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Transportation The Advantages of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) The addition of steel fibres to concrete is an important step in research towards improving its properties. The areas of potential use are expanding. For example, steel fibres not only offer a solution for the low-tensile strength of concrete but give pseudo-ductile properties to brittle concrete. Finally, the steel fibres provide good energy-absorption which, in turn, offers a technical solution to certain specific loading conditions. FIBRE reinforced concrete is a composite material whose bearing strength is determined by the combination of its two constituent parts: the concrete and the fibres. P c = P m + P f This assumes there is a close interaction between the two materials. Where a load is applied, this results in a deformation. Depending on the composite’s state of deformation of the composite, this interaction is governed by (1) the ratio between the elasticity moduli (n = E f /E m ), (2) the transmission of the stress from the concrete to the fibres, and (3) the uniformity of distribution of the fibres. Steel fibres with hooked ends maximise these interaction fibres because the use of high-tensile drawn steel wire and the anchored hooked ends of the fibres, which make it possible to use the whole length of fibre to transmit the maximum amount of force and to prevent any splitting force from being exerted on the concrete. Furthermore, a uniform distribution of fibres in the concrete is obtained via the easy handling quality of steel fibre bundles. Reinforcement with steel fibres only show its full value in the post-elastic deformation phase. The sudden brittle failure of reinforced concrete is transformed into slow, controlled crack propagation under the influences of forces such as compression, tension, flexure, shear, shrinkage and creep. The intrinsic qualities of using steel fibres are fully revealed when they span hairline cracks in the concrete and absorb the tensile forces present. This process is related to the fibres’ hooks which are fixed in the concrete and continues until a high maximum pulling-out force is reached. To avoid sudden failure of the concrete, the quality of the steel is selected so that the breaking strength of the fibres is only exceeded in exceptional cases. In the case of further loading, the width of the crack will increase due to the pulling-out of the fibre as the hooks of the fibre undergo plastic deformation. This plastic deformation under high tensile stresses is one of the principle characteristics of steel fibres, and it allows the steel fibre concrete to achieve a high degree of toughness (ductility). As applied to concrete tunnel linings, worldrenowned expert on the subject of steel fibre reinforced concrete Mr Ir. Marc Vandewalle stated in a presentation in Singapore in 2006 sponsored by The Institute of Engineers Australia that the technical advantages of using steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) include homogenous distribution, multidirectional reinforcement, excellent corrosion resistance, high-impact resistance and excellent control of shrinkage cracks, thus allowing for a more cost-effective and environmentallyfriendly engineering solution than using the standard reinforcement-cage alternative. ❏ About the Company BEKAERT began as a small manufacturing and trading company founded by Leo Leander Bekaert in 1880 in the city of Zwevegem, Belgium, which is still home to Bekaert’s head office. Over the years, the company has grown into an international wire and wire-related products company, with manufacturing facilities in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and offices all over the world. Bekaert employs close to 18,000 people worldwide and has an annual sales volume of nearly US$3 billion. Because there is still a strong need for manufactured goods, particularly wire products, Bekaert is expanding every year with new products and technology to keep up with world demand. As a world leader in advanced metal transformation and advanced materials and coatings, Bekaert is also known in the concrete industry as the manufacturer of premiumquality, cold-drawn, hooked-end steel fibres under the trade name Dramix ® which turns concrete (a normally brittle material) into a ductile one when added to a concrete mix. ❏ SFRC segmented tunnel linings 6 <strong>ICA</strong> Volume 1 Issue 1 2007
Putrajaya Perdana Berhad: Pioneering Malaysia’s Energy Efficiency (EE) Developments Advertorial PPB Building LEO Building INCORPORATED in July 1998 to serve as the corporate vehicle for the joint development of Putrajaya – the new federal capital known as the ‘Intelligent Garden City’ – Putrajaya Perdana Berhad (PPB) is at Malaysia’s forefront of energy efficiency (EE) developments. Among its other subsidiaries, Putra Perdana Construction Sdn Bhd. is recognised for design and build projects, whereas Putra Perdana Development Sdn Bhd. develops premium energy-efficient homes. PPB’s projects include bridges, ports, international clubs, shopping centres, factories, theme-park resorts, luxury homes and premium offices. Amongst PPB’s illustrious projects, three are highlighted: the LEO, ZEO and ST ‘Diamond’ buildings. These three structures reflect PPB’s capability and commitment to construct EE buildings and Malaysia’s tenacity in making Malaysia an energyefficient ‘green’ country. Of the three projects, PPB is currently constructing the Zero Energy Office for Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM). The LEO Building Putra Perdana Construction Sdn Bhd. in cooperation with the Danish Agency for International Development Assistance (DANIDA) designed the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Low-Energy Office (MEWC LEO). As an energyefficient and low-environmental-impact edifice, the MEWC LEO is designed to meet the criteria of all LEO buildings; namely, to reduce energy consumption to 135 kWh/m 2 /yr or lower according to the Malaysian Standard MS 1525:2001 Code of Practice On Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings. MEWC LEO has exceeded the requirements of MS 1525 and has measured post-occupancy energy index of only 114 kWh/m 2 /yr, that sets a new benchmark for other EE buildings. For this the MEWC LEO was awarded by the ASEAN Energy Centre the 2006 ASEAN Energy Efficiency & Conservation (EE & C) Best Practices for Energy Efficient Buildings (New and Existing Category). In comparison, most buildings in Malaysia and around the ASEAN region have energy indices ranging from 200-300 kWh/ m 2 /yr. ST ‘Diamond’ Building The proposed ST Diamond Building will be an eight-storey corporate office of Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Malaysia’s Energy Commission) on Lot 2C15 in Precinct 2, Putrajaya. It will reflect the vision of the Energy Commission as the regulatory body of the country’s energy resources. The ST Diamond Building is designed specifically for Malaysia’s hot, humid climate, and the architects’ vision was to create a structure optimised for energy conservation, not just exhibiting good aesthetic qualities. Its design concept is based on an integration of disparate disciplines such as science, engineering, information technology, architecture and economics. As such, the building’s architectural design incorporates novel design ideas via the application of new technology and modern construction methods. Different engineering systems are integrated and combined in order to enhance the building’s overall performance. Integrated systems include passive systems (natural lighting, ventilation, insulation, shading), active systems (air-conditioning, artificial lightings, building automation system) and the building energy management systems. The design concept and philosophy of the ST Diamond Building focuses on its environmental context and also its architectural uniqueness. In terms of design, the building will serve as (a) a landmark for the city, (b) an architectural model for Malaysia’s hot and humid climate, (c) an example of optimum energy efficiency, (d) a high-quality work place for employees, (e) a new standard for the country’s Building Energy Index, and (f) a low-maintenance edifice. EE Luxury Homes PPB’s subsidiary Putra Perdana Development Sdn Bhd. develops EE luxury homes such as Danau Palma housing estate in Putrajaya. With impressive scenic views and opulent interiors, these luxurious ‘dream homes’ are very energy efficient. For example, the residential buildings are equipped with large roof overhangs, thermally-insulated roofs, thermal walls and low-emissive glass windows to minimise heat transmission from the outside to the buildings’ interiors. Grid-connected Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are also fitted to generate electricity as individually licensed IPP’s (Independent Power Producers) to supplement the premises’ own energy consumption. PPB has also received a number of accolades which include the following from the Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia (CIDB): •2003: Excellence Award for Major Engineering Project for the MEWC LEO • 2002: Builder’s Award for Commercial/Office Building Project for the Ministry of Finance building in Putrajaya • 2000: Builder’s Award for Large Scale Project for the Parcel D Government Office Complex in Putrajaya For more information, please contact: ST Diamond Building PTM ZEO Building No.5, Jalan P16, Precinct 16, 62150 Putrajaya, Malaysia. Tel: (03) 8886-8888; Fax: (03) 8886-8886 Website: www.p-perdana.com Email: info@p-perdana.com
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