1865 December 15th

Dec. 15, 1865. 

• 

TH E 

ENGINEER. 

381 

T HE SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW. 

AN idea baa been gradually gaining ground of late, that agricultural 

engineers fancy that they have reached a point at wbjob 

they can 11fford to rest from the labour of designing and inventing, 

and trust for future patronage to the famg earned in paat 

years. A visit to the Smitbfield Club Show this year cannot 

very well have failed to confirm this opinion. The novelty 

seeker must have come away bitterly disappointed. W e confess 

that we belong to the class; that we iove.stigate atalls and 

aubject exhibitors to a aoccesaion of rigid cross·examinationa, 

with the avowed object of finding novelties, in order that we 

may tell our reader& all about them. We do not expect too 

much, but we do expect something. We know that agricultural 

engineers are capable of displaying a great deal of ingeouHy 

ingenuity of a high order too. We are told besides that there 

i' a very keen competition for the command of the beat market, 

home and fore~ n, and we therefore teldom enter a abow without 

a feeling of hope, or leave one-we regret that we must addlatterly 

without a feeling of disappointment. AA to the abow of 

this year at I .Jiogton, aa far at least aa concerns the engines, we 

may atate at ccnce tbat the agricultural engineer has apparently 

been aaleep for some time. If the ball bad been locked up 

during the last twelve months, all the engines being kept just 

where they stood at the moment the last ahow c:oaed, a good 

deal of trouble would have been rpared to exbibitore-for the 

removal of engines is trouble8ome, and costly withal-and 

every purpose would bavo been answered just a11 well. We 

recognised a whole boat of old acqoaint.1nce.!. The portables 

were familiar fritnde. The traction engineP, with two exceptions, 

were j11•t what tbcy have been for two venu. We 

roay SUm Up 011r impreP• iona in a Couple Of Sentences ; 

Too much paint, and n•Jtbiog new. ~we have touched on this 

tlelicate &object, paint, we may perhap!l venture to ask bow it is 

possible to JUdp:e o! the real merits of workmanship after the 

putty-knife and the bruab have do::e their best and their worst 1 

Varnish and colour look well, no doubt; and in this respect 

many of the engines exbibiteti deserve to rank as works of 

high art. The egricuHural wind ia, perbare, sufficiently uneducated 

to be led away by tbe pleaaurea of the eye; and we 

have nu doubt that many ea lea are effeeted by a judicioua lllle of 

colour laid on with ao rye to pictori.d effect. Yet we fear that 

even this thing turns after all to ashes in the month. The paint 

on a show-engine ill not as the paint on the engine delivered; 

and in any case, the enjoyment following even actual poeaeuion 

must be abort-lived. Vermillion and mud are inimical to each 

other. L ovely greens and glouy varnish don't last on a clay 

headland. They are very well in their way ; but they are too 

much in the way at our implement shows. We earnestly wish 

that manufacturers would adopt a eystem of exhibiting enginea 

uopaioted and unlagged, just as they leave the erecting shop in 

fact. Weebould then be placed in a position to judge of the 

merits or demerits of workmanship, to give a hint or a word 

of approval which might be really valuable. The honest maouf.LCturer 

would have nothing to fear; and the sooner the di1honeat 

manufacturer felt that be muat mend bis ways, the better for bimeelf 

and the community. As matters oowataod,excellence of workmanship, 

save that ofthepainterand decorator , goes for very little 

indeed. l l may be urged that farmers would be just as much in 

the dark as ever. I f so, we eau only eay t hat we a.re sorry for the 

farmers; b-ut as, according to tradition, farmera bny on the strength 

of medals and prizes- or of "hat earthly use are medala and 

prizee-awarded by skilJed engineers, there is surely nothing 

unreasonable io tbe demand that engines should be exhibi~d 

in liucb a condition that theae geotiemeo would be placed in a 

J>08ition to know all about the machinery on which they were 

expected to report. A few special prizes for workrnanabip and 

waterial would prove very serviceable, and would at lea, t poase88 

tbe merit of novelty; we speak now of shows in general, not of 

::iwitbfield in particular; aod we tr uet that this matter may 

not be suffered to drop, and that eome atepa will be taken to 

redeem the reputation of the ogticultural engineer from tbe 

thraldom of the paint brush, into which it ia apparently rapidly 

subsiding without a murmur. 

TDS UIPLEll2NTS. 

The show of implements was not very notewort hy, tbe 

stand11 differing but little from tho!e of former years, and we 

could even notice eome old frienda in the ahape of exhibits 

which bad put in more than one previous appearance. Moat of 

the more interesting new implements have been described and 

illuhtrated in our paper since tbe Plymouth Show. I t is not improbable 

that if it bad been known B')me time hefore t bat t be 

tagea of Hanover·tq uare bad intended to put off the usual annual 

meeting of tbe Royal .Agricultural Society, the show would hn e 

been more extensive. Should indeed the cattle plague )oat as 

long in England a11 it did last century, and should the Royal 

Agricultural Society iound to postpone their meetioo; until 

ita entire eub~ideoce, the annual abowa would then be virtually 

abolished. Thia would indeed bring the dieputcs about the 

trials, which have raged so long between the larger makers aod 

tbe Society, to a summary end. The larger makers on the top 

round of tbe ladder would no doubt rtjoice, but we doubt whether 

tboee on a smaller scale will be eo pleaaed at loeing the 

golden chancea of acquiring profitable fame. 

W ithout entering into tbe wide topic of the bearing of these 

trial a of enginea ond i:Dplemeots on the progreu of agricultural 

eobineeriog, it ie certain, and we can teatify to the fact, that 

tb11 opinion" of the larger and smaller lll3kera greatly diverge 

in this qutation. It ill certain tLnt a great maker, leaving out 

1111 bia advantages of capital, command of talent, and other form11 

of accumulated labour and power, comea to a great ehow 

with grea~ advantagea over his amaUer rival. A purcba·er 

naturally prefers to truet io prutigc, and it ia 

only a trial of rome aort which can bring t be 1analler 

maker on some sort of fair level. We feel confident that 

eo much invention could not be brought into competitive play 

if it were nc,t for thue ebows. Tbe great and rapid progreu in 

agricultural engin~>ering is evidently due to tbie eort of competition-a 

competition n o doubt very expeoaive to carry on, and 

requiring experiment. which produc, novelties, which may be 

sport to the looker-on, but are often death to the p rofits. 

Going round on tbe ground. floor catalogue, in hand, we 6od 

that Meurs. Ruston and Proctor showed, in addition to a pair of 

their circular aaw beocheP, one of W oodford'a atrange centrifugal 

pumps. This pnmv ia made with only two blades, which 

work horizontally. 'fLeir conetruction, permjtting the uee of a 

aingle vertical ehaft, ruuat evidently be well adapted to some 

cues; but wo ehould eay tLa.t the u10ful effect of tbia pump, in 

p roportion to the power coneumed in driving it, muat be extremely 

low. MeurP. W'allia, l::Jaalam, and Stevena show a 

pair of thraabing machines, corn-drilling machines, corn 

rcrec:ne, hn•rowe, aetd drills, sod some specimens of their 

excellent 11pberical bearings which have been adapted to thrashing 

me.ch iuee by several other makere. Their combined fin iebioe 

thrashing machine i.a provided with a very simple and ingeoioua 

chaff-bogging apparatue. At the mouth of the bottom riddle, 

the blower sends the chaff into a perforated receiver, out of 

which it ill farther blown into 1\ aort of rotary fan elevator, 

on the priocip!e introduced by Brucubraw for raising graio; 

this, in ita rotation, lifts the chflff into a box, under which ill 

plAced the sack intended to be filled with the chaff. 

Meaers. Richatd GarrPtt and Sonl', of Leiatoo, show a number 

of thrashers and drills. We obae"e that in the single fan 

they have long adt.Lpted to their tbraahing machines the centre 

of the blacles Lave been set eccentrically to tbe case-an improvement 

long ago found good for ordinary smithy and other 

fans. The reciprocating ahakere are also very properly pr ovided 

with a balance weight on the pulley driving the cranks. Their 

new patent machine for bruising straw for fodder wns also here, 

and it i'l stated to have been found very useful io Spain, 

Egypt, and other countries where cattle nre largely fed with dry 

fodder. We intend to short!] give an illuatrated account of it. 

The drnm ia formed with conical teeth, having a sharp square 

edge, and revolving against five fixed knives of the 1ame material, 

set at different di\taoce3 apart to form a sor~ of concave. W' e bear 

that several have been already sold in England to straw papermakers. 

J t may be abortly described as ba?iog a cast.. iron drum 

with sharp teeth revolving against a concave of the same material, 

between whicll the straw is f ~d 88 in a thrashing machine, 

-the short pieces falling down with the appearance of a thick 

euow storm. ']'heir mcry 

ehift of the plough, or barrow, the steel wire rope is tempor .. rily 

attached to tbe porter until it re.1che~ the bt?adland pulley, h•,Jding 

up the rope in the meanwhile, when they can be e:11ily cli~engaged. 

The a..Jjacent cuts a\i!l Allow a 11ort of hook for 

picking up the rope from tbe ground. 

••• 

.. '. . .- 

• •• 

·:: :::.:~)... • 

• 

' • • 

• • 

' • • 

\ 

0BANT'8 CA.li.T JOa .AOaTOOM'UilAL B.llLW J. YS. 

A pair of runoiug wheels B c1rry a beam on a cranked axle 

The beam can thus vibrate, and be •hifted up and down by a 

handle at the rear end. At the front h.1 the book a for lifting Ull 

the rope. The ropt ca.ugbt in this book is then held against a V 

friction piece b fitted to tbe under aide of the beam. At the 

latter part of th11 beam ill a guide, ab own enl:u·ged, for aiding tbe 

grip of tbe V -piece b. It coosi.ste of a double fi.aoged collar c, 

balanced in a vertical po•ition by a weight. Tb~ collar hws 

also a V-shaped receea, prolonged into horns, with which the 

clip is nlan provided. I o order to make the rope porter run at 

an angle in such a wayaa to keer> it from i:.t natural tendency to 

run in the line of tbe back rope, thus getting on the cultivated 

land, the rope-porter hae locking gear to set it to an angle with 

the back rope. Tbi' consists of o. rod joiote·l at an angle eo the 

bar near ita bead, while it can be adjueted to shorter or longer 

length by means of {'in holes and a pio. 

l1ASO.s'8 UANO OIULL. 

Bolmea nod Sona, of N orwicb, exhibited a number of drills. 

a combined portable thrashing machine, and corn dre.leiog 

machines. \Ve also saw their revolving harrow, for which they 

obtained a ailver medal at Plymouth. A barrel. aet with a 

number of dou\,}e-proogcd tine~~, ill made to revolve with rapidity 

by gearing diiven by the poir of driving-wheels; nod 

tbis barrel can be aet higher or lower to the ground by o. 

lever. Messrs. Ran~ome nod Sima bad a quantity of plou~be . 

chaff cutlera, oat mills, and their corn screen. We described 

Biddell'a root pulper nt leoglh in our account of the Plymouth 

-- 

FtC.2. 

F'tC.t. 

• • 

NALI>&a.Al>n lfAI.OUl. 8 UF!TT •·ALn:.. 

- - 

show~; ana their ~tand differed but l.ttle frr m that of )as~ year. 

Pr etty much the tnme may Le Bnid of the etanda of the Meurs 

Wooda!and Cock~cdge, or Str wmarket, Dad of Mearn!. TuJner' 

of l rswicb. Tbia ltut firm teut. a peculiatly ama 1 and neat 

po~ble oat cru11hing mi I, in a bc,x J cdeatnl for racking it up, 

and ID tended to prepare food for Ot.e horu!. ~hB•rs. A hby o.nd 

J cffer y th011 cd thtir baJ mPken, cbnff cultus, b

• 

THE EN G INEER. 

DEc. 15, 1865. 

• 

milia. Their patented cr&.Dk shields of which a set were exhihited, 

appeal' to us to be worthy of more general adoption 

thnal nut·locks. We notice 

here that Holman himself has 3 neat mode of arranging a common 

pump motion; be uses a spring stanchion, upon whicb is 

fitted the fulcrum pin, so that the spring of the stanchion 

equalises the movtment. 

THE ENGINES. 

If our readers find t his report not quite so interest ing 

as we '"ish it to be, and they have pernaps a right to e::r:pect, we 

can only plend the old excuse, "Story, sir I bless you I have 

none to tell." Still matters might have been wor~e; we did 

discover one or two featurea wh1ch go to show that although 

agricultural eoginet>r.> as n class are resting on their oars, one or 

two of the number do pull a stroke now and then. I n this 

class we must place the nrm of which the late Mr. Fowler was 

once the respected head. We found a very e::r:celleut portable 

engine, tbe first the firm has e'(er e ::r:bibited, embodying some 

things both new and good, at t he stand of F owler and Co. I t 

may be thought rather a step in the wrong direction to turn 

out an engine without welf- propelliog apparatus. On this 

point, however, opinions still d iff

DEC. 15, 1865. 

THE ENGINEER. 

383 

apace for the fly-wheel. The bed plate forme a tank through 

which t h e waste steam passes and heats the feed water, wLile 

the pump is eo fi~red that the water flows into it by gravity, 

without sucLion , and is therefore t olerably certain to work 

without trouble. This lit~le engiDe is at once elegant and sub· 

stantial, and d oeJ credit both to the designer and the manufacturer. 

The proprittora of the ReadiDg Ironworks exhibited several 

good portables, and two of Lenoir's gaa en ~ iD es. The'le last 

have been coniidtrably improved iD small matters of detail, and 

nothing prevents them from being m ore exteneively used t han 

at p resen~in tLe metropolis a t least-but their high price; a 

price which will prdbebly be r educed as the demand increases. 

Smith and .Ashby, of Stamford 1 have gained considerable 

cdebrity for the manufacture of a small cheap claee of p ortable 

engines, well calculated for t he use of small occupiert. They 

have recently ventured on more a mbitious operations, and they 

have this year exhibited a very neat little engine of five or aixhorse 

power, preeenting many features in comm on with the 

engines they have made heretofore. The ptincipal d ifferences 

consist in matters of finish and detail. The boiler ie circular 

f rom end to end, the fire-grate being placed withiD a fiue ex· 

tending about one-third of the length of the boi ler, communicat 

ion being effected with the smoke box by tubes as usual. T he 

same firm also exhibited a good 8 horse portable, of the ordinary 

pattern. We n oticed an ingenious a rrangement on the safety 

valve of tbis engine, in tended to prevent the presaure being 

affected by tampering with the apring. No lever ia used, a 

aim pie helix presaior; directly on the valve taking the place of 

the ordinary balance. T he engine hae adjustable guides-a 

very questionable irnprovement. 

MesPrs. Brown and May sho\ved three neat portables, one of 

them fitted with a horizontal pump of large dimensions, driven 

by simple gearing. The pump is double acting, and the entire 

machine ha8 e vidently been designed for contractors' W!e. 

To say that Messrs. Aveling nod Porter exhibited the 

best traction engine in the ball is merely to &-ive merit 

its due. T he engine is in all respects similar to those 

made by the firm during the last t hree or four years. 

Its finish ia very fair, and paint has been made to serve 

ita legitimate pu•·pooe . The pitch chain ba.e been strengthened, 

and the dome has been improved in shape. We were also 

glad to see that the uae of the ugly bell-mouthed chimney has 

b o:en aband uned iD favour of a stack of the aa.me pattern as that. 

used so largely on the Great Eastern Railway, and by Neilson, 

of Ola•gow. To the unaccuatomed eye it looks ugly, but the 

feeling weara off after a little time, and we begin to recognise 

the true beauty of mechanical fitness. Tb~ top-heavy bell 

m uuth by its action, when the engine is jolting over bad roada 

constantly tend, to loosen the funnel. T he plan taper tube is 

in every respect a better job, and Metsrs. Aveling and Porter's 

example may be followed with advantage by other firmt, As 

i t itt, the stacks of all portable enginea are, as a r ule, too long. If 

they were made of proper demeosions, they might be permanently 

fixed, and all lowering arraogeruents would become unn 

ece•sary. It may not be uninteresting to atate that Messrs. 

Aveling and Porter have recently con tracted for the removal 

oof some enormous blocks of stone from Reading to Strath · 

field~aye, where a magnificent memorial of the late Duke 

of Wellington is to be t~rected. One of these granite blocks 

weighs no lt:Sa than 85 tons ; it will be brought from P enryo 

to R~ading by rail on a truck specially constructed for 

the purpoae at a cost of £250, and from thence to Stratbfieldeay~, 

a distance of seven or eight miles, by a single traction 

engme. 

Measre. H oward, of Bedford, exhibit one of the '' transverse 

boiler" enginea, very similar to that ~;xhibited by them last 

year for the first time, and fully described in our paper. Several 

improvements have been effected, and the engine looks altogether 

more the thing than it did. The funnel-similar in 

sha;"Je to that u 9ed b y Aveling-ba.e been remt>ved from the 

middle of tbe length of the boiler, where it was very much in 

the way, to its proper place over tbe smoke-box. Only one 

cylinder ie used inatead of t wo. A disc fly- wheel ba.e beenjudi· 

ciously eubstituted for one with sp okes. F rom his p osition, 

the d river r uns eome danger of being entangled in the apokea, 

which i.8 of course obviated by t he use of a disc; still we ehould 

like to see the wheel, even now, properly fenced. The ploughing 

gear ha.e been improved, t he winding drum shifting on the 

11baft, in obedience to the action of the rope ae it coils, instead 

of the rope being shifted by guid e wheels. A second drum too 

has been added beneath the very roomy foot--plata, by which 

m ean s tbe p!ough eau be worked upon tbe " round-about sys. 

tem"-ono of the great advantages of t he now old-fashioned 

sevarate wi ndlass; and therefore, the engine can ataod on 

a r uad, or any bard place prepared for tbe purpose, and the 

plough can be kept at work, even when the weather is so bad 

tbat a n engine could not travel on the h eadlands. We do not 

like the transver-se boiler, etill it ie certain that Messrs. B oward 

have ~;ucceeded i n constructing an eng•ne which ie apparently 

very serviceable. 

Mes~n. Clayton and Shuttleworth exhibit several excellen t 

portable engines, a traction engine, and a stationary non-conde::~s 

ing engine. Whatever may be 'hcugbt of t he designs 

adopted by this .firm, there can be but one opinion 811 to their 

workman e ~i p ; i t ia simply superb. Mesars. Clayton and Shuttleworth 

eschew g iDger-bread decorations. and earn our respect 

accordiDgly. Year by year they apparently endeavour to deserve 

still more the large measure of patronage they enjoy ; and if 

their de~igns were a little better they would deaerve to take a 

v ery high p lace o~s mechanical en~ineer~~. There. are m~ny 

objectionable features about t he des1gn of the traction eng1n~ 

exuibited, ond n on e wbicb are thoroughly excellent. We 

were more pleased with their 10-horse stationary engine, the 

bed-plate of whicu ie a really beautifully specimen of. the iroofoundtor's 

art. 

We cannot conclude our report without a nolice of a neat 

arraog.:meut for loadiDg safety valves exbibiterl by Messrs. 

Nalder, tbe patentees. A glance aL the engraving will muko 

itll principle perf'"ctly intelligiule. T he lever, it will be seen, 

ia fla.tteued and forma tiJe eprin{r, tbue diapenaJDg with a good 

deal of fitting and upense. Tu., a• rangement appears to ue 

very suitable for portable engiDes, aod, being cheap, may poa. 

11ibly take the vlace of tbe old-faehiooed weigM, generally ueed 

ou atatiouary boilers, with advantage. 

THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEER!. 

December 12, 1865. 

JOH."f RoBLNBO~ /ll'CLEAI( 1 Esq., President, in the Chair.) 

T R& paper read wae oo "Experiments on tbe Strength of Cement, 

chit-fly in reference to tbe Portland Cement used ha the Southern 

~lain Drainege Worlu!," by .Mr. John ~.>ran t, 1\L I nst. C.E. 

'fbia communication related to ao extensive series of experiments, 

the results of which were recorded in voluminous tables forming ao 

appendix to tl)e paper, carried on during the Jut seven yeare, w1tll a 

V Jew to insure as far ae possible that only cement a nd other materials 

of the beat quality should be employed fn the Southern 

~fain Drainage works, of which the author bad charge as resident 

engineer. 

As a preliminary step, asmples of P ortland cement were obtained 

from all the principal manufacturers for tbe purpose of experiment. 

Tbe average weight of t hese samples was found to be 108 6 lb~. per 

bushel, and they sustsioed break10g or teo!ile strains, at the end of 

a month. varying from 76 lhs. to 119 lbs. upon 2-t square inches. A 

clause was then inserted in the epecificat•ons to the effect that the 

Portland cement to be used in the works should be of the very best 

quality, a nd gro11nd eY.tremely floe, weighing not less than 110 lbs. 

to the striked bushel, and capable of re;ustiog a breaking weight of 

400 lbs. upon an area It inch equare, equal to2t squareincbea, seven 

days after being made, and after being immersed in water for t he 

whole of that time. Tbe standard was subsequently raised to 

500 lbs. on tbe same sectional area, which was tbat uded throughout 

the erperimeota. During the last six years 70,000 tons of P ortland 

cement bad been used in these works, which extended over a length 

of 18 m ilea, and bad cost £1,260,000. This q11aotity of cement bad 

been submitted to about fifteen t housand testa, at a cost of only five 

farthings per too. The machine devised for showing the tensile 

strain wu a lever balance, consttucted by Mr. P . Adie (Aasoc. Inst. 

C.E.), and ite first cost was from .£40 to £ 60. It wM so sirnple t.bat 

an ordinary workman cooid be trusted to test tbe cement, and the 

cost for la boor did not exceed £80 per annum for each machine. 

The manufacture of Portland cement required extreme care in th 

admixture of ita two simple and well known ingredients, clay and 

chalk, it being necessary to vary the proportions according to the qua 

H~y of the chalk; tbus, in white chalk districts, the clay formed (rom 

25 to 80 per cont., and in grey chalk districts from 16 to 20 per cent. of 

the whole bulk. 'fbe manufacture was carried onalmoilt exclusively oo 

the Lanks of the lliverll Thames and ?tiedway; 1be clay, which 

should be as free from saod as posa1ble, being obtaioed from the 

creeks aod bays between Sheerness and Cbatbam. Long experience 

now enabled the clerks of the works aod others to detect the 

qualities of the cements by colour and by weight. Very strong 

Portland cement was heavy, of a blue-grey colour, aod set slowly, in 

fact, the longer it was in setting, the greater was ittatrength. Quick 

setting cement bad generally too large a proportion of clay in its 

composition, was brown in colour, and turned out weak, if not unlesa. 

In the Orat schedule of prices 2s. 3d. per bushel was inserted; but 

this woe far above its oreseot market value. 

But the tests were oot alone sufficient. I t was essential that 

constant supervision should be exercised to insure that only clean 

and sharp sand should be mixed the cement; that the cement 

was only supplied with sufficient \Vater to reduce it to a state of 

paste, which was beat accomplished by means of a perforated 

nozzle at the end of a pipe or watering can ; that the bricks or 

stones were thoroughly saturated with water, ao that In setting 

the cement might nut be robbed by absorption of the moisture 

necessary for its perfect hardening ; and that a current of water 

was prevented from paasing over tbe cement, or through the j oiota, 

during the process of setting, as this would wash away tbo soluble 

silicates. 

The results as a rule were the average of ten teats, the samples 

being immersed under water from the time of setting to the time 

of testing. The tables showed that, during the last six years. 

1,369,210 bushels of Portland cement bad been submitted to 11,687 

teats, and that the cement WM foood to bo of the average weight 

of 114·6 lbs. per bll8bel, and to possess an average tensile 

s tren~tb of 608·6 lbs. upon 2f 6quare inches, being IHi- and 21 per 

cent 10 excess of the two specilied standards. It was also ascertained 

that, provided P.;rtland cement be kept free from moisture, it did 

not, like Roman cement, lose its strength by being kept in casks or 

in sacks, but rather improved by age-a great advantage in the case 

of cement which bad to be exported. Experiments, conducted over 

periods varying from one week to twelve months, with Portland 

cement weighing 112 lbs. to tbe imperial bushel, gauged neat and 

mixed with varying proportions of dilfereot kinds of sand, showed 

that neat cement was stronger than any admixture of it with aa.nd; 

that mixed with an equal 9uantity of sand (as bad been the case 

throughout the Southern Mam Dramage Works), the cement might 

be said to be, at the end of a year, approximately three-fourths of 

tbe strength of neat cement; that with two, three, four, and five 

parts of sand to one of cement the strength wu respectively onohalf, 

one-third, one-fourth, and about one-sixth that ol' neat cement. 

Other experi ments showed that at the end of twelve moot ha, neat 

cement kept under water in a quiescent state was about one-third 

stronger than tbat which was out of water, both in-doors and exposed 

ont of doors to tbe 1\ction of the weather ; that blocks 

of brick work or concrete, made with Portland cement, it kept 

under water notil required for use. would be much stronger 

than if allowed to remain dry; and that salt water was as good for 

mixing with Portland cement as fresh water. Bricks of neat 

P ortland cement, after being made three, six, and nine months, 

withstood a cruabiog force of 65, !)2 a od 102 tons respectively, or 

eqoal to the beat quality of StatJordshire blue bricks ; and 

bricks of cement mixed with four and live pa r t.~~ of sand 

bore a pressure equal to the beat picked stock bricka ; while 

Portland stone of similar size bore oo il8 btd a cnub· 

ing weight of 47 tons, and against its bed somewhat leas, 

and .Bramley Fall stone sustained on its bed 93! t.oos, and 

agaill8t its bed 64·S. tons. Portland cement r concrete made in the 

proportions of one of cement to six or eight of ballast, bad been 

extensively used for tbe foundations of the river wall and t he 

plen of the reservoirs at Crossness, as well as for the foundations 

generally both there and at Deptford, with the most perfect 

success. It was thought that it might be still more advantageously 

used as a substitute for brickwork or masonry , wherever 

akiJied labour, atone or bricks were scarCI', and foundations bad to 

be made with the least exJJenditure of lime and money. W beo 

ever concrete was used under water, care must be taken that the 

water was still, as a current, whether natural or caused by pumping, 

would carry away the cement aod leave only clean ballas~. Roman 

cement, tboogb about two-tbirda of the cost of P ortland, was only 

about ooe-tbird its strength, and wu t herefore double the cost 

when measured by strength. l t was, besides, very ill adapted for 

being mixed with sand. 

In conclusion, the author, whilst recommending Porlland cement 

u the best article of the kind that could be used l!y the engineer or 

architect, warned every one who was not prepared to take the 

trouble, or incur the trifling expense of testing, not to use it ; as, if 

manufactured with improper proportions of its coo, tituents, chalk 

aod clay, or improperly burnt, it might do more miscbi ~f than tbe 

poorest lime. .lIBO to the experiments of Lavoisier and Menzies, an adult 

man takes into hie system, from the atmosphere, in one year, no 

less than eeven hundred to eight bnndred pounds weight of oxygen. 

THE artiJlcial prop~ation of fish originated with the Cbioell0. I t 

was extensively practrsed by the R.amaott, and a glass vase of fi.sh 

eggs, in a perfect at9>te of preservation, haa been discovered atPompeii. 

DtrniBO the foorteonth and filteenth centuries quantities of iron 

and steel were imported from Germany and Spain; but an Act was 

pa83ed in 1483 prohibiting tbo impJ• tation of manufactured arUcles 

of those metals. 

CouNT Rta !IIORD ob3erved that cotton, siiJr, and wool, and otber 

organic sub6taoces, wbeo exposed to the light of tbe suo under 

water, alter tbe lapse of from three to four days gave r iee to the 

evolalioo of pure oxygen gu. 

.AN immense deposit of black marble, equal to the Belgian. and 

snperior to the I rish, has been found n ear Williamsport. It is the 

only one known in Amotics, and a company bas been formed to 

work it upon an extensive scale. 

A REliUKABLB proof of the true ne.tnre of ve;~:etllble caseine is fnrnisbed 

by a fact, qnite independent of chemical researches, namely, 

that the Chinese are in the habit of making a real cheeae from peaae. 

It can hardly be distinguished from that made of milk. 

BY exposing variol18 species of iofnaoria to the sun in an inverted 

glass vessel containing water for a for tnlgbt, 18 many 18 

thirty cubic inches of gu were collected, which proved to be so rich 

in oxygen that a glowing splinter at once buret into tlaUle in it. 

T B.£ bogs of Great Britain and Ireland cover an area exceeding 

five millions of acres, the average depth of which may be takeu at 

20ft. Nature bu thus supplied us witb the means of adding to onr 

stock of fuel some twenty thousand millions of tons. 

CIJABLE8 I., iD 1687, ordered tbe pigs and bars of iron made iD 

England to be marked by his surveyors of the iron works, to 

prevent the se.le of bad iron, anu that iron was not to be exported 

without t he king's licence UDder pain and forfeiture, &c. 

IN England iron wire was, before 1568, all awie and drawn by 

main strength alone. In the Forest of Dean, and elsewhere, the 

Germans then intloduced the art of drawing it by a milL The 

greatest part of the iron wire and ready-toade wool cards had been 

hitherto imported. 

lB Chicago a building 80ft. by 160ft., five atoreys high, and 

weighing 27,000 tons, has recenUy been raised 2ft. from iLs original 

foundations. Jt Wl8 done by means of 1,580 screws placed underneath 

the building and turned simultaneously. The work occupied 

three days. 

.Ali'"DRBW Y ABRUIOTON, in a work entitled 11 England's Improvement 

by Sea aod Land," aaaerl8 that tin plates (iron plate tinned 

over) were made in Eogland, in 1681, through his means, he having 

learnt the art of making them io J:Sobemia. I n 174.0, the manufacture 

wu brought to considerable perfection. 

Is former time& the term " engineer " was chiefly applied to 

matters relating to warfare, whether by land or sea; and it was not 

until the year 1760 that a distinction began to be made betweeo the 

military, the naval, and the civil departments of engineering. At 

that period the name of " civiJ engineers" was introdoceJ. 

Evert in the middle of the last coot11ry the cost of conveyance of 

goods io this country wu so great that the freight of ROOds from 

LU!bon to London wu no greater than from L ondon to Norwich by 

land. The cost of the carriage of goods, per too, from Birmingham 

to L ondon was from £7 to £ 9, and from Leeds to London £13. 

A BP&CUL commiaeioo, which bad been recently appointed by the 

Federal States ol Germany for the purpoee of equslie1ng the different 

ataudarda of weight and mea.su.re prevailing 10 the coontry, has 

nne.olmously decided io favour of the Freocb metro and its cubio 

multiples. A foot ({m~) hitherto varying in the different States 

between 135 and 189 lignu de Paril, is to become all over Germany 

exactly three decimetres; an acre (acktr), now ·25 to ·27 bectare.s, 

will contain 2,500 equare metres~ ·25 hectare; and so forth. 

IP we reckon io the stale of re6t fliteen resp•rations per minnte, 

and for each thirty-ono cubic inches of air, and In the expired air 

5 per cent. of carbonic acid, and 15 per cent. of oxygen, we eaeii.Y 

find tqat a. man produces iu twenty-four h ours, nineteen cob1o 

feet of carbonic acid, consuming at the same time 380 cubic 

feet of air. These numbers may be regarded as tb~ minima of production 

of carbonic acid and consumption of air. With ei~tbteen 

respiratioos the consumption of oxygen already rises by ono-fifth. 

A PROSPECTUS has beeu isaued of the Aoglo-Romano Wo.tsr Com· 

pany, with a capital of £ 200,000 (£150,000 to be first iaeued) in 

sbarea of £20, to supply Rome with water from the springs at 

Arsoli under an exclouuve concession from the P ontiflcsl Guveroment, 

the consideration for which la to be £ 30,000, and a fourth of 

surplus profits after payment or 10 per cent. Tbe undertaking 

seems to have been principally promoted by persona counected with 

the Aoglo-Romaoo Gaa Cornpaoy, a su c~es~fu l undertaking which 

bu been io operation Lwelv~:~ years, o.nd the prospectus expressly 

states that tbo directora have subscrrbed in caab for their respective 

qualifications. 

'l' BE experiments of RegnauU and &iaet, io which animals 

breatiJed io an air macb ricller iu oxygen tban the atmosphere, and 

t he oircutniltance, that at great heights, wblcb like the great 

plateaux of central America, are inhabited, respiration goes oo just 

as at the level of t.be sea, prove, that the awoont of oxygen absorlr 

able by tbe blood is a oonstaut value, and to a certain degree independent 

of tbo external pressure. The city of P otosi at a height of 

12,600 ft. has 80,000 inhabitants. I n this and other similar places 

the people only inspire aboot two-thirds of the absolute quanuty of 

oxygen which enters the luogs a t each inspiration at tbe t;ea level 

bot it is evident., that il the amount of abl()'f/Jtd oxygen diffolred i~ 

tbe same ratio this change ml18t exer t a marked and essentia l 

ionue~ce on the vital (uoctione 1 such as could not have eecnped olr 

ll:rV&LlOD. 

• 

•

• 

~81 

- 

MASSEY'S DIPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS LOGS, &c. 

A LOO coll!ilrucled according to this invention, pa~oled by Mr. 

J. E. ~lassoy, ObadweU-street, London, may consist of a cylindrical 

tube of brass or otbe.r suitable mt.terial of, ar.y twelve or thirteen 

iucbes long, &nd say one and ~half inches in diameter, formed 

with a truncated conical bead or, uy three inches long. A longitudinal 

abaft extends through the point of the cone, the outer end 

of wbicb is fit~d with a circular collar, having the inner edge 

formed with a conical 1luge to c.oincide with the conical head of the 

tabP ant! which extends backwards a abort distance, say an inch 

or~~. '!'his conical flange coll&r is not in actual contact with the 

outer surface of the conical head of the tube, to avoid friction, and 

fl c. 3. 

fiC . I. 

t bo obJect of which receding flange or collar is to prevent seaweed 

or other loroigu matter getting between the conical head and spindle 

upou which it rotates. To the collar oo the outer end of the shalt 

is attached a metal loop or link for carrying the "thimble," to 

which is spliced the log lino, which latter should be formed 11 cable 

laid," to obviate tbe tendency to t'vist. The longitudinal shaft 

witbio the conical head ia fitted with small wheels or friction rollers, 

tbo axles of which spring from the abaft at right aniles. Theee 

friction rollers abut and travel on a transverse disc, which rests oo 

the bead of a solid metal cone within the tube cone. This longitudinal 

shaft, which extends to about the base of the cone on its 

inner end, is fi tted with a cross head. the arms of which extend 

t hrough eyee formed in logs or atods formed on the oa~ r ends of 

the arms of a cross bead oo the outer end of a second loogitudioal 

shaft, the inner eod of which shaf~ carries the wor m which gears 

into the worm wheel actuating the train of wheels and pointer& 

'l'bo object bad in view in forming tbo Jioo shaftiop; in two parts, 

aod counectiog them together as described, is to enable the worm 

11halt to IJe P.laced, if requ1red a littlo out of the longitudinal axis of 

tbo tube. fho frame which carries the train of wheels, pointers, 

and indices i11 ~'ou n ected to two disca, which fit the tub.! accurately, 

but admit of the whole being turned round so as to enclose au openiD!:) 

whirh is formed in the side of the tubs immediately over the 

face of the dials, which is done by means of a curved plate extending 

lrom disc tu disc, wbisb closes tbb opening when the sa:ne is roroed 

r ound or ~lid forward. To ensure strength in I be tube t.o enable it 

t{) carry tbe \noes by whi ~h the ~ame i11 rotated aa it is drawn 

through the wattr, the tube is s trengthened internally by a wheel 

or diaphragm at or near o. lino near tbo rear end of the vanes, and a 

diaphragm is soldered or o1her wiee securely fhced aod made watertight 

in the rear of the index, and the rear end of the tube is also 

enclosed by a dome, cap, or cover, also tiecurely attached by solderlog 

or other means, so as to make the portion of the tube which 

carries tbo vanes in rt!ar of tbe index water-tight. 

The action of this log is as follows :-Tbe log is thrown overboard, 

aod allowed to fall astern of the veasel a sufficient distance to 

be clear of the wake or dead water of tbo ship, when by the action 

of the wo.ter against the oblique vanes, as the same is drawn forward 

by the vessel in her progress through the water, cau808 the tube and 

ihl contents to revolve round the axle of the worm shaft, thereby 

imparting motion to the train of wheels carrying tbo pointers on the 

graduate 'Ctltnb~r, lijG5, t ue visit.ora have been all follow :- On .Mocd .. y, 

'l•tP•day, and Saturday, free days , OptiD from 10 a.m. to 10 Jl.m., 

8,505 ; on Wednesday, 'l'hursday, and li' ndny, students' days 

(a.dml6aloo t{) the public, 6d. ), open from 10 a. m. till 4 p.m., 1 1 

301; 

tul,l, 0,800 : from the opening ol tbo Museum, 6,683,3:.!4. 

• 

THE EN G I N EER. 

GOSSELL'S IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AD 

JUSTING THE WEIGHT 0¥ RAILWAY CAR 

RIAGES. 

Tma invention patented by Mr. Olto Gossell, Moorgate·street, 

relates lo &. novel' arrangement of weighing apparatus to be applied 

t.o the wheels of railway engines aod ce.rriages for the. purpos,e of 

ascertaining the proportion which each of the support1og spnogs 

sustains of the groBS loe.d ce.rried by the W:heel~ and axl~. . 

Tho accompanying engraving shows 10 &1de olevat1oo the Improved 

arparatus applied to a railway carr~age wb.eel .for the 

purpose o raising it from the double-beaded rail on whtch 1t rests. 

T he apparatus may be described as a m~dilled s~rangemeo~ of steelyard. 

It consists of a rectangular C&itlog, wb1ch forms at once a 

base plate and a standard for t~e wel~h beam ~od stt;elyard arm. 

The horizontal portion A of. thiS ~uttog torm!oates 10 a o~aw a, 

which, when the apparatus IS applied to a carnage on a raihvay, 

res la upon thounderheadof the rat I or upon th~foot, as tbecaselJlJP.y 1 b ~. 

The vortical portion of the recto.ngular cfl8tlog or standard A 18 

fitted near ita upper .end with a g r~d~alod s~e lyard ar~ B, along 

which a weight b 1s capable of a!1d1ng. J 010ted. to .th•.s ~rm aod 

pendent therefrom is a coouect1og rod C, wh1ch IS JOinted to 

the forked eod of a lever D. '!'his lever D is fitted at its opposito 

end with a claw of steeled iron cl, which, when the apparatus is iu 

use is intended to boar against the underside of the wheel tire and 

lift 'it clear of the raiL The lever D is provided with a transverse 

knife edge d•, which bears ~poo ~divided saddle piece e secured io 

dovetailed vertical recesses 10 tbo &Ides of the b:tSe plate A, but capable 

of sliding therein. This knife edged' forms the fulcrum on ~ bicb 

the lever D rocks wbf\n its longer limb is depressed by the act1on of 

the 6teelyll: d we•ght b. 

To adapt tbo machine to different hoigbte of rails a sliding wedge 

F is employed. This wedge is forked tor the same reason tbat t he 

saddle piece e is divided, videlicet, to allow the claw end of. the lever 

D to drop &ufficiently low for il.ll koilo edge to be11r upon too face of 

the saddle piece. The forked end of the wedge F' passes uodt-r the 

saddle piee& or between it aud the bed-plate A, so t hat as the wedge 

is advanced or dra wo back the elevation of the saddle e, and, cooseqoootly, 

of tbo claw end of ~be l.over D, is adju s,~d. '!'he wedge F 

is operated by a screw j , wh1ch 1s couoecled t.o 1te rear end so ss to 

bo free to turn. The screw f passes through a tapped lug cast on 

tbo bed-plate A. When, ~ber o lore, the sc~ow is turned it wi.ll drive 

forward or withdraw the wedge as r equtred, and thus adJUSt the 

eluvation of tbe claw of the lever to the requir ements of tbe case. 

In like manner the elevation of the b&So-pla~e above the ground is 

regulated by a ecrow-jack: arrangement G. By this means a 

plummet g, attached to the upper cod of the standard A•, is mad~ to 

coincide with a fixed gauge point g 1 , and thus the proper vertical 

adjustment of the standard ia deter.m!oed. ~be s~lyard. arm has 

a knire-edge fulcrom as usual, and 1t 18 prov1ded w1th an Index b•, 

which moves over a graduated se~ment face on the top of tho 

standard. The coooeetiog r od C IS forked at. its upper. end t.o 

receive the steelyard arm, aod a kolfo-edged pill (the ko1fe-edgo 

being downwards) serves to couple them together. 

l n erdor to ascertain the strain upon the springs for the purpose 

of equalising the load upon the axles of a locomotive or carriage, 

ooo such o.pparatus as has ~eeo describud is to be placed under eaob 

wheel in such a manner tba~ the claw of the base plate A rests upon 

the foot of the rail, and the claw of the lover D grasps the under 

side of the wheel tire, havtng its fulcrum o~ the adjllBta~Jo saddle 

piece e of the base plate. The apparatus be1ug now so adJUSted by 

means of tbe screw-jack arrangement G that the plummetg atta~bed 

to the &tandard coincides with the gaugo point, the wedge F IS to 

be pushed forward until the s~oelyard arm B .a ~tains ita normal 

position, which can be determ1oed by tbo pos1t1on taken by the 

todex b • with respect to the llgures on the curved scale on the top 

of the ~o tsodard. A weighing apparatus hav~ng been placed. uod~r 

each wheel of the locomotive ougioo or carnage whose w e1gh~ 18 

required to be ascertained, and tbo stoelyo.rd arms of each bav1og 

been brought into & corresponding position, the weights bare t.o be 

placed upon the &teelyard arms aud brought eevera~ly to such a 

position therooo that t he marker of each avparatus w11l stand at 0. 

E ach wheel must then be raised just clear of the rails, and the load 

of each separate wheel may bo ascertained by referring to the sclllo 

marked upon the upper face of the steolyard arm. Thogreate~ or leas 

difference in the results given by the different apparatus w1ll show 

in the clearest manner the greater or leso inequality of the load, and 

of t he strain of the springs of tbe different wbeela, which strain can 

tllco bo regulated with e3Se and certututy. The so m of . tbeae 

several weights will be the gross weig ht of the whole eog1ne or 

carriage. 

ln order to secure the apparatus in position when used io connection 

with a double-headed rail, as shown, a r{)ck lever H is fi tted to 

tbe under side of the platform. This rock lover terminates in a claw, 

wLicb is inser ted below the rail, and is caused t.o bind tightly 

nguioet the under rail bead by m11ans of a preesiog screw, which 

passes through the ple.Uorm 1 and bears on the roar end of tbe rook 

lover. When, h owever, the weighing apparatus is applied t.o fiatbottomed 

railt~, this movable claw will not be required. 

NEW GUN CARRIAGES. 

Tee iron frigate Minotaur, 6,62 1 tone, 1,250-borse power, Mask!r 

Fran k lnglis, under the command pro tem. of Capt.ain F. A. 

llorhert, and manned by the crew of the Royal Sovereign, with 

supernumeraries from the Steam R e&ervu, went out of Portsutouth 

harbour oo Moodt.y afternoon and anchored at S pithead, whore 6be will 

tt.ke in her ammunition and be swung t.o ascertain the dev1ation 

of her compass prior t.o starting for P ortl&od on her trials of corupetitiYO 

12-too broadside gun carriages. The trials will be 

under the direction and bttp! riutendeoco of Captain A. C. Key, O.B., 

coa1mandiu~ ber Mojesty't1 g unnery ebip Excellent. Portland roads 

will be made tho o.ncb or o~go ground on h er return from each day's 

trial until their coocluaioo, when sbe will return to Spitbead aod 

await further orders from the Admiralty. The trials were intended 

to have been made with four carriages and slides; but one, designed 

bl. ,Sir William Armstrong, not having been yet received from 

Elswick, they will be confined t{) the following three:- 

1. The Admiralty wooden pattern carriage o.nd s lide, fitted with 

eccentric rollers and other impronmeotsauggeated by Captain l

• 

• 


these gone have been DO\V for some time in tho turrets of the Royal 

Sovereign, fou r in those of the Scorpion, three on board the 

Minotaur for trials or carriages, and there are also underatood to be 

somewhere about 200 more at Woolwich waiting the 9-inch rifted 

steel tubes with which it has been determined to fit them. One 

riOed gnn of the same weight, imperfect, however, in some part of 

i ts bore, is also on board the gunnery ship Excellent for drill pnrposfs. 

When a sotlicient number of the guns at Woolwich have 

received their steel tubes they will be excban~ed for their smoothbore 

brethren at present on board the Royal Sovereign, Scorpion, 

And i\liootaur, and the formal entry of the gun as part armament of 

her Majesty's navy may then be cooeidered to have been effect.ed. 

Turret ships, such as we have even at present, can certainly carry 

and work a much heavier gun than one of twelve tons, and will, 

doubtless, receive them when we can procure them. Our present 

difficulty li e~ in providing carriages fitted withsucb mechanical aids 

as shall enable us to mount aod fight such AUns efficiently through 

broadside ports; and to meet this, several inventors have come 

forward w1th ouriages and their slides, and gear for running the 

gun in and out under sufficient control and all the conditions of the 

ship's movements at sea, for training quickly and steadily to any 

g iven angle, aud for elevation , depression, &c. Preliminary trials 

ha.ve been made with both irou and modern carriages on board the 

Research and liinotaur, and valuable data be.ve been deduced; but 

the first of a series of really comprehensive competitive trials will 

commence on board the bliootaur, under Captain Key'e~ direction, 

during the vresPnt week, io tbo geuerally rough water.; cl! the Dill 

of P ortland.- Timu. 

. 

ATKINSON'S IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR 

DISPERSING SCENTS. 

'fhis apparatus, patented by :Mr. EJ ward Atkioson, Old n ... odstree~. 

cous•sts of a combined reservoir 

and disperser constructed 

liob,taotially as hereafter debCtibed. 

'l'be reservoir for containing 

scent or other liquid is 

formed with a neck open at top, 

and with a tubuiGr outlet from 

the side of the neck o r other 

convenient part. Inside the apparatus 

is placed a bl>nt tubo 

see.led at bottom, and with its 

curved or bent part made to enter 

the tubular o~otlet; this bent tubo 

has a bole formed io its side 

at a sligbl distaoro from the bottom. 

The apparatus may be constructed 

of any desire..! sbe.pe and 

size. J u the accompao ying on. 

graving, a is thb reservoir, and 

b the neck, which is open at 

top; c is a tubular outlet in the 

neck; d. is e. bent tube inside the 

apparatus sealed at bottom, and 

w ith its bent part made to enter 

the tubular outlet c; e, is a hole 

formed in the side and near the 

bottom of the tube d. 

The dispersing of the scent or 

•other liquid is effected by blow- _.,.,~ 

ing down the open Leek b, when 

scoot will be forced ioto the beat 

tube d t hrough the hole e, anti 

out through the open mouth 

thereof, at the sam!l time that air 

will bo expelled with the scent in 

the ste.te of fice pray from the 

tubular outlet c; f is a. stand or 

support for the e.pparatus. 

SUPPt Y OF GAS TO PARIS. 

Now, t hat the Bombay G~s Com pt~ny has made a fnir commence· 

ment, and the Bombay public is beginning to realise the beneficial 

effect of what will e ventunlly r esult in a complete system or gas 

lighting, it seems to us, says the BomlJay Builder, that the question 

of the conditions under wbich the city ot Pe.ris :is supplied with gus 

might prove of considerable interest; because both the temper ao'Q 

habits of the people immediately ooncerned were somewhat similar, 

inasmuch &s they were deficient to a certain extent iu iodiridual enterprise; 

and because the organisation of the Paris service is more like 

tbe.t which prevaiL! in India than the.t which prevails ill other parts of 

the dominions under the British Crown. lL is true that the steps 

t&ken in the preliminary stages of the establishment of the Pe.ris 

gn.s company are auythiog but of a nature to satiofy the minds of 

those who expect to see the affairs of a great municipality conducted 

on principles of honour or respectability; bot when once 

the cooce sion for the gas works wn.s obtained the practice of the 

lllould b.m,,.fler be organised under one company. 'l'Le 

city uf P1ui:J was io this case a11Jed by t he authority CJf a oommis- 

6ion of t:cientifio meo, coosiotiug of M. Rffect ; the choice of the fittings is subjected 

to the control of this official, who is entitled to order any works 

that he may tbiuk necessary !or the ensuring good ventilation and 

the rapid removal of the products of combustion; the quality of tbe 

gas is prescribed rigorously, and the registration of the metres is 

most jealously guarded. In fact, the precautions that are bkeo, if 

they be enforced, are of the most minute nature, and they would 

seem to show thAt the French peoplu are be.bitually badly served by 

their servants, inasmuch as they treat the latter with an amount of 

suspicion that might almost justify their deceit. As was before said, 

the city of Paris bas in this iostaooe stipulated Cor a considerable 

diminution in the price of the public lighting, at the expense of 

the private consumer; and it has, therefore " pro tanto " laid a heavy 

tax. on those of ita constituency who are de~• roui of eoj.,yiog t.be 

benefits of gas lighting. Such must always be the effect of the mode 

of indirect taxation, \l"bich is at the bottom of the inequalities that 

the French llystem of political economy entails upon the people 

subjected to it. T be precautions that are introduced for the defence 

of tue prive.to customer are, therefore, but so many baits to deceive 

bim, aud suable the company to supply the quantity tbat is required 

for tile p ublic ligbtiog at a oheliper rate. 

'£be manufacture oC gas in P.uis i~ iu the eJCecutiou oC this tree.ly, 

carried ou iu t ho est11blishmeuts of la Villette, Pa.ssy, les Ternes, 

Belleville, des Q~,~ioze Viogts, or Cbarenroo, lvry, Vaogiranl, St. 

Den is, Maisoos Alfort, &o., for the f11ct of 1ho Octroi btiiog carried 

back to t i.Jo line of the fortifications has made au altere.tioo neoess 

.. ry in the pooitioo chosen for their establisi.Jmeots; and the 

corup1ny hna al~o extended itj operations, so as to include several 

of tbe communes that are out.sidu of the limits of th11 city. The 

operution:J that are carried on at la Vtllette are, however, the 

ones wbiob are the most important, aud they w11l be described in the 

sequel. It may be stated tbat the totlll make of gas in this factory 

is about one·tbird of t bo total quantity oou~umed in Paris. 

The situation chosen for tho ceotrlll or the greatest establishment 

in the Parid Gli:J Company is very conveniently placed for access both 

by Clioalaod railway. It is olo~e to tbe fwer ; there i ... re made to this 

body wero. of the most satisfactory description, e.s tht'y sbowttd thaL 

tbe operations of the compAny sufficed br the p.tyruent of about 1; 

per cent. psr annum, wh1ch tberu was every prob.lbliity woold w 

surpas~ed 10 the couroe of tho next year. It se;:ms to us unfortunate 

for the interest of t he gas consumers that the participation of 

the town in the beuefit:1 to be derived from the t-ale of gas will 

oppose auytbi11g like a reductio :1 of price; but the French people 

hke. tbo .1ndi~ect manner in wiJicb their revenue for mul1ic1pal 

t'erv1ces IS ratse~; and, provided tlley be oouteot, the'te is little 

reason why foro1goers 1>hould nod fe.ult with t he system that they 

may adopt. 

It m

386 

lfl{llflieur m Cl"-f dU PimU et Chauu!u, and of M. Oanut, lnplnieur 

ordir.airt of the earne oorpe; wbo are aulated by a ataa that 1.1 composed 

of men of decided ability in their profeeeloo, and tbat la fully 

alive to tbe Importance of the dutie.t that devolve upon them. It 

must be, however, considered that there iJ every ioducemeo~ to t.be 

directors of th i8 company to lay on~ 

a large eum of money on the 

workiag, and none to induce them to save-at leut, after the town 

tball enter into partuerebip with tbf:m In the profits of the coo· 

ceroe. The eatablishment IB therefore managed In the moet 

complete and tbe most paiott&kiog manner, which forma a striking 

contra.o t with the E o~tll!;h system of coodactiog •«•ire of a similar 

deecription, there is, in fact, an amount of red tapeism about the 

eervice of the gae company of Paris that would call88 an Eoglieh 

gas tHrector to give up the management of it in despair. Yet tbe 

aucceu of the company must be, to a great extent, dependent on 

the regularity with which the accounts are kept, and the means .that 

are adopted to control t be outlay. The town, too, bae a d1 rect 

iotereet in knowi11g every detail of the fabrication ; the private 

cooanmer, alao, hu an indirect interest in know ins to what extent 

tbe monopoly that hat tbWJ been given preasea upon him ; and, 

therefore, the etyle of the Parie Gas Company, in managing the 

detaila of the administration of that service, must be considered 

to be worthy of study-if not absolutely of imitation-in all its 

par~. 

The municipality, it may be added, have a series of impecteur1, 

who are charged with the superintendence of tbe public law)>8 and 

the detail11 of tbe private fittfogs; they have al~ a number of tltr~ 

jieatmr1, who are charged whh tbe control of the quality of the gas 

10 tbe various parts or tbe town. The maoagemtont of the pipfog 

IB under the orders of lbe l"ff~r clw.rge du eau:c et du egtnttl 

(at present M. Belgraud); and the general control of lhe manufacture 

and distribution of tbe gu is under tbe orders of tbe 1 ngen~r 

charge du 1oviu du planuuitml et du promenadu pull{iquu (at 

prelit.ut .M. Alphaod). The rtgui&Liog tbe acooooLB of the company 

l8 transacted wltb the P refect of tbe Seine; tbe Preftct of Police 

hu to do with tbe questions that may ariae aa to tbe purity of t he 

gas, and the preliUre at which it le delivered. In fact, all possible 

precautions are taken, apparently, to ensure tbe full performance 

by tbe company of tbe couditioos of tbt-ir contract; and it must be 

s•id that they do eo fn a large and libernl spirit. 

- 

flhliEUL OIL AT TBOWBIU.DOII.-Our COrreipoodeot writes th&t, fo 

couaeqotoco of tbe grouud under tbe eteam boilers of Messre. Brown 

Mnd l'almtr, cloth mauufacturers of Trowbridge, sinking, excava. 

t ioos were made to a deptb of twenty feet, where the earth wu discovered 

to be on fire. F11rther loveotigatioos led to tba discovery of 

tbe eame kind of nnctaous clay as that foUDd in York.abire. 1 

1'be 

T rowbridge clay bas ~K en submitted to a test, and a fine, clear mineral 

oU u:1racted therefrom. T he 6re from tbe ooiler-holes seems U> 

have comruuoicated ~!th tbe oily clay, and tbla accounts for the 

rapid sinking of t be ea tb.- Brillol T imu. 

A N.ew Pum JrOR 11 WLI.Ba.-It w ill be remembered that a few 

mootbe ago, at an io6 ·1 ntlal public meeting held in tbe D&wllah 

Town llall, it was resolved that a committee should be formed for 

the purpose of providing Dawlish with a pier, which work is expecU

• 


THE ENGINEER. 

3 ~ 7 

~aut means of ventilation, bot not the only one; it is equally 

Important to find an adiLum for fresh air as an ezitum for impure 

vapou~. It is necessary, however, that this eopvly of ozygeu 

should be 80 introduced as not to lower t he temperature of apartmtnte 

too much. 

D uring the colder months in this climate the health of the very 

youn~ and very old demands that, by the aid of architectural 

coverJDg and artificial combu&tion, a minimum temper11tore of 

55 deg. should be sustained in t he indoor atmosphere. Under that 

degr~e of w_armtb diseases. are gen~rated. Caloric and oxygen nro 

equally IDdl ~pensAble to hfe, but 10 oar climat~ the latter is much 

cheaper tban the former; and the dislike of ventilation manifested 

by tbe poor classes is notal wsys without reason. 

Wal_Js and r?of_s eh~uld be tbiclr, in ~ rde r to protect the body from 

e&cebSIVO radiatiOn 1nto tho cold atr. Good personal clothing 

~houl d serve tbo same purpose, and plentiful nutrition added to 

th ~:se_meau s may preserve the s trong in health (88pecially when in 

uerclbe) nt a lower tempere.ture; but for delicat.e subjects artiticial 

Lell!t is required. 

W ithout air, which is tbe generator of heat, the above-named 

conservators of heat would be useless. T he beat-producing elements 

of food must combine with the oxygen of the air in order to impart 

heat to the blood ; but this most essential pabulum of life has 

litarcely obtained due attention from architects-it is only permitted 

~o penetrate houses clandestinely, and it, consequently, enters by 

] "'~ and draughts. 

. I have thought that such an important purpose as the supply fo 

atr to tbo dwellings of man and tbo domestic animals is deserving 

of an especial provision, and that tho approach of this our moat 

benefict>nt guest should be honoured with ao ample avenue. 

I have, tben·fore, proposed that between eaob storey of every 

ho~•e a space be especially reserved for tbe reception of air, and 

wb1ch shall freely communicate with the surrounding atmo.ipbere. 

Ue~ween tbis area and each subjacent apartment a diaphragm should 

he IUterposed, perforated witb small orifices for the descent of air. 

Tb!s ceiling nught consist of several partitions, which should be 

t'aSJiy movable on rollers by pulleys, and the quantity of air to be 

admilt~d could be nicely regulated to suit the temperature. The 

fresh a1r would thus descend in a gentle shower, and the u6ed air of 

the underlying room would be pressed upwards into the atmospbtric 

reservoir described. 

Such a mode of ventilation would be particularly suitable for bedroo?l~ 

~od t~e chambers of the sick, as by preserving a constant 

eqmhbnum 1t renders draughts impossible, and affords sufficient 

pre.,l>ure to insure the rapid fhCent of smoke or other gas and spoilt 

air up the chimney. 

As I ~m at present prevented by my state of health from readiog 

my proJected paper " On Certain Principles of Architectural 

P llysiolotcy,'' before the R )yal I uetitute of Ar chitect~, 1 should be 

much obhged by your iu st~r tion of this section of t he subject in 

your valuable periodical. 

! take t~is oppor!unity of saying that I have now no other than a 

sctent16c _JDterest ID the atmopyre, which bae become an indispensable 

1mplemeot iu the chemical laboratory, and is other wise 

very widely available. 

D. 0. Eowuns, MD 1 M.R.O.P ., and F .R.C.S. 

DRAUGHT MEN' H OURS. 

Snt,-A short time since a well-written article, followed by a few 

letters, appeared in your columns relative to the long hours of 

draughtsmen. At the large engineering establishments in Man· 

chester aud the neighbourhood the present working hours in a 

confined office varies slightly, but I think it will be found that from 

eight a.m. to half-past six or seven is mostly the rule, with the 

e an unbealtby occ~pation,_ being constantly in a leaning 

pos1t1on w1th the board p ress10g agaiDat the chest, inducing conbUmption 

at an early day. It is a very noticeable fact that an old 

draugLtBman is rarely seen ; be either dies or turns to something 

els~. I t may be that mf1Bters will not t.ke much notice of a few 

let ters in a newspaper, but caono' tbe liaocheater draughtsmen 

combine or fonn a society with the hltlelltlon of bringing more 

prominently under the notice, and induoiog the beads of these 

establishments to shorten the bouril of labour to eight hours a day 

for ordinary time? I eau only say I tlball bo willing to contributo 

towards aoy expenses that may be iucurred for this ol,ject. 

Leigh-terrace, Stockport-road, Manchester, 

6th December, 1865. 

A DUUGUTSlttAN. 

THE FAN ACCIDEN'£ A'l' SHEFFIELD. 

S1a,- Refer ring to your 111 ticle on the tau accident at Sheffield, 

will you permit us to add a few remarks ? 

In tbe tirst place, the speed of the fao was not at all excessive 

&IJd quit.! inbufficient to break the fan by centrifugal force. The 

v t~locity at tbe circumference of the disc was, as yoo stated. 13 250ft. 

per minute, while we te~ t our cupola fans to at least 20.000it. per 

roioutt, and there is not one in a. thousand which breaks from centrifugal 

force at this speed. It is much more likely that the pulley 

of t he counterabaft will give way from centrifugal force and the 

strain of the strap than t he fan disc ; aod we know of several in· 

stances where tb1s actually took place. 

We use a special mixture of the toug hest metal for these fen 

discs, and " feed " t hem most carefully while cooling. We h ave 

used cast iron shafts for these fa ns, because notbiog wears so well 

at bigb velocities as cast iron on cast iron. .As you very justly 

remark, a. ca&t iron shalt is superior to one of wrough t iron in potUt 

of at1ffoese, and the disc is safer if cast in ooe piece with the shalt 

than 1f bored and keyed on, as the key-bed most weaken the 

disc, and if the key is driven home too much might lead to a. r uptnre. 

I n our opinion the cbief cau~e of the breakages in fans is duo to 

their driving bands or belts, which are invariably Ppplied very 

muuh heavier than necessary, and soon put the fan out of order. 

B ut whether the fan may have been previously in good order, or 

otherwise, it most be evident to any one that, if a driving band 

breaks while ruoning at the high velocity usual with fans, it is 

capable of e:urtiog a blow or pull more than sufficient to ANY. 

Oldham, Dec. 11, 1865. per C. B. 

PETROLECM A!! A STEAM FUEL. 

SJR,- Tbe chief oLj~ctiou to tbe UHI of petrultmm as steam foe! 

i:1 certainly its oxces ive cost. At present the demand is g reater 

tban the supply; but it has been observed by one of your own 

correspood~:nts, writing on this subject, " mere coat is not the only 

elemeut in consideration If, by Its use, we can obviate other and 

greater evila also involving coaL." The Timu observed, F eb. 22od, 

1865 :- " When steam more completely sopersed!ll sails t he pra

• 

- 

3 8 ENG IN E E R. Dcc 1.3, h:S65. 

\V. n. J. AND A. WOODWARD'S IMPROVE~fENTS I~ MELTING AND S:\fELTTNG F UR~ ACES . 

Ftr. I . 

F IC . 3. 

FIC 5 -. 

• 

• 

• 

• 

-----· ---------··· - ~ 

• 

• 

FIC .2 . 

I '" 

• 

I 

• 

I 

I 

I 

• 

.• 

I 

I 

• 

I • 

, ;•-------·--••••----P-------• 

---- ----- ---· , 

• 

•' 

I 

• 

-- ---·--·- 

I 

I • 

' 

I 

I 

. • 

- ---. 

... --·-· • 

I 

I 

• 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

• 

I 

• 

... - -- J 

• 

I 

• 

• 

I 

I 

I 

I 

• 

I 

• 

I 

• 

I 

I 

I 

• 

I 

• 

• 

I 

F I C. . 4 • 

FIC . 6 . 

Tnts invention, patented by Mesara. W. R. J. and A. Woodward, 

engineers, Queen's Foundry, Mancheater, conaiBt.a, fintly, in 

arranging and combining furnaces for melting metals and smelting 

ore•, eo that air may be 1npplied thereto lly appl,Ying and wring In 

furnacea 10 arranged and combined, one or more )eta of steam in the 

fine, fun ne~ chimney, or chimneys, leeding from the furnace, thereby 

creating a partial vacuum above the fire or fuel in a state of combn!tion, 

the required air to aupport the comb01Uon entering at 

proper orificee arranged at the lower part of the fornace. And, 

secondly, in the con11truction of furnace~ for melting metals and 

8U'Ielting ores according to the first part of the invention by a rranging 

and combining therewith &team boilere, and applying the waste 

heat of the furnace to gen1:rate steam for creating the partial 

Tacunm above the fire, the •idea of the furnace~, or the fiaea or 

chimneye, being formed wholly or partially of a hollow veasel or 

holJow vestela to COIItain water, thee& veseela forming ateam boilers ; 

or " hollow veuel or hollow veascls to contain water may be 

arranged in the fine of the furnace so to i>e acted upon by the waste 

heat.. By these improvemente the furnacts, boilert, steam engines, 

blowing cylinders, and centrifugal fans, commonly used for supplying 

air to furnaces for m&lt•og metals or smelting oree are diapeaaed 

with. 

'fbe accompanying engraving ilhu.tratee lbe manner of applying 

thue improverneota to fornace• for smelting Iron and otber ores, 

'bowing a combi[ltd em~ltiog furnace and •lam boiler, according 

to the eecaod part of the iuventioo. It will be eeen that In tbe 

lower part of this foro a~ tbtre is one Eet of ori6cea c, for the ad m~ 

eion of air to the furnace, and that a largo annular chamber for bot 

air is formed roonrl tbe b•q" of tbe furoaco, which is 6Uppliod by 

pipes u ebowo. tileu, and while the furnace is In operatton. 

'fbero la a •uam pipe /,• encircling all the boilers, with which each 

boiler communicates by a pipe /1 4 , there being a auitable atop VAlve 

in each pip.,. There 11 alto a common pipe p• for feed water, with 

wbicb el.l'b boiler Is connected, tbe braocb to each boiler having a 

&lop-cock. A Giffard'd injector may be used for each boiler, and 

each boiler may have a separate safety valve. In changing a 

boiler it Is only n8Ced8&ry to disconnect tbe steam and water of t be 

boiler to be r emoved, and then connect theae wben the do plicate 

boiler has been placed in position. The boilers may be lifted by a 

crane in connection witb a jib arrangod to turn round the chimney 

ae a central pillar. Tbe n ozzle/, is l'lpplied with &team from the 

pipe h 1 encircling the boilers, as shown 

Tn..& Scu:NTIYIO WITHE88 8YSTEJL-A C&IO was tried in tbe Court 

of Exchtqntr, oo Wednt:sday week, in which Mr. He&dley, Ule conaalting 

gas engineer, claimed a sum of upward3 of £.75 for nrvice 

rendered to Mr. Detbick, a contractor employed In public worka in 

cour10 of uecution for the Metropolitan Board, the eer.icee in 

question being performed by Mr. Headley in the capacity of coaealtin~ 

engineer in regard t~ the preparation of drawings, and what 

ia named '' gettiog up " scienti6c evidence, in the matter of an 

action brought t.gainat Mr. Detbick, wilh reference wan exploeioii 

of gas resulting in consequence, ae was tht n alleged, of tbe gu 

pipes being ruptured by 11ome of .l.Ir. Do~tbick'" workmen in tbe 

course of excavations made for the ""orka in lJUe.tioo. Mr. lleadley 

asserted that he bad rendered invalnable a..ai.unco as to the t rial of 

that cue, which was decided in favonr of Mr. Dethiclr, from having 

started and worked oat the theory that the explo ion aroae not from 

anything due to the works carried oat by Mr. Detbick, but owing 

to an old fracture in the pipes which be t&Jd he h&d detected. A. to 

t his, however, Mr. Lind->, the attorney for Mr. Dethick, stated in 

his evidence, tbat in tbe trial of that case be did not r&ly particularly 

on Mr. lleadley'd evideLce, but ou tbe facts of the case as 

proved by .Mr. Detblck'e other witneases. .lolr. Montague Chambers, 

Q.C., the dt:fendaat'a couiisol, firat addre.ed U1e jodge (lir. B•ron 

·Martin) to have the judgment declared in fnour uf tiJe dt:feollaot, 

that he was n ot li11ble to p:~y anything bey

TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

• • • W e beg to call the attention of our Advertisers to the notice 

below, and to $tale that the large circulation of TBE E!iGINEER 

comp~ls us to go to preu at an early hour of the morning of 

publ'U:ation. Advertisements, to ensure insertion, must be delivered 

at the Engineer Ojfice before seven o'clock on the Thursday 

evening of each week; any reuitJed after that time must 

necessarily stand over t ill the following p ttblication. 

NOTICE.- A SPECIAL EDITION ofTRE ENGINEER is puhlislted for 

FomnoN CmCULAnON. This edition, printed upon paper 

manufactured for the purpose, will pa88 through tlte foreign 

p ost ojfice., at the charge of a single postage. 

A . D. V.-lh m11•t bt9 to r(ftr yw to our advertlting column.. Thtre are 

10 many t~cellent fo.nl in the 111arket t11at !IOU can ~earctly do 1DTOng. 

e. T. L. (Manchester).-Thtl't il no doubt •ome force in your Ttlnar.l-$, ytt 

tht a1·rangement 1ce have adoptut h a~ met with IIWI gentrat approval Mat 

ut lhou/.:l ha'rclly /ttl jUitijkd ia making an a l.tt~·a t icn.. 

A StroSCRtBIIR.-lt it not tafY to detmnine the friction, btcaute we mow 

nothing of tht CUl'WI onwh~el~ the pipe iR laid. Under favourable tircumdanul 

the di1charge l hOtJld be 46 to 48 galto!U ptt' minute. 

T. C. B.-You can obtain a form nf application for rpace at the Pa1"i4 

Ezllibition by applying to " The &cretary, '' South. .Kenungton Mu1eum. 

Bnw lopt to bt marttcl ·• Pari1 li:l:hibition, 1867," in the corner. 

F BRRBT.- By Sackrngm'a e~:p~rimtr~tl it woa 1hown tltat tile tenacity of 1ilver 

u to that of gold a11d platinum a1 19 15 art to 26'25. .4ny duparity 

btltDttll th iiTt~~~lt and tltat of other e~:ptrime n lt'rl u talily accounted/or by 

remembtnng that tlte quality of tlu mattria4 cannot invariably be tht 

Ill me. 

S. B. (Carrnartben).- You.,. boiler 011ght to supply lltam f'Mugh to drive a 

p i1ton 9·6 inthtl in diamttt1· at the rate of I SO to 200 ftd per n&inult, with 

a ~rtuurt of about 60lb1. ptr ~quart inch, dtwloping jrom l S to 23-horlt 

'[XYI.ctr. A good deal1Dilt ttt-;~t.l M the quality of the coal a nd the clraft. 

You may, of COU'rlt, Ult two ntaU cyhndtr• oj tht l.&mt 1tructure. 

R. A.-The principle i1 not a good 1ub}ttt for a patent. It ha• bttn embodied 

in nearly tvtl"!/ lotomoti~:t mgine jltttd with a 1tearn dornt, in 

alatmu. I n a d•ffertnt flY!• m, tht aame deoice ua1 applied to boiler• yeat·• 

11nce. It llcu I!J.fllltlted in .d.tban'1 tt•tatue on tht 11igh-11rt1turt tngint, in 

which you witl.ftntigattd before 0 ~ 

coroner's jtJry. The results of th is investigation can 

Le nry bnl'fl)' recout,ted. At the adjourned inquest, held 

on the Wednesday of last week, the solicitor for the proprietors 

of the works opposed, as strongly ns be decently 

could, the wi:,h of tbe j ury to ha"e the atd of a Government 

Inspector. I ~ spite of this, however, and in spite of 

the fac~ that t he Jury, as stated by the coroner were 

'' under the im pres:~ton that if they make an applic; tion to 

Govero.ment t bt"y would have to pay the expense," it wus 

determtned that t he coroner should write to the Home 

Office for scientific assistance. This he did. But the reply 

was such as might htl'\'e been expected from the Sleepy

390 T HE ENGINEER. Dtw. 15, 1865. 

~============================================================~- 

Hollow of the Home Office during the Parliamentary recess. indeed, about six times that it was calculated to bear when also by !1 dell"r.iptioo of that invention contained io Dr. Carpeoler'• 

•Now we are aware of several eases in which the wishes of new: but. cannot Mr. Richards imagine the ca.se of a boiler JJtuhamcal Plui9, tbe date of tbe lellel'll patent. Accord· 

George Grey. The Home Office have, m fact, more than tear that an ordinary pressure is "over-pressuro" in every ing to tbe description cootatoed in tbe specitlcauon Weeton•., inveosense 

of the term ? 

tioo cooslst&d of a new or improved pulley Cor raiatog welgbLe 

once obtained leave from the authorities of the Board of 

Trade to send down one of the Board of Trade Inspectors Another witness, apparently in the employ of the first, moving heavy bodies, actuating preiJBes, •od for other purpo.e.. I ~ 

of Railways to the scene of the disaster. Perhaps when also said that in his '' opinion the tube had been slightly(!) tbe construction of this invention oo endl~u chain wu •o •pplitd 

Parliament is sitting such an application would have more 

d h 

. h d d h b k h · to au axle of two ditforen~ diameters in tbe two part3 1.0 wblob tbe 

" over-heate ' w tc reo ere t e tu 6 wee. er t an lt cbain was applied, or to two pulleys of d1fi'erent d1ameten, tbat two 

effect; but this time tho mild appeal of the coroner failed "ought to have bean, hence tho explosion;'' yet another depending loops were formed by tbo eudlt) utlariug, L.auc11 were 

ltS crown. Now thts one gave way at 1ts Side, whtch must 1 directed for trial bt~fore his Honour without a jury. 1 ha ca.ie was 

in any case have been under the water level. 

I speci~lly fixed for beariog ou. 'l'ueoday! tbu 5tb iubt., but att&r the 

If anything were wanted to strengtben what we asserted 1 

opbnlug on behulf uf tb t> pla1ut1fi'~ a )ll'l.wu applied for by the 

last week we would only refer to the evidence of the engine- 1 d,,f6udanhl, aud the ca~u ("" stllwd In tu.s Tm~e• of W~:~dneoll .. y, tba 

d · h, f · b h b . 1 

h' h b h 

1 

6tlo), stood over for tbat purpose. Sinl.le tile opeu10g of tb ~:~ oase 

rl ver, w o, a ter sa:png t at t e 01 er, W \C • Y. t e 

I 

last week the defendaut bad muvtld for nod obtaiut>d lt:ava to amend 

bye, was some t welve years old, " had been many ttmes uis part1oular11 of objJctioos by stating that iu and about t885, and 

repaired since he had beer:' enginet>r,'' made the important at o~~er ti.mes prior ~o Ap!il, 1859, tbe io \·ent~oo was publicly used 

statement that " the leakmg hole was near to where the at lln ~ t?l1n tho~ constr.ucuon of w. sw!lm-~u g1ne b? MooN, and in 

boiler exploded." "No doubt," said he, fu rther on, u some tbe bus1oea8 of a curner and ta.uner m hfuug we1ghts and other- 

Wise. 

repairs to the boiler were necessary, but he did not expect A special jury having been summoned, the trial commenced on 

an explo: ion.'' Mood~~oy moruiDfC, and has been continued from day to day. 

' The case is a melancholy one, and in saying so we do not ldr. Groove, Q.C, Mr. Gotfard, Q.O., Mr. i'b~oJ ., re A~too, aod 

wish to say that the owners of the Abercarn 'fin 'Vorks are Mr. Lawsoo apve~t r for tbe vlatutll'fa; Mr. \V1llcock, Q.O., Mr. 

more to blame than many others. The points we notice as Daniel, Q.O., Mr. Lorence Bird, and Mr. Druce are for tile defen- 

K dant.s. 

being in favour of the conduct of the proprietors, ~ 1 essrs . As tho case is oot as yet concluded, and tbere is a direct coofiiot 

Whitehouse and Phillips, are, the statement of the engine- of testimony upon some mos~ material po>inls, we reserve our report 

driver,. that he had received iustructions "if he saw any- of the evidence. 

thing wrong to immediately stop the works." The engineer 

said also that " the boilers 'vere examined every 

month," and that he himself made a personal inspection 

THE GAS EXPLOSION AT NINE EL~IS: ITS 

CAU ~ E. 

about three or four times a year, and even oftener in the 

AND 1'J:iE MEAN::> OF PRE\'EN riNG 

case "of any special necessity." .But these half-measures 

are insufficient with boilers unprovided with glass gauges, 

and with brick partitions through flues of inferior coustr uc· 

tion •.: Was the boiler ever tested by hydraulic pressure ? 

Was the boiler really in such a state as to be workable with 

safety ? 

• 

- 

LAW INTELLIGENCE. 

COUr.:r OF CHANCERY. 

(Btfot·e Jlice· Clwnccllor Sir W. P. Wooo.) 

'f,\ N0 \'1! V. 

FC01T. 

Ta1s is a trial Ly spccilll jury of certain issoe3 direct~d in the 

cau ~Su for tho purposa of determining tbe novelty and validity o( au 

ioveutiou for "a new nod improved pulley," patented by Tbomns 

Aid ridge Westou, io April, 1859, aud al .. o the question of iolrio g~:. 

meut by tbe def e ndant~. 'l'be caso, which commenced on Monday 

morning, raises a very cu1 ious conflict of testimony upon tbe 

questiou of iofringemuut far excoediug in interest tba discossiou 

upon tbe patent illlcll, wbicb, as will llt once be seen, i~ of a m o~> t 

to,chnical character. The de fendants are charged by the pl•inllfi';t 

wirh having manulnctured aod sold bt:tween tbe lst of Ol)tober, 

1864, nod the 1•!tb of M"rch, 1866, pulleys cooslruoUld accorJiog to 

We~oton's patent. 'l'he particulars of objections delivered by the 

defendants raise the oase that Weston was not tbe true aod first 

inventor, and that the invention was not new within the United 

Kingdom at the date of the patent, having been anticipated by prior 

llllbt icaliou !>y a \Vorkiug mod• I , ~ · ! 1 ht·d of Dristol in 1831, and 

• 

S UCH EX!JLOSlO~S . 

WE give the following article from "Newton's London 

J OUI'Ilal 11 a. vlace in OUr pages because the subject is important, 

and the author has handled it with considerable 

ability. W ith much of his reasoning we thoroughly agree, 

but we beg it to be undErstood that we are -rery far indt>cd 

from endorsing all his 6tatements ot· opinions. In more than 

one instance Lhese are directly opposed to our own convictions. 

The article fortunately lo~es none of its interest 

bl!cause such is the fact:- 

Amongst the worn-out relics bequeathed to us by our Sax on ancestors, 

wbto L is called a corouer'11 inquest may very properly be placed 

with the bowt~ and arr.>ws, tbo shields, the bill-books, and other 

curiosities now rendered ultogether useiC$s by the progre.-s of civili;ation. 

Aud if any ev1dence 1:1 requireLI in support of tbis opinion, it 

may be found in the parucularli of tbc '· crowner's quest" lately 

concluded upon the t>ulferers of tho explosion at tbe works 

ot the London Gds Company, near Vauxball·bridge. To conct:ivt~ 

of a jury of t11 elve ordu1ar.1' men being suddenly 

ill'lllted with tile tecbnical anLI sco~nulic kuowleLlgu required for 

tbe mvesti~ation of bUCII u prublem a; tbe ~ioe Elm:~' catustrvpbe, is 

about as ratio11al ru~ 10 suppu~e t.•

Dec. 15, 1865. 

~rorn the rea! evil. The~e is an old axiom which says, "That which 

111 worth dolng at all 1a worth doing well." and, assuredlv if 

I he object of those who inftuenced the decision of the Nine 

E lms' jurymen was to mislead t he public mind into a beliet 

that aucb a catastrophe could not occur again. we mu~t 

give 

them credit for having done their work "well." The ar~umentative 

anodyne was dexleroualy admi11i.stered. as we may see by I he 

manner or 1ta subdiviJ.ion: first, all the mischief bad been caused by 

the. men who were de•d. and who could not therefore deny the accusation 

of having tilted the governor and put their feet on it: 

secondly, these men were quite ignorant of ~as mattera, 

and had b~en o11ly casually employed at tbia kind of 

w11rk ; thirdly, each an explosion bad not, and could 

not, 

and would not have occurred in the bands or the 

regular workmen of the establishment--or, in other words, the thing 

wu a barely possible casualty resulting from the most crass ignornnce. 

To support of this t ranquillising mixture, it was deemed necesl'ary 

to show that ueitber gas bolder No. 1 nor gas bolder No 2 bad 

caploded; but it would have been much better if this part of the 

"v1dence had been omitted, for although dead men cannot a peak, yet 

Rheet iron can t ell a tale. T o render our comments upon t h1a matter 

not only intelligible, but nnexceptionably equitable, we will quote the 

word, of the evidence, as act down in the Wuldy Tirnu newspaper 

of the 12th of November, from which we learn that " Dr. H : Letbeby, 

of 17, SWI3ex·place, Regent's Park. Medical Officer or IIealtb for the 

Cir y of London, and P rofegaor of Chemistry. at tho London Hospital, 

had paid two visits to the Ecene of tbo recent accident. for the purpose 

of eumining the elfects of the explosion, and the cause thereof. 

Bis 

attenti n wns first directed to the state of gas bolder ~o. 1, where 

the greatest mischief W:l!l done." 

Amongst other damages to this 

~:as holder, he noticed that. "on this (the north) aide, the crown of 

the gas holder was perfectly sound, and did not indicate the action 

of any internal explosive force upon it, uut at the opposite or 

I'DUtbem side next t he meter-house, the iron plate.i which formed 

the crown of the holder were tom through, and folded 

over, as if from the action of a very local internal force, 

and there rested upon them a large mass of lead, t be dibri1 

of the meter-house, which mDBt have fallen there after the plates 

had been rent and turned over " 

Before proceeding any farther with 

our quotation, we will a..k our readcl'll to notice the words" action of 

a very local internal force." A gas holder is filled with an extremely 

elastic fluid, and therefore the idea of the accumulation of local 

~nt~rnal force in such a bolder is ~itbe r a complete absurdity. or it 

10d1cates the separate existence 10 the hulder of two d11ferent 

gaseous compounds, one of which is explosive, the other noneltploaive; 

and consequently this "very local internal force" must 

have arisen from the conobustion of the explosive part of t he 

CO:Jtents of No. 1, by ,,bicb "the southern aide of the crown of the 

holder was tom and folded over ;" and mark! afrt r this was done, 

" the lead or del;ri, of the n.eter-house fell upon it." 

Probably, if J.Jr Letheby were ahown a burst bladder be ·would 

dt.Scover, at the place of rupture, some "very local internal force;" 

but. we nak, what made this local internal force in the caie of gasholder 

No. J, and what limited ita action ? That it was from within 

to without is clear , by tbe folding over of the iron plates ; for bad 

the force been from without to within, the plates might indeed have 

• been folded in t he inside of the bolder, but could r..ever have betn 

torn out and folded on the our side. 

Moreover it does not appear to be 

a very easy thing to tA>ar and fold up these iron plates, for, aceord1n~ 

to Dr. Letbeby, a" farge mass of lead, the dlbri•of the meter house," 

bad fallen upon these v~ ry 

plates, but had not gone through them, 

alt!Jougb being a large mass, it must have come with no small local 

external force, if it were blown from the meter-house. 

And to make 

confusio~ worse confounded, in spite of tbis 1 impetuous trans11, this 

mass arnves at gasholder No. 1, only ofter all tbe damase has been 

done, altl ou,;h the distance is but 22rt.! 

The local internal force in 

~older ~o. 1 moat, then, have been pretty active, it would seem, in 

tLs operations; and it is not a little fortunate. perhaps, that these 

operations were so localised. 

A story ia told of a militia recruit who 

had a great fear of fire-arms, and, being out at exercise, charged his 

musket nine times, but every time cunningly evaded discharging it, 

u?til at last be was detected by t he commanding officer, who ordered 

h1m out to the front of the pan~·, 

there to fire off his musket. Thus 

compelled, be dre\ov the fatal trigger, and w88 immediately knocked 

down b) the recoil. 

One of his comrades then ran to help him, and 

to pick up tbe musket-" Let her alone I let her a Ion ~;!" 

cried the I 

prostrate hero; "there's otl1er eight in her as bnd 88 t!Jat." Perhaps 

gasholder N o. l, )jke the recruit's musket, has several other 

specimens of " local internal force" ) et left in her, in ad 

~ition . to. the o~e. discol'ered by Dr. Letbeby; but, for tbe 

JOvest1gat1on of tb1s tmportant point, we must reliume our quota· 

lions. 

I otluenced, no doubt, by a kind of hazy notion that this 

•'local internal force" in Nu. 1 might, after all, lie first cou61n to an 

explosion, the coroner 

put a question wbicll elicited from Dr. 

Letbeby the following answer-".Had there been an exploaion in 

either of the gas-holders, not any vestige of the place would have 

been left.'• 

Now we will not dwell npon tbe manifest tendency of this reply 

to lead the jury to a •atiifartory verdict, but we are content to ask 

our r eaders to pay part1cular attention to the following scientific 

facta :-Coal gas when mixed with atmospheric air in certain proportions 

fo rm~ an explosive mixture, and the force or violence of 

the explosion caused by the ignition of this mixture depends altogether 

upon the r elative proportion of the iogredients,-jlLit as in 

gunpowder, where certain proportions of charcoal, sulphur, and 

sahpetre form an explosive compound, 

although certalu other 

proportions of the same things form a compound which will not 

explode at all. 

Jf eL"'tteen parts ot air be mixed with one of coal 

gas, the mixture will explode feebly, and with little force ; but if 

t he proportions be gradually a ltered from sixteen parte ot air and 

one of coal gas down to ten parts of air and one of coal gaa, the 

violence or explosive power of tbe mixt ure will be seen to increase 

gr~

• 

392 

THE ENGINEER. 

Dr.c. 15, 18G5. 

existence of common air if present in the coal gas supplied to them, 

and it is scarcely possible to suppo.>e thaL gas manufacturers will 

ne~:lect to use so simple and inexpensive au indication of danger. 

In conclUBion, we will venture to o!fo3r a few words of advice to 

gas directors in general. We say, Seek not to appease the buogry 

shopkeeper's cry for •~cheap gas "-seck rather to improve and 

enlarge the intellectual status of your workmen. ISee that Lhey all 

understand the details o£ the various processes carried on io tbe 

manufacture of coal gas, aud, moreover, that they ~tre nll acq uaioted 

with the nature and properties or the dangerous substance tbus pro· 

duced. When you have done this, you will io e!IecL have established 

a very SAtisfactory insurance upon your otherwise non-insurable 

property; for your gas works will then be uphold by the insurance 

offir.es of human knowledge, hum t~n ~;ralitude, and the Feose of 

~>eiC·p re se rvation. Lto.wts Tu o~fl'SO :s', 1\I.R.C.S. 

FOREIGN SCIEXCE. 

ANOTBt!R AtL&Nttc T Bt.I!OR&Pa.- COtmo.Y contains the following 

aonouucomeot :-'' 'I.' he Danish Goverumaut i:1 about to give, for 

the second time, privilege~ in aid or tho ostnhlisluMnt of snbmariuo 

commnuicatioo botweeu Europe a Uti Amoric \. C.:rtain privileges 

h tiVO already been giveu to Mr. Selwiiollr, nu American colouel. but 

be baa not began to c!rry out his project. Tile 6econd one will Ut! 

a mer~ serious grant, because the reci pient;o are in a position to 

carry out tbA enterpnse. Among them are Mr. Wyld, geographer 

to Queen Victoria, president of a l11rge geographical society in 

London, and, moreover. a member of P ~Lrliame nt ; Mr. Chapman, a 

b•nker; and 1Iessrs. West and Gyes, who are at the head of the 

Company, in which the Eoglish element predominates. T he pro· 

jected line of telegraph is to be laid in several divisions, one from 

Denmark to Norway, another from D o>nmark to F.oglaod, and the 

third from England or Ireland to America, via Greenland. The 

expenses or Lhe whole undertaking are e~timated at 800,000 livres 

sterlio~. Th11 Government will allow one ye111· for tbe est.tblisbmeot 

of the Dane-Norwegian, and Aoglo-Dlluiah parts ol the lioe, and 

tbree year~ Cor tbo laying or the Atlautio cable. In case of great 

n cces~ ity the latLer timo will be extended for another year." 

P &TnOLBOli.-Accordiog to non lys ~:s by French chemists, tbe 

petroleum oils in the condition they are received in that country 

from America bavo a density of 80(1 dog. This oil gives 20 per 

per cent of volatile oil of 750 deg. ; GO per cont. of lamp oil at 800 

d ~g.: and 20 per cent of heavy fat oil at 850 deg. The l~mp oils o{ 

800 deg., intended for burning, are sold in commerce at 80 francs 

the bectolitre of 80 kilogrammes. or l 00 fraoca the 100 kilogrammes. 

The volatile oils of 750 deg. sell at 40 franC:! per 100 kilogrammes. 

The heuy oils of 850 deg. sell at 45 francs the 100 kilogrammes. 

The pure lamp oils of SUO deg. arc clear, and not explosive, hut 

~xtrscL the silver, because fuel w roast the minerals is Voder what wtll 

become ol the scheme.- 1Velt Su.sJe3; Ga:ettt. 

P EN INSULAR A~D OatBNTAL CO)IPANY.-Tbe sh nrebol do~rs of the 

Peniosular and Orientul Company have held their twenty-Gfth 

annual meeting; and the usual balance-sheet having been drawn up 

and left for the inspection of the proprietors, an abstract from those 

accounts has been printed for circulation. The company, iL appears, 

posseos forty-one ships propelled by the screw, twel ve by side paddlewheels-in 

all, fifty-three steamers; and they own ten transport, 

store, anu coal ships; the three together giving a total of sixty-three 

Ve.!Sels, of 92,35:! tooa gro. s register, and 18,270-horse power 

nominal. The Haddington and the I ndus, having bad their engine» 

taken out of them, are employed as sailing transports. fhe 

Pottinger, built in J84 G, is u11ed M n store ship at Dombay, and the 

Precursor at Sui!Z. The cool bulks are old sailing vessels bought by 

the company expre.>sly for the purpose. Large as is t be Oeet of the 

Peni nsular and Oriental Company, its tonnage is exceeded by 7,G•l7 

tons by the vessel$ of the Messagerie3 l mperiales of France. The 

stock io ships of tbe Peninsular nod Oriental Compaov is set down 

in the balance·sheet at the vnlue of £2,667,714, or atJout£1!8 17s. 9J. 

per too. The other as.>et.s of the company, in free bold and leasehold 

property, docks, and other premise3, 1s estimated to be worth 

£214,~6 0 , and the stock of coals and stores £369,669, which, witlt 

cash at hanker.s, investment3, and bills receivable, makes up a total 

of £3,706 1 987. In the report made ug for the correspondtog period 

of last yeAr-namely, to the end of :September, JSo-1-tbe capital 

rnised in shares and debentures was £ 2,59 ~wer, bn:tt in 

the same year, both of which ore wooden vesseb with plddk-wllcels, 

and ba\·e oeen sold to the .l!:~,;yptinn Government. the d ir ecto r-borse power. It will b~ seen, 

therefore, that the engine power of all those boatd is bigh~r in proportion 

to tonnage th¥n that of the Geelong, which la tt~r ha:s unly 

ono horse power to every si& tons. lt is, perhaps, intended to work 

t he engine:~ of the latter l\t a bagh preuure, and she may ue littcd 

with all 1 he lnte ~t improvements li>r economising fud ond yet 

obtaining full steam puwer. ·1 he chairman of tbe compnny st tt~ll, 

that with regard to tne expensCJ of navigation, the cost ot coal nUll 

fuel !Hid been £i2,9JO lcs:~ than in the prec ~di ng year by the ~upcrhe.&ttng 

proce~ adopted in their ships. fbii i:l equal to a dh·ademlon 

th.: capnal of lhe company of n~:arly 3} per ctnt. per annnm. 

llnd it not been for th1:1 :U\'in;; the darecwrs could n11• h.IV\l 

recommended a divtcend and bonus more than ti per c~nt . 

tugcther . . ~~nsi


THE ENG INE EH. 

393 

THE PATENT JOURNAL. 

Condtnltd from the Jourrt4l of tl1e CcnnmiuUmer1 of PaUnU. 

Orante of Provisional Protection for Six llonths. 

2n8. TuowAS WIIBB, Ear l Shllton, near Olnckley, Loicatenblre, ' ' I m 

provements in ctrt.Aio knitted fabriC", and In tbe means or machinery 

_for rroducins:" the ,ame.''-PctUion rteor.Ud 2111 Octobn-, 1805. 

2o80. FRIID-.tte& Ilt!RDIIRT Oosuos, Wldnca, Lanea&blre, •• t mrrovements 

In apparatua for lndleatrng aud r eglaterlog high temperaturcs."-Ptlitio!\ 

f'«!Jrdtd ~Ill Ottobtr, 186S. 

285~ . J.AMK8 Co.A RLK8 El>lNO.TOII", Lelcost.er-aquaro, London," An lmproved 

mode of extlngulablng Ores In wareboutes, offices, dwelling bowes, 

tbtatr04, ebop•, aod other bu1ldloga or etructurcs.''-Pct•tion r «!Jrckd 

4 11& Noennbtr, 188ti. 

2804. CUAIIL!Il J OLLIIIN VtiUOYP and JAMitS ADOLPUB MATTUIISSill'l, Paris, 

" Improvement• In ateeriog lndleator11 and tell-lllct.''- Pctihm f'UOrdcd 

7th Novemb", 1R6ti. 

2870. lWDIIRT l:lwtnl!ll, Mnnchutor, " I mpr ovements In appllrlltu' ror gr lnelin" 

and pointing t bo cards on carding eoginee."-Pttition ruorded 814 

Nocemhtr, 1865. 

2888. TuaorutLU8 BIIRRIIN8 . Boulovart do Strasbourg, Parle, "A now 

thrashlur.r mat hi ne worked dlreolly on tho t br asbaog floor by oxeu or 

• horee•.'' - l 'ttilion rtwrdtd. 9th Nowmbn-, 1865. 

2:??· Tuwruii.08 RKowoon, Mootague·Alreet, R UI8ell·square, London, 

/mprovetncnll In tbo preservation of mea~ and the concentration of 

itA juice•." 

~8:16. \\ tLLI.UI lll tDDL&TON, EnuiFmore·mewe, Koil!"btsbridao. Mlddlrsex, 

·• Improvement• in ro"ehlnll3 for fret cuttlo~: or aawing.''- Pt!itiolfl 

re=ccd lOth ft'o ••tmbtr, 1865. 

2007. SAMOtt.. lJJ.lfo, U ulmc, nnd J AWIIS SL.lTP.R, Sllllord. Llln~hlre, 

"hnprovemenll In r ailway elgnalt. '-Petllwn ruordcd 11th Ntn:embtr 

1 ~05. • 

203·1. JeLlS Tuwoou Alf.&TOLII .&IAt..LIT, noulev~rt St. Marlin, Par'ia. " A 

1oow f)r 1rnproved p roce.o~ for tbo manufacture of oxygen.''- Pdltion 

r..-ortltd 14tlt NoctfiiiHr, 1865. 

1992. lbTTO&W PtBR8 W.t.T1' BoULTON, Tew Park. Oxford~bi re, •• h rmrovemenWI 

In obtalnln~: lbOtive power by beat."- Pttittom ruordtd lit .tfu 

!!!H~. Jou!f 011 LA UAV&, Bedford·strcct, Chorlton-upoo-Medlock, M-n· 

cheAter, "fmprovemcoll In tbo conatructlon of. and in tbe melbod {llllt, 1865. 

or laylog, aubmarlno electric cables. " - Pttttio!\ reC'rdtd 15th l>"Ut:nnbtr 1096. J.t.llltS MCEWAN and W rLLtAM N&U.SON, Olugow, Lanarkshir e, 

18'6. 

• N .B., " l mprovemenWI In the ral•inJl, lllt10g, or drawing :10d forcinst 

!!951. J;DW.ARD BULLOCK and J.t.loiC8 BULLOCK, Le:lmingtoo, \Var wickr.hlre of water and other Jiquldr, and In tho apparatua and means employed 

"lmprovemeola In tbo application of pbotograoby to ~t.e obtalnlo~: of tberdor." 

pnotod prooft, or lmpreuiooe, or eogravln~r•.''- Ptlition ruordcd 11111 2002. Wtt..LUK WUARTON BOliOOl'f, Noweaalle-upon-Tyce, "Improvemenu 

In reducing vegetable 6bre to puJp, and In machinery employed 

Noccmbtr, I 885. 

~970 0KOROK T.t.VLOR and J ous FIIR."IK, Lee, L iverpool, " I mpr ovcment.e In t bo construction of 

ahipa' parrela." 

30•8 \Vtt..Lt.t.M RODP!RT L.t.Kll, Southampton-bullding•, Chancery-lace, 

L 'ndon. ·• lmprovomcot.s In tbo modo of, and mtlln8 for. pN-tcrvlog 

fruit and other J)t'rishat.le aubltanec•.''-A communication from Bt'n 

J•mln Marklty Nlco, Cleveland, Ohio, U .S.-Pctiti0111 ruordcd 27th No· 

r""''n', 1 R66, 

304.i. f'n.t .. "cors MoLB, Quarller St. Olllcs, Brussel3, " An lmproved nautical 

safe~y apparatus. ·• 

3017. CUARLI'-.1 UII.~RY NIWMAN, Cbtl t.!Oy, Surrey, ''A new kind of uo f~rmenl.td 

and unlntoxleaung malt liquor wbicb shall keep •ouod for aoy 

per loJ O( limP." 

30~3. ALPRIJ> VtNCI!ST NIIWTO~. Chancery-lane. London, "An improved 

modo ol obtAiololC prlntin~e surracce by photoa-rapby."-A communoeatinn 

lrom Frederlck von EgloiLoteln, New York, U.S. - Pttitaone ruordcd 2Sfh 

1\" Gt'"mmitr, 1811$. • 

3C·~.J. J.t.MU Tuo)IMION, Sobu-place, Napler-atrect, Sbetlleld, Yorkshire, 

"lmprovemooWI in lbo h1ndlca of tea aod coll'eo pot.s aud other •lmll11r 

~a.rtlcle•." 

30SO. H lCTOR A OOUIITI DorRI!NII, South-street, Fln,bury, London, "An 

Improved appara1us for ~tret.cbln~t nod rolling fabrics tor dyeing.''-A 

communlcatroo from )Jeuicure Jules Weber and Victor Jaeques, Alont. 

rnu~e. Pari-. 

~otll. OllORO& ~lAIIS R.A Lt., Pon~ Dlyddyn, near Mold, Fllntablre 1 

" I mproved 

liPI•&rMu• for loellltatlofC t bo treating or preparing of C&f¥8 aod other 

vc·erl• In m~ko tbem t11111t, noel •uitablo for contalurng hydrocar bon aod 

• ~hor flultiH. " 

:Jotl3. J onN F;ns Kt!OfO or strencrthenlnj(. pre 

~~rvio~r or protecting I hem. "-A communlcatlnn from Jacob Nlchole, 

Now York, and Moses PcttO!I, Wen Concord, Vermou ~. U.S.-Pttitlm 

rwrrdtd 18th Auorut, lPM. 

2140 WtLLtAM t:J>WARD NEWTON, Cbancery-lnnc, London, " CcrtGin im· 

t>rovemcnle In machinery for waiting brick•."-A cntnmunicatlon frnm 

E~ be r t Cox Bradford and Jamcslleory Reolc.k, Now York, U.S.-I'tti•ion 

r«ordtd. 10111 A 11{/Uit, 1866. 

216~. DIIRWA8 OWIIN JuNP8, Pont.esford, Shropshire, "An Improved 

nr>pnrotu• to fnci llt.Ato tho cle!lneltlt.r 1\Uii cxRmlnation of the ho· toms 

of 6hlp• and otbcr ~ubmcrged atruoturee.''-Pttilion. rtCI)Tdtd 2lr.a .du· 

grut, 1@65. 

2169. L JJ'PltA!CN JAOOD L1Vt80Uif, Powell·~trcct W u t, Ooswell-rond, 

London, "Au Improvement In IY!Jbons. "-Petition r~d ~8rJ AIIQIIII, 

1865. 

2178. WILLtAiol EowAno NIIWTO!f, Ch•neery-lane, London, "Improvements 

In woll-elnklog tubc•.''-A communlc~tlt•n from Hlrarn J ohn Meucn~te r, 

Stepben Brewer, and Cyroo Mudge, Cortlanel, New Yurk, US -Petition 

1't VtiiCSIIT NrWTON, Onancery- lanc, Londo!l, "AD Improved 

modo of obtaining rrlntmg aurta•·o1 by pbf)to,:rapby."-A communication 

from Freder,ck V on .t:c;l ll'ot.ean, ~ew York, U.S.-Pcti1ion rteordtd 

?8111 Ntntmbrr, 1 G~. 

30:t0. llt.CTOR AUOUaTOII rn•BII:IE, Soutb-~lrect, FmJbury, Looeloo, " An 

1roproved apparalut for i\retehmg and r

394 

appii~• J o.., la made a.ld.''-Dt&tcd 20th May. 1865. 

According to tbis invention, tbe patentee p rere,. to emplny a. doublo 

plour::h beam altbou2b r. smgle one may be adapted t-o the pluu.gb beam 

or ber.ma. 

B e attaches two cutters, one behind the other, and so dlapo ed 

,.. to traverse and sever the aoll at & dllitanoe apart e.ccording t.n the w•d tb 

of trench to bo made; the iOII so cut or eovered by t he coulters, immediately 

huhlnd the !"1'3r coulter, comes In coot&ct with au locllned piece, which, u 

t he plough progreiSes. lifts the severed aoll, lt avmg rbe trench desired. I n 

the rear end of tbe inclined h fler o! the aoll Is & curved ~u idc reaching to 

the 8 r.mo depth as the inclined lifter, by means of which gutde the paten~ee 

introduces and dep .. aita the drain ttles. Tho aides of the trench are kept up 

by meana or check plates. wbicb extent! throujtbout the len~rtb 

of tbo 

Inclined lilt, .., also the curved delivery piece, which depo$il., the drain 

tiles. Tho plou~eb 

Is mounted on wheels and regulated in its helscbt from 

the ground by adjn•tin'l screws, iomewhat In tbo usual manner 1 Ita operation 

being as follows :- When propelled thrOuJCh the r::rouna, the ~wo 

coultors mako two vcrticallncl~ionaln 

tho eoll to the required depth, ~h o 

inclined llfter follows immediately behind, and lifts tho slice of th e soli form 

Ing the trench in wblch tho t 1le depositor follow8 ; the drain til e~ 

nre 

placed on end by band In 11 vertiCBI guide channel, wbicb tiles, by theor o"n 

JlTavity alldo down the curved J!ulde, and ttklle up a borizonl.ll.l position In 

the ground, end to end, and clo ely abu•tiog ono on the other , the soil 

then falls lu above the ttles, and th~ drawlog ls complete. 

CLASS 5.-BUILDI NG. 

l ncludin!J Brick and Tile 

Jlachinu, Brich, T ilu, D rain Pipu 

and H oUJe F ittinq1, Warming, Ventilating, 4"c. 

1400. 'R. B ASWKLL. Maryui»M road, Londnn, " Supuscdmg tlu ulllightlv 

chfmnev·potl now'"' lllt."- Dattd 23rt.l May, ll!O~. 

Thcso Improved chimney-pots are to be CMt In glass of octagonal and 

other various patterns. 

1"bo glll88 la to be reo, green, blue, or &ny coloura 

that may be wanted. Tbe pot Is & non-conductor of llghtoiog; it is more 

ornl\meot&l, wlllla.t longer, and la far more C0411v cleansed by machinery 

than the common e&rthenware p ots now In use.- Not proutdtd wltli. 

C LASS 6.-FIRE-A R M S . 

Including Cu~U, Swordl, Cannon, Shou, ShelU, Cunpowde!·, lmplcnf:nu 

of War or for Defen«, Cun Carriagu, t$•c. 

1SS2. S. E nRALL. 8hr11D1bury, ShYopulirt, "Bruch-loading jlre·arm1. " 

Daud I !1111 May. 1 8~.,. 

This lnvent oon ha!~ relerence to breech-loading 6rc·at ms or the kind called 

•• drop down" or "snap" gun~, a no Ctlnslsta In certot.ln mecbanicalarranf.!C· 

menta or comblnatlon•.of parts for wor~ l 

ng tbc bolt.a. whereby the breech 

onds of the barrels of the aald guns are held down agalusttho faco of brclk · 

olf for dlachargo, and released from the eatd break-oil for re·cbarging.-Not 

procccdcrl wil/1. 

DEC. 15, 1865. 

1403. A. 0 . BtOORII . Paril, "Co1ing i nttndtrap 

of lndlt.- r ubber. or small 11teel sp r lnl(~, 

theso caps foro.oiug no lm nediment 

to tho 1\C•Ion or the cock, and In cue of double-br.rrelled gun•, enabUne the 

sportsman to take truer aim. 

14S3. E. P ATON, Pt"l'th. "Pirt · o.rm~. "-Dat td 2~tl• Mau, 1865. 

'I bla ln,•entlon e.sontlally relate• to a very aimple metbo·l of making fire· 

arms to load at the breech. at the rume rime o ffor~n~r l!"reat fr.cihtlea for tbe 

conven.lotn of f'XIsting mozzlo-lo3dlng plecet Into breech loaders. 

Accord· 

lng to one method of carr. lng tbo Invention Into p ract1ce the barrel• are 

fitted with 11 blo~re on the uuder aid e, by which t hey a re united t the 

atock. A prt~jec tlng book la also formed on tbo under ~tide of the itock by 

mean! of which the barrels are tucked In po.itioo for 6rinJ!". 

The plt ce of 

met&l forming the breech plate Is extended alllnll the stock, and • hola Is 

formed l u it through whtch the book on the barrel pasaea; " movable 

catch working lo the stock entenJ the h ook when the br.rreh &re brought 

down In to !lring position. The catch may be arranged in variou.a ways ; In 

aomo lnat&nces it Is caused to move laterally on a pin or centre, a thumb 

le• er being fixed &t the lower or u oder side of the stock by which lt la 

Qctullted, so as to unlock the barrela ; and wbeo the barrels are locked, tho 

catch Is held In the book by means of "•pring. 

When it la dCillred to load 

tbo gun or rifle, the catch la merely moved out of the book by thumb 

preasurc. when the barrels are lmmedl&tely tilted u pon t!Je bln:(e in position 

fur losd lng , the C3rtridges r.re Inserted, and the eun it ready to be llred in 

a very abort apr.ce of time.- Noc procudtd w•th. 

CLAss 7 . - 

F U RNITURE AND CLOT HING. 

lncludiB!J Cooking Utennll, Uphouter!f. Or1111menl.l, Musical lnltru 

TilenU, Lamp1, hfa, ufacturw ..tl.rtu:lu of Dress, ~c. 

1379. C. CoP !Ill&, Kcnm nt~ton Park-roa.d, Surrt!J, "C~m~tnu:tion of ~dlt(adi.'"- 

Daud 1Mh Mav. 1865. 

Tbe ob;ect or this inveotaou 11 to m"n ufacture bedete:u:ls t hat will have ILl 

little tendency to hubour vermin a• Iron bed.teada, ""d will yet retain t he 

slghtlioess of the present Arahl11n a nd French wooden bedsteads. To 

attain this eod t he patentee comblnoa wood and 1ron m the roo•tructlon of 

bedsteads io such a manner as to form all the J ~i ots 

of mot al, while in 

French bedsteads ~bo bead and foot.-board• "Ut be retained, r.od In Aralllan 

btdsteads the comice and foot.-bor.rd or tho ordinary or any approfed COD· 

atruction will be retained. 

1415. H. AllLBR, Primrou·•trut, B ukoplgatt..,trut, London, " Ci«l1 and 

h mt·p•tc-1."-Datul. 2Srd Ma y, 111115. 

Tbla loventton consuta or three par 1o8-First, the combination of mecb&· 

nlem whereby the sec~nds c orclt~ or aecooda b&od forma the end or polot of 

and move round the face of the clock with the hour band. The mechu.lsm 

of tbia clock c-•ns•sts or" train of wheel work and other pano~, ttimllar to the 

clocks a nd time-pieces now In u.ae, the hour and mlnute bands being 

ph ced preca~e ly as an ordinary clockt. un tbe ~nd of the hour hand 11 

placed a circular piece of metal, round the border or which are marked the 

seconds,· in the ume way &.'! on watches. 

Thla hour band Is h ollow. 

Motion Is communicated to tbo secoodw 

h&nd by mer.ns of a rod which 

pa~os 

through tbe hollow hour hautl ; ono end of th i.s rod works on a 

pinion on the arbor, the other end woa kmg on 11 very minute pinion wb ~e l 

on the metal circle, which communicated to the seconds banrl , the novelty 

of tble part of the invention b ei ntr ~b At 

tbo aecooda are carried round the 

fe.ce of tbo clock by the hour b!Lnd. T he ccond part of this Invention con· 

alate In making the ctock-c•se ttaelf oacillate, and d ispensing w l~h the ueD 

of a pendulum. Thirdly, this invention d l.speneea with the use of a key. 

Not proutdtd with, 

1422. C. T. MOLLBR, Abo, Pinl4nd, RIUiia, ., IA.mp1.''- A communication. 

- Da.«td 24th May, I e65. 

I n coostruc~i D!( hmps a.ccording to tbla invention, suitable for burning 

turpentine and hydrocarbon oil•, each lamp la provided with a ~eael to 

coctaln the turpcntme or hydrocarbon oil, which la usut.lly a t an elev&tlon 

above the burner, in order t ba~ 

tbo burner •hould be coustaotly 1upphed 

under pressure; but the Tequi•lte pressure miLy be obtained when tbe otl 

ves~ l 

fa situated below the burner, by pressure applied by mesna of com· 

pressed olr, by a weight, or by & •Pring. 

'J'be pa~e or t he oil to the 

burner Is regulated by means of a cock or valve In the supptr pipe. Tbe 

oil before it b admitted to tbo hurnor Is subjected to beat ID a portoon of 

the supply pipe or tube, In order to v&porlse the oil; or it may be heated 

In a vessel 10 connection with t bo supply pipe, &nd 5Uch heating la by tho 

!la me or Oames or the lamp. Jt la, howev~:r. preferred tbat the e nd of tbo 

aupply tube or pipe should be ~ha~ pa r ~ 

o! the &pparatua which la heated 

by the flamu or flames or the lamp, aud it la further desirable that the outer 

end of the supply pipe or tulle should be continued, or br.ve e. continur.tton 

a pplied boyood t he burner, In order t.o adml~ atmospheric &ir, but the 

arra ngemeo~ 

for admitting air tO the vapour pas3ing to l he burner tube 

may be varied. 

The end of the 1upply pipe or tube Immediately over the 

burner tuoe is clo·ed at Its outer e ud, &nd is ftattened, or made or ten 

d iameter than the Other parte Of the IUpply pipe; through this f!llttened 

cod a conical plug or vt.lve is introduced, which can be cauaed to cl"'!e a 

amall ("Utlet pr.ssage made through tbo under aide or tbe supply pipe or 

tube rve1 the burner tube, and thus abut oft the pa.uage of the vapour from 

pasolo~ out of tbe end of the supply plpA to I be burner tube. T h is coniCB l 

plug or val ve is arranged to bo Cot.l>able of oleo adjustment, in ortJcr to 

admit of tbe p&spborlc r.lr. 

The lower end of tbe burner 

tube IJ bent upwllrdJ, and la divided Into &a many small pa011ages or jet 

PltJel &a may be 4e.ircd. lt Is preferred to bt.ve two s ucb j et burn~rs. 

which come under the end of t be supply pipe, aod the exteiiMion of u, 

through which the air pass~ to the upper eod or the burner tube ; loco eo 

the end of tbo supply pipe containing the oil Is heated by one ftame, • •hlle 

the air aupply t ube or vasu.ge, or pMS&gca, Is or are heated by the other 

flame; or t he arrangement may be auch &8 to admit of one flame beating 

both these parte. 

I t is fou nd desirable to Introduce a piece of sponge or 

o~be r matter through which the oil can Otter freely, to lonn a porou1 p:utltloo 

between the part of the supply plpo which is be&t-ed and that whtch ls 

beyond. 

CLASS 8.- C H E MlC A L. 

Including_ Special Chemical and Fharmaceutical Preparalioru, Fuel 

and Uigltting M ateria/4, PreparatWil and Preserr;ation of 

Food, 

B rewing, Tanning, BleaclliTI!J, Dyeing, CaJ~- Printing, 

fl'rrWling, 

Gla.l1, Pottery, CtmenU, Paint, Paper, Manures, ~c. 

133!i. T RrCUARDSOX, NtteciUtU.v.pon-Tyne, and Y. D. RILCKIIR, u adtnhaU. 

l lrtd. Londo"', ·• Obtaining ttrtain. compound~ of n~rogm aAd of nUphur.'"- 

Dautl. 19th May, 11!66. 

I n the manufacture of coal gas the purillcation is a.ccompllshed in 

~e v o r al locallttes by means of oxtde of Iron. When the ox1do of Iron 

co~•e1 to &c• bcnedcaally, 1t is thrown r.side, and is known un d~ r the name 

of gas refuse. 'l bis jrll§ refuse contain• ammonio, aod other nitro~eooue 

coa11pounde, to~retber with sulphur, and tho object of this invention la to 

obt&ln 11nd 11pply the same to useful purposes In the arta. 

1881). W. D AVIIY, 1V1litt Po1t·la~ lloclcnt)l Wick, " ApparatUifor wtUhing 

or 11'U' ifying coat gtt•, and for producing ammoniacal t.eatt"l' thcrtfrom." 

- /Jattd 19th ~lay , 186[1. 

The patenteu claims. Forst, corutructlng &pparatus for !reeln ~t 

coal gas 

from ammonia and bl•ulpblde of cubon, conaiatin~ 

of a closed v&sel 

having a central chamber, the lower open cod of which dipa &lightly beneath 

t ho love! o! the water or other flutd contained in the ve•ttel, and {rom 

which Immersed edge of the cbe.mber • gratong, or perforated or gr.uqo 

dl11pbra:::m, r.lso alhch tly immersed beneath the l ~ v el 

of the fluid, is made 

to extend to the !it.les of tbe vesoel eo that ~be gas b~IDI!" 

made t ~ ~ Into 

the central chamber depresses the fluid, 10 as to paM under it.s lower edgo 

and beneath ~he grating or diaphragm, whence lt rises tbroul(b tbe openlnga 

or porforat1ona thereor, and throujrb the ~booll ow stratum of wr.ter over the 

jrl"atln~ Into the •p&ce surroundlntr the central cbamb•r, substantially as 

described . Secondly, placing upon the aforesaod l(T&llog, or perforated or 

gauze dlllpbrag ro, & 111yer or vebblee, or other suitable granular &ubstaoce 

In order tbe more effectually to b r in~r the bubbles of gas into Intima~ 

cont4Ct with the fluid, subst.antlally as described. Tlllrdly, constructing 

the central eh •mber with Its lower end lmmenJed some depth Into the fl uid, 

and widened out, and formlnK In such lmmer$ed portion perforations or 

small C>penings, In ~uch manner that the gM lo depressing the fluid Inside 

the chamber uncovers s uch perforation• or openings, so as to I'Scape 

throuah them, 6Ubst&Dtially as de§cribed. 

F ourthly , tbe employment of a 

serlca of two or more such befure described appa ratu.~ acting in comhlnatlon 

with ea.cb othtr, and with tbe ayatew of pipes and vr.lves, sub.tantlally as 

dcacrlbed. 

1393. J . A. CoPF«T, Orauchurcll·ltrut, Londo11, "Diltilling appo.l"altU." 

Daltd 20th May, 1865. 

Tbl• Inven tion le e~~pecl ally 3ppllcable and valuable in tbo diatillatlon of 

petroleum, which con.ists of sever& I volatile oils and unctuou' 1ub•tanc:ts 

dUJo rlug lD degree• of ''olatlllty, and " bleb, !or certain purposes to which 

they are &pplicd, are reqotred to be more or le311 com pletely oeparated !Tom 

er.cb other, and from r. •ubsl.an ce of the nature or pitch. I n the ueual 

way of conducting t he distillation of petroleum it Is put into an ordinary 

etlll, to which the he&t of a fire la appUcd, a ud when t be tem perature of 

•

• 

.. 

• 

• 

• 

• 

D EC. 15, 1865. THE ENGINEER. 395 

tbe liquid hr the ~•Ill rises to about 180 dtfl'. F ·h , t. volatile oil or aprrl~ bkcka of wood for mn~lnw c•log and patter n srlu and Lbe pt.rtlolly for m eel 1 which operoUon • bey are to be br .. o~ebt lot ' c:o nt a~t w 11 h the r.·mmlnlo~r dr1 

come• ovrr, thla bdr•lf tbo mno~ volatile conlllturnt of the petroleum, or aolea · olan lropmvrd arraug.mwra uf r .. ta•y c:u:tera for couloll Ch•IC uod or o .~lz•d len ot ~h• • f pa(X'r by mt'aua 'f Jlr•uoue r •lie ~. thr•ret•y •••ukl"it oou 

t hat which haa the lnweat bollln~r poin t, t.nd, M the diO!Itlt.tton proeo etlt, pall• ; n 101ltNU, V.ndon, "The opr>lwexploslon, 

be can place \be furnace or Dre In a fiel d or open ground at a mill board of a alze larger tbon that of t bo letters or paper& to be held. Tbe tibn. of a ctrt,.in kind of goat'• I• air in ••·itaJioft of lumoan. hair w t~ 

dlatance, and convey the beat tbrougb pipes or ducll. t~ the apparMut. clip or bolder la toteoded to hon~e ogolnat a wall. T o tbot edge of the clip manufacture of hecuJ..drtlltl, nunutadiu, ana all kind• offal•e h11lr, and 

F or keeping up the supply of lbo crude or raw m atont.l, or thing to be or holdlr whlcb constitutes the top edge when bung be coooeets a m etal the proceuu of preparinglhe 1 amt."-Do.ted 181/a Mog, 18115 

dbtlllcd, bo roaltes use or a tank or reservoir, placed at &uch al ~otudo and s p rl n ~rflap, tho aald flop extendlulf nc11Tiy nloog tbe whole of tbo lop ede c, T htl uweotlon coo slata 1 n r endering Lama goat borr attltablo f, r the 

position ~bat tbe crudo m aterial to be dl~tllled may, upon opening ancl and d lllnn ~ tberefrom about nn Inch. Thla flap la connected to the b1uo by abo•o·named purposes by submlulng each ba.lr to cc r~a iD purifying prcshuttlug 

a a~p.eock or valve, descend hy I~' own gra.vlty Into a coli in the means of nxea at Its ends work lug In uprhlb ts aecor cd to tbe base, at r on~e . 

boiler, which coli be eiLbrr posses through • pyrometer of great accuracy, coiled sprlurrs upl u the •aid oxca prcS&Ing the ft op forcibly n,lloius~ t ho base. cease a. . ,. 

or bo uwes wuch a pyromoter In connection with t he said coil in the manner Uy mea e of an arm or tbumb-plat~; on tho flop it may be r aised from tho 1370. W. R. WtLLIAWB, N ortliumberW.nd·court, Charang-1:rou, Londloted wir es. T be Oop os •topptr1 i~bollk1."- .& cor,mun«:atton.-Dot-d 181/~..Uay, 1S'a . 

pnr t thereof, should there bo ony communication or re•lduary material Clr liberated when !la touguu rorcea tho lettora or p 11pera Died fiat ogntnat the T bls mveotloo relatea to eecurlug corks or ttoppere 111 llotll,e ~:ontolnutlt 

eubstanec not volati116ed and pM:oing o!r hy tbo allllhcacl it will paes iooto bne nnd holds th em tber e Orn.ly. I n order to wlthdnw ooy pnrtlcular dfa•eseeot or fcr mootecl llquldt, nod couslsu In placing the strlrga "hl~b 

tbo traya or p11rtttlons in succoulon, and either be evaporated or volo.tltler~l l elto ~ or paper from the eer1c1 Olcd lt Is onlyoeceuary to lift Lho epr ing 11np oul.t In eec:uriniC tbc cork under t ho wire, ao tha~ the oorl; Is I ft freo by 

oo tho pllrtluons or parlitlon ol aome or ono of them, or tloally pan Into and raateo 1 t bnck by m cons of a book whoo t boec letters or paper a above the the almple drawiog up by hllod of tbo two strln~e 

tbe onds or wblch or\l 

l ho boiler. Wute materl11l or rtwlduum Is dl•chal')led from tbo buller by A 0110 nqulred con be paucd lrom the Jowor plo or wire oo to tho upper pin connected to a leaden or otber plate or bondle, aotl bonsr down out-.do rho 

~asto pipe or ".YPbon. The materia.! undefllolng dlstlllt.tloo Is uo~ only or wlro, and the rrquir ~ d letter or pnpcr romoved. The lottert or p11pcra n ec..k or tbe bottle beoeotb the o rdlnt~ ry metal uapsule.-Nol prouuV.d tDlth. 

msldo tho coil, but ah!o outside tt. Tho volatilised materlal or aplrtt (not paued Into tbe upper pin c r ••Ire cuu be 1 ben replaced on the lower ono ooa the 

1sr.. J . MtTCOI\LL and r.. T tLFOutto, " Tulino 1·aih.cay and other 1 prinu•.'' 

drawn off at Intermediate points) po"e' otf by the stUibcad to the !lap liber at

• 

396 

tho eamo form ; and tbe pal.fnleo Onde I bat tbe friction la eoiDclent t.o hold 

tbo pari• w gctbor but they may bo eullyroparatcd Jr req uired. 

1381. 0 . [J. BRO:,KIII, Slv.ffWd, "8tidbl(l (}IU 1J('/11Uill1 or V.anddkJ-1.'' 

Datcd J{llh Jlay, U!~ 

To t.r at or reduct the tadden ehocll: now felt and beard In eorne alldlnt 

gu pendente or ebandelltra wben In motion, or on tbelr r eacbln~r 

t heir 

ntrerne polo'- or motion, tbe paWn lee lntrodacee 1prloga or eomo elutlc or 

yleldlnfl 1abrtonu, or both combined, and at tltbtr end• or tbe rod& or tubtl, 

or lneldo or oau ldo tbo aamt, or around the wheel• er / olley1 or tabtt or 

other part• or tbe 11ld pendente or ch11nc!ollere; au 

bo eo 11djo•t• tho 

1 prl o~ 1 or otber 1Ub1tancu arorceald that, on the oppo41lng p~rle or polnt.a 

meeting or coming Into contact wltb eooh other, the abock and nolac 1'1 111 bo 

con1ldrrably broken and reduced. 

13Si . Jl. D& l'>I01Ut.t.1', ll'ulboul"'''e (}t~ /{()'fth, BaJII~&atw, "8twlnq 1114- 

el.iru• ."-Oat~d. 18th Mov. 1865. 

The patenwe clalma comblnhJg wltb aewlol' machine• worklnst with 11 

craok aud connectlnsr red, mecbaulam wbleb will ab1orb and rta. r"c do ring 

port lone of eaeb reYolotlon of the crank, a part of tbo pnour exerted by the 

operator and will Jive oat tho power eo reaand do ring other portlona of 

u ch rev~l utlon, In aocb a manner u to uallt the crank onr the dead ceotrr, 

o• deacrlbed. 

1887. A. V. N~WTOlf , Chancrrv·llnu, Lorl®n, " C(ftUtrucJlon of Krt141 and 

1crcr.o drlrrri.''-A ClmllliUnlcotlcm.-DoUd l Oth Mov. 1006. 

Tbla Invention c11nnot bo dcaonbed without refcreoco to tho dra"lng&. 

13112 w E NKWTO!I Cli4~urv· laJU, v mdo11, "Apparatll.l for railing oil 

~nu' othtr li?Ki~ from dup t.ctlu. "-...t tlml ll•":t l(atioii.-Dat~d 20111 

J.Jav. 1865. 

Thla ~nveollon conat.w In UJing wltbln a well t.n alwmato plenum and 

vacuum or alr or gu productd by an air pump or litber oqulf'lleot m cane, 

tho plenum and vac'uum being applied by mean• of a cnoductlng p1po 

whlcb lJ !Jailed down Into the well, either "lthln or without the well 

tube, wh lcb 18 provldod with valves or chambert fur tbo pauago 1.nto tbo 

wdl tube of tbe oil or other llqulda to bo ralaed. 

1305. W. 11nd 0 . B. SMITH, KtnnlngWn, " Wtt ga1 mtlrri .''-Datcd. 20111 

M av, 1805. 

Tbo F I I"'IL p:ort of thltlnvcnUon relate~ 

to that kind ol gu meter called 

cornpcnaaLIDI(, and on tho bed foundation t•llln. and lt cooel1t. In tho 

method hereAIIA'r deacrlbed of con1tructlorc the aupply claurn and Lho appa. 

nr.tua ho coono:tlon therewith, for en• un o~: an acLion u purect u may be. 

Tbo clJIA!rn or ruervolr t. plaeed abovo t he aquaro frame uf Lbc meter, th" 

t.up of wblch forma tbo bottom of tho re•ervolr ; lu tblt rcaervolr tbo 

1 t:~otcntct~ form or place a cup, wblch lltl'Vet tbo double putpOM of contain· 

1ng tho R~t and allo .. lng t bo water to deaccnCI from tbo reservoir, when 

rtqulroo, by a•mall bole lu tbo centre, which aleo admlt.a or I be floot wlro 

p-Ing through. On t he end of tbltt wlro la a loop or eye for recolvln ~r " 

b11r acting on a lover, whlclo 14 at.o connected t.o tho rod of tho Inlet 

v.~ Jvo by a almllar cyo at tho bo\Loon. Tho Inlet plpo 1 tbrousrb wblcb tho 

\ 'I& I vo rod poi"(:S la, rormod with a junction or ben a fo1r tho purpoao of 

con v•> lore ~b o gu Ortt Into tho wut.e box, and then eo through tho bent 

l•ls•o lcadong dJrect to the "heel ; ood ao long at the cup of tbc re~~uvolr 11 

• hall!ed worn water tho Ouat will keep tbo level s.~r 

au•pcude!l, and tho 

nlvo c:aooot fall. Tbo Second p: n of tho Invention c:annot b~ dCJICribcJ 

wlthou~ reference to tbo drawlna:a. The Tblrd part of tbo Invention rclatn 

t.o tbo cooatructlooo ot tbo com pcn~tlng mct.c!rt wltboutroaervnlra bcln~e 

att11.ched and tb11 object 11 attlllnod by having tbo \•at.c!r aupplled t~ 

thu 

motor In' n. ~lmllar mauocr t~ tbat In wblcb lt t. aurpllod rrom an ordlnftry 

co8tern. Tho fl o~ t 

c:arrlco a aecond lever ba.r, 11od 11bovo or below tho 

fulcrum 11 valve 14 alloched, and when tbo float rtoo- w l t~ proper locltchl 

lt cloaco tbe t ube wlol:h ad mit• water to tbo meter, and eo bold& lt In 

check untlla frc.h supply 11 required. 

The .Founb J!Brt of Lbc lnvcotlooo 

cooolata In OILing w g:ut mctera on Inclined chamber under tbo a pout, woth 

an aperture at ha I'Xtrcmlty, and through wblch the 11..., lt freo t.o pau ; n. 

billl v.tve lJ placed lo tho chamber, and the ball rcmaloJ at tbo back or tho 

Inclined oortlon theTcof 10 lon~t 

a' tbe met• r h kept In 11 vert ical pO•Itlon, 

but M .OOo u tbo meter IJ tilted the b~H runo altatoe of SI. 

~llgdalen, w hich has Iooft beeo famoua for weepinfr in the prelUloce 

of u obelieven1, wae recently m oved, In order to facilitate repairs for 

t he ch urch . It wae fouod t hat tbe s tatue contained an arrangement 

for boiling w at.er. 

T be steam paased u p into the bead, aod wu 

there condensed. 

T he water tbua IJiade its way by a couplo of 

pipes to the eye.. and t rickled do wn upon the cheeks of the Image. 

So tbe wonderful miracle wu performed. 

14!!3. 0. A8DCROI'T. K ioq lf'itliom-ltrttt, "P,·um tUtd fur Jlt'Uiinq cottqn, 

v ool, ha.11, o.ndjlbrow matn-iau."-llaud. 21th Mau, 1&05. 

'Tho object ol t hl• Invention 11 t.o 11lvo 11reater facllot lct for movi n'l' tho 

ooxea u~cd In connection with hydraulic and other preaalnto tbe po~l t lone 

proper ror Oiling tho ~aid boxea with the material to bo preued, and Aftorwarda 

Into the poaltlon ror tbo m•tcrlal• to recelvo Lho preaure. 

f or 

thll vurpoae tho box or boxca t. or a.re arranged 10 bo eap:lblo of rcvolvln ~e 

arourod a column or columrol or tbo preaa, to t hat, aftol' a box bu been 

filled, lt may bo moved round eo u t.o br1 ug lt under the prea. 

1424. J . A . Col'Y~ , Oraud•urcll-llrut, /A11d011," R•torU 1UUl {n l11t ma•"· 

faclure of (JIU. tl:c."-Da/.ld. 2r.tli Mo.v, 1505. 

Tbla retort conlltta or a cuo In wbscb an Arcblmedt.n tcrew la t:Ued, tbo 

•amo bavlng a handle or portion t.o wblcb d r1vlng gear may bo oonnccled 

to Ita axl1, wblcb axt. sullll project beyond the (a.Q aforetllorl, and by tba 

rototlon of tb!J ax\a tho .crow will bo kept In rnotlon, and will conthoually 

•~rlt~t.e tbe material under proccu of d latll la ~lo o, 10 all t.o fu.colltato tho 

liberation of 11.11 guca anti oxhau~t tbcm from tho material under operation, 

and by being provided with tlatopper and a dltcbarge door or opening, tbo 

opcrntion may be carrltd on contirouoUJiy "I\ bout drawing tho retort.- 

1\ot pr()C(tdtd. r.oUh. 

142.5. T. RA.II8001TO¥, Crcvt, Cl~t.U• i,, " MIUAi1krJ1 cmployfd. in the man~~;o 

jactvre of hoop• ;;nd taru.''-lJaltd 2Sth Mar. 186S. 

This lovcoLion relatea t.o certain Jmproveuoenu opon tbc Invention for 

which former lettert patent wcro granted to tbe pr-ot paten too on tbo 

7Lh January, 18(14 (No 48 ~ and lt coneltta In making tbo bpcr maodnl 

dcaerll!ed In tho apcclflcatlon of tbo aald pat.ent wltb ehallow eprral gToovca, 

10 as to cnablo lt to be Introduced l n t~ tloo hoop JJarLiy by rototlon on ha 

axllo o.nd partly by end prcMu re. Tho Improved grooved oaper mandril 

may bowed for expandlro~t tbo hoopa either In combination with a duplex 

ateam b~>mmer,..,. 

deacrlbcd lo t he apeclllcatlon 11bovo referred t.o, or In 

combination wltb lateral and edge rollcn or blockt. Aootbt r pan ol Lbe 

Invention relate~ 

to tho roll• employed In rolllnrc hoop8 and tlrca, and 

fODIIAita in making oblique ~·r oovea on tbo faoo of tbo rou gbl n ~r 

rolll t.o 

rorce the met.al 10 ono aide or tbo hoop for tbo purpo6o of formlns; tbo 

Oanl!o of tho \Ire. 

Uy tblll mellDJI tire may be rolled liUt or ll cylindrical 

or wllgbtly conical hoop. 

14 2!1. D. LAw and J. Brlf:tllT, Ota.gol#, "Apfi'Jr~tiU f.rr mo.ltinu eoru and 

TMU(d$ for tiUii n(J."-Daltd 26111 Jlo.:;, l f>S,. 

Th!JIIoovcootlon cauuo~ be CICICrlbcd wltbout reference to tho drt.wlnge. 

1434. J . U. Jou~80N, Llncoln',..fnn-f•tld.l. Lo~don, "JloJ:inq an~LC


THE IRON, COAL, AN'D GENERAL TRADES OF 

BllniLL'IGHAM,WOLVERHAMPTON,ANDOTHER 

DISTRICTS. 

(From our OIDJl Corrupondmt.) 

FunslJ'ED hoy: Le# JJctire-FollTun PROTEcnos 1~ AlrBBJCA CON· 

TElCl'LATED: Effecu of the Marl:et-P1o Iaos: Sa/u Continued 

CoAL TaADE: .tictivt: Complaints by Colliery ProprittQr1-Cou. 

A~'D Ou Tun&s: Nortl1 S14{ford4hire, SOIJ/JI Wa/u, and D urkam 

-AOIUTION roa RI!Docm RAn.wAY BAns SoccBSSl'UL: Probable 

Ner.o Tcrriff-IBONll.l!nas B&rORPJ THJ! RonL ColOUSSIOs: Tlu 

Depldation-P&OPOSED CON"VERS!ON or A CANAL Il'iTO A RAn.wAY: 

Rt11UJrkl upon it-RAaowuu: BfAlthy, but leu Acti~e: Branchu 

Specijied- hfl'ORT.t.NT T RADE MARKS PBOTicrJON S OCrETY. 

W& are uoablo to Teport quite to favourably of the state of the iron 

trade in the finished dep:.rtment this week as last. The state of the 

money market is causing some of the specifications relating to 

orders that were obtained some weeks ago to be held back. Partly 

in cou~equrnce of thill there are aertaio firii!B of the first position who 

have po r~ioos of tbero works only a little employed. Tbe sh~ockoess 

is very observ~~oble io the plate mills whence supplies ard forwarded 

to the ship-building vards iu difl'ereot parts of the kingdom. That 

market is now beiog ·ruroisbed cbie8y by the makers on tbe spot, 

who in a time of quiet trade reqnire but little from the works io tbe 

M idlands -th o~e io Gla•gow, Newcas~le-oo-Tyne, and Liverpool 

hi\Viog lately greatly enlarged their capabilities. Bot tbe general 

brancbes are al3o aff~cted ; aod i~ is in respect of them tbat the 

iocre&Siog value of money at n early the eud of the year is operating 

nofl\vourably. 

The American tr~~odP , b:~wever, keep up; bot here, also, tbe orders 

to band t his week are uuder tLvte received in the preceding period. 

'fhe ad vices like wise ~sese a feature of discouragement which is 

acting as a count.trbal&oce to the high e:rpectatioos that were 

being indulged relative to the early future of the American 

market. Agents of first-class houses orge the e:recutioo of orderv 

with all J>romptitude, because the old Protectionist pnty amongst 

t he American 1ronmastera have began to again agitate for an increase 

in the already h igh duties lovied ili that country upon British iron. 

It is feared that their efforb may be only too successful. U they 

abould, there can be no doubt that the spring trade will open less 

favourably than had been up to this time e:rpected. A t the same 

time offers are arriving in South Staffordshire for iron to be delivered 

io New York duliog the 6rst quarter of 1866. 

The pig t rade con ~ioues in an active condition, and sales of small 

lot.d are still beiog made. Such transactions were reported both 

;vesterday (Thursday) in Birmingham aod in Wolverhampton on 

Wednesday. L arger orders might hl\ve been booked by agents if 

their previous sales had not be.-n so good. 

The coal trade is brisk. A JZOod demand is experienced at all Mle 

collieries es well throughout South Staffordshire as East Worceetersbire. 

The demand is alike for manufaclu.riug and for domestic 

consumption ; and relates o.s well to markets out of this di11trict as 

to those in it. 'rbe colliery p roprietors in the East Worcestershire 

district are complaining loodly tbat they CADoot get all tbe trucks 

they require t o convey 1\way the coal that they have raised aod 

ll•nt has beeu ordered. The complaints are tbe louder becaU£e the 

cu.npaoy (the Great Western) nro supposed to find trucks for the 

t hrough traffic of tbe Rualion coal, wbiob comes into competit ion 

wi ~b some of that produc:ed in E~t Worcestershire, Prices remain 

unaltered. 

er was 

found outside the brattice in the return air.way, where he would bo 

io t11e very fooDS of the foul gases, lying on a plank, his face on his 

arms u if be bad gone there to sleep, aud be died the following day. 

The prosecution contended tbat the ventilation was defective, for 

the gases oogbt to bave been swept away. The defence was that 

the man bad no business to go into the retnru rou\way, aud if bo 

had he sbould uot have gone to sleep, for the consequence of wbicll 

the proprietors were not responsible. The Beocb said they would 

adjourn their decision for three weeks, to enable the defendant to 

carry out any improvement suggested by Mr. Wales, wh o thought 

an enlarged area would remedy t.be defect. 

SCOTLAND-ITS TRADE AND OPERATIONS. 

(From our OIDJl Corrupondcll.) 

Tue GLASOOW P 10 I BON lf:A.aKn-Lo~.uscu BY M essas. Wx. SnroNR 

AND Co¥PANY, R.ENP&Bw-L.t. UNCD OF TB:& CITY 011 P .uus, DY 

ll&ssas. 1'on AND :&lcGaEooii.- CosTB.t.OT eoa ST&AJL&BJI GIV&N 

JJY Tlllll CLYnlll SBJP1'1No Co¥r.t.BY- SBU'l11Ests oP Co.u uo:w: 

0RBBNOCK-0&D£1l! R ec&!VIID BY MESSas. Ron&aT D uNCAR .t..ND 

OoKPARY, SBTPBOILD&&S, Poat GLASOOw- R.t.n.W.t..Y Bamos .t..caoss 

TilE Foarn-L.t.oNca ov 1·a & KuPPA- 0PPJNINO OP TB& GL.t..soow 

J:.IDOST&J...t..L EXBrBin011-A.'ID£&80N'S A UDIBLE SUETY SION.U POR 

U.t..ILWAYS . 

TH&B& has been some little excitement in the Glasgow pig iron 

roarke~ during .t he past week, with a g?Dd deal of bo.einess doing, 

aod pnces keeplllg well up. The follo'Willg are eacll day's quotations 

since our last :- On the 7th, for No. 1, G.M.B., 59s.; No. 3, 

5&1. 3d. Oo the 8th, No. 1, 69s. 3d.; No. 3, 58s. 6d. On the 9th, 

No. 1. 69s. lid. ; No. 8, 58s. 6d. Oo the 11th, No. 1, 59s. 6d.; No. 3, 

588. 9d. On tbe 12th, No. 1, 59s. 6d.; No. 3, 51!s. 9d. ; and to·day 

( \Vwnesday) the market opened Bat, with basiness in warrants at 

693. lOid. c&llb ; 59s. 9d., ooe month fi:red, was also accented. The 

lone, however, improved- 60s. cull aod 60s. l!d. , one month being 

realised on late 'Chaoge, buyers remaining-sellera at 60s. l id. 

prompt; No. 1, G.M.B., 59~. 6d.; No. 3, 58s. Gd.; Middleabro' 

Warrants, 5l s. Gd. ca!lh. 

On Thursday lut t.here wns lnunched from the building yard of 

Messrs. W . S1mo.u & Co, Reofrew, a ,·ery fioe paddle steamer, the 

Cyclone, or 200-horae power. Oo the same a.ay, the City of Paris, 

a beautiful screw steamer, was launched from the ship building yard 

of Messrs. Tod & M-Gregor, Partrick, io the presence of a large number 

or ladiel and gentlem~n. Sbe is. the property or the Liverpool, 

New York and Phlladelphta StetmShlp Company (In man line). ller 

principsl dimensions are-length ov.er al1,373 feet ; breadth of beam, 

4~ Ceet; dep~b .of hold, 27. feet 6 mcbes; 2,800 tons (o: ~I.) Tbe 

C1ty of Pans 18 fitted w1th a tbree-bladed screw, wbicb will be 

propelled by a pair or direct acting trunk eoglnes, horizontal or 

600 -horse power nominal, combining the latest improvements. Her 

engines are tltted with surface coodeosera. lllr. I nman, when 

contracting for the ship, bad ordered every improvement t lu&t could 

be suggested. The v~el has been built w1tb seven water-tight 

compartment!, and will be Boisbed as a full rigged ship. H er lower 

masts are to be made of iron. She will be titled with doul.Jie steerin, 

gear, b~~ove ate tm tiro 11noibilator3 in every compurtm~nt un~ 

ce!ltriful(al pumps c.~~op o~.bl.e of lifting upwards of l ,Ooo gallu~s rwr 

m1nute of water, wbicll w11l make provision agains t any vutl.Jurst or 

fire or sudden leak. 

The Ulyde ,Shipping Company in Glasgow h3\·e ordered two large 

toga to bo built for them, to add to their already nume rou~ fleet of 

towin.; Meamer$. The ves-els, which are to be built on the Tyuc 

are to be ~alled the F lying Cloud and Flying E1ule. 

' 

~be fullowing is a list or the sb•pments ur"c:oal from Greenock 

dunog the pMt week :-ltO ton:J by Gt:rlru

TilE ENGINEER. 

- --------~-=~~-~==~-~--- - 

nr St.~nhe r lnod b contractor for tho timber work, and 'Mesars.llopkioe, 1 red aigoal. Tho alarum bell may be arr11ogod to riD!; almoJL My 

GrJkca & Cu. of Middleabro'-on 'l'ecs aro lbo eonlroetora, for lbe iron 

length of time. 'l'ralna cannot pua the arranged " warning point," 

work. ' wbich m11y bo 4 1 JO, 600, or GOO ynrd~ be foro roncbing the aigoal, 

On Tueaday there wa' launched rrom the build in ~: yard of Mesare. 

without the drivers ond guards being warned in ea.sea of danger. 

Alu. Stephcns & Sons the Kappa, a veaael or 650 tons, for Measra. 

Tho alarm rc~;istcr aottlea all diapute! between aignalmen aoddrivera 

Henry Dath and Son, of Swanaea. 'fhls vessel has been built under os to the eta to or aignale. The t~ igna l ia invaluablo in toga, when 

covor on tho composilo principle, illl6 A 1 at Lloyd's, aod twenty 

other aigoala cannot ba aee n, and In tunnels, when ligbte become 

, cars In Lh•orpool registry. obacured by a team or amok e. 1 t ia aecurity agaiost engine drivers 

• On Tuesday was oponed tho Glasgow l nd~t riol E xhibition, a pre- mistaking aignaiJ at junction• whero tbey are numerous, u, If 11 

liminary notice of which appeared In the ENOI!U! KR some time ago. danger algnalla u bibrted for him, he is warned it is bill. It gives 

'l'hia exhibition hM bren got up by tho Central Worltlng Men'e 

security for danger in thee se or lamps going out, as if a d~&oger 

Club in Gla &~ow, and wu opcntd about t wo o'clock by llrs Grace 

aignal wu intonded, tbe alarm is giH:n. lt can be worked by thl' 

the Duke o( Ar,zyll. 'l'ho inaugural nddre•s wna postponed until the 

opening and shutting of all level crouioga and field gates, eo that 

~:vening, eo th11t a greater number of working men might have on farmer11 ami otherd become aignalmon in opening the gatet, and so 

opportunity or attending, and for tho aomo rcaJon it was held in the 

protect themselves and the troina, and tbia with the upenee of 

City Hall, whore a llu go audience assembled, nnd lietened to a most eign~ l posta. J t can bo worked In conoectio,n witb aJ~ exillting forma 

11legant and ciTcctlvo address by tbo Duke of Argyll, wbo congratu- 

of ergnnle, and bo placed upon any carrrage, engri.e, or tender. 

latcd the working men of Glasgow upon the very largo meaeuro of 

l'lotcloyora cnn have a portable arch with them, and-,rotect themeuccMs 

whlcb had attended tho eshlbltion opened by them, 11nd for selves bt this 8ignol. It may be used instead of fog s•gnals, in the 

thl'm, that day. Ho alated that ho could not help being atruck with event ol tho line being blocked bv 11ccidoot. 

tho l ~o~ rgo comparative development which Is giv~:n 

in tbe exhibition 

of two groat branchca or bumnn Inquiry; the fi rst is tbe natural 

~~Cienccs l ami tho next Is th o~e obstruct aciences which are Dpphcd NOTES F .ROM: 

pracucu ly to mechanical invention. 

1Je next wont on to say tbat 

ho desired to direct their attention lo 11 

row or tbe great agencies 

which hnvo been and nro being brought to boa.r upon tbe condition 

or lnbour in thl8 country, and rnatnly to these fonr-6rat, the ngcncy 

of l l'gtcar yet u-l.li!Jh;r .. ·ll 

t!rnt the uil uxiJtll iu ~tunl dcn t 'l'tantity to 1• •Y lhc expeMo of ex 1 

r.:t - 

trvrr • 

- 

PH.lCRS CUHltE~T OF 'l'l ~113ER. 

1861. 1805. 

P et lood- .t o. .t o. t .. ,c .. 

Teak . . ........ . ... u 0 Ja o 12 1tJ 1 • Ju 

~u ouce, r• ll 111no .. ¥ I'J 4 10 H IV 4 10 

7ollow plno .. I 10 8 10 H JU 4 0 

•~o. J obo,¥ , U.,toL .. 0 0 0 v o u o u 

(t~toboo,oa k,wWioo .. 4 10 0 0 

U l tl 1 u 

blrcb ...... 4 0 4 10 I 111 4 10 

~ ........ 0 0 0 11 0 0 11 (I 

olm ...... 8 10 0 0 U IV 0 0 

Daololc. oalr • .. .. 11 Ill 0 0 I 10 8 111 

ftr .. ...... t 10 I IV U I ~ 4 0 

Mt cntl, GJo .. .. .. .. 0 3 Ill I lO 4 0 

lltp ............ .. I 3 11 I ll a IV I 10 

ijwotUob .......... I G I Ill I 10 I 10 

lluu.Quob.rd. rlno G lU 11 10 6 Ill 0 10 

71. plno 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 I V 

rd. pluo 0 0 11 11 0 0 0 0 

t.Uiwood, Dan~&.tm 6 10 1 10 7 10 8 10 

lll. l' tloon 7 Ill 11 11 8 10 ~ lU 

D•l.o, por (),,11(1- b7 I b7 Ul n. 

Q. ... boo, wblo OJ>NOO J3 I ll 10 0 14 I l 14 0 

Ill. n o,wlol.ofOWII" 11 1 1 14 1 l 11 u 16 o 

1864.. 1805. I 

Ptr lc».d- ~ .. ..6. e. ~ & " 

Vel. plot p.r roduc...t (), 

l:t.ou.~a. hi IIUIOIIIf W 19 10 l 'I 

~ 0 ~ ....... 11 lU 14 u 

A l'&. l'tlara ~~o t •L .. 111 lO J.:1 0 

l'hJI.anll .. .. .. .. .. 8 u f o 111 

Ahmol .......... 10 0 10 0 

U~lbtuburt.t•L .. 0 10 1l 11 

17 01• 1• 

11 U I ~ I • 

U Ill 1•1 " ' 

u 1 o~ 

J.l u 

1:11 1•1 ) 11 10 

W U I \ u 

IU ~ 11 u 

U U ~ l u 

lO 10 11 l u 

~ l U 11 6 

whit. 8 10 8 0 

Gono.rollo• ...... Ju o 1l 10 

llod•rru.mn .. .. .. 8 10 1l 1'l 

C bt'lal&nla, pt r () } 

111'1. bt o bt V 18 0 D 0 18 0 t1 11 

Ill. .... 7tllow 

D«.kplanlo ,lJnla) 0 14 1 0 

OU 1 

""' 41111. 410.. .. J 

lloofft, ptr MuilNd 1U, 

Quo"", p lpo .. .... i J 0 loll 0 CO 0 o, 0 

J,uJ.nc.b ·ou :a~ 0 s;; o Jd 0 ::.• u 

OaiUo cnnro l 170 0 1111) 0 tw u ~ u v 

'"'""· ....... f 

T na Municipal Oooncll of Oberboarg, at ita lu L meeting, v ol~>d a 

sum or B,Oour. to be oxpondod In the preparation of a plan or a litroltegio 

railway from Oherbourg to Bre:it, with a branch t~ 

Oouvrlh· 

wblch will bavo tbo advantage of tho 8horteat and most direot lino.' 

I 0ALI ~ OnNr.& MAW O,.l CT on~c:s. -Tbo mao~tfae luro of blaiting and o Lb~r 

guupowder is now sueee~afully p ru~ocutod In Santa Cru1. counLy; 

41!,0110 keg11 aro 111id to ht.vo br:ilu mado tbor& tbo past year. l u 1h11 

aame couuty \lpwanlt of !.!U,OO J buodlos o( slr&w p1pur and u 1 n d y 

auu,O!lcl IIJ. vrlnting priJ'Ilr woru maoulaclurod, be,ldo• ov ~~r 

700,IJUO lh. of lo&LIIor, uu•l 8J,OlJO barrel• o( limu. :M n papor mill ilL au cco ~1Cul workiog ord CJr; h ' Mtd~ll, uxll· rr- 

8ivo tnnucrloJ ore tu l.to fourru iu llCvoral c>f tho lltJI'lh•u n oQnrrtlo!.

1865 December 15th

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?