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CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 127 [From Cozy Nest to Empty Nest: Parallel Communities in Print and Virtual Spaces] ......................... 127 [Network Intimacies and Imagined Communities of Online Comrade Literature] .............................. 131 [Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research] .............................................................................. 135 [Future Developments for Comrade Literature and Community: Personal Perspectives] .................... 137 [Final Reflections: Online Comrade Literature and Sexual Liberalization in Modern China] ............. 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 144 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................... 168 Appendix I: Selected Legal Documents Used to Detain Homosexuals in the PRC .......................... 168 Appendix II: Brief Chronology of Political Developments Affecting Male Tongzhi .................... 170 Appendix III: Tongzhi Website Screenshots ................................................................................... 172 Appendix IV: Classical Chinese Novels with Homoerotic Content ................................................ 175 Appendix V: Euphemisms for Male Same-Sex Relations in Imperial China ..................................... 176 Appendix VI: Examples of Tongzhi Microblog Stories .................................................................. 177 Appendix VII: Culturally Specific Terms Used By Tongzhi (Often Online) ................................... 178 v
Tongzhi Tales in Mainland China: Chinese Gay Male Subjectivities in Online Comrade Literature INTRODUCTION [Comrade Literature: Private Homoerotic Experiences in Public Discursive Space] As a novel that overtly portrays the lives of a Taiwanese male homosexual community, Bai Xianyong’s ( 白先勇 ) Crystal Boys 《孽子》 (1983) is an iconic text of Comrade Literature ( 同志文学 tongzhi wenxue), a genre of contemporary Chinese homosexual (tongzhi) fiction. Crystal Boys (1983) grapples with the dilemmas Chinese homosexuals confront when trying to establish a community unified by homoerotic relations – a difficult task in a cultural environment that marginalizes all non-heteronormative behaviors. The story takes place in 1970s Taipei during the martial law era and relates the precarious lives of “crystal boys” – a community of gay male sex workers – as they cruise in New Park for a living. After several boys are arrested for prostitution and the park is placed under curfew, a veteran of the gay male community opens the Cozy Nest tavern. The initial success of the tavern appears to allow these male sex workers to evade legal persecution and connect with an intimate gay community in a publicly accessible yet sheltered venue. However, the delicate social dynamic fostered in the Cozy Nest as a new meeting ground for gays is disrupted when a tabloid reporter publishes an exposé on the tavern, describing it as “a den of fairies” where people who “shar[e] the same ‘affliction’” gather “to taste the forbidden fruit” (282). The Nest soon becomes much less cozy when it is flooded with “a new breed of birds” – curious heterosexuals who regard gays as ephemeral objects of fascination (285). The Introduction | 1
Page 1 and 2: Tongzhi Tales in Mainland China: Ch
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have be
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9 and 10: subscribers. Members of tongzhi web
Page 11 and 12: a new media format rather than work
Page 13 and 14: 恋 tongxinglian) is rarely used wi
Page 15 and 16: [Cultural and Legislative Environme
Page 17 and 18: greatly… I am still in love with
Page 19 and 20: the internet, Chinese people circum
Page 21 and 22: online Chinese homosexual fiction i
Page 23 and 24: famous sex educator Cheng Hao, wher
Page 25 and 26: BC) to the early 1980s, concluding
Page 27 and 28: The book provided insight into the
Page 29 and 30: [Online Comrade Literature: Virtual
Page 31 and 32: homosexual characters to destabiliz
Page 33 and 34: mainstream literary genres, questio
Page 35 and 36: etween secrecy and disclosure, wher
Page 37 and 38: of gay novels in China’s micro-bl
Page 39 and 40: the Tiananmen Square events in “B
Page 41 and 42: pursuits in social terms, seemingly
Page 43 and 44: ecomes malleable and unidentifiable
Page 45 and 46: independent, are obligated to suppo
Page 47 and 48: Dong is clear about his feelings fo
Page 49 and 50: [“The Illusive Mind”: Abstracti
Page 51 and 52: enthusiasm. In comparison, “The I
Page 53 and 54: these stories predominantly display
Page 55 and 56: Accordingly, the author-narrator’
Page 57 and 58:
Nonetheless, “The Illusive Mind
Page 59 and 60:
underlie and permeate discourses”
Page 61 and 62:
goes together with X to the seaside
Page 63 and 64:
that powerful homosexual emotions d
Page 65 and 66:
first heartfelt bond between two me
Page 67 and 68:
a sense of dread because I could no
Page 69 and 70:
normative criteria become abject. A
Page 71 and 72:
‘Huizi’ was my nickname for Li
Page 73 and 74:
mimetic behaviors demonstrate the f
Page 75 and 76:
Each boy’s distinct personality a
Page 77 and 78:
During the years of Huizi’s impri
Page 79 and 80:
materiality in the first place (Wil
Page 81 and 82:
thrown into prison the first time,
Page 83 and 84:
[The Comrade Mirror Stage and Self-
Page 85 and 86:
As a result of their intimate same-
Page 87 and 88:
non-procreative homosexual body as
Page 89 and 90:
As Marston Anderson observes in his
Page 91 and 92:
toward respect for the body of the
Page 93 and 94:
Xiaoyang’s experience at the labo
Page 95 and 96:
Heather Love’s book, Feeling Back
Page 97 and 98:
[Tongzhi Reflections: Queer Desire,
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER THREE [The Camaraderie Betw
Page 101 and 102:
egime within the figure of the mili
Page 103 and 104:
1964). 43 Aside from ardently comme
Page 105 and 106:
competitions to earn money. After s
Page 107 and 108:
Communist regime - it also specific
Page 109 and 110:
eflections on homosexual friendship
Page 111 and 112:
In contrast, it is only in the seco
Page 113 and 114:
survival reflects Foucault’s noti
Page 115 and 116:
of reiterated acting - one that pro
Page 117 and 118:
But how are military tongzhi figure
Page 119 and 120:
developments in their changing rela
Page 121 and 122:
Although conversation about women c
Page 123 and 124:
In “Commitment,” the romance be
Page 125 and 126:
will “never be separated,” are
Page 127 and 128:
center of the government's power, 6
Page 129 and 130:
that it was just “manually assist
Page 131 and 132:
heteronormative ideals. At the same
Page 133 and 134:
CONCLUSION [From Cozy Nest to Empty
Page 135 and 136:
male homosexuality in four online C
Page 137 and 138:
private spheres of homosexual and h
Page 139 and 140:
manner, reading is integral to writ
Page 141 and 142:
production of online Comrade storie
Page 143 and 144:
estrictions, Chinese netizens have
Page 145 and 146:
Nevertheless, people express hope t
Page 147 and 148:
consumption, but rather than merely
Page 149 and 150:
private sphere, tongzhi are unable
Page 151 and 152:
Bacon, Barbara Schaffer, Cheryl L.
Page 153 and 154:
Chen, Jue. 2004. “The Mystery of
Page 155 and 156:
Deleuze, G. and Félix G. 1980. A T
Page 157 and 158:
Godwin, John. 2010. Legal environme
Page 159 and 160:
Huang, Zhiling and Zhang Ao. 2010.
Page 161 and 162:
Kong, Travis. S. K. 2011. Chinese M
Page 163 and 164:
Liu, Dalian. 2009. Sex Social Scien
Page 165 and 166:
Standing Committee of the First Nat
Page 167 and 168:
Rofel, Lisa. 2007. Desiring China:
Page 169 and 170:
Simon, Scott. 2001. "Sexuality, Cul
Page 171 and 172:
Wen, Xin. 2011. “China’s legal
Page 173 and 174:
Zhang, Yiwu. 2007. “Recent Change
Page 175 and 176:
1. Inciting to resist or breaking t
Page 177 and 178:
September 1999: Judge Zhang Lihua r
Page 179 and 180:
c. 阳光地带 :www.boysky.com
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix IV: Classical Chinese Nove
Page 183 and 184:
Appendix VI: Examples of Tongzhi Mi
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