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178 Theodor and Foss List of characters that support Cetartiodactyla (node 82 → 83), and Artiodactyla (node 83 → 84). Ambiguous (→) and unambiguous (⇒) transformations taken from a strict consensus tree are displayed for both delayed transitions (DELTRAN) and accelerated transitions (ACCTRAN) along with the consistency index (C.I.). Character Transformation DELTRAN C.I. ACCTRAN C.I. CETARTIODACTYLA 9 0 ⇒ 1 0.273 — 10 0 → 1 0.125 — 38 1 → 0 — 0.500 49 0 → 1 — 0.200 54 1 ⇒ 0 0.125 — 56 0 ⇒ 1 0.222 — 64 1 ⇒ 0 0.333 — 72 0 → 1 — 0.429 74 0 → 1 — 0.125 75 0 → 1 — 0.143 85 0 → 1 — 0.250 91 0 ⇒ 1 0.333 — 106 0 ⇒ 1 0.167 — 107 0 ⇒ 1 1.000 — 109 0 → 1 — 0.167 113 0 ⇒ 1 0.333 — 116 0 → 1 0.667 0.667 120 0 → 1 — 0.167 126 0 ⇒ 1 0.500 — 128 0 → 1 — 1.000 133 0 → 1 1.000 — 135 0 → 1 1.000 — 138 0 → 1 — 1.000 139 0 → 2 0.400 0.400 ARTIODACTYLA 4 0→ 1 0.250 — 9 0→ 1 — 0.273 10 0 → 1 — 0.200 12 1 ⇒ 0 0.333 — 14 0 → 1 0.182 — 54 1 → 0 — 0.125 56 0 → 1 — 0.222 58 1 ⇒ 0 0.111 — 59 0 ⇒ 1 0.143 — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the following people and institutions for access to specimens in their care: Patricia Holroyd, University of California Museum of Paleontology; Pascal Tassy and Claire Sagne, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Jeremy Hooker, the Natural History Museum, London; Mary Dawson and Alan Tabrum, Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Gregg Gunnell, University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology; Richard Stucky and Logan Ivy, Denver Museum of Nature and Science. We appreciated discussions on the subject material with Mark Uhen, Christine Janis, and Jörg Erfurt. Rob Furr provided invaluable technical assistance with the figures and Matt Smith assisted with casting and molding. Mark Uhen, Jonathan Geisler, Jörg Erfurt, Christine Janis, Regan Dunn,
Cebochoerid Deciduous Dentitions 179 Lia Vella, Rob Furr, and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Blainville, H. M. D. D. (1816). Prodrome d’une nouvelle distribution systèmatique du règne animal. Bull. Sci. Philomatique Paris 3 3: 105–124. Boisserie, J.-R., Lihoreau, F., and Brunet, M. (2005). The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 1537–1541. Bremer, K. (1994). Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10: 295–304. Cifelli, R. L. (1982). The petrosal structure of Hyopsodus with respect to that of some other ungulates, and its phylogenetic implications. J. Paleontol. 56: 795–805. Colbert, E. H. (1935). Distributional and phylogenetic studies on Indian fossil mammals. IV. The phylogeny of the Indian Suidae and the origin of the Hippopotamidae. Am. Mus. Novit. 799: 1–24. Gatesy, J. (1997). More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: The blood clotting protein gene γ -fibrinogen. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14: 537–543. Gatesy, J. (1998). Molecular evidence for the phylogenetic affinities of Cetacea. In: The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea, J. G. M. Thewissen, ed., pp. 63–112, Plenum, New York. Gatesy, J., Hayashi, C., Cronin, M. A., and Arctander, P. (1996). Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 954–963. Gatesy, J., Milinkovitch, M., Waddell, V., and Stanhope, M. (1999). Stability of cladistic relationships between Cetacea and higher-level artiodactyl taxa. Syst. Biol. 48: 6–20. Geisler, J. H. (2001a). New morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae. Am. Mus. Novit. 3344: 1–53. Geisler, J. H. (2001b). Possible resolution to the conflict between molecular and morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Artiodactyla. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 21: 53A. Geisler, J. H., and Luo, Z. (1998). Relationships of Cetacea to terrestrial ungulates and the evolution of cranial vasculature in Cete. In: The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea, J. G. M. Thewissen, ed., pp. 163–212, Plenum, New York. Geisler, J. H., and Uhen, M. D. (2003). Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23(4): 991–996. Geisler, J. H., and Uhen, M. D. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls: Results of simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphological, and stratigraphic data. J. Mamm. Evol. 12 (in press). Gentry, A. W., and Hooker, J. J. (1988). The phylogeny of the Artiodactyla. In: The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Vol. 2: Mammals, M. J. Benton, ed., pp. 235–272, Clarendon, Oxford. Gingerich, P. D. (1998). Paleobiological perspectives on Mesonychia, Archaeoceti, and the origin of whales. In: The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea, J.G.M.Thewissen,ed., pp. 423–450, Plenum, New York. Gingerich, P. D., Arif, M., and Clyde, W. C. (1995). New archaeocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Domanda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Mich. 29: 291–330. Gingerich, P. D., Haq, M. U., Zalmout, I. S., Khan, I. H., and Malkani, M. S. (2001). Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239–2242. Gingerich, P. D., and Russell, D. E. (1990). Dentition of early Eocene Pakicetus (Mammalia, Cetacea). Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Mich. 28: 1–20. Graur, D., and Higgins, D. G. (1994). Molecular evidence for the inclusion of cetaceans within the Order Artiodactyla. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11: 357–364. Hooker, J. J., and Thomas, K. M. (2001). A new species of Amphirhagatherium (Choeropotamidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Eocene Headon Hill Formation of Southern England and phylogeny of endemic European “anthracotherioids.” Palaeontology 44: 827–853. Hooker, J. J., and Weidmann, M. (2000). The Eocene mammal faunas of Mormont, Switzerland. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen 120: 1–143. Hulbert, R. C. Jr., Petkewich, R. M., Bishop, G. A., Bukry, D., and Aleshire, D. P. (1998). A new middle Eocene protocetid whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and associated biota from Georgia. J. Paleontol. 72: 907–927. Luckett, W. P., and Hong, J. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships between the orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea: A combined assessment of morphological and molecular evidence. J. Mamm. Evol. 5: 127–182. MacLeod, N., and Rose, K. D. (1993). Inferring locomotor behavior in Paleogene mammals via eigenshape analysis. Am. J. Sci. 293-A: 300–355.
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