Chapter 13 - McGraw-Hill

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Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Sphenoid sinus Soft palate Hard palate Pharynx Nostril Oral cavity Larynx Bronchus Bronchial tree Right lung Epiglottis Esophagus Trachea Visceral pleural membrane Pleural fluid (located between membranes) Parietal pleural membrane Left lung Diaphragm FIGURE 13.2 The respiratory system anatomy. disease p int Pleurisy is characterized by inflammation of the pleurae. This condition has a variety of causes, including respiratory infections such as tuberculosis or pneumonia, cancer, trauma or injury to the chest, inflammatory conditions such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary embolus, or conditions related to asbestos exposure. Pleurisy causes pain in the chest, especially when taking a deep breath or coughing. The pain is caused by the friction of the two inflamed membranes rubbing against each other. Breathing can become difficult, and this could lead to additional symptoms such as cyanosis, tachypnea, and shortness of breath. To diagnose pleurisy, physicians listen to breath sounds and may order a series of tests including a blood test, CT scan, chest x-ray, and ultrasound. Now you are ready to zoom in on all of the respiratory system’s specific anatomy (mentioned above) in the order that the air traveled through it in your deep breath. You will need to become familiar with the gross and microscopic anatomy along the way because this is important in understanding precisely how the anatomy functions. Anatomy of the Respiratory System 475
l l i . c o m Nasal bone Lateral cartilage Septal nasal cartilage Major alar cartilage FIGURE 13.3 The nose. nares: NAH-reez conchae: KON-kee audio c o n n e c t . m c g r a w - h Minor alar cartilages Dense connective tissue Nose Air enters the nasal cavity through the nose’s two nares (nostrils). The nasal bones superiorly and the plates of hyaline cartilage at the end of the nose are responsible for the nose’s shape. You can feel where the nasal bone ends and cartilage begins at the bridge of the nose. See Figure 13.3 . Nasal Cavity As you can see in Figure 13.4c , a septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides. The ethmoid bone (superiorly), the vomer (inferiorly), and a septal cartilage anteriorly form the septum. The anterior part of the nasal cavity (the vestibule ) is lined by stratified squamous epithelial tissue with stiff guard hairs to block debris from entering the respiratory tract. The nasal cavity widens posterior to the vestibule to make room for three bony, lateral ridges called the nasal conchae. See Figure 13.4b . The ethmoid bone forms the superior and middle nasal conchae, while the inferior nasal concha is a separate bone. This portion of the nasal cavity is lined by mucous membranes that trap debris and warm and moisturize the incoming air. study hint Take a look up your own nose by using a flashlight and a mirror. You can see the hairs in the vestibule and notice that the posterior nasal cavity appears very red and moist. These are the moist, mucous membranes, and their rich blood supply moisturizes and warms the air. You should also see that there is limited space for air to pass because of the protruding nasal conchae. This causes more air to come in contact with the mucous membranes, so they are better able to function. FIGURE 13.4 The anatomy of the upper respiratory tract: (a) sagittal view of cadaver, (b) sagittal section showing internal anatomy (nasal septum has been removed), (c) nasal septum and regions of the pharynx. Frontal sinus Nasal conchae: Superior Middle Inferior Hard palate Tongue Larynx: Epiglottis Cribriform plate Sphenoidal sinus Nasopharynx Uvula Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Trachea (a) Esophagus 476 CHAPTER 13 The Respiratory System
Page 1 and 2: 13 The Respiratory System Everyone
Page 3: Overview The word respiration has s
Page 7 and 8: The nasal conchae provide extra sur
Page 9 and 10: Anterior Posterior Epiglottis Glott
Page 11 and 12: spot check A patient on a ventilato
Page 13 and 14: Lobar bronchi further divide to sma
Page 15 and 16: of water (sheeting action), so wate
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 13.14 concluded Diaphragm Ab
Page 19 and 20: 13.6 learning outcome Define the me
Page 21 and 22: 13.7 learning outcome Define partia
Page 23 and 24: 2. The oxygen-rich blood travels fr
Page 25 and 26: Fluid and blood cells in alveoli Al
Page 27 and 28: 13.11 learning outcome Describe the
Page 29 and 30: it does, deoxyhemoglobin reacts wit
Page 31 and 32: FIGURE 13.26 Peripheral chemorecept
Page 33 and 34: exchange. Tidal volume gradually in
Page 35 and 36: disease p int Strep throat is a com
Page 37 and 38: I M A T 3 D a n y A N b o d i m a t
Page 39 and 40: Table 13.3 summarizes all of the di
Page 41 and 42: putting the pieces together The Res
Page 43 and 44: How much more air per minute was Bo

Chapter 13 - McGraw-Hill

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