University of Guelph thesis template - Atrium - University of Guelph

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ABSTRACT COUNTING ON CUSTOMERS: JOHN CAMPBELL, 1806-1891, MIDDLESEX COUNTY HANDLOOM WEAVER Deborah Livingston-Lowe University of Guelph, 2012 Advisor: Professor Catharine Wilson John Campbell (1806-1891) was one of about 370 Scottish handloom weavers who brought his technical and professional skills to Ontario in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. From 1859 to 1885, Campbell recorded customer orders for close to 54,000 yards of cloth in a 302-page account book, a document which reveals the relationship between producers and consumers in nineteenth-century rural Ontario. This thesis is a quantitative and qualitative examination of Campbell’s inputs and outputs using his account book, looms and textiles. The analysis of Campbell goes beyond the current historiography of handloom weavers by utilizing evidence from documentary sources and material culture contributing to the larger understanding of a self-employed artisan’s production. The case study of one weaver with this level of detail has not been performed to date and provides an important link for the partnership between handloom weavers and their customers. While Campbell’s customers provided a necessary infrastructure for him to operate by participating in pre- and post-weaving production, Campbell’s presence satisfied his customers’ needs not only for cloth, but a way of life that maintained economic and social stability for men and women in south-western Ontario. This thesis conveys the layers of complexity of weaver, technology and customers at the end of an era for handloom weaving in Ontario.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the academic guidance and support from my advisor Professor Catharine Wilson. She recognized the importance of using John Campbell’s account book and material culture as historical sources and encouraged me to use my technical background in textiles to expand the literature on handloom weavers. With her assurance, I had the fortitude to initiate the time-consuming task of inputting and analyzing the data necessary to understanding Campbell’s business interactions. Professor Wilson also gave me excellent leads for primary and secondary source resources. I am thankful for the support and direction provided by my committee Professors Kris Inwood and Kevin James. It was an honour to have them as part of my committee because of the contributions that both of them have made to the historiography of handloom weaving. Their comments guided and strengthened my inquiry. I would like to thank Dr. Douglas McCalla for meeting with me to discuss my research and provide important context to this topic within the wider theme of Ontario history. His own research using account books as primary sources, provided direction for my methodology giving me a foundation to interpret the account book. I am appreciative of the assistance I received from Jenny Marvin at the Data Resource Centre. Her help was essential in the creation of my map of Campbell’s customers. She walked me through many complicated steps of the ArcGIS program and helped me to find appropriate resources. iii
Page 1: Counting on Customers: John Campbel
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Page 41 a
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1: Page 41 and 42, January 1
Page 9 and 10: cloth with the customer such as thr
Page 11 and 12: Although not supported by documenta
Page 13 and 14: comparing him to other nineteenth-c
Page 15 and 16: Figure: 3 - John Campbell’s loom
Page 17 and 18: surviving in North America (Figure
Page 19 and 20: Campbell had a second loom, similar
Page 21 and 22: woven textiles such as Susan Rabbit
Page 23 and 24: The most important contribution to
Page 25 and 26: oriented as Campbell, their product
Page 27 and 28: population and male ‘domestic ind
Page 29 and 30: early research efforts because of t
Page 31 and 32: literature about Scottish handloom
Page 33 and 34: contributing factors that fostered
Page 35 and 36: skills. 22 In the nineteenth centur
Page 37 and 38: enter the burgeoning weaving factor
Page 39 and 40: thinking as he prepared to emigrate
Page 41 and 42: Figure 6 - John Campbell’s carpet
Page 43 and 44: The extent of Campbell’s prosperi
Page 45 and 46: to decrease the demand for handloom
Page 47 and 48: the 1850 New York State census. The
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Map of Komoka, showing th
Page 51 and 52: ase. 97 Another motivation might ha
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indicated that Campbell did have a
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Conclusion John Campbell was one of
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Hugh McRae, Merchant and Postmaster
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old threads, the thread is sleyed t
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grouping the cloth according to pro
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Evidence from Material Culture The
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Campbell’s output informing the h
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and son could have been involved. 4
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hired minimally skilled weavers. 49
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his situation in Komoka with his fa
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acquire it from a skilled tradesman
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handloom and mill weaving into the
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use of ‘tradesman weaver’ or
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James Auterson from Biddulph Townsh
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28 entries, showing the abundance a
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Although Maitland and Auterson, lik
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perhaps a reason for these less ski
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which these cards were produced or
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width loom. 117 Comparing Campbell
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charge for this service. 127 If Cam
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finished and Howell wrote that he w
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production, he produced a greater q
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decorative top covering of a bed, b
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thicker weight of wool thus speedin
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modularly. Because there are so few
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following years, although becoming
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weaving manual writer, devoted an e
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CHAPTER FOUR CAMPBELL’S CUSTOMERS
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cloth or meeting the textile needs
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tasks previously the responsibility
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The entries with complete informati
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from Kilworth, Delaware Township. I
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and/or connections that residents o
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collective order from Adelaide Town
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consumers were born between 1806 an
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Case Studies In this section, I exa
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time and potential problems onto a
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that I have seen are in very good c
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more specifically, the Hughes’ wo
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pounds of wool and wove 15 yards of
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I calculated that a coverlet would
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purchasing multiple carpet coverlet
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from artisan-tradesmen in early-nin
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nine individuals, I proved that som
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that made the value in this mode of
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Household Production Every handloom
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Cotton often came in skeins in sing
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cents per yard and carpet coverlets
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increased production of the higher
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stage that was dependent on the pre
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Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Census
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Armstrong, Mary, 1819-1881, Jackson
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The London City and Middlesex Count
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Anderson, Clarita. American Coverle
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Keep Me Warm One Night: Early Handw
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Ham, James M. Operation of the John
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“The Needs of Farm Households: Fa
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Pursell, Carroll W. “Thomas Digge
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GLOSSARY Barn Frame Loom - the pre-
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Satinette - a cloth with a predomin
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APPENDICES Appendix 1.01: 1881 Onta
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Appendix 1.04 List of Fabrics in th
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first visit last visit number of ye
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Appendix 1.08 Campbell organized th
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Appendix 1.11 A Sample of textile a
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Appendix 1.13 Full Cloth Orders in
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Appendix 1.15 1871 Industrial Censu
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1871 Industrial Census - Handloom w
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Appendix 1.17 Comparison of Sample
Page 191 and 192:
Appendix 1.20 186
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix 1.22 Source: John Campbell
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Appendix 1.24 190
Page 197 and 198:
Appendix 1.26 Cloth Categories from
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Appendix 1.28 194
Page 201 and 202:
Appendix 1.30 Appendix 1.31 196
Page 203 and 204:
Appendix 1.34 198
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 2.01 - Inside cover of Joh
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Appendix 2.05 - Page 71 and 72 of J
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Appendix 2.08 Rose and Stars Coverl
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Appendix 2.11 The Tulip Coverlet by
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Appendix 2.15 Appendix 2.16 Single
Page 215 and 216:
Appendix 3.01 209
Page 217 and 218:
Appendix 3.03 211
Page 219:
Appendix 3.05 213
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