KGeetha et al (a) (a) (b) (b) (c) (c) Figure 5. Plot of ln(I ) versus z (z is the propagation distance through the waveguide). are <strong>in</strong> progress to study the optical attenuation <strong>in</strong> polymer waveguides with different dye concentrations and thickness and the results will be reported elsewhere. Figure 6. The ‘peel<strong>in</strong>g the curve’ method applied to ln(I ) versus z plot at λ = 600 nm. The solid l<strong>in</strong>es represent the l<strong>in</strong>ear fits to the data. 4. Conclusions Us<strong>in</strong>g a side illum<strong>in</strong>ation technique, position-dependent tun<strong>in</strong>g of light emitted from a rhodam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>6G</strong> doped planar waveguide 382
<strong>Loss</strong> <strong>characterization</strong> <strong>in</strong> rhodam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>6G</strong> doped polymer film waveguide by side illum<strong>in</strong>ation fluorescence (a) the fluorescence collected from the waveguide are used to characterize the loss mechanisms <strong>in</strong> the waveguide. It has been observed that at longer wavelengths, there is a lower<strong>in</strong>g of attenuation towards larger distances of propagation <strong>in</strong> the waveguides. This suggests that appropriate design of the waveguide will lead to a ga<strong>in</strong> on the longer wavelength side. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the f<strong>in</strong>ancial support from NUFFIC, Netherlands, under the MHO assistance to International School of Photonics. The first author is grateful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for a research fellowship. MR and VPN acknowledge the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for f<strong>in</strong>ancial assistance through a project fellowship and research award project respectively. (b) (c) Figure 7. ln(I ) versus ln(z) plots. structure is observed. This is a potential method for gett<strong>in</strong>g tunable output from a waveguide laser. The data from References [1] Kuzyk M G, Garvey D W, Vigil S R and Welker D J 1999 All-optical devices <strong>in</strong> polymer optical fiber Chem. Phys. 245 533–44 [2] Kuzyk M G, Garvey D W, Canfield B K, Vigil S R, Welker D J, Tostenrude J and Breckon C 1999 Characterization of s<strong>in</strong>gle-mode polymer optical fiber and electro-optic fiber devices Chem. Phys. 245 327–40 [3] Costela A, Florido F, Garcia-Moreno I, Duchowicz R, Amat-Guerri F, Figuera J M and Sastre R 1995 Solid-state dye laser based on copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate doped with rhodam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>6G</strong> Appl. Phys. B 60 383–9 [4] Peng G D, Chu P L, Xiong Z, Whitbread T W and Chapl<strong>in</strong> R P 1996 Dye-doped step-<strong>in</strong>dex polymer optical fiber for broad band optical amplification J. Lightwave Technol. 14 2215–23 [5] Tagaya A, Teramoto S, Yamamoto T, Fujii K, Nihei E, Koike Y and Sasaki K 1995 Theoretical and experimental <strong>in</strong>vestigation of rhodam<strong>in</strong>e B-doped polymer optical fiber amplifiers IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31 2215–20 [6] Tagaya A, Teramoto S, Nihei E, Sasaki K and Koike Y 1997 High-power and high-ga<strong>in</strong> organic dye-doped polymer optical fiber amplifiers: novel techniques for preparation and spectral <strong>in</strong>vestigation Appl. Opt. 36 572–8 [7] Welker D J and Kuzyk M G 1996 All-optical switch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a dye-doped polymer fiber Fabry–Perot waveguide Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1835–6 [8] Garwey D W, Zimmerman K, Young P, Tostenrude J, Townsend J S, Zhou Z, Lobel M, Dayton M, Wittorf R and Kuzyk M G 1996 S<strong>in</strong>gle-mode nonl<strong>in</strong>ear optical polymer fibers J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13 2017–23 [9] Ka<strong>in</strong>o T 2000 Waveguide fabrication us<strong>in</strong>g organic nonl<strong>in</strong>ear optical materials J. Opt. A: Pure Appl.Opt.2 R1–7 [10] Kruhlak R J and Kuzyk M G 1999 Side-illum<strong>in</strong>ation fluorescence spectroscopy I—pr<strong>in</strong>ciples J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16 1749–55 [11] Kruhlak R J and Kuzyk M G 1999 Side-illum<strong>in</strong>ation fluorescence spectroscopy II—applications to squara<strong>in</strong>e dye-doped polymer optical fiber J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16 1756–67 [12] Drexhage K H 1990 Structure and properties of laser dyes Dye Lasers (Spr<strong>in</strong>ger Topics <strong>in</strong> Applied Physics vol 1) ed FPShäfer (Berl<strong>in</strong>: Spr<strong>in</strong>ger) chapter 5, p 155 [13] Shäfer F P (ed) 1990 Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of dye laser operation Dye Lasers (Spr<strong>in</strong>ger Topics <strong>in</strong> Applied Physics vol 1) (Berl<strong>in</strong>: Spr<strong>in</strong>ger) chapter 1, p 1 383