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Campbell had a shaft loom which might have been built by Campbell while he lived in New York State. 165 The shaft loom was responsible for the greatest diversity he could produce in weave structure, fibre and width. 166 This loom also created the greatest scheduling challenges as he wove, at the most, 43 cloth sub-categories in one year in 1862. The theory discussed in the methodology section is that Campbell would weave a type of cloth when he received enough orders in that category with compatible weave structure, colour, fibre and width. Clustering of orders by date in the account book raises questions about how Campbell organized his workshop and his account book (Appendix 1.27). Did his customers know that he generally took orders for rag carpets from March to April, striped and plaid cloth in January? Or did Campbell write the orders in the account book to reflect his production schedule? Perhaps customers placed their orders at their convenience, and therefore, one would expect to see the orders showing up randomly on the calendar, but they do not. 167 Orders in 1875 for striped and plaid are in January, tweeled in February, rag carpets are clustered from March to July, carpet coverlets July to September and plain cloth in October and December. Delivery dates are offset by about one to three months. Did news travel word of mouth that Campbell was weaving rag carpets in March? After all many of his customers were connected by proximity and kinship. In the table in Appendix 1.27, cloth categories have periods of concentration during the year. Indeed, there is a trend from the 1862 graph for rag carpet orders in March which was generally repeated over the 165 The figured head has the manufacturer, James Lightbody from New Jersey moulded onto the side of the frame. Also documented in Ibid., 140. 166 A silk weaver from England, Mr. Thomas Heath demonstrated that being able to weave a wide variety of cloth allowed him to stay employed. He stated that, “I took to figured work and have been at it ever since, excepting that I have occasionally done a plain piece of work when no figured work was to be had.” Reports from Commissioner, page 41 in Hand-loom Weavers. 167 McCalla demonstrated that carding and fulling mills followed a calendar of operation. Carding was generally done between mid-May and to October and fulling mid-September to mid-March. McCalla, Planting the Province, 101-102. 97
following years, although becoming somewhat obscured by 1885 when rag carpet orders comprised 38% of his business. How does category clustering work on an individual basis? Donald Graham from Lobo Township opened his account on February 21, 1861 with the purchase of 27 yards of bordered blankets. Eight months later, on October 11 he made another order for 22 ½ yards of full cloth. Both orders were paid in full on March 5, 1862. Donald Graham’s order for 22 ½ yards of full cloth in 1861 was the fifth of 30 orders for full cloth. Between August 8, 1861 and December 30, 1861, Campbell took orders for 536 ½ yards of full cloth which were mostly paid in full between February and March of 1862 (Appendix 1.13). 168 Repeat customer Sylvester Campbell from Lobo Township began his 1861 account on July 2, 1861 by ordering two carpet coverlets. His account still open, he returned in November and then December to make two orders for full cloth and then closed his account on February 8, 1862 on the same day that he ordered 28 yards of 4-colour stripe. In any case, I believe that orders for full cloth and other types of cloth were clustered around a specific time period, not by accident but by design, most likely pointing to production schedule that was efficient for Campbell and kept costs down for customers. Campbell produced some cloth that only appeared once or very few times in the account book. The following six types of cloth were only produced once: shepherd’s plaid, kersey, diaper, linen, quilt and scarlet flannel. 169 From a technical point of view, these textiles are interesting to consider, and confirm Campbell’s versatility as a weaver and his willingness to meet his customers’ needs but do not show the major trends of his production. These more 168 In a minority of cases, the date of final payment does not appear to fit this pattern. For example, Malcolm McKeller, Caradoc Township ordered full cloth November 6, 1861 and made final payment on November 15. Mrs. Carrey, Delaware Township ordered full cloth on November 7, 1861 and made final payment on November 18, 1861. 169 See the Glossary for a definition of these fabrics. 98
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Counting on Customers: John Campbel
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Page 41 a
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Figure 1: Page 41 and 42, January 1
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cloth with the customer such as thr
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Although not supported by documenta
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comparing him to other nineteenth-c
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Figure: 3 - John Campbell’s loom
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surviving in North America (Figure
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Campbell had a second loom, similar
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woven textiles such as Susan Rabbit
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The most important contribution to
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oriented as Campbell, their product
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population and male ‘domestic ind
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early research efforts because of t
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literature about Scottish handloom
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contributing factors that fostered
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skills. 22 In the nineteenth centur
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enter the burgeoning weaving factor
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thinking as he prepared to emigrate
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Figure 6 - John Campbell’s carpet
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The extent of Campbell’s prosperi
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to decrease the demand for handloom
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the 1850 New York State census. The
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Figure 2: Map of Komoka, showing th
Page 51 and 52: ase. 97 Another motivation might ha
Page 53 and 54: indicated that Campbell did have a
Page 55 and 56: Conclusion John Campbell was one of
Page 57 and 58: Hugh McRae, Merchant and Postmaster
Page 59 and 60: old threads, the thread is sleyed t
Page 61 and 62: grouping the cloth according to pro
Page 63 and 64: Evidence from Material Culture The
Page 65 and 66: Campbell’s output informing the h
Page 67 and 68: and son could have been involved. 4
Page 69 and 70: hired minimally skilled weavers. 49
Page 71 and 72: his situation in Komoka with his fa
Page 73 and 74: acquire it from a skilled tradesman
Page 75 and 76: handloom and mill weaving into the
Page 77 and 78: use of ‘tradesman weaver’ or
Page 79 and 80: James Auterson from Biddulph Townsh
Page 81 and 82: 28 entries, showing the abundance a
Page 83 and 84: Although Maitland and Auterson, lik
Page 85 and 86: perhaps a reason for these less ski
Page 87 and 88: which these cards were produced or
Page 89 and 90: width loom. 117 Comparing Campbell
Page 91 and 92: charge for this service. 127 If Cam
Page 93 and 94: finished and Howell wrote that he w
Page 95 and 96: production, he produced a greater q
Page 97 and 98: decorative top covering of a bed, b
Page 99 and 100: thicker weight of wool thus speedin
Page 101: modularly. Because there are so few
Page 105 and 106: weaving manual writer, devoted an e
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER FOUR CAMPBELL’S CUSTOMERS
Page 109 and 110: cloth or meeting the textile needs
Page 111 and 112: tasks previously the responsibility
Page 113 and 114: The entries with complete informati
Page 115 and 116: from Kilworth, Delaware Township. I
Page 117 and 118: and/or connections that residents o
Page 119 and 120: collective order from Adelaide Town
Page 121 and 122: consumers were born between 1806 an
Page 123 and 124: Case Studies In this section, I exa
Page 125 and 126: time and potential problems onto a
Page 127 and 128: that I have seen are in very good c
Page 129 and 130: more specifically, the Hughes’ wo
Page 131 and 132: pounds of wool and wove 15 yards of
Page 133 and 134: I calculated that a coverlet would
Page 135 and 136: purchasing multiple carpet coverlet
Page 137 and 138: from artisan-tradesmen in early-nin
Page 139 and 140: nine individuals, I proved that som
Page 141 and 142: that made the value in this mode of
Page 143 and 144: Household Production Every handloom
Page 145 and 146: Cotton often came in skeins in sing
Page 147 and 148: cents per yard and carpet coverlets
Page 149 and 150: increased production of the higher
Page 151 and 152: stage that was dependent on the pre
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Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Census
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Armstrong, Mary, 1819-1881, Jackson
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The London City and Middlesex Count
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Anderson, Clarita. American Coverle
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Keep Me Warm One Night: Early Handw
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Ham, James M. Operation of the John
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“The Needs of Farm Households: Fa
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Pursell, Carroll W. “Thomas Digge
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GLOSSARY Barn Frame Loom - the pre-
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Satinette - a cloth with a predomin
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APPENDICES Appendix 1.01: 1881 Onta
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Appendix 1.04 List of Fabrics in th
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first visit last visit number of ye
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Appendix 1.08 Campbell organized th
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Appendix 1.11 A Sample of textile a
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Appendix 1.13 Full Cloth Orders in
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Appendix 1.15 1871 Industrial Censu
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1871 Industrial Census - Handloom w
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Appendix 1.17 Comparison of Sample
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Appendix 1.20 186
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Appendix 1.22 Source: John Campbell
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Appendix 1.24 190
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Appendix 1.26 Cloth Categories from
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Appendix 1.28 194
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Appendix 1.30 Appendix 1.31 196
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Appendix 1.34 198
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Appendix 2.01 - Inside cover of Joh
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Appendix 2.05 - Page 71 and 72 of J
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Appendix 2.08 Rose and Stars Coverl
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Appendix 2.11 The Tulip Coverlet by
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Appendix 2.15 Appendix 2.16 Single
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Appendix 3.01 209
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Appendix 3.03 211
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Appendix 3.05 213
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