PPT slides handout as PDF - the Department of Animal Sciences
PPT slides handout as PDF - the Department of Animal Sciences
PPT slides handout as PDF - the Department of Animal Sciences
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<strong>Animal</strong>/Dairy Science 434<br />
Lec 2:<br />
Female comparative anatomy;<br />
History <strong>of</strong> Reproductive Physiology<br />
Ovarian Differences<br />
Cow<br />
Mare<br />
Kangaroo Rat Human<br />
Sow<br />
Cow, Sow, Ewe, Human<br />
• Cortex on outside<br />
• Ovulation can occur on<br />
any point <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ovary<br />
Mare<br />
• Inversion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cortex and<br />
medulla.<br />
• Ovulation occurs at <strong>the</strong><br />
Ovulation Fossa<br />
Cow<br />
Preovulatory<br />
Tertiary<br />
Follicle<br />
Sow<br />
Blood vessels<br />
and connective<br />
tissue in medulla<br />
Uterine and Cervical<br />
Differences<br />
Sow<br />
Internal<br />
CL<br />
Cow<br />
Mare<br />
Mare<br />
Oposum<br />
Duplex<br />
Rabbit, Mouse<br />
Ewe<br />
Bicornuate<br />
Cow<br />
Sow<br />
2 Uterine Horns<br />
2 Cervixes<br />
2 Vagin<strong>as</strong> 1 Vagina<br />
Smaller<br />
uterine<br />
horns<br />
1 Vagina<br />
1 Cervix<br />
1 Uterine Body<br />
2 Uterine Horns<br />
Large<br />
uterine<br />
horns
Bicornuate<br />
Bicornuate<br />
Mare<br />
Dog<br />
Large uterine body<br />
Smaller uterine horns<br />
1 Vagina<br />
1 Cervix<br />
1 Uterine Body<br />
2 Uterine Horns<br />
1 Vagina<br />
1 Cervix<br />
1 Uterine Body<br />
2 Uterine Horns<br />
Cat<br />
Small uterine body<br />
Long uterine horns<br />
Simplex<br />
Human Tract<br />
Woman<br />
Large uterine body<br />
No uterine horns<br />
1 Vagina<br />
1 Cervix<br />
1 Uterine Body<br />
Human Tract<br />
A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy for<br />
excessively heavy menses. She had previously had four<br />
normal deliveries. This structure w<strong>as</strong> removed, what is<br />
wrong?
• Cervix is composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> thick connective<br />
tissue<br />
Cervix<br />
Cow h<strong>as</strong> 4-5<br />
annular rings<br />
Uterine Body<br />
Internal Cervical Os<br />
COW<br />
• Mucus is secreted<br />
near <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong><br />
breeding and<br />
ovulation.<br />
No<br />
obstacles<br />
Mare<br />
Uterine Body<br />
Longitudinal<br />
Folds<br />
Interdigitating<br />
pads<br />
Sow<br />
Uterine Body<br />
External Cervical Os<br />
Fornix Vagina<br />
No<br />
fornix<br />
vagina<br />
Vagina<br />
Vagina<br />
Vagina<br />
Cervix<br />
Cervix<br />
COW<br />
Internal Os<br />
Cervical<br />
Ring<br />
Cervical<br />
Ring<br />
Cervical<br />
Folds<br />
Fornix<br />
Fornix<br />
FV<br />
IP<br />
External Os<br />
EWE<br />
Fornix<br />
Anterior Vagina<br />
Anterior Vagina<br />
Sow<br />
Mare<br />
External Genitalia<br />
Mare Cow Sow<br />
What is this?<br />
Ewe
Human Tract<br />
External Genitalia<br />
Vagina Anterior Vagina Posterior Vagina (Vestibule)<br />
Cervix<br />
Columnar<br />
Epi<strong>the</strong>lium<br />
Fornix<br />
Urethra<br />
Stratified<br />
Squamous<br />
Epi<strong>the</strong>lium<br />
Vulva-<br />
Vaginal<br />
Sphincter<br />
(Hymen)<br />
Avian<br />
Female<br />
Anatomy<br />
Magnum<br />
Isthmus<br />
Uterus<br />
Infundibulum<br />
Ovary<br />
Oviduct<br />
Shell Gland<br />
Intestine<br />
perivitelline<br />
membrane<br />
chalazae<br />
albumen<br />
shell membrane<br />
cleaving bl<strong>as</strong>todisc<br />
Submucosa<br />
Mucosa<br />
Submucosa<br />
vagina<br />
cloaca<br />
Right<br />
Oviduct<br />
Left side <strong>of</strong> Reproductive Tract Develops!!<br />
24 hrs<br />
50K cells<br />
shell<br />
Chicken Tract<br />
Ovary<br />
Chicken Ovary<br />
Hierarchal<br />
Follicles<br />
Magnum<br />
Intestine<br />
Shell Gland
Ovary with<br />
large follicles<br />
removed<br />
Chicken Reproductive Tract<br />
Isthmus<br />
Infundibulum<br />
Magnum<br />
Shell Gland<br />
Ruptured follicle<br />
Cloaca<br />
Follicles<br />
Infundibulum<br />
Cloaca<br />
Vagina<br />
Vaginal<br />
opening<br />
Intestine<br />
opening<br />
Cloaca <strong>of</strong> Chicken<br />
Historical Development <strong>of</strong><br />
Reproductive Physiology<br />
Intestine<br />
opening<br />
Aristotle 384-322 BC<br />
Generation<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Animal</strong>s<br />
• Fetus arises from<br />
menstrual blood<br />
• Seminal pl<strong>as</strong>ma initiates<br />
<strong>the</strong> conversion <strong>of</strong><br />
menstrual blood<br />
Vagina opening<br />
• Semen from all parts <strong>of</strong><br />
body
The Age <strong>of</strong> Gross Anatomy<br />
• Fallopius (1562)<br />
– Describes <strong>the</strong> oviduct<br />
• Coiter (1573)<br />
– Describes <strong>the</strong> corpus luteum<br />
• Regnier de Graff (1672)<br />
– Describes <strong>the</strong> antral follicle (Graafian Follicle)<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Microscope<br />
• van Leewenhoek (1677)<br />
– Describes spermatozoa<br />
in semen<br />
What is <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> spermatozoa?<br />
• Spallanzani (1780)<br />
– Sperm were <strong>the</strong> fertilizing agent in semen<br />
– Successful artificial insemination <strong>of</strong> a dog<br />
• Dum<strong>as</strong> (1825)<br />
– Proves sperm <strong>the</strong> fertilizing agent<br />
Modern Reprod. Physiology<br />
• Gonads produce steroid hormones<br />
• Regulation <strong>of</strong> estrous cycles in females<br />
• Radioimmuno<strong>as</strong>say (RIA)<br />
• Artificial Insemination<br />
• Cryopreservation<br />
• Prostaglandin used to control estrous<br />
cycles<br />
• Biotechnology<br />
Approach to Applications<br />
• Develop b<strong>as</strong>ic knowledge <strong>of</strong> how<br />
system works<br />
• Investigate methods that can perturb<br />
<strong>the</strong> system<br />
• Manipulate <strong>the</strong> system to improve<br />
reproduction<br />
– Estrus Synchronization<br />
Enhancing Reproduction<br />
• Small improvements have pr<strong>of</strong>ound<br />
effects on production<br />
– 3% improvement in birth rate results in an<br />
additional:<br />
• 1 million beef calves/year<br />
• 3.2 million pigs/year<br />
• 3.7 million gallons <strong>of</strong> milk/year
Current Trends<br />
Limiting Reproduction<br />
Insects<br />
Pets<br />
Production<br />
Metabolic<br />
and<br />
Physiologic<br />
Changes<br />
Reproduction<br />
Humans<br />
• Continuing need to:<br />
– improve reproductive performance<br />
– understand how to apply new technology<br />
• Ovsynch<br />
• Clonning<br />
Wildlife
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