that 

the dbt.. l dentic.le....e dir...cted oucward. 

The prlonJodlniforu< are _rc,,",d .nd blade-like and have nnrly 

"qually d,,"eloped ....tetior and posterior proen..e .. 

that enclos" "n inner 

angh of &0 to 70 dftre",a. TlIe posterior proce.. haa flv.. or .i" d"ntlc!e. 

and the ant"rlor proc:ea. b .... 

four or flve denticle•. The ba••1 ..rgln. 

flare conv".I,. o"tvard benoeath the cuap ..nd "a aapa.ated beneath thlt 

post... rlor p.oce•• by ana.r_and 6hall_ f"uO". The ba.al cavity contln,,",s 

only ••hort diatance along the cuneate aboral edlle of the an:erlurproces" 

..hereuponltbeco-slnverted. 

The oral .dle, of tbe long po.terior proce•• of the Hgonodlnl· 

for..... h.s about I2dentlcln ..ith a poacerlorly directed inclination of 

about 60 d..gr....... 

n.e senerally broken anterior prot...... ar.. d"fletud 

posteriorly and dovn to an outer-lat..ul position that encloses an an~le 

of ~bou{ 90 r1egreu wah tne posterior edge of the cusp. The basal cavity 

Is sently convex outward, atrong)y f1 .. r"4..1"",ard and ia Inverted po~ter· 

• 

10rly, 

The f.lodHo..... have In,,,arddeflatted. laterally cartnate and

""a~p-edged cuspa and pcn~flofly dfllvn out baau ......icll afe aet at an 

angle of .bout 40 d"gfUI. Th.. baaal lIalf of th~ ant..fior edg.. carrie. 

"n~ to five fUlled denUde" lhat afe di.-ecled tov.rd. the ttp of the 

CUlip. The b....l c.vlty is dightly flared l.terally benealh lh....lddle 

part of the b..... and continues posteriori y a. a nl~[o", furtaw. 

caVity often show. slgn. of invenion anteolj,lorly. 

~. 274 p eriodonttforID1l,l4I>trlchoncdellHorllls,564eo!tKono_ 

dlni[or8, pi. 3, figs. 16,13,IO,14;p. 70, pl. 4, figs. 21, 

28; p. 59, pI. 4. Hila. 22,26,123; p. 56, pi. 3, fig. II. 

8kAUSHA... 1969, p. 1159-60, pI. i37, figs. 4,6,5,1,3; p. \l60, pI. 137, 

fig. 19; p. 11)2, pI. In, UK. 18; p. li51, pl. 1)5, fig,.. 16,17. 

UYENO and BARNES 1970, p. ll2, pI. 23, fig~_ 3,5,6,1.2; p. 111, pI. 23, 

flgs. 12,16; p. 108,pL. 22, fillS. 8,14,15,18. 

BARNES and POPLAWSKI 1973, p. 180-81, pi. 5, ftgs. 16-18,18.. ,115,15.:1. 

DZIIC 1916, Hgll. 141-1". 

o.- ..crlptIon. P. aculeat"s a>fphotypell has II type IVepparatusthat 

c.onstitul"SlrlchonodellifOflM, eoltgonodlnifonuandloxognathl'fort>S; 

I:

falOdlfortn6: l1gonodinUur1llS ~nd prlontdinl for..... 

TheloKogn.th1for....r .. a.y_trlc.lconodon t .....1thalongand 

,.lend@rr@dln..dcusp tll&t 1,. shsTp-edged and laterally carlnat@, Th@ 

(>Osterlor proeus 1.9 long, highly arched and dlet..lly flexed Inward. [t 

is sunaounudby laterally corapressed. bually fu"'Old and sharp-edged dentlcle8 

thin Increase In al1;e ..nd In lncHnatlon towards a great denclcle 

at the arch cres!. Sequ..nt tothll1 the dentlcles are nearlyperpendlculsr 

to the proc@uandofdecreaslng"t1;e. Th.. aharp anterior @dgeof the 

cuspext"ndadovnandln....rd ..... shnrtbl..d....ith about slxpeg-!ike 

dentides that are direeted up...ard into the plane of 'the cusp. The anterior 

and poato.rlor procf!"""" fono an inner angle of about 13) d@lIr"ea. An 

outer-Iatenl cusp carina continues do..n and J>0sterlorly as a short process..,lth 

lin angle of about 40 degrees to theposterlorprocl!ss. This 

PTOCe$S is broken In all spec1o>en" but is df!nttcutated "lmllar to rhe 

anterior process. Ashcathbetlleen theOuter-la[eral and poster!or processes 

enclose" a generally triangular basal ca...ity that beco....s In..... rted 

poster10rly. 

~.Th.. 

r"1!I31nlng .. l .."",nuoftheapparatu5ar"'id",ntlca]to 

corresponding ele.....nts in the P. aculeatus morphotype "t apparatus 

Kalerlal. 

2871oxognathtfor""". 

?Family PI::KIOIJON1:l0AELindstrOIll. " 

1970 

Genus SPINODllS Dd.... 1976 

Type Sped"'. CordylodUllsplnatus Kaddlng, 19l) 

~.OdI

having eLe_nts ...ith .t~ongly elong.te poste~ior proce...e...nd long den· 

tide" circular In cro•• aactlon. Only th.. type .. p",~iea ..... brought into 

S. spinatu.e)thibitllally.....etrytr.n.ltionfro.cordylodHorOls 

through ligonodintfo",s' to tdchonodeUlforms. Dz~k (1976) "'sodue" 

lhls klndofapparatu.....tthprillitlve prlonlodids and consequently nslgns 

th"g"nu;Splnodu.. to~.The..,rphOlogyofth"el"menuof 

Splnodus, hO'Jev,,~, sugg"st. a close.. affinity to the lo,",er Llanvirnlan 

specie.. Cordylodus horrldua (Barne..."dPqpl...."kt, l(73), and the older 

sp",cies eordylodus .ngulatu'" Ltke C. angulatu.. , S. spinalus has eh,mcnts 

w1thslightdtfferent"-.. lntheba,,alpart.~andS ...plnatus 

similarly aha" in"ard and outward splaying "f denticl"". Nonetheless·, the 

appa~atus"sofC.angulatus.fld~cofltainOnlyt"odiff"r"nt 

kinds of for';"; and are thus distinctly different froll the apparatus of 

~~.ThhPoint"aS·brOUght4lutbYLind8trom(1970).DZlk(t976) 

points out thestruclural similarities between Splnodusand th"hyaline 

~,hU..ever,th"morphOlogical ..iml1.r1tiesofthefo",,,is 

lacking. 

The SY""-"try tranldtlon exhibited by Splnodus 15 IDOSt similar 

toth"'flrBt[t.n~ltion8ertesof~andcOlls"quentlyth"t ...omay 

possibiy be related. The observ8tlon~ of this study can do nO IDQre than 

~uggestthatthet..obelonginthefallily~. 

·SPINODOS SPINATO.S (Madding, 1913) 

Pl. 12, flg8. h-3b; Fig. l,2A-C 

HADDINC 1913, p. 32, pI. I, Hg. 8; 1p. 31, pI. t, ltg. 6.

] 

lINDSTIlOM 19nb. p. 109. p1. 22, HgG. 5,18,21: ?p. 106-[09.1'1. 22, 

£1811.12,19. 

LAMONT and LHlDSTROH 1951, p1. S, fig. 10. 

SWEET and I\ERGSTROM 1962, p. 1225-26. p1. 170, fig. 12, pI. 111, fig. ll; 

?p. ·1225, p1. 170. fig. l~, pI. 171, fig. 10. 

LlNDSTllQM 1964, p. 84, Figs. 21a-c,?d. 

UYENO and BARNF.SI'170,p. 106-107. pl. 24, Hgs. 7.8,IO.?'!,I!. 

DZIKI976, p. 424, FIg. 21e. 

Dellcrlptlon. Miomb"r\l of this spechs characterln!

-159 

/ 

. A trichonodelliform; B, 

Fi 42 A-C Spinodus spinatus ~;dd~:~)Gen~s n. sp. 1 Bergstrom, Riva 

1i:~~:din~form; C. COrdYlOdiform'left; outer lateral views, to right. 

and Kay. Inner lateral v~ews, to 

Illustrations are all X6 •

- 

-160- 

of[h"-baSe,andfo~lhlsrea90nltlSauumedthat~S.f.and 

C. spinlltus s.f. belong together h' the a.moe apparatus. n." s .... ll nu..b"r 

of recovered eh..."tS of the genua Spl110d"s. from the Cobbs AOl Fonnation. 

donor st,ve stn>ng suppun lO this ide". 

~.20apech",n". 

Suborder lINKN(l\jN 

HE10 GENUS Bergsttolll. Rha ..od Kay, L974 

Type Sgedes. Se~ Genus n. ap. I Bergstrom. Riva and Kay, 

1 BeQlsuom, Rtull and Kay, 1974 

Pi. 12, figs. 6a-8;F1g,. 

Ilf,RGSTllut'\, RIV", an

· 

Ord~r WESTERGAAROOlllNllJA LlndsCTOIa, 1970 . 

family I

~. 

HAMAR 1964, ~. 2b3, 1'1. I, OK" 19,20, Fig. 6:3&. 

~.crlptl.pn. Thls h a almple cone conodont ..,itb a rob>lSr and r.,l- 

3tively long ..rfd Teel tned anteriorly an" P091~r1orly ~harp O,e 

posterior position; It,isbol1nded post"rlorlybya furrow. Theinn.. r 

costa is bounded by a furrow On th" base, but further up the cusp It 

..eakensloalllOre,entrallydevelopedc«rina. 

1;'1. 12, figs. 10,1\: He_ 35G." 

Description. This Is a "tenple cone conodont ",tth a comp.",,,,,d, 

coovel< and sharp-edged robust cusp ..nd a , .. lati.."ly shDn base. Th.. o[al 

!II.3[llln of the baSI! Is sharp. The basal margin Is,b1corwex and lI'IOre broadly 

Ilared Inward On the form wIth the slDaHer postero-oral ..ngh'. 

j 

..~... _--

Pl. 12, figs. 123,1>; Fig. 

n...cdptlnn. 018[odl£or.. wllh 101l1!. IIlend"r, compreltSed and sharp- 

"dgO'deu.p..-hat!s inwarddeflected,hasaco"v",xoute.surfaceand a 

broadlycarinattinner!lurf""... Theb".e1" ..."lativelylongandhighand 

1" triangular In outUne. The baul cavity Is fllirIy deep and has .. b1- 

COnvex OIargin that flares slightly ,""r" inward. 

~.2spe~"",n8. 

PI. 4, 

p.o.nderodiform 

fig•. 13a,b; Fig. 

Description. 

Straph con... conodont "ith long and slender "."cr Ctl,"P 

and a 

short'base. The anterior lIlargln of the "1:"""ot i. narro\ily rounded 

i 

I 

whereas the posterior lIargin 18 sharp. A narrO"J furrow runs froa the 

basal ma'rgin to the tip of the cusp on the outer postero-lateral part'of 

th'e ele1llent. Th~ basal aaraln :Is pur-ahaped and thO! surface around the 

basal ..argln bears l.ongitudinal,stdat1ons. 

Material. 2 specl_ns. 

stro.thanognar.hifoOl 

Pl. 12. f(g~. ~",b; Fig. 36C 

De~cript1on. A .t-.ph:- cone conodont \,lith a hirly deep uiangular 

basal cnit!. aderlt:lculated anter10rMrgin lflda sharppoatHlor taar 

, gin. The outer aur'face of the cuap fa COrn'ex ""'ere"s the ~nner aurface 

of thO:' cuap i",n",sr planar. The bual ....rgin is bIconvex; flarIng slightly

ore ouu,ard. 'I ) 

M.¥tedal. 

18pec1men. 

I

-165- 

R£FERENCES 

Andrews. H.E., 1967. Kiddie Ordovic1an conodonts from lhe Joachim 1>o10.,lle 

of eastern Miss·ourL J. Paleontol. '1,881-901. 

Austin, R.L. and F.H.T. Rhodes, 1969. A conodOM auerilhge from the 

Carooniterou'i. of the. Avon Gorge, Bristol. Paleontology 

12'~OO-405. 

Baird, D.M., 1953. Retonnll1s8llnce geology of plIn of the N"v World Island- 

T\.Itlltngate IIro~a. Nfld. Ceo!. Sur. Rept. no. 1, 20 pp. 

Bam"s. C.R., 1967. A q""nlonabl" natur. "onodont IIssemblall:e from 

~iddle Ordovicla" U.euone, Ot~aw,,; Canada. J. Paleonto!. 41,1557_ 

1560. 

Barn"s, C.R. and L.E. Fahrlleus, 1975. Provin"e,., "o...,unlties, and the 

proposed nektobenthlc habit of Ordo.,1"i3.n co.nodontophorids. L:oology. 

Ceol. SO". Amert"a Spec. Psp •. 1~1, 1-30. 

aarnes, C.R., D.J. H"Cracken. G.S. NoWlan, C.A. tarrant "nd D.J. Kennedy, 

19/7, The stru"ture and evoLution of Ordnvidan "QPoddnt ..pparat.....el. 

: , 

Third Int. 5y1O. Ord. SYStelll, Colu!8bus, Ohiq' 1977. Progra.. with /Ibser. 

p.33-].4. 

hrn"tt. S.C., 1965. Conodonts fralll the Jad

Bassler, R.S., ln~. Classlfication and stratigraphlc uu of conodonts. 

Bull. Goooi. Soc. Amerlca 36:218-220. 

BengtSQn, S., 1976. The structure of some Middle Cambrian conodonts, and 

thtearlyevolution of conodont structure and functlon. Lethala9: 

BtrgstrOlll, S.M., 1962. eonodonu from the Ludibundlls li_none (Middle 

O[dvlcian) of the Tvaren uu ~.E. Sweden). Arktv f. Mtncralogl 

o.Geologt, 3:1-61. 

Bergstrom, S.M., 1964. Relll;lrkll On salle Ordo...t"tan conodonts froll Wales. 

Acta Untv. Lunden"i.. , Sec Il,no. 3, 66pp. 

Bergstr,", S.H., 1968. Biostratlgraphy of the Lo",er Ordovlclan .aqu.mee 

At SkAttungbyn, DalarnA (a'os.),.!!l. VIII Nordhka Gelgiska VihterlDDtet, 

Abstracts' Geol. Foren. Stockholll Forh., 90:H4. 

Bergstro"" S.H., 1971... Conodont bloatrAtigraphy of the Middle and Upper 

Ordvlcian of Europe and Nonh ....... ric.. lQ. Sweet, w.e. 

8nro", (eda.). SYlllpoaiulll on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geol. Soc. 

AI:lerlca Helll. 127:83-16l. 

&.rgstron, S.H~, 1973

Bergstroll,S.M., J.8. Carnes, R.L.Ethington, R.B. Vot"w, and P.8. WigLey, 

19H. Appalachlsnathus, "new lIuIUebm.ent conodont genu. froll the 

KiddIe Ordovician of North ......ric

Bryant, W.L., 1921. The Genesee conodonts. 8ull. Buffalo Soc. Net. Sci. 

".32,59pp. 

Clarke, H.R. ",nd C.C. Lu, 19H. Verttcsl dllltrlbuUon of cephalopoda at 

JIJ' N23·w In the SC;rth AthnUc. J. Klr. 11101. AlIa. U.K. ~4:9MI-'l84. 

Chrke, !'t.R. and'e.c_ Lu, 1975. Vertical distributlon of cephalopods at 

18'N25'W In th" IIonh Atlantic. J. Har. 8101. AIls. U.K. 55:165-\82. 

Cooper, 8.J., 1975. !lultlelement conodonts frOllthe Ilrassfleld L1""'8tone 

(Silurilln) of southern Ohio. J. Pahontol. 49:984-IOOB. 

Cooper, C.L., 1941.> Conodont anelllblages fro.. th" lower ~inderh""'k blade 

G,ha~e8 (abs.). Geol. Soc. .......rica Bull. 56: 1153. 

o...n, P.L. and D.F. Str"ng, 1976f. G

Dunham, R.J., 1962. Claasiflcnlon of carbonate rock.laceording to depo- 

.1Uonal tu:tUrt! . .!!l n...., V.E. (~d.). Clauific"tion of Carbonate 

Dzik, J., 1976. Remar\

-170:' . 

H....r, C., 1964. The Klddle Ordovician of the Oslo !legion, No ......y. 17. 

Conodonts tro.. the lo..ar Hlddle Ordovician of Rlngerike. ~orsk Ceol 

·-T"dnkr.41o:24)-292. 

Haqr, G., 1966. The Middle Ordovi,e1an of th" Oslo !legion, No.....ay. 22. 

I 

PraUa1nary report On conodonte from the Oslo~Ask"r snd Rlngerike 

dlstricta. Norsk Ceol. Tidsskr., /06 :27-8). 

Harria, I.M., 1966. Geology of the Cobbs A.... area, Mo... W"rld !shnd. 

Newfoundland ~nd labrador Dept. Mines, Agric. and Rei., Hin. Res. 

Div.llull. 37, 38pp. 

Haas, W.H. and M.L. Lindberg, 1946. Orientation of tile crYINl units of 

conodonts. J. Paleont·ot. 20:HO-504. 

Heyl, C.R., 1936. Geology and mineral deposUS Of tM Bay" of ExplOits 

aru. Newfoundland DP.pt. Nat. Res. Geol. Sec. lIull. 3, 66 pp. 

Hibbard, R.R., 1927.Conodonts trOll the Portag" Croup of "'utern rkw York. 

A.m. Jour. Sti. 13:189-208. 

Hinde, G.J., 1879. Onconodnts hOllthe OlazyandCintlnnat1 GrOllps of 

the Caaobro-Sllurian and froll the Ham.llton and Genesee shale division 

of the Devonian in CAn~da and. the United Stat..... Ceol. SOt. London 

Quart. Jour. )5:)51-369. 

Horne, C.S., 1970. Collpiex volcanic-udl..-ntary pAtterns in the Magog 

belt of norchea..tem Newfoundland. Ceol. Soc.-"'-rLca lIull. gl: 

1767-1788. 

Horne, C.S. and t. Helw1g, 1969. Ordovician atrattgraphy of Notre Da... 

8ay, Newfoundland. MI. A... Pet. Geol. M.... 12:)88-1007. 

H u ckrlede, .".,1958. Die conodonten der _diterr"nen Triaa und ikr stratiar_phi'cher 

wart. PAiaontOl. Z., 32: 1~'1-115.

)-171-. 

1&0, II., and T. Koike. 1967. Ordovician and Sl1Uf1.n conodonts frolll the 

Loongll...i laland., Halaya, Part 1. Geal. and Paheontol. of south- 

....urn .... 111 3:1-29. 

Kay, M., 1967. Stratigraphy and structun of northeastern Newfoundland 

bearing On drift ti the North Atlantic. Aa. ASiOe. Pet. (;eol. 8ul1. 

51:5]9-600. 

I«oy, H.• 1969c. Silurian of northea"t N""f,>Undland coaSt. AJa. ,\alOce. Pet. 

Geo!. Ke... 12:414-424. 

, 

• 

iUly, H•• 1910. 'Flysch .lId bouldery ..udstone in north...."t:ern Newfoundland • 

.!!!l.o.jole, J. (d). flysch Sedb'entology in North AIIeric".. c..ol. 

Naoc. Can. Spec. l'ap.1:1SS-164. 

I:ay, H.• 1976. Dunnage Melan&e and aubduction of the ~rotacadlC Ocun, 

lIortheaatNe..foundland. Geot. Soc. ~dca Spec. Pap. 175,491'1'. 

Ilay, M. and N. Eldredge, 1968. CarMelan trilobltea In ""nlral N..... foundla.nd 

vOICanl\bdt. G

Lane, F.W., 1960. KingdOOl of the Octopus. Nell TorI., Pyumid Publ. 

Lange, F.C., L968. Conodonten-Cruppenfundl!sus ~lkO'n dn t1eferO'nObO'r_ 

devon. Geologica et Palaeontologica 2:31.57. 

Lindstrom, M., 1955•. Conodonts from th" lowermost OrdoviCian stnta of 

south-central Sweden. Gtool. Foren. Sto"khoIIlForh.,16:5t7_60l. 

Undstrom, M., 1955b. the conodonts described by A.R. Haddlng, 1913. 

J. Pdeontnl. 29:105-111. 

Lindstrom, M., 1960. A lo",er-M:\ddle Ordovidan succession of conodont 

faunas. Intern. Geol. Congr., 2ht, Copenh"gen, 1960. Repr. Session, 

Norden, 1:88-96. 

L1ndetrom, M., 1964. Conodonts. AIosterdam, Elsevier Publ. Co., 196 pp. 

Lindstrom, M.• 1910. A ..uprageneri,,- taxono.y of th.. conodont!!. Leth.. 1.ll 

3:427-445. 

Lindstrom, H., 1911. Lower OrdOvician conodonts of Europe. !!!. Sw,,-et, W.C. 

and S.H. HergHrom (eds.). Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. 

Geot. Soc. Amerl,,-a Melll. 121:21-61. 

Lindstrom, H., 1913.'1. On the affinities of conodonts. !!!. Rhodes, F.".T. 

(ed.). Conodont Paleozoology. Geot. Soc. "'-erica Spec. Pap. 1"1:85- 

LindstrOm. M.• 197Th. l'! ZhgIer, II. (ed.). Catalogue of conodonts. 

E. Schweherbart'ache Verugsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. v. 1,504 Pl". 

Lind_trOm, H., 1974. The conodont spparatus a"" food-gathering _chsn1sm. 

Paleontology 17:729-744. 

Lindstrom. H., 11..11.. KcTavhh and II. Ziegler. 1972. FeinstruktureUO' un["r- 

",.,.chu:ngen an cooodonten. 2. Elnlge I'rionlodontldae "US de.OrdoviclW1 

Au_tra.1i..n•. Geol. et l'a.1aO'on[o1. 6:33-43.

Loomis. f.B .. 1936. 

Are. conodonts gastropods? J. Paleontol. 10'663-664. 

Lu, C.C. and !'l.R. nsrke, 1975... Vertic.l distdbllt10n of c"ph.. lopds .. t 

40°11, 53°N. and 1;00NIlt 20·Win the Nonh Atlantic. Jour. Har.Biol. 

.....s. U.K., 55:143-11>3. 

Lu. C.C. and !'l.R. Clarke, 1975. Vertical distribution of cephalopods at 

\l"N20'W in the North"'tlanttc. Jour. Ma ... Biol. ...sS.U.R.• 55' 

31;9-3B9. 

McRerrow, "'.5. and L.R.M. Cods, 1977. The location of the Iapetus Ocean 

."Cure In Newfoundland. Can. Jour. Earth Sci. 14,488-495. 

McTavlsh. 1\...... 1973. Pri",niodontacean "onadants from t~e I:...n"el formatian 

(Low"r ?rdoviclan) of west Australia. Ceol. et Palaeontol. 

Melton, W. and H.W. Scott, 1913. Conodont-bearing sniMls from the Bear 

Gulch Li..estone. Montana . .!.'!Rhode5. f.H.T. (ed.). Conodont Paleozoology. 

Geol. Soc. America Spec. Pap. 1"1:31-65. 

Moore. N.R .• 1977. Distribut1onof the benthic algal flora in l1iddle OrdavicIan 

carbonate envlron....ntal units of the southero Appalachians . 

.!!l Rippel, S.C. and I

Morrill, S.C., .976. A ne" Cambrian lophophorate froll the Burgeu Shale of 

BrithhColulllbla. Pahontol. 19:199-222. 

Hoskalenko, T. .... , 1973. Conodonts of the Middle and Uppu Ordovidan of 

th", Sib",r1an Platform. "'cad. "'d. U.S.S.R., Stb"'rian Branch, Trans. 

Inst. Geol. Geophya. 137:1-143 (in R";stan). 

'Murray, .... and J.P. Howley, .1881. Gl!ological Survey of Newfoundland from 

1864-1880. Stanford,London. 5361'1'. 

Neu"",n, R.B., 1968. Paleogeographlci:llpl1cationsofOrdovlcianshe1ly 

fo.sila in th", Magol belt of the northern Appalachians relion. 

1n Z",o, E:-.o, W.S. Whit"', J.B. Il.adley .nd J.g. Thollp.on Jr. (eds.). 

Studies of "'ppstachian Geology: Horth"'rn and Maritc1lD1!. lnterscience 

Pubt., New'iorlc.. p. 35-4.6. 

Heuman, R.B., 197,. An early Middle Ordovician brachiopod assemblage from 

Haine, Hew Bruns... lck ana northern Newfoundland . .!!!. Dutro Jr., J.T. 

(ed.). Paleozoic Persp",ctive.:.P..lentologlcTribute toC....rthur 

Coop..r. SmithaonlanContr.P.leobiol. 3:113-124. 

Nel,llllAn, R.B., 1972. Brachiopods of Early Ordovician volcanic islands. 

Int. Geol. Congr., 24th Sess., 8f!ct 7, Repts., p. 297-302.. 

Neu....n, ·ILB., 1976. Early Ordovician Oate Arenigian) brachiopods from 

Virgin AI'!II, He... World Island, Nevfoundland. CeoL Sur. Can Bull. 

261,611'1'. 

Howlan.C.$.,t976. Late Cambrlan to Late Otdoviclan conodont evolution 

and biostratigraphy of the Franklin Hiogeosyncl1ne, eastern Canedi"n 

....rctic hlsnd•• unpubUahed Ph.D. thuh. Univerattyof Wat",rloo. 

Oberg, R., 1966. Winnipeg conodont.. fro," Manitob... J. p..teontol. 40: 

DO-147. 

i·' 

~"

_,~_.__• 

c 

Pander, C.H., 1856. Monograph!e der foUllen F16che des aUuriolchen 

Syatelllll der russtsch-baltischen eovemellents. Konig!. Mad. Wiss., 

St. P"tersl>uq~. 91 Pl" 

Pleae"', II., J. Vahl,"H. lOerner, and W. Ziegler, 1968. Zur th"'mhchen 

ZUS.:llUlenset~un& und Mikro...,r,Ph",logle de ... Conodonte~ Palaeontographica, 

Abr. A.. 128:11S-1S2. 

P(ll1ock. C.A .• 1969. Fu.."d Sl1urLan'-;;;;"odollt clusters from Indiana. 

J. Pal\ontol. 4J:929-'H5. 

Rexroad, C.IL, 1967. Stratitraphy lind conodont paleontology of the Brau- 

Held (Sllurh.n) in the,CInelnnati Arcl'l area. Indiana Geo) Sur. Bull. 

36,64pp. 

i1.euo..d. C.8. and R. ~icol1. 1964. A SUurian conodont \lith tetanus? 

J. paleontol. 38:771-173. 

\ Rhod F.II.T., 1952. It. claasHicatlon of P"",,,.ylvanlan conodont asse.... 

' bI8&e8.~. PaIMlIrol. 26:996-901. 

Rhodes, F.H.r., 1953b, Sal1M'! British Lower Pala"o:

" 

SChlllldt, 11.,1933. CephlllopodenCaunen des .1tu"n'~..ur a"l1 der lJ.gehend 

von Arnsberg In \lasef.l"n. Jb. Preuss. ~O'l. Landuanlt. ~4:440-461. 

Schmidt, H.• 1934. 

Co~odonten-Fu"e In unpr~ngl1Chen Zusannenhang. 

Pal.oncol. Z. 16:76-85. 

5ehol'£, T.J.H., 1966. Conodonta of the Trenton Croup (Ordovician) in 

New 'iorl

--.- / 

/ 

Sp"S"ov. H. and L. Teller. 1963 Conodont! froll lh" Ordov.1chn 11""'HOne$ 

""ar Mojcza Village, in Go~'ch Swlentohysldcb. Poland. Trav. G~ol. 

Bulgarle. S...rPaleont .• 5:15-87. (1nBolgarlan ...lthEngl1shSuMlary). 

St""ff"r, CoR., 19)5,. Canodont" fro", theGlen...ood b"ds. ~o!. Soc. Nneriea 

Bull. ~I>: 125-11>8. 

Stauffer. C.R., 1935b. TI,.. conodont f"una of the llecornh Shale (Ordovician). 

J. P51eontol.9:596-620. 

St"u f f "r, C. 11;., 19~O. Conodon ts ~ro'" the o..vont an a"d associ a lcd clay' 

of ~.ln""soU. J. Paleontol. h:417-~lS. 

Stevens. R.K .• 1910. (;., ..bro-Ordoviclan flysch sedimentation and teClonic" 

.1n""SL N"",foundland and their posslbleb"uingon a Prolo..Atlantic 

Oce"n.~LaJole.J., (ed.).Fly3ehSedt""ntatioulnS nr th ......rlc.a.. 

G,,01. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pal" 7:165-117. 

Stone. G.t. And .....".. rurnlsh, 1959. Bigham wnodont" fro", I.'yo",ing. 

J. Pal,wnloL 33:211-Z28. 

Stouge, S.. 19 7~. Conodontzo"e'1\" I Orthocerati tkn lken (Nedre Urdoviodont Tuonolll)'. Geologica Cl Par,eonlologica, Sonderband !:lq~W. 

Sweet. '1.C., C.A. Turco, E. W"rner Jr. and L.C. 111Ikl". \959. The As:eric.,n 

l:pper Ordovician standard. 1. Eden conodonts frOltlh"Clnc!nnati 

tcglonnfGlloandKent"ckY. J. Paleontol. 33:1029-100·8. 

..~

T>I"nhofel, IoI,H:: 1947. nw Silurian strata of "astu'" Nevfoundland vieh 

..ome lfound I and. c..e"l. Sol. Amt r lea Bull. 48; 

" 

Ulrich, [,0. "nd R.S. Bassler, 1926.! cla'

\'·.~IIIsH, O.H., 1964. C(}nodont~" drs Silur". Abh. hess. L. Boandje, 9:20~66. 

1.'1111us, E.• 1963. T..'lllingate ""'I' area, ~ewfo"ndl...nd. ~ol. Sur. Can. 

Pa~. 

1»-)6, )0 pp. 

William, H., III press. C"ologlrp., Nev York, 

IV' 2. p. 19-123. . 

.... lllia:ns. H. "nd R.K. Stevens, 1974. The ancle:lt cO'ltlnenuol ",,,rgi,, of 

,easrernNorth Am"rlca . ..!!!.B"rk", C."'. "ndC.I..Drake (cds.). 

Geology of Cont inenta 1 M.1r~llls. Spring"r-Verl"f!. ~e" York. p. 781- 

=,1 ndeT. C.G .• -1966. Conodonts from th.. upper Cobourg ~'or'""tlon (I II te 

~iddle 

Ordo",lr.l"n) "t Colborne, Ontario. J. Palco!!!ol. 40,4f>-ld. 

;1 

I 

t

Wolska, t .• 1961. ~onodontY 1. Ordolo'id'lch gIn"'" narzutowych polsk\. 

Act~ I'al""oot. Polnnica, 6: ))9_365. 

Zittel. 'f..A. "I'd J.V. Rohon, HI8t>. tr:>"r Conodonten SltzLer. Math-pnys. 

cl. flay~r Aka,t. Wiss. Munr.hen. 1:\08-131\. 

\I 

.--,....,.-_.. -

TIle meaning of the section abbreviations Ls as follows:' 

CAm" Cobb. "no lI.,cUon (mlddl.. quany faee). 

CA,," Cobbs I\rm " ..ttlon (".,st quany fae.. ) 

Hi 11 .. Hill~rade $ettion. 

QC .. Q"arry Cove section. 

SC 

tS'1"idCovesectlon.

All sped,.."" X4~. SalOp Ie nu..bers fro", "hlc~ the Sp"cllllens 

"ero ObtaIned "n, gIven In par"nthes"". 

figures la-5b DI"tacodusvenuStu" (Stauffer) 

la, outer lateral; and b, Inner lateral vie... of drepanodtfonn I~(4). 

2a,b. lat"'"l vi"",,, of syrr:metrka\ drepanJd1forlll (QC1'l). 

3", Inn"r; andb, outnlac... ral vI"",S ofdr"panodlform (SCI.). 

4a. Inner: IIndb. outOTlateralvl"",sofolsccdlfo"" (CI1'l). 

Sa, outer: and b, Inner l"teraJ vj ..,"", of Olstod1f;'rlll IQCI9). 

~'!gures 6-nb Dr"panol.. to. A 

6, "yo-metrical drcpanodifnrm (eMI2). 

7, "ymtletrlcal otstodifol1ll (QO). 

Ba,9b,JOb,ll",12l>,lJb,outer lateral; and8b,9a,JOa,llb,12a,13a, 

lnnerl"ter"lvle IJS,15", Inner lateral vle\ols of oIsto_ 

difons (QC). 

~'igures 16- 21b Paltod"" selOlsv"""" t rlcus (Hal""r) 

16. sy~trical drep~ndlform (CAlIl7). 

17a,18b, outer: and 17b,18a, Inner lateral vi"",,sof aSytmlCtrir"l \, 

d r ep8nodiforlllS 

(QC). 

19", ou~er: 3nd 19b, inaer la~er"l vl"ws of asy"""'trlcal drepanodlform 

(CllS). 

20a, In""r; and20b, Ou!cr late'"l "le\olS of olHodlfor", (QC9). 

I 

21.,. Inner: and 21b. outer .lateral "I",",s of oIS!~djr().", (QCJ).

PLATE I

I 

All sped;"en" X:iO. Sample numlj,er.ll"from whid! the ~ped""'n. 

were obtained AU. given in p~rent""~e~. 

fil\Ure5 IA-4b StrAch"nogn"th"" parvil Rhod~8 

1.. ,3,4.. , inne-.- lat......l; and Ib./,b, outer L>.te-.-al vl""n of 3ay-ettlenl 

fOnlla (CI2). 

2",b, }'Her"j vi"",. of near sy".,..,c'-.-leal form (·el2). 

Figu"'" 5-12 llrepanodus -.-obust ..." (Haddi".,;) 

5, near sy~trlca} bicoState'drepanO

PLATE 2

.. 

All 8p~

PLATE 3

~._'- 

"'" specimens x52. 

Sample numhers fro" "lrich the spec1....ns 

'Jere ubtained are gl".. " 

in parentheses. 

FI~"r.".\"_7b~naerOdus"a. '00« '''',,' .,~or 0",0",0"0'" ,c>

" 

F1gurt~ ll.o., b panderOdi fol'lll 

lJa, inner laterAl: and b, 

Outer lateral vi..... (QC9). 

,/

PLATE 4

s 

1 

~----/ 

PLATE ~ 

All specl...ns X,). Sa.,pl" numbers h"'" which the specimens 

",,,r" obtained are given In paTenthc","'" 

Ft ~,,,rcs 1,,-7 Panderodus gra~_llh (Branson and K"hl) 

la,h. lateT.,1 vl"",s of "ym>etdca\ graclj,d p"nderoJlfor",. (Q\",kl1\f"r" (CllS). 

1',.1. 

;nr.'-' \.1tH:d; 

lh.~. 

I""H \;,[pral; 

""I,'T [atewl \J [,'''' of non-ro~lat

PLATE 5

(I 

!, 

1 

.-~ 

All speci"",,,,, )(~2. ~.,~]"- numbers from ",hleh-th.. sp.. ~I""'1\s 

\ . \ 

w ... r~ ohtnin,,anmthM;;>s. 

lau'raJ vip.... ,; of nNIr symmetrl~al blc~ril\'l'" clrepAnnrlltnr", 

.-.;". out,'. l"n"r l.n,',-"l d,-.w< 0f "tn'nRlv I>o",..rl rlrcp,'nodif,,~'" 

rei I~) 

13

PLATE 6

p,!ven 

in pa~enthes,-s. 

) 

2. 1'"He~"l vl~"" of sy"",>! ~ic"l ml1] t iCO"'l"l'> drep"nodi f'H'" (CA'.']). 

(CI~) . 

7... Inn". 1"t,>•., 1 ; IIn,1 n. "'" ... 1,'l"r,,1 vi,-..., "f "~'·,"TTI

11" lateral vl"w of sytml

PLATE 7

All "p..clmen5 X49. S"mple numb.n" fro", which th~ sp"-ci,,,ens 

w~rc obtained ,ne given in p~r"-n'h"s,,s. 

Fi ~.ur"5 1,,-8b, 12,,-1) B~l ",7, "nt.. ro-l,,!

PLATE 8

All speclmcn~ ~~O. Sample numbers from "'hleh th.. sppci"",ns 

~-! gllre~ 1"-7b, 10", b P"Kod\lS 5" r rus (H.'ddin!;) 

3,", o"ter I"ter.,l vlC\o'~ of hadcjnl:"djfo~"", ('1(1), 

~a. pnsterior; .,,,c 51'>. latHal ... ; ..vs (\f trldw"od,,11 iform (ell4) 

n .,. j>. or,,, I ; "~ltd 13". ,.,',,,r.'1 v!v~ of rv",,,diL,HIO (f! n17; • 

h"dd I",,"d I f"rrn~ ('i-ell!; 11.'.h-ClI7; 11,.,,1>-(1 lH\ .

PLATE 9

llIVe1\'~n_~~th"8"S. 

\ 

fi~ur.. ~ b-~. 7,}~b f'0i!-IM.ognath,," robu~t"s 1leq;:stroOl X~ll 

la, .~b(H"l; .~nd lb, oral vie'" of sinis,r,,1 a",haled; fnr1'll (CIIl). 

2-1•• "~~ .;..;'.... 5 of dextral ,1"'b"I&llf"''' (2,3-CAroI2; 4-~ill 2). 

7. "r.1) vic",nf"in!!

PLATE lO

'- 

"",'r,' .,b'.,;,wd "r." ~Iv,,

PLATE II

A I I sl',.,·i ....,""'· X~'>. Samp!,·~ "u..I,,·r~ 1co.. .,1,;,-1- (I,.. sJ'~,-i[k"s 

"lll"i",-

vt~~ 

WU~~ 

~ ~ --,'• 

., #:.. =' 

PLATE 12

S""'l'l~ \Hl",h,"s f,,,o, ",hid, lh~ sp""IO'""os W~'e "Lt"I,,,·

l~, lateral .... 1c.... "f ~YIf\lTll) lrlcal ....''''lat~ dr"p""odif,,,..,. XI26 (Sf4) 

15, "ul~r lat"Tal .... I,·w uf a,Yl1II1el r l~al COS(d (" d..,panodl form XllU 

(C!';I)

PLATE 13

~"'''l' l~ numb.. ". f rofll ",h I ell 1he spe" In",,,,; lOt: re oil I .. ; ~ed an 

1, oul"r lat

II, i"".,c lal.,c,,1 vi ....... "f in""rd bo'.·~d Jr~pa,,,,dlforrn 1100 (

PLATE 14

Sa",?l" n\l:nb .. ~" [r".. ",hi~h the' !;p~cl,.,.,os ",~r.. uht"ln~

1 

I'" OUl"~ Ia"'~al vie... 01 hadJl"lIoJifortn X88 (lICI) , 

l~ ahora.l vi ..... of PYlIoJltortn XI8 (CI II.), 

12, o,~1 vh... of py;;oJifon'l X'.9 (UJ1j.

PLATE 15

.-.~, 

given 

in parentheses. 

Figur.." 1-) Eopl ..cognatnus lI"dsten"",1 (Ha""n) 

1,0ral v i",""ufpolyplacnl';n"thlto,..",.x77(CII7). 

2, oral vie.", of denral arnbalodlfucm X), (ClIS). 

3, oral vie,., of .In!stral ambalod!funn X42 (C1Il). 

t" oralvie,",ofsinistr.11 "",.b"lodifu,.. XS1(C1IJ). 

5, ural v!cw of dextcal arnblliodifor", X,O (Hill 2}. 

,.!.: oral vi ...... uf polyph~o~n"Lhifor.. Xbl! (CI~I. 

7, oral vl

l~, 

posl"ro-!ater,l ,.\"" of outer marginal looth X~7. 

lb, or.. l vic·... cf part ot a row of t>1~uspld 'jlrr'll t«etll X40, 

'--"/' 

-~ - . . 

•

PLATE 16

In addit lun to th.. ,... ven "'e~su,ed sections of the Cobhs Arm 

th.. !lay (Of r.",?loits, 5eal lI"y and On Long blMld. This ~~p"nd'x Is 0"51- 

gncd to ~lve tnformatlon "bout lh l"""livlIs and c....nodrmt yi("lds of ~3ch 

of rlws.. samplH. They arc urd",..,d I to 13. as in rtl'.ure 2 

(ll Asn.. ll lI".stcm.. lenseorboul:let"ithinth.' j"",,, ,'''os t unit of the 

~oh('rts Arm Croup (Sopsll".1dCuml'!~x), On D"c~ l"land, Seal 8,,'1. Th~ ~"ps 

'kad (;o"'p1

~n

(II) A limestone lens" In the So""""rford Grou;> vnlcanks On the road to 

Til t Cov~. The s"""pl" produced A I"", conodont yield (see Table~ I".b (isolate 

",,,.~ Ie B); "od Figu r.. II> of text). 

(12) A limy l.mae ... Ithin green toft's alonR the shon' beneath [he An~lic"n 

Ch"TCh south '-'est of Herrlng N.. ck. TI", sam;>le I'r"duceJ .1 relallv"l)' 1"", 

conodone,.leld r.seeTables la.b (Jsolate sanple C); ""dfigur£' AI). 

\ 

(11) II li",,,,otone lense in the SO,".lIlCdord GrOllI' volcanics along eh,;: 

mA

, 

Figure A!. A limestone lense (outlined) in the volcanics of the Sumford 

Group near Newville.

Figure A2. A limy lense in tuffs near the shore beneath the Anglican 

church south west of Herring Neck.

Photo..tc~ographs of so"", ()f 

the charactertHlc components and 

t"xtures of thO' Cobbs Am ro~..

Figure B1. Characteristic texture of a sediment deposited in an environment 

with a low wave kinetic energy release. (QC3). Bar equals 1.0 nun. 

Figure B2. Characteristic texture of a sediment deposited in an environment 

with a high wave kinetic energy release. (CI4). Bar equals 1.0 nun.

Figure B3. Sediment deposited in an environment I.fith a high wave kinetic 

energy release. (Hill 3). Bar equals 1.0 mm. 

Figure 84. An example of matrix Girvanella. (from a lithological sample 

collected in the eastern quarry O~6 Ann quarry). Bar equals 0.1 111m.

Figure B5. A fragment of the calcareous algae Nuia. (from a lithological 

sample collected in the eastern quarry of the Cobbs Arm quarry). Bar 

equals 0.1 mm. 

Figure B6. A fragment of the calcareous algae Hedstroemia. (QC20). 

Bar equals 1. 0 UIlll.

ILLINGATE 

ISLANDS 

l 

USHES 

BIGHT 

. ROUP 

QUOf., CC/e Seello" 

Cobbs Arm Section r> 

Cobb~ Arm SecTion ( 

CobtJ~ Arm Rood 'Seer, 

Hjll~.ode 'Sect'on 

SqUid Co~e Secl!on 

Collle\. 1~IQnd Section 

Limesltne Island (barr

CUlWELL 

GROUP 

ARM COVE 

GROUP ROUP 

I 

IJ::~,.n 

ROBERT'S IOTTRELS 

~ 

_ 

WACKE 

SHOAL 

ARM 

'~ 

1';',':' , fM 

r;. :~~ 

~;\ { 

. WILD 

BIGHT 

p 

EXPLOITS 

GROUP 

ORETON'S 

RBCUR 

GROUP 

CHAHCEPORT 

GROUP 

GOLDSON 

. CONGLOMERATE 

SANSOW . GOLDSON 

Sa GRE't- ~CONGl. 

, WACKE ~~~~ 

~ 'W'iCKE 

',IROO'R'S . CovE .~arr FW. 

:! Fill. 

. 

' 

I 

COBBS 

ARM 

\ " All. 

ISOLATED SAMPLES 

~ COl\, Sec t, 0" 

S lI,m Seellon i'n,ddle quarry face) 

s Arm Secllon (we';l quorq fbcel 

5 o.rm Rood SecTton 

,jrode Sect,on 

'd Co~e Secl,on 

ties Island'Secl,on 

esll,ne I$\(md (borrenl 

I" I!' (see oppe'HI.. Al 

i 

\

FIGURE 2 

CONODONT SAMPLE LOCALITIES and 

the GEOLOGY of'NOTRE DAME BAY 

'L-__---"- --""__-----'1,5 •. ILo ...rr'l[S 

SCALE 

GeOlogy olltr Deon and S" on~, 1976

BAY 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/

OoJQrr~ Co~e S~ChO" 

CobbS Arm Sect,o" rn,ddl. 

Cobbs A,m SecllQn (west 

Cobbs Arm Rood SectIon 

Hilll;lrode SectIon 

SqUid Co"e SectIon 

COllies IsIOM! SectIon 

LlmeSIl,ne I~Klnd {borrenl 

"

\~ 

WILD 

BIGHT 

'h GROUP 

. CUlWELL. 

1 GROUP 

~ 

" 

. lUSHES 

~!"'T 

~ROUP 

ISOLATED SAMPLES 

rv CO,te SeCT

TABLE Ib r C;nQ~i"" frnm ·thQ C':nhh

, ' =- 

I 

:obbs Arm 

·_Q6~.;~M 

bTTLES ISLAND SECTION • qUARRY COVE SECTIO 

I / 

1 4 / 

" 6 

• • /0 • 7 /0 / / / / / 2 2 / 

2 /7 

• • • 2716 /2 2 3824 14 27 5 / 20 • 4 / 2 

4/ 34 7 

• • • 4 21 /7 4 12 ~I 31 3222 /7 • 1 7 46 6 7 6 4 

1 9 2 

'6 I 2 19 II 6 7 2 6 6 14 6 

, 

I I 

,. 

22 I .2 12 633 

• ,'. 

, 

2 I 

2 , , • • • , 

2 4 

, 2 

, 5 5 

, 

6 

• 

2 5 

, I 2 4 4 

6 

, 4 

• , , • 

4 3 4 4 4 , 8 94 14 4 5 , 

" 6 • 4 " 

2 7 

I I 1 5 2 4 I 4 

, • • , 2 2 

3 3 

, 2 

• 4 Co IS 16 6 3 " • , 

4 4 2 

4 2 4 16 10 13 19 4 I 10 4 5 

• • • • I 2 

/ 6 2 2 , • , , , , , , 

2 I 

• 

2 I 

12 33 2 

, .,. I 

• 

I / I 

, 

4 I 2 , , " / , , , , 

I I , , 

3 

• 2 2 , , 

I , , , 

3 I , 2 I 

, , 

, , I 6 4 5 I 

0 2 2• I 

, 

3 , , 

3 3 

, 

, 

, • , 

3 I 

, , 

I 

, , 

26 " 

3 

2 I I I 

• 

4 , 2 

I • 22 3 

• 

6 

I 

I

, r 

_. .--=- 

E SECTION 

COBBS A:~ ~ECTION CO~~~RM HILLGRADE 

• 

2 I 2 

• I I 2 I I I 

I 2 5 2 I 

• 

2 1 2 I 

1 , • • " • • I 

I 2 

• , 

I 

• 

• 5 

" • 

I 1 I 

I I 

I 

I I 

I 

I 

• 

• 

1 

• 

I I 

5 I I '2 I .. 

2 2 I I I 

, 

• 2 I 2 I I I 

I 2 2 I , I 

I I I I I I 

I 

2 I 2 , , I 

I I I 2 I 

I 

I 

I I I I I 

• , 5 I 2 

, , 

I I 

I I I 

2 I

.., 

~ILLGRADE SECTION~T~ Er--~~ M~AT E s ~ 

~ 1 

~~ 

• 

, • 2 • 

I 

I ..7 

, • , , ' --.. 

, or 

, 

r r , "' 

9 , 

• '3 

• .30 

-n- 

1291 

, , 2 II I 

• 

I r 

76 

, , 172 

, 

3 II 

•, , 

•• 

2' 

I I 

521 

'2 

r 

,. 

• 

I 

• 

I I 3 '6 

2" 

r 

• 

38 

2 

67 

I 

3' 

, 

--n

Pseudobelodlna n.•p. A 

b.lodelliform· 

oittodiform' 

Pygoch,. anurlnu.· 

pygodlfarm' 

had

112 161 ~4 ~5 313 116 67 70 4!1 ll~ 18 125 Z 714 l ~ I~ 

I 1_11

I 

• 

2 , 

I 

• 

2 

6 5 2 

" 

.. 

" 

I 

I I I I 

I I I 2 

I 

I 

7 

I 42• I 54 

I 

9 

I 

I 

2 2 I I I 

6 2 , 

I 2 I , 

I 

6 I 2 2 I I I 

I I I I 

I I 

I 

2 I I 2 , , I 

, 

I I I 2 I 

I 

I 

I I I I I 

4 I I I 2 

, , 

I I I 

I 

, 

I 

2 I 

... ,.. 

I 

47 ~O 10' 

• 2114 2 117" b,,,, 71~

I 2 1 I 

• 1 

• 5"" 

5 1& 

2 " 

172 

1 

521 

12 

." • 

2 21 

I 

I 

22 

1 

• •• 

56 

3 

.. 

2S 

3. 

67 

" 

2\. 

2. 

S 44 S 8.S 5 48 7 ,. I' 176 n 

It.iiIf 

. . 

4t07"· 

1 

'M

TABLE 10 Con'odont Snlldll~ from. thA C~hb!: A:: 

SP€CID-----==::::.' 

~ - LOCA~ITY COTTLES ISL 

"ULTIE~EII[NT 

AtnorphoQnathLII sp; cf. A. InollPlClli,.A, klelc tIl.ls 'roft.ltlo"" . 

Battonlod.... pr....klblti.-8. "Qf'iotIIlI, trOMlfloft··· . 

ornliolodlfwm . 

ClnOt,pft.oQftQfhlfor",· 

trlclto1lO4,U1form ... 

~t04lfor",· 

:::~:ft~iodRon". 

l 

\BoItOn~~~II04~~~~I~il' 

/el,odlu.o •. Ip. 

symmetrical 

It· bleo'to,te . . belod,lltfOf'ft'l· 

. . . .. .. . .. 

• ,01"1'11'''1,,1(:01 bleD,tol. b,lo.lUform··· 

lXOltof, b,toe.llHor,m· .. 

",.....",.,..... ";"~."""M·' .. . 

8,lodlno n.•p. A· 

::~I~~~~::r~. 

Q,dina r t . 

OI,locoltl. ·v.n~tu.· 

dJl1ococtlforta· 

01 lodlf...-m·· 

Drepcllodul ,p. cf. D. orwott,l'- .. . 

sYm"'.trical blc~toi. dr.ponodl'orm· 

unlco,tot•. dr.panodlfor"'-· 

O.COlt~t•.dr.ponodlfonu 

QreponO(lul ",oby.fuI' . 

symmetrical m\lltico•.t~t. ar.poftodlform· 

sy",metrlcal bleo.tate dr,pClnOdlfof'~' 

asymmetrical bico,tate drepanodlfarrn 

weo.ly bicostate alymmetrtcal ilrepanadlform 

oillodiform· 

Drepano!ltodul n. sp. A 

homocurvatid dr.pg,nodiform· 

sllberectid dreponodlform 

it 'fr 

EoptocClvnathul IInd.tro.ml· 

dutral ombOlo

~ 

- f ~ 

bbbs Arm Forn'lntion M~ ~.,,·tinn'. 

TLES ISLAND SECTION : , ;:~'l QUARRY COVE SECTION 

, • • 

• , , 

" 

, 

I , 

I 

, 

• 

'0 

• • I '0 

I 

I 

I 2 

, 

2 2 

• " , 4 

• I 

2 I I I 

, 

6 4 3 

, • , 

'4 

2 I 

, , , 

, , 2 4. 3 '2 , 

1 

,1 I 

, , • , 

4 2 I 

, • 

, 7 I I I I , I 

, , 

I 

, 10 , 2 

, • , 

2 2 2 I 2 7 4 

•

I-'__...,...~ 

I;~ 

DVE SECTION ~OBBS (~~ECTION ~ HILLGRADE 

I~ .. 

. , 

'0 

34 I I 

I 

• • , 2 I I I 

3 .. , 

, , , 

'2 2 

• , .5 3 

I, , • , 3 I 

I 

, " 

8 

, , I 

, • 

5 ,. I 

I 

". 

I 

, ", 

"

16 

.= 

3 I T 

• I 

4 4 

4 

" 44 

I 

I 5 123 

I 3 

I 

4 

• 

17 

T 

r.v; 

lOR 

r:;;;;; 

...... 

~

It,a.·~~it 

ombolodif ,m' 

Stlodtlla I\. Ip. A .. 

sY"""',icol bleelfo't bt/e,.n.or",·· 

a.ym""t,lcal bieosto'. btl ntfol'1ll·· 

acestaf, b....IHfo,.· . 

• .... "M . 

S.lodino •. I,. A·· 

:'I:.~I:'::" 

Iodin , , . 

Ulstoeodus Wlftllteul' 

~::O~~~f~~~' . 

Or.poriodul IP. ef. O. orcuahis' 

I,ftutl,tricol bleH'o" 4,.,ollCldlfo,m· 

unlCOlfot, d,tpanocll'O'M" 

a.c0sl~l. ..ponodifo,,,,s· 

0,. ponodul ,oltullus' 

,ymm.t,icel multicostott dr.pon~difOl'tl't·· 

lyl'tWl'ltt,lcal Itkoltat. d,I,."odlto,....·· 

oSyl'l'lm,t,lcol bieo,'•• drtponodlfou,,· 

••Gkly blco"ole oIYI'fl"'lt,lcol drlponodiform· 

ai to If m" 

Onponolstodu. n. ,p_ A 

nomoc",,¥otid dnponodi'orm· 

'~b::.t~}id . ~~t.~~dr,o~~· .- 

EoplOC09nolhus IInd.f'Olml 

dextral ombolodlfo,m 

.lnilitol ambolodiform' 

[oplaco;nt'h",s robu"us' 

dellral ombolodiform' 

Sj~~S~toOio ~:tbhj~~~~'~.. 

nlot d",s mIt, I 

Poltodus u"'mlsymmtt,icus" 

paltodifo,m' 

oisttwtifo,m· 

Ponde,odu. ""ocllls' 

. ;,ocili4 POridl,odifoHI'I' 

If 

, I 

fPondt,od",. 1'1. s A 

p.,lodon oc",l,ohll, morpholyp, ,. 

plriodonti'o'm 

',ichonod,lllfor", . 

loll;onodinlform· 

lIoonodlnlfo,tn· 

priol'liodlnlfo,m· . 

i....'...m·· . 

Pt'iO:~=::':n': .m.o~~~!....,· 

P~J~=~:r.:~:~tl·~;..;:,: : . 

-r:' - 

"- '- "-:".-. 

. \ 

z 

, I 

• Z 

, I , 

, I 

3 • 

., 3 

9 I I I 

.' ..... 

.. ~~~: ~.~ ;.' ~ ".

II I .... I 

I 

I 

" 

•• > 

I 

12 • 

·1 • 

I 

I 

I 

I 

"I 

I 10 

I 1 I 

2 • 

I I I 

• 3 

4 

>.. 

7 

"1 ,1 

I I 

II, 

•I 

I 2 

10 

" . 

I • I 

9 

4 

I 

I I

4 4 I 

I 

12 • 

I 2 , 

I 

I 

10 

• I 

\I 

I 

17 

4 

I 71 

4 

5 I. 13 

4 I 

4 

• I I 

4 

I 

I 

I 

4 6 

6 4

., 

• • 

I 7 

• 5 I 13 

t ~ 12 

•• 

17 

76 

''0 • 

I .3 79 

I 

• .} 

I 9 

I 

, I 

I 

.. 2 . 

I 

"ṃ .iii=::

DavidRoyHunter.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?