Galland EPS 2012 - VBN

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Understanding the Reorientations and Roles of Spatial Planning 1377 Downloaded by [Daniel Galland] at 07:22 25 July 2012 planning directive aimed at safeguarding the coasts was introduced in 1991 and implemented as an amendment to the Planning Act in 1994. Another relevant amendment to the Act was the establishment of retail trade provisions in 1997, which banned largescale, out-of-town retail development (Sørensen, 2004). Both amendments resulted in the creation of national planning directives, which became legally binding for regional and local authorities. The 1997 national planning report “Denmark and European spatial planning policy” confirmed Denmark’s position in European planning policy. It focused on three main policy areas: a balanced and polycentric urban system; equal access to infrastructure and knowledge; and the development and protection of natural and cultural heritage (Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997, p. 13). Environmental impact assessment as a method was introduced by this report, thereby placing environmental sustainability at the core of individual policy decisions. These objectives also matched the evolving work and agendas of two major international programmes—the ESDP and the Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea (VASAB)—in which Denmark played an important role. Notably, new spatial concepts stemming from the ESDP were adopted and merged with the spatial logic at the time (Figure 9). Also in this report, the original idea regarding urban networking became more solidly defined in the form of so-called urban clusters, wherein several town and city networks were proposed following a bottom-up approach. 4 It was highlighted that such networks could potentially adopt a “national centre status” to generate a better geographical equilibrium (Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997, p. 56). Cooperation and coordination became the catchwords to consolidate urban networks into national centres. While this report stressed that the conditions for commercial and industrial development were to be guided by globalization and international competition, it was still based on the old pattern of urban hierarchy. This meant that local and regional planning functions remained unchanged. However, to implement major projects and to promote particular trends in specific locations, the national scale made an increasing use of national planning directives (Enemark & Jørgensen, 2001). A new spatial development position at the national level was thereby perceived not only through the emphasis placed on globalization in the 1997 national planning report, but also Figure 9. The integration of former and newer spatial notions in the 1997 national planning report “Denmark and European Spatial Planning Policy” (Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997, pp. 56–57).
1378 D. Galland in the promotion of business development at the core of spatial planning as highlighted in the draft version of the 1999 national planning report. Both in Denmark and abroad there is a tendency for economic, political and cultural influences and increased globalization to result in greater decentralized involvement, which creates new cross-border contacts and decision-making structures. (Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997, p. 11) Spatial planning can play an active role in promoting business development. Some counties and municipalities in Denmark are already making this happen. (Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1999) Downloaded by [Daniel Galland] at 07:22 25 July 2012 The 2000s: Balanced Development and Differentiation The beginning of the century brought along a new planning orientation that went beyond internationalization and the establishment of a comprehensive urban system with Copenhagen as the crucial economic and geographical core for development. The 2000 national planning report “Local identity and new challenges” set out the idea of pursuing regional development and spatial planning upon the basis of a new collaborative fashion geared towards cross-sectoral ambitions and partnership structures. National planning throughout the first half of the 2000s took again on the notion of balanced development albeit this time in accordance with a rather different frame: Closer interaction between business development and spatial planning can both strengthen strategies for business development and ensure spatial planning is more dynamic and oriented towards the future (...) Balance can be based on the geographical development of business. (Ministry of the Environment and Energy, 2000, pp. 6, 8; emphasis added) While building upon the European spatial recommendations established earlier and in a new attempt to pursue balance, the first Danish national planning report of the decade was also explicitly oriented towards spatial economic development and regional policy. Particular emphasis was placed on new cross-sectoral interactions with the transport and environment sectors whereby the government’s Industrial and Urban Policy Committee played an important role. Another example was the close cooperation between the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Trade and Industry. The latter produced two reports, “The Danish business policy” (Ministry of Trade and Industry, 1998) and “Report on regional business policy in Denmark” (Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2000), which correlate with the 2000 national planning report in their scope. The implementation of the alluded balanced development led to the consolidation of two more national centres based on polycentricity, namely, the Triangle Area and the Midwest Region. The former urban hierarchy terminology was still in use as illustrated by the term “national centre” and its adaptation to the new European phrase “city network”. The fact of establishing such centres in the Jutland peninsula can be interpreted as an attempt to make up for the sole emphasis placed on Copenhagen and the Øresund during previous years (Figure 10). In 2003, a new national planning report entitled “Balanced development in Denmark— What needs to be done?” highlighted the need to employ spatial planning as a tool to attain
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