Rise and fall of Apartheid: Twentieth Century South Africa (Hist 1013 ...

Rise and fall of Apartheid: Twentieth Century
South Africa (Hist 1013) Level 3
W. Beinart, Twentieth Century South Africa
This year you will be exploring the dynamics of class and race in South African
history, focusing on the twentieth century from the "mining revolution" to the
upsurge of protest in the 1940s and 1950s against Apartheid and its final
collapse in the 1990s. Please do not worry about the South Africanisms in these
texts! Start with the basic reading. Also good are books from the Reading list to
1960 listed items numbered 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 or 8. SEE ME IN ADVANCE if you have
problems. Also use the historical atlases (for minutes well spent. Try to share
the reading around the group and only present highlights during your seminars.
Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa is the KEY TEXT for essays. (The page
numbers below refer to the second 2001 edition)
Assessments
This course will be assessed by:
- ONE Long ESSAY based on independent research to be word
processed with footnotes and bibliography. Advice on the format of those can
be found in the library guide ‘Bibliographic Citations’ and the references found
there. (More detailed guidance is given at the end of this document).The
length is 3500 words. Deadline: 7 April 2008 (55% C/W) = 41.25%
- ONE Short Essay. The length is 1500 words. Deadline: 3 rd December
2007
(35% C/W)) = 26.25%
- a TWO HOUR WRITTEN EXAM to be taken in the assessment
weeks (May 2007) (25% TOTAL)
- ORAL WORK
Each student is expected to prepare a short introduction/presentation
at one topic seminar (5 - 8 minutes). You will need a short handout
(two sides A4 typed) to be circulated and handed out to the other
members of your group outlining your main points and containing
statistics, difficult names , details etc which will enable people to follow
your talk more easily. Include your name, the title of your seminar and
a bibliography in the handout (10%C/W) =7.5%. You also do a project
presentation with a similar handout except you need to define your
topic and say why you think it is important and can be done (see p. 10).
HOWEVER the project presentation will be crucial to your final project
mark.
- Hand in the texts for both these. Deadline: 11 February 2008
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SESSION PROGRAMME
l. Introduction to South Africa 1st October
2. Race and Politics 8 th October
3. Mining Revolution 15 October
4. Segregation 22 October
5. 29 October
Seminar :
South Africa.
Assess the scale and identify the types of black protest in
BEINART Ch. 4
WORDEN ch.s 3 & 4
Lodge ch. 1
6. 5 November
Seminar: Explain the origins and forms of protest movements in
urban South Africa.
Callinicos ch.4
Callinicos ch.5 OR Webster, (pp20-46 OR 111-42)
OR Bozzoli, Labour, Townships and Protest, ch.8.
BEINART pp25-35, 71-77, 81-95, 102-113, 122-34
Lodge chs.2, 4.
7. ESSAY TUTORIALS 12 November
8. 19 November
Seminar: How effectively did opposition to apartheid organise in the
years 1949-52?
Simons and Simons. Chapter 25
Lodge, Chapter 2
Carter and Karis, Handout
Marks and Trapido, pp 31-52.
BEINART pp131-155
ESSAY TUTORIALS
26/11
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9. Seminar: Critically assess the portrayal of Apartheid in one work of
contemporary literature which may be a play or a novel. You will be
required to set this in its own historical context.
OR
Seminar : How has Oral History affected South African historiography?
Eg
T Keegan, Facing the Storm
B Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng
C Van Onselen, The seed is mine: the life of Kas
Maine, a South African sharecropper
10. ESSAY IN 3 Dec
Seminar: African National Congress history: What is it good for?
Tom Lodge, ‘Charters From The Past: The African National
Congress and its historiographical traditions’ Radical History Review, 46/7,
1990
OR
Seminar: What can revisionist (Marxist) theory teach us about South
African history?
W. Beinart & S.Dubow, Segregation & Apartheid in C20th South Africa
(1995) Introduction
Alan Cobley in Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 27, 3
(September 2001)
Saunders, Making of the South African Past Part V
11. 10 Dec
Seminar
Discuss the relative importance of class, race and gender in the
experiences of South African women or men.
C. Walker, Women and Gender, pp.10-32, 168-196, 313-344
Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies' in Beinart
and Dubow.
Webster, pp181-206, Callinicos, ch.6 to p152
Callinicos, ch.8
OR I. Berger in Marks and Trapido, Race, Class and Nationalism
below
OR C. Van Onselen, 'Prostitutes and Proletarians' in New Babylon
BEINART pp16-21, 53-61, 92-102, 101-22, 127-33
12. 7 Jan 2008 Choose your projects now !
13. 14 Jan Library training for project tutorials
14. 21 Jan Freedom Charter Document Class/Project Tutorials
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15. 28 Jan Project Tutorials
16. 4th Feb Seminar write - up time. No class.
17. 11th Feb Deadline for seminar texts (including project topics)
to be handed in. The following programme is provisional as topics
depend on student choice.
18. 18th Feb Soweto, Black consciousness. Sport.
19. 25th Feb Literary & cinematic representation
Labour & Capital in 1970s & 80s.
20. 3rd March Violence & Reform & End of Apartheid
21. 10th March Inkatha & Zulus. Other topics.
22. 7 th April LONG ESSAY DEADLINE
23. 14th April Revision
24. 21 st April Revision
You are welcome to have earlier appointments for essay tutorials if you wish
to get your essay drafted sooner but please make them with me in W125 on
01813318949 or via Email. I prefer to see detailed paragraph plans or
introduction/conclusions only.
Reading List to 1960
1. BASIC TEXTS:
W. Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa.
2. GENERAL TEXTS:
N.Worden, The Making of Modern South Africa L. Callinicos, Working
Life (simple, illustrative and imaginative). L. Thompson, A History of
South Africa. W. Beinart and S. Dubow, Segregation and Apartheid in
Twentieth-Century South Africa. J. Barber, South Africa in the Twentieth
century.N. L. Clark and W. H. Worger, South Africa: the rise and fall of
Apartheid (good on the recent past). C. H. Feinstein, An Economic
history of South Africa (an excellent modern account)
3. OLD CLASSICS AND SOURCES OF THE ABOVE:
E. Roux, Time Longer than Rope. H.J. Simons and R.E. Simons, Class
and Colour in South Africa (Marxists/ANC). W.K. Hancock, Survey of
British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Economic Policy, Vol. 2,
section on South Africa (a liberal imperial historian on racism). C.W. de
Kiewiet, A History of South Africa (l940) esp pp.153 - 272. W.M
Macmillan, Complex South Africa.
4. FOR CONTEXT ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY:
C. Saunders, The Making of the South African Past chs 13 - 18
Radical History Review 46-47: History from South Africa, 1990 (also
published as J.Brown, History from South Africa: Alternative Visions and
Practices, 1991), especially the introduction by Bozzoli and Delius.
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Alan Cobley in Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 27, 3
(September 2001)
The introduction to the following collection is especially useful on the
early period:
A. Atmore and S. Marks, Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South
Africa (1980)
5. NOVELISTS ETC:
B. Trapido, Frankie and Stankie
E. Mphahlele, Down Second Avenue
P. Abrahams, Mine Boy
A. Brink, A Dry White Season
N. Gordimer, Burger’s Daughter
Alex La Guma, The Stone Country
S. Stein, Second Class Taxi
B. Modisane, Blame me on History
Criticism:
S. Clingman in Radical History Review, 46-47, (1990)
6. MORE SOPHISTICATION AND DETAIL FROM THE REVISIONIST
SCHOOL:
Introductions to and some essays in:
S. Marks and R. Rathbone, Industrialisation and Social Change in South
Africa
S. Marks and S. Trapido, Race, Class and Nationalism in 20th Century
South Africa.
C. Walker, Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945.
7. BLACK PROTEST:
T. Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945.
G. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa
B. Bozzoli, Labour, Townships and Protest (a collection of articles).
(The first two are good on the politics of nationalism and the last on urban
protest, culture, etc.)
W. Beinart & C. Bundy, Hidden struggles in rural South Africa (1987)
8. WORKS OF REFERENCE:
T.R. Davenport, South Africa: a Modern History
Chapters on Southern Africa in Cambridge History of Africa Volumes 7
and 8 (Peter Walshe and Francis Wilson)
9. LABOUR HISTORY:
P. Wickins, The Industrial and Commercial Workers Union of Africa (l978)
H. Bradford, A Taste of Freedom (l985)
(Two in-depth studies of the I.C.U. The latter is more focused)
E. Webster, Essays in South African Labour History (1978).
10. WEBSITES:
www.anc.org.za
www.sacp.org.za
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www.sa history.org.za
11.
The Journal of Southern African Studies (1997 on available electronically)
is the key academic journal. Index at Dec 2005 accessible via Swetswise. You
can consult hard copies of earlier issues in Goldsmiths Library. You will certainly
use it for project work.
SHORT ESSAYS
You are expected to provide full references and bibliography. An appropriate
format can be found in the Library web pages’ guide ‘Bibliographic citations’.
Essays must be word-processed and I prefer double-spacing, wide margins
and a type of or above 12 points.
Remember to use Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa and other general
texts for background. If you have any problems SEE ME in good time.
Obviously you do not have to read everything on the essay list but you do
need a variety of sources.
1. How convincing is the view that South African racial divisions
originated on the frontier ?
T.Keegan Colonial South Africa and the origins of the Racial order
(1996)
And one or more of the following:
C.W. de Kiewiet A History of South Africa chs 2-5 & 8
Imperial Factor in South Africa chs 1,
7 & 9
W.K. Hancock
Problems of Economic Policy,
Vol. 2 in Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs (South Africa chapter)
M. Legassick 'The Frontier Tradition'
in
A. Atmore and S. Marks Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial
South Africa (1980)
R.Ross Beyond the Pale (1993) ch 3
Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa pp1-113
2. How far has the history of the Zulus OR of African nationalism been
influenced by current political concerns?
Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa pp1-113
C. Hamilton, Terrific Majesty (1998)
J.D. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath OR his chapter in Cambridge
History of Africa vol.5
S.Marks, The Ambiguities of Dependence, Chapters 1 and 4
L Vail, The Creation of Tribalism , Chapter 7.
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~
M. Benson South Africa
aka The African Patriots
H.E. & R.J. Simons
Class and Colour in South Africa
Foreward & chs 6,10,11,12,13,26
E. Roux Time Longer than Rope
J. Pampallis Foundations of a New South Africa
Tom Lodge, ‘Charters From The Past: The African National Congress
and its historiographical traditions’ Radical History Review, 46/7, 1990
3. Discuss the principal social consequences of the mining revolution on
the Rand before 1914.
[Concentrate on the geographical area of the Rand.]
Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa chs 1 & 3
C.Van Onselen New Babylon, Vol.1; New Nineveh, Vol.2. (Chs.1,2,3)
(Chapter I of New Babylon and TWO other essays from either volume
to get a flavour of this major work).
F Johnstone Class Race and Gold (1976)
S Marks and S Trapido, 'Lord Milner and the South African State',
History Workshop Journal, 9, 1979
P. Harries, 'Symbols and Sexuality: Culture and Identity on the Early
Witwatersrand Gold Mines', Gender and History, 2, 3, autumn 1990.
(Counter offprint)
Marks and Rathbone, Industrialisation ch.14.
S Parnell in Journal of Southern African Studies vol 29, 3 (Sept 2003)
4. Analyse the origins and development of black opposition in South
Africa before 1940
Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa ch. 2-5
T.Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. ch. 1
Marks & Rathbone, ch.11
Marks and Trapido, Race, Class and Nationalism in 20th Century South
Africa. chs. 6, 7
W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles, ch.7 (Amafelandawonye)
G. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa, chs.1-3
T. Karis and G. Carter, From Protest to Challenge, v.1, pp.61-82 OR
v.2, pp.69-120, 300-337.
H. Bradford A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South
Africa (skim + Ch.3)
P. Walshe The Rise of African Nationalism In South Africa: The
African national Congress 1912-52 (1970)
E. Webster, Essays in Southern African Labour History, section II, ch. 1.
W Beinart and C Bundy, Hidden Struggles Introduction and Ch.8.
P. Wickins The Industrial and Commercial Workers Union of Africa
5. What were the consequences of the mining revolution and the
expansion of the white settler state for black farming in South Africa?
Discuss, with reference to the period to 1930.
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Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa chs. 1-4
T. Keegan, Facing the Storm
(excellent introductions)
S.Trapido, W. Beinart
& P. Delius (eds) Putting a Plough to the Ground (1987)
esp.
Introduction
C Bundy The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry
(1978 ,1988)esp. chapters 3-5 and 8
W Beinart The Political Economy of Pondoland pp42-130
T Keegan 'The Dynamics of Rural Accumulation in South
Africa'
in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 28, 4 (1986)
Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies' in Beinart and
Dubow ch.5.
C Van Onselen The seed is mine: the life of Kas Maine, a South
African sharecropper
M Morris in H Wolpe (ed) The Articulation of Modes of Production
6. Examine the social, economic and cultural origins of black protest
movements 1946 -1959.
T. Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. chs. 3 -7 [Essential
for this essay]
Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa Ch 6
M. Benson, South Africa or The African Patriots
Marks and Trapido, Race, Class and Nationalism in 20th Century South
Africa. Introduction, ch. 8 by C. Bundy , and ch.10.
G. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa, chs.1,4,5.
T. Karis and G. Carter, From Protest to Challenge, v.2, pt III.
Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng
J.Wells, We Now Demand
A Mager in Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 24, 3 (Dec 1998)
T Lodge Mandela: a critical life
N Mandela Long walk to freedom
D. Posel, The Making of Apartheid
~
L Kuper, Passive resistance in South Africa (1956) a contemporary
source
7. 'Afrikaner nationalism is a twentieth century response to social change
not a legacy of the frontier.' Discuss.
H.Gilliomee, The Afrikaners
D O'Meara Volkskapitalisme Intro. and chs. 4,5,6,11,12,15,16
L Vail Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (1988) Chs. 1, 2
T Dunbar Moodie The Rise of Afrikanerdom
S Marks and S Trapido The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in
20th Century South Africa Intro. and ch. 3
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L.Thompson The Political Mythology of Apartheid chapt.2
H. Adam and H. Giliomee, Ethnic Power Mobilized, chs.1-6.
(For ch.4 of this see also H. Giliomee, 'The Growth of Afrikaner Identity'
in Beinart and Dubow.)
A. du Toit, 'No Chosen People', American Historical Review, 88, 1983
A. du Toit, 'Puritans in Africa', Comparative Studies in Society and
History, 27, 3, 1985
8. Discuss African women's changing roles in the period 1900 -1930 OR
1930 – 60.
D Gaitskell & E Unterhalter in N Yuval-Davis & F Anthias, Woman-
Nation-State
C. Walker, Women and Gender, chs. 1, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies' in Beinart and
Dubow ch.5.
Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng
Marks and Rathbone, ch.13.
Lodge, especially ch.6.
J. Wells in D. Crummey, Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in
Africa
B. Bozzoli, Class,Community and Conflict ch. by Beinart
D. Posel, The Making of Apartheid
J.Wells, We Now Demand
I Berger, Threads of solidarity
LONG ESSAY RESEARCH PROJECT and HOW TO PRESENT IT
Your project is worth 55% of your coursework mark which is 75% of your total
mark. The two hour exam in the assessment period counts for 25%. Some of
the questions in the exam will cover the 1970s, 80s and 90s, the period on
which you must now work.
However your long essay is going to focus on a more specific topic which may
extend between decades. You should start by reading about the whole period
in one of the key textbooks (especially Beinart but Thompson and Barber are
also good). It is vital that you contextualise your project work and this might
also be a good base for revision later on. I have suggested a few themes in
the seminar list, but there are many more. The bibliographies in the most
recent textbooks and the searching advice you have been given by the
librarian should enable you to go further. Your aim is to write an essay of
about three thousand five hundred (3,500) words. This will be accompanied
by full bibliography and references. You must include some primary sources
in your treatment. These can include: memoirs, newspaper reports,
contemporary writings (including imaginative ones), statistics, visual media
and published or unpublished official and unofficial material e g Truth &
Reconciliation Commission findings. You may find some of these on the
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internet. You need to handle these sources critically. You must have a
historical rather than prospective perspective on the topic even if it is current
e.g. AIDS. The object is to ensure that you can produce a cogent, critically or
historiographically aware essay based on your own research and your own
evaluation of sources.
It is essential that you do an interim report in the form of a presentation
to the class and to me in order to get feedback.
Your presentation this time is more in the nature of a work in progress report.
Define and justify your topic.
Cover some of these questions.
1. What have I found out about this topic and from which sources?
2. What is its relation to this week’s theme?
3. Am I focusing on politics, ideas, economic and material aspects or cultural
ones?
4. What is my most striking discovery?
5. Where does my research take me next?
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHIES
References
References (in this case: end notes or footnotes) are used as a means to
acknowledge the source of arguments, ideas, statistics etc. that you use in
essays. Further guidance (especially on the internet) can be found in the
guides section of our library web pages: see ‘Bibliographic Citations’
When should I use a reference?
As you become more experienced you will find it easier to distinguish between:
a) ‘accepted knowledge’. E.g. Washington DC is the capital of the USA. (No
reference is needed)
b) Other information, ideas and opinions obtained from an identifiable source
(books, articles etc.) (You need to acknowledge your sources - see below)
c) Your own ideas, opinions, conclusions. (No reference is needed)
How should end notes/footnotes be presented?
An example of the standard format for end notes and footnotes:
NUMBER OF AUTHOR BOOK/ARTICLE PAGE NUMBER
REFERENCE
1) John Berger, Ways of Seeing, p. 23.
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Titles of books, journals and newspapers are italicised. You should not
underline the title of articles or chapters in edited books. These should be
placed in single inverted commas. (See the section on bibliographies)
Reference numbers should be placed in the text of your essay at the end of
the material/information cited. Reference numbers should run consecutively
from 1 to 10 (for example). The corresponding reference details can be
placed:-
a) at the bottom of the page where the reference number has been used
(footnotes)
OR
b) at the end of the essay (end notes). Details of references should be given
in order from 1 to 10.
What does ‘ibid’ mean, and when should I use it?
‘Ibid’ means ‘as cited (immediately) above’, and can be used if you refer to the
same book in consecutive notes. This saves you having the type/write out the
full details of the book again. [Some books use the term ‘op cit’ or ‘loc cit’,
meaning ‘as cited previously’, however, this is becoming much less frequent,
and I recommend that you do NOT use it in your essays.]
An example of the use of ‘ibid’:
1) John Berger, Ways of Seeing, p. 24
2) ibid.
3) ibid., p. 38
4) F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society, p. 145.
5) Berger, Ways of Seeing, p. 100
6) ibid., p. 126.
Remember: if you refer to another text (as in note 4), then you have to refer to
Berger again (as in note 5). If the title of the book is a particularly long one,
then you can use an abbreviation.
For example:
J.M. Golby, Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890, could become: Golby,
Culture and Society.
What format do I use when quoting from sources reprinted in books?
If you are quoting from an original source reprinted in another text (e.g. Golby)
you should put details of the original source first, and then state where it is
reprinted.
For example:
7) J.S. Mill, ‘Principles of Political Economy’ (1848), reprinted in J.M. Golby,
Culture and Society in Britain, 1850 - 1890, pp. 127-8.
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Bibliographies
A bibliography should contain full details of all the books you have consulted
while writing your review. The list of books must be separate from your end
notes and should come right at the end of the essay (after your end notes).
Books and articles should be listed in alphabetical order (by last name of the
author).
You should include the name of the author, the full title of the book, (the date
published, [and to be absolutely precise], the publisher and the place of
publication).
Example:
Kevin Walsh, The Representation of the Past: museums and heritage in the
post-modern world (1992,Routledge, London).
Articles from journals should be presented as follows:
Joan Sangster, ‘Telling our Stories: feminist debates and the use of oral
history’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1994, pp. 5-28.
Chapters/Essays/Articles from edited books should be presented as follows:
Bob West, ‘The Making of the English Working Past: a critical view of the
Ironbridge Gorge Museum’ in Robert Lumley (ed.) The Museum Time
Machine: putting cultures on display (1988,Routledge, London) pp36-62.
Online material (using footnotes or endnotes)
A standard method for the citation of electronic sources of material has not yet
been agreed upon. The following recommendations are suggestions only. For
those intending to submit papers to scholarly journals, the method used by the
journal should be investigated first.
In the footnote/endnote, the citation for online material includes the family
name(s) of the author(s), or the name of the 'authoring' organization, and the
document date or date of last revision (which may require the date and the
month as well as the year).
Weiss (19 May 1996)
Office for National Statistics (1997)
As online material is continually updated or revised, the material you refer to
may have undergone change since you cited it. Therefore, the date that you
accessed the material must be included in thefull bibliography. In online
references it is not necessary to indicate the format of the material because
this is made obvious by including the address of the site.
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In the bibliography, the full reference lists the family name and initial(s) of the
author(s), the document date or date of last revision, the title of the document
(in single quotation marks), the title of the complete work (if any, in italics), the
address (preceded by 'Available from:'), and the date the material was
accessed (in brackets).
Weiss, P.L. 19 May 1996, ‘Crime and punishment: is man responsible for his
actions?’, Christian Philosophy Made Simple. Available from:
http://members.aol.com/plweiss1/crime.htm (accessed 18 January 2000).
Office for National Statistics 4 October 1999, ‘The UK in figures: population
and vital statistics’, Government Statistical Service. Available from:
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/stats/ukinfigs/pop.htm (accessed 20 January
2000).
The full reference to conference papers, presentations and addresses is
presented as follows:
Stivens, M. 9 September 1998, ‘Gendering the global and the anti-global:
Asian modernities, "Asian values" and "The Asian family" ’, Paper presented
to ICCCR International Conference ‘Transnationalism: an Exchange of
Theoretical perspectives from Latin American, Africanist and Asian
Anthropology’, at the University of Manchester. Available from:
http://les.man.ac.uk/sa/Transnationalism/stivens.htm (accessed 25 January
2000).
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