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Densmore, Christopher. “Understanding and Using Early Nineteenth Century Account Books.” The Midwestern Archivist V, no. 1 (1980): 5-19. Devine, Thomas. Glasgow. Vol. 1, Beginnings to 1830. Manchester: Manchester University Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. De Vries, Jan. “Between Purchasing Power and the World of Goods. Understanding the Household Economy in Early Modern Europe.” In Consumption and the World of Goods. Edited by J. Brewer and R. Porter, 85-132. London; New York: Routledge, 1993. “The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution.” Journal of Economic History 54 (1994): 340-61. Durie, Alastair. The Scottish Linen Industry in the Eighteenth Century. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd., 1979. Fawcett, Jane. Historic Floors: Their History and Conservation. Oxford; Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998. Forman, Benno M. “The Account Book of John Gould, Weaver, of Topsfield, Massachusetts: 1697-1724.” Essex Institute Historical Collections CV (1969): 36-49. Fuglister, J. and R. Bloom. “Accounting Records of Quakers of West Falmouth, Massachusetts (1796-1860): An Analysis.” Accounting Historians Journal 18, no. 2 (1991):133-154. Greenberg, Joshua R. Advocating the Man: Masculinity, Organized Labor, and the Household in New York, 1800-1840. Columbia University Press, 2009. Goodrich, Frances. Allanstand Cottage Industries. Allanstand, North Carolina: Woman’s Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church, 1902. Goody, Rabbit. “Finding the Thread: Restoration of a Professional Weaver’s Loom.” Ars Textrina 9 (1988): 125-156. Goody, Susan Rabbit. Woven History: The Technology and Innovation of Long Island Coverlets, 1800-1860. Long Island: The Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, 1993. Greer, Allan. “Wage Labour and the Transition to Capitalism: A Critique of Pentland.” Labour/Le Travail 15 (Spring 1985): 7-24. Hall, Eliza Calvert. A Book of Hand-woven Coverlets. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1912. 157
Ham, James M. Operation of the John Campbell Jacquard Loom. Toronto: Ontario Science Centre, 1995. Hamilton. John. The Industrial Revolution in Scotland. London: Frank Cass, 1966. Heartz, R. F. “Variations in Overshot Weaving.” Handicrafter 3, no. 1 (1931): 26-28. Heisey, John W. and Donald R. Walters. A Checklist of American Coverlet Weavers. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1978. Heron, Craig. “Factory Workers.” In Labouring Lives: Work and Workers in Nineteenth- Century Ontario. Edited by Paul Craven, 479-594. Toronto, Buffalo & London: University of Toronto Press, 1995. Hood, Adrienne. “The Gender Division of Labor in the Production of Textiles in Eighteenth- Century Rural Pennsylvania (Rethinking the New England Model).” Journal of Social History 27 (Spring 1994): 537-61. “The Material World of Cloth Production and Use in Eighteenth-Century Rural Pennsylvania.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, vol. 53, no. 1, Material Culture in Early America (Jan., 1996): 43-66. “Industrial Opportunism: From Hand Weaving to Mill Production, 1700-1830.” In Textiles in Early New England: Design, Production and Consumption. Edited by Peter Benes, 135- 52. Boston: Boston University Press, 1999. The Weaver’s Craft: Cloth, Commerce and Industry in Early Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Hood, Adrienne D., and David-Thiery Ruddel. “Artifacts and Documents in the History of Quebec Textiles.” In Living in a Material World: Canadian and American Approaches to Material Culture. Edited by Gerald L. Pocius, 55-91. St. John's, Newfoundland: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1991. Houston, Cecil J. and William J. Smyth. Irish Emigration and Canadian Settlement: Patterns, Links, and Letters. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1990. Hughes, Jeanne and Russell Cooper. “Weaver’s Shop.” Canadian Antiques Collector 9, no. 3 (May-June 1973): 37-39. Inwood, Kris and Janine Grant. “Gender and Organization in the Canadian Cloth Industry, 1870.” Canadian Papers in Business History 1 (1989): 17-31. 158
Page 1 and 2:
Counting on Customers: John Campbel
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Page 41 a
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Figure 1: Page 41 and 42, January 1
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cloth with the customer such as thr
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Although not supported by documenta
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comparing him to other nineteenth-c
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Figure: 3 - John Campbell’s loom
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surviving in North America (Figure
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Campbell had a second loom, similar
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woven textiles such as Susan Rabbit
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The most important contribution to
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oriented as Campbell, their product
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population and male ‘domestic ind
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early research efforts because of t
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literature about Scottish handloom
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contributing factors that fostered
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skills. 22 In the nineteenth centur
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enter the burgeoning weaving factor
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thinking as he prepared to emigrate
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Figure 6 - John Campbell’s carpet
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The extent of Campbell’s prosperi
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to decrease the demand for handloom
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the 1850 New York State census. The
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Figure 2: Map of Komoka, showing th
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ase. 97 Another motivation might ha
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indicated that Campbell did have a
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Conclusion John Campbell was one of
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Hugh McRae, Merchant and Postmaster
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old threads, the thread is sleyed t
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grouping the cloth according to pro
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Evidence from Material Culture The
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Campbell’s output informing the h
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and son could have been involved. 4
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hired minimally skilled weavers. 49
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his situation in Komoka with his fa
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acquire it from a skilled tradesman
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handloom and mill weaving into the
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use of ‘tradesman weaver’ or
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James Auterson from Biddulph Townsh
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28 entries, showing the abundance a
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Although Maitland and Auterson, lik
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perhaps a reason for these less ski
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which these cards were produced or
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width loom. 117 Comparing Campbell
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charge for this service. 127 If Cam
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finished and Howell wrote that he w
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production, he produced a greater q
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decorative top covering of a bed, b
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thicker weight of wool thus speedin
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modularly. Because there are so few
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following years, although becoming
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weaving manual writer, devoted an e
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CHAPTER FOUR CAMPBELL’S CUSTOMERS
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cloth or meeting the textile needs
Page 111 and 112: tasks previously the responsibility
Page 113 and 114: The entries with complete informati
Page 115 and 116: from Kilworth, Delaware Township. I
Page 117 and 118: and/or connections that residents o
Page 119 and 120: collective order from Adelaide Town
Page 121 and 122: consumers were born between 1806 an
Page 123 and 124: Case Studies In this section, I exa
Page 125 and 126: time and potential problems onto a
Page 127 and 128: that I have seen are in very good c
Page 129 and 130: more specifically, the Hughes’ wo
Page 131 and 132: pounds of wool and wove 15 yards of
Page 133 and 134: I calculated that a coverlet would
Page 135 and 136: purchasing multiple carpet coverlet
Page 137 and 138: from artisan-tradesmen in early-nin
Page 139 and 140: nine individuals, I proved that som
Page 141 and 142: that made the value in this mode of
Page 143 and 144: Household Production Every handloom
Page 145 and 146: Cotton often came in skeins in sing
Page 147 and 148: cents per yard and carpet coverlets
Page 149 and 150: increased production of the higher
Page 151 and 152: stage that was dependent on the pre
Page 153 and 154: Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Census
Page 155 and 156: Armstrong, Mary, 1819-1881, Jackson
Page 157 and 158: The London City and Middlesex Count
Page 159 and 160: Anderson, Clarita. American Coverle
Page 161: Keep Me Warm One Night: Early Handw
Page 165 and 166: “The Needs of Farm Households: Fa
Page 167 and 168: Pursell, Carroll W. “Thomas Digge
Page 169 and 170: GLOSSARY Barn Frame Loom - the pre-
Page 171 and 172: Satinette - a cloth with a predomin
Page 173 and 174: APPENDICES Appendix 1.01: 1881 Onta
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 1.04 List of Fabrics in th
Page 177 and 178: first visit last visit number of ye
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 1.08 Campbell organized th
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 1.11 A Sample of textile a
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 1.13 Full Cloth Orders in
Page 185 and 186: Appendix 1.15 1871 Industrial Censu
Page 187 and 188: 1871 Industrial Census - Handloom w
Page 189 and 190: Appendix 1.17 Comparison of Sample
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 1.20 186
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 1.22 Source: John Campbell
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 1.26 Cloth Categories from
Page 201 and 202: Appendix 1.30 Appendix 1.31 196
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 2.01 - Inside cover of Joh
Page 207 and 208: Appendix 2.05 - Page 71 and 72 of J
Page 209 and 210: Appendix 2.08 Rose and Stars Coverl
Page 211 and 212: Appendix 2.11 The Tulip Coverlet by
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Appendix 2.15 Appendix 2.16 Single
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Appendix 3.01 209
Page 217 and 218:
Appendix 3.03 211
Page 219:
Appendix 3.05 213
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