Energy and sustainability. - Icrepq.com

Energy and sustainability
Ramón Gavela González
Director of Energy Department
CIEMAT
International Conference on
Renewable Energies and power
quality
(ICREPQ’10) Universidad de
Granada

The actual base of development
The great economic and social progress of XX century
has been based on the availability of abundant and
inexpensive fossil resources and on the scientific
advances to convert coal, petroleum, gaz and water
into mechanical and electrical energy.
Present welfare of developed countries depends
greatly on carbon combustion and will continue being
dependent on this energy for a long term.

Primary energy consumption

It’s time to think and change
Energy consumption has been multiplied by 100 since the industrial era.
Actual world total power is about 12 Tw. Will be 18,5 Tw in 2030.
Inequalities in energy awailability between countries are
slarming.
The present massive energetic resources (fossil fuels 81%, nuclear 7%) have a
strong social rejection.
These energies have limited reserves (250 years for coal, 60 years for gaz, 50 years
for petroleum, 50 years for nuclear fission with the actual fuel cycle).
The price of petroleum and gaz will necesarily grow as a result of increasing demand
and depletment of resources. This would cause economical and social instabilities.
Fossil sources are located in a few countries, some of them with geopolitical
instabilities.

Energy consumption per person
Consumo anual de energía per capita
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
EE.UU.
OCDE
España
México
China
Latinoamérica
Africa
Asia
India
Etiopía
Nicaragua
Consumo per cápita Media mundial Consumo preindustrial

Mapa Nocturno

It’s time to think and change
Energy consumption has been multiplied by 100 since the industrial era.
Actual world total power is about 12 Tw. Will be 18,5 Tw in 2030.
Inequalities in energy awailability between countries are slarming.
The present massive energetic resources (fossil fuels 81%,
nuclear 7%) have a strong social rejection.
These energies have limited reserves (250 years for coal, 60 years for gaz, 50 years
for petroleum, 50 years for nuclear fission with the actual fuel cycle).
The price of petroleum and gaz will necesarily grow as a result of increasing demand
and depletment of resources. This would cause economical and social instabilities.
Fossil sources are located in a few countries, some of them with geopolitical
instabilities.

The devil is in the environment
Nuclear energy is rejected due to nuclear wastes (300.000 T of
irradiated fuel + 13.000 t/year) and in a lesser degree due to
safety.
Fossil fuels are rejected for local contaminations and mainly for
Greenpeace
green house effect. From the begining of industrial era average
planet temperature has increased 0,7º C; CO2 has rised from
315 ppm in 1958 to 370 ppm in 2001, with 10 to 25 cm of
increase in ocean levels.

It’s time to think and change
Energy consumption has been multiplied by 100 since the industrial era.
Actual world total power is about 12 Tw. Will be 18,5 Tw in 2030.
Inequalities in energy awailability between countries are slarming.
The present massive energetic resources (fossil fuels 81%, nuclear 7%)
have a strong social rejection.
These energies have limited reserves (250 years for coal, 60 years for gaz, 50 years
for petroleum, 50 years for nuclear fission with the actual fuel cycle).
The price of petroleum and gaz will necesarily grow as a result of increasing demand
and depletion of resources. This would cause great economical and social
instabilities.
Fossil sources are located in a few countries, some of them with geopolitical
instabilities.

Some questions
How to promote development, in particular in the less
economically developed countries, without increasing
consumption of energy and/or avoiding climate change?.
How to replace actual massive energetic resources, or change
its manner of use, to avoid its social rejection?
How to get a sustainable energy supply, fair with future
generations?
How to change individual and collective behaviour to make
people aware of energy scarcity and environmental effects?

What to do
Daring energy policies.
Clear, intense, extense and rigorous information
to society.
Determined impulse to R + D + I in energy.

Some indicative parameters
World cultivation surface (1,9%,8%land): aprox. 10.000.000 km2.
To supply present 12 Tw with biomass we need 10.000.000 km2.
with eolic 3.000.000 km2.
with solar pannels (FV or thermic) 1.000.000 km2.
with nuclear or thermal stations 100.000 km2.
These numbers are only indicative and by no means
must presume the rejections of any type of energy. We
need all of them.

Sustainability. A Comprehensive word
New Concept launched by UN in 1987.
Sustainable development =
Development that satisfies the present meeds without
compromising the capacity of future generations to satisfy its own
needs
- Availability of energetic resources.
- Equity in the access to energy.
- Environmental care.
In the energetic perspective,
this means

EU Strategy
“There is no favourable wind if we don´t
know where to go” Séneca
Quick change to a zero carbon economy
In the next future
20% by renewable energies in 2020. 10% of biocarburants.
20% of energy saving in 2020.
20% reduction of CO2 emmisions in 2020, taking 1990 as reference.
Maintenance of current nuclear power. Extension of life.
In the medium term
Fossil fuels clean combustion. In particular coal.
More extensive use of renewable energies.
A new sustainable fission energy
In the long term
Fussion energy
This strategy pretends to give EU the chance to liderate new energy tecnologies

Why Renewable energies are decisive
for sustainability
Are dispersed all around the world. Contribute to autonomy and
safety of supply in all countries.
Technologies are relatively simple, what permits many
countries to introduce them in the energy systems.
Resources are inexhaustible and cheap. Are not affected by
uncertainties related with scarcity or geopolitical conditions.
Its modular character allows decentralized uses ant fits quite
well with a demand oriented model. Very good for less economically
developed countries.
Are carbon exent.
As drawback, its aleatory and intermittent character.

Present situation and perspectives of promising energy technologies
Renewable energies
• Wind. A consolidated energy in traveling speed
• Solar thermoelectric. Energy in climbing speed
• Photovoltaic. Promising expectations
• Thermal, electricity and transport applications of biomass.
Energy saving and efficiency
* Buildings
Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Hydrogen production
• Fuel cells
Clean combustion of coal
• CO2 capture separation and storage
• Clean combustion
Fission eneergy
* New sustainable fission energy for the medium term
Fusion energy
* The long term solution

WORLD WIND ENERGY
MW installed in 2009
USA 32.919
Germany 25.030
China 20.000
Spain 13% 18.263
India 10.742
France 4.655
Italy 4.547
UK 4.015
Denmark 20% 3.384
Portugal 15% 3.301
Rest 14.095
Total 140.951
Technologies in development
• Off-shore
• Distributed eolic energy
• Energy storage
• Dispatchability

Wind Energy in Spain
Accumulated
Power
(MW)
18.000
15.000
12.000
9.000
6.000
3.000
Annual Power
Installed
(MW)
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
3.116
MW
276 MW
18 MW 153 MW
3.244
MW
•16,549 MW in 2008
446 MW
1.719
MW
956 MW
423 MW
687 MW
0
2002 2004 2006 2008
0
3.294
MW
4 MW
146 MW
1.914
MW
1 MW
152 MW
20.155 MW
planned in
2010
18

Present situation and perspectives of energy technologies
Renewable energies
• Wind. A consolidated energy in traveling speed
• Solar thermoelectric (STE). Rapid growth
• Photovoltaic. Promising expectations
• Thermal, electricity and transport applications of biomass.
Energy saving and efficiency
* Buildings
Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Hydrogen production
• Fuel cells
Clean combustion of coal
• CO2 capture separation and storage
• Clean combustion
Fission eneergy
* New sustainable fission energy for the medium term
Fusion energy
* The long term solution

STE FORECAST BY COUNTRIES 2009-2014

STE Forecast in Spain
MW
10000
-
10.000
9000 -
2010 target
8000 -
7000 -
?
6000 -
5000 -
4000 -
3000 -
2340
2000 -
1000 -
F I
850
F II F III F IV
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

STE technological challenges
Working fluids:
- Temperature
- Efficiency
- Storage
System designs
- Cycles
- Cooling
- Hybridization
Parabolic Trough
Central Receiver Systems
LCOE
Fresnel linear reflectors
Parabolic dishes wit Stirling motors

Dispatchable
High
Potential
Competitive
Lidership
Industry - R&D
Regional
development

Good prospects for the CSP sector
With Spain at the Epicenter, Global Concentrated Solar
Power Industry to Reach 25 GW by 2020
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 28 April 2009 - Led by development in Spain and
potential in the US, concentrated solar power markets are entering a new growth
phase, amidst a tumultuous global economic landscape. The CSP industry is
scaling rapidly with 1.2 GW under construction as of April 2009 and another 13.9
GW announced globally through 2014, according to a new study from Emerging
Energy Research analyzing global CSP markets and strategies.
Spain is the epicenter of CSP development with 22 projects for 1,037 MW under
construction, all of which are projected to come online by the end of 2010. Despite
only 75 MW of CSP under construction, the US continues to offer significant
opportunity for CSP, with 8.5 GW in the pipeline and scheduled for installation by
2014. Attracted to promised lower costs, US utilities have turned to CSP -- through
both Power Purchase Agreements and direct ownership -- to meet their
Renewable Portfolio Standard mandates.

STE
PRIVILEGED
REGION
150 MW ISCC at Hassi R’Mel 146 MW ISCC at Kuraymat
470 MW ISCC at Ain Beni Mathar
100 MW in Abu Dhabi
The Desertec and the Mediterranean Solar Plan

Present situation and perspectives of energy technologies
Renewable energies
• Wind. A consolidated energy in traveling speed
• Solar thermoelectric. Energy in climbing speed
• Photovoltaic. Promising reality
• Thermal, electricity and transport applications of biomass.
Energy saving and efficiency
* Buildings
Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Hydrogen production
• Fuel cells
Clean combustion of coal
• CO2 capture separation and storage
• Clean combustion
Fission eneergy
* New sustainable fission energy for the medium term
Fusion energy
* The long term solution

Photovoltaic installed power in Europ (W/habitant) in 2009
80
75,19
70
65,08
60
50
40
30
50,46
Wp/Habitante
20
10
0
6,67 6,4 5,33 5,23 3,62 3,35 2,65 1,65 1,43 1,07 1,06 0,86 0,59 0,58 0,35 0,18
19,16
España
Alemania
Luxemburgo
Bélgica
Portugal
Italia
Rep. Checa
Austria
Holanda
Chipre
Grecia
Fancia
Finlandia
Eslovenia
Suecia
Dinamarca
Malta
Reino Unido
Bulgaria
EU-27

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IN SPAIN
Accumulated
Power
(MW)
3.500
3.210 MW
Annual Power
Installed
(MW)
3.000
•1 MW
2 MW
17 MW
78 MW
2.800
2.100
1.400
700
0
Target 2010, 400 MW
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
0
9 MW
398 MW
329 MW
24 MW
800 MW
116
MW
157 MW
168 MW
223 MW
46 MW
469 MW
90 MW
283 MW
0,2 MW

Present situation and perspectives of energy technologies
Renewable energies
• Wind. A consolidated energy in traveling speed
• Solar thermoelectric. Energy in climbing speed
• Photovoltaic. Promising expectations
• Thermal, electricity and transport applications of biomass.
Energy saving and efficiency
* Buildings
Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Hydrogen production
• Fuel cells
Clean combustion of coal
• CO2 capture separation and storage
• Clean combustion
Fission eneergy
* New sustainable fission energy for the medium term
Fusion energy
* The long term solution

BIOMASS
Forestry, agriculture,
industrial wood, and
agroindustrial solid
wastes
Lignocelulosic cultivations.
Urban,
agroindustrial
liquid and cattle
wastes
WORLD BIOMASS ENERGY IN 2007
BIOCOMBUSTIBLES APLICATIONS
-Solid Biocombustibles
52,7 EJ
-Biogaz
1,1 EJ
0,7
0,4
50
2,7
Thermal energy
(Domestic,Industrial)
0,15 EJ in Spain
0,02
Electricity
45 GW
596 MW in Spain
Sugary cultivations
Cereals
Oleaginous
-Biocarburants 1,4 EJ
1,1 bioethanol
0,3 biodiesel
1,38
Transport
Total: 55,2 EJ in 2007 (12%)

BIOCARBURANTS. STRONG GROWTH
Biocarburant production in 2007
Biocarburante Estados Brasil UE Otros Mundo
Unidos
Bioetanol 26000 20000 2300 7400 55700
Biodiesel 1500 500 6500 1350 9850
World biocarburants production in 2007: 65 Ml
Bioethanol will have a yearly increase of 10-12 % till 2020
Biodiesel will reach 160.000Ml in 2020
Bioethanol filling station.
Maringá-Brasil. 1988
Saab 1.9i certified for
biodiesel
Ford Focus 1.6i flexi fuel

Present situation and perspectives of promising energy technologies
Renewable energies
• Wind. A consolidated energy in traveling speed
• Solar thermoelectric. Energy in climbing speed
• Photovoltaic. Promising expectations
• Thermal, electricity and transport applications of biomass.
Energy saving and efficiency
* Buildings
Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Hydrogen production
• Fuel cells
Clean combustion of coal
• CO2 capture separation and storage
• Clean combustion
Fission eneergy
* New sustainable fission energy for the medium term
Fusion energy
* The long term solution

SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY ROAD MAP

Present situation and perspectives of promising energy technologies
Renewable energies
• Wind. A consolidated energy in traveling speed
• Solar thermoelectric. Energy in climbing speed
• Photovoltaic. Promising expectations
• Thermal, electricity and transport applications of biomass.
Energy saving and efficiency
* Buildings
Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Hydrogen production
• Fuel cells
Clean combustion of coal
• CO2 capture separation and storage
• Clean combustion
Fission eneergy
* New sustainable fission energy for the medium term
Fusion energy
* The long term solution

FUSION ENERGY. GETING ON

ENERGY RESEARCH IN
CIEMAT. SOME EXAMPLES
Cayetano López
Director General Adjunto
Noviembre 2009

Sistemas aislados (y pequeños):
- Estándares y normativa para la
cualificación de pequeños
aerogeneradores
Wind energy
- Certificación y optimización de sistemas
eólicos aislados
Predicción de vientos:
Volantes de inercia:
Desarrollo de volantes de alta
velocidad y alta resistencia
Sistemas avanzados de predicción
en horas, días y semanas, y
evaluación energética

Planta de Ensayo de Pequeños Aerogeneradores

Eficiencia energética en la edificación
Análisis energético integral de edificios: I+D
sobre integración de sistemas activos y
pasivos de acondicionamiento solar para
reducir el consumo de energía
• Certificación de componentes en el
LECE.
• Análisis de técnicas pasivas.
• Monitorización y evaluación
energética de edificios.
• Validación empírica de modelos de
simulación.
• Desarrollo de código de diseño.
Solar chimney propotype for
testing at PSA
LECE (Laboratorio de ensayos Energéticos
para Componentes de la Edificación) at PSA

PSE ARFRISOL
Arquitectura bioclimática, Eficiencia energética, Frío solar
5 edificios en áreas climáticas diferentes
Monitorización contínua

Nuevos materiales y
dispositivos FV de lámina
delgada
Nueva generación de células solares
Fotovoltaica
Micro-pilot plant of cathode
spraying to processing 30 x
30 cm samples
Lab reconocido en Europa para tests de
calibración y caracterización of
componentes
Evaluación de rendimiento y fallos en
plantas y módulos FV
Measurements with
large-size solar
simulator

ALMERIA SOLAR PLATFORM
1
10
9
1.- Central Receiver
1
2.- Parabolic Troughs
3.- Direct Steam Generation
4.- Stirling Dishes
3
8
5.- Solar Furnace
6.- Water Detoxification
7.- Water Desalination
5
6
2
7
8.- Bioclimatic Arquirtecture
9.- Fresnel Linear Reciever
4
8
10.- Gas and Molten Salts Loop

DIRECT STEAM SYSTEM
Potencia: 1.8 MW t
400 ºC, 120bar.
Proyecto DISS: CIEMAT, DLR,
IBERDROLA, ENDESA, INABENSA,
INITEC, PILKSOLAR, SIEMENS, ZSW.
PSA DISS collectors in operation
In construction a 3 MWe prototype in
Puertollano IBERDROLA, CIEMAT,
IDAE, AGECAM, Navarro Piquer

Gas and molten salt technology
Experimental loop in PSA
License for a anti-glare tube absorber coating
(EP 1329433) to two companies in Spain and
Pekin

Central receptor
Molten salts receptor installed in the
70 level of CESA-1 tower (Gemasol)
Receptor con aire a presión
(SOLGATE) instalado en la
torre CESA 1

HYDROSOL II project
The SSPS tower
The HYDROSOL II reactor on the SSPS tower
Hidrogen from the sun

Solar furnace
High flux an temperature ( > 2000 ºC)
3000 suns
58 kW.
98,5 m2
Aplications:
Surface treatments of
materials
High temperature industrial
processes

Aplicaciones medioambientales
Planta de detoxificación para agua contaminada con
pesticidas en los campos de invernaderos de Almería. En
operación desde Junio de 2004 (ALBAIDA)
- CONSOLIDER: TRAGUA (Solar Energy for water treatment)
- VI FP projects: InnovaMed, MedESol
- AQUACAT: Egipto, Túnez, Marruecos
- VII FP projects: SOLWATERGY (Integración de CSP y Desalinización en la
Región Mediterránea), España, Francia, Alemania, Suiza, Egipto, Argelia

Biomass: productión and pre-treatment
CARACTERIZAtion AND ANALITICAL STANDARS
Humidity, density, granulometry, ashes content, volatil contents,
elemental composition (C, H, N, S, Cl)
Pellets y briquettes quality measurement
Pre-normative for muestreo y análysis of solid biocombustibles
(Bionorm-CEN TC 355)
BIOMASS pre treatment
Storage
Drying
Densification

Biomass: thermal conversión
Combustor ACS (moving grill) 0,5 MW
Atmospheric gasifier (900 kW)
with circulating fluidized bed
Chemical sediments inside a
combustor after 50 h of
operation with olive marc

Ethanol from lignocelusic biomass
Celulosa
Pretreatment
Enzimatic
Hydrólisis
Fermentation
Lignina
APROX. 7 kg biomass/liter ethanol
5 kg/l

Planta piloto en L’Alcudia (Valencia)
Acuerdo con IMECAL, Ambiensys y Ford para demostrar la tecnología CIEMAT
Hidrólisis ácida diluida
Residuos orgánicos urbanos y agrícolas
4 Tons/día

Combustión y Gasificación
Pilot plant: CFB, 0,5 MWth
Bench scale: BFB (flidized bed)
Demonstration plant: BFB, 3,5 MWth

Instalaciones para el tratamiento de gases
Tratamiento catalítico. tico. Escala de laboratorio
20 Nm 3 /h, 350 - 550 º C, presión atmosférica
Planta piloto de limpieza de gases calientes
20 Nm 3 /h, 973K, 20 atm.
ALMACENAMIENTO DE CO 2
EN FORMACIONES GEOLÓGICAS
Tratamiento y filtrado de
gases procedentes de la
gasificación de residuos
(lodos de depuradora)
CADAGUA

Pilas de baja temperatura
Pilas de alta temperatura
SISTEMAS INTEGRADOS
Pilas de combustibley sistemas integrados
- Conversión de biogas en pilas MCFC
- Sistemas aislados de baja potencia con PEMFC
FIRST project for solar energy
conversion, hydrogen generation and
consumption in a fuel cell
Biometanization
plant: treatment
of urban solid
wastes in Pinto
(Madrid), where a
MCFC type fuel
cell converts
biogas to
electricity
(EFFECTIVE
project)
Laboratory for the preparation of
components

FISION NUCLEAR
Accidentes severos
Estudios sobre combustible con un alto
grado de quemado (Halden y Jules
Horowicz Reactor)
Residuos Radiactivos
PECA facility of LASS
Participación en el desarrollo de ciclos nucleares avanzados que podrían
simplificar la gestión de residuos y contribuir a una energía nuclear
sostenible (Gen IV), incluyendo el diseño del nuevo concepto de
Accelerator Driven System (ADS).
Ciclos avanzados
Sistemas críticos y subcríticos para transmutación de residuos de alta
actividad y ADS (EuroTrans)
Datos nucleares para transmutación (nToF-ADS)
Generation IV

FUSION
TJ-II
High Resolution Scattering Thomson
Heavy Ion Beam Prove
Neutral Beam Line
(US loan)
Neutral Beam Line
(US loan)

CONCLUSIONS
For environmental, security and economic reasons world energy
system is in a crossroad
We must change quickly to a CO2 exent economy
Policies and technological strategies are in the way.Technologies to
solve the problem are in development. This could be a big chance
for EU economy.
If we do our work, we´ll get out of the crisis reinforced
Spain is in a good position in renewable energy technologies. Must
continue pushing this area.
Not any technology exnt of CO2 can be rejected. We need all of
them.
CIEMAT is a R+D center devoted to solve the technological needs
for the Spanish energy policy

THANK YOU!!