Sexual Assault Advocate Training Manual - Texas Association ...

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SEXUAL ASSAULT ADVOCATE TRAINING MANUAL circumstances of assault, offer the survivor clarification, isolate the survivor’s critical issues, and encourage action. In some cases, the advocate will assist the survivor with family reunification. COMMON MYTHS ABOUT SEX OFFENDERS As a way to begin to understand what researchers know about sex offenders, this section will address some common myths. • Myth: “Most sexual assaults are committed by strangers” • Fact: Approximately 80% of all sexual assault victims were abused by someone known to the victim. • Myth: “Children who are sexually assaulted will sexually assault others when they grow up.” • Fact: Approximately 70% of all adult sex offenders were not sexually abused as a child. • Myth: “Castration cures a sex offender.” • Fact: Castration is not a cure. Castration only reduces testosterone levels and may be helpful in controlling arousal and libido. Physical or chemical castration should only be utilized as an adjunct to treatment and not in lieu of treatment. It should be remembered that deviant arousal is the physical response to a cognitive process (deviant thoughts). Deviant thoughts (impulses) and fantasies are precursors to deviant arousal. • Myth: “All sex offenders are sexual sadists”. • Fact: A sexual sadist gains a feeling of sexual pleasure by humiliating and by inflicting pain on the victim. Research indicates on 2-5% of sex offenders are sadist (Langevin 1990). • Myth: “All sex offenders are psychopaths”. • Fact: Research conducted by Dr. Robert Hare in 1996 indicated that only 15-25% of the incarcerated population are psychopaths. • Myth: “Treating the sex offender is not effective”. • Fact: Child molesters who participated in a cognitive behavioral treatment program had fewer sexual re-arrests than the sex offenders who did not receive any treatment. Both groups were followed for 11 years. The recidivism data was obtained by official sources and self-reports. Sex offenders in the cognitive behavior program had significantly fewer sexual re-arrests than the untreated sex offenders (13.2% vs. 57.1%, respectively). Treated exhibitionist were re convicted or charged with a sexual offense less than the untreated exhibitionist (23.6% v. 57.1%, respectively) (Lane Council 2003). Prentky and Burgess found the untreated sex offender’s risk of re-offense at 40% compared to treated sex offender’s risk of reoffense at 25%. 22
SEXUAL ASSAULT ADVOCATE TRAINING MANUAL FACTS Sex offenders on community supervision represent only a small portion of the actual sex offenders living in our communities. Research has shown the majority of individuals who abuse sexually will not end up in the criminal justice system. The media’s portrayal of sex offenders has continuously misled the public that all sex offenders are sexually violent predators. Commentators, the media, and even academia use the terms “sex offender” and “sexual predator” in a virtually interchangeable manner (Quinn, 2004). Scientific researched based evidence has proven that this is simply not true. The media’s use of such inclusive labels of all sex offenders as dangerous psychopaths disregards the diversity of motive, commitment, and norm violation among sex offenders. Sex offenders are an extremely heterogeneous mixture and do not fit into a standard profile but fall into numerous categories, from the voyeur, exhibitionist, statutory offender, incest offender, the pedophile, the rapists, the sexual sadist, sexual murderers, to the <strong>Sexual</strong>ly Violent Predator (SVP). Incarceration in a penal institution does not deter repeat sexually violent predators or the proliferation of sexual violence. Persons who abuse sexually are male and female and come from all socioeconomic and racial groups. Most sex offending begins during adolescence. It is important to remember that the diagnosis itself of pedophilia does not determine a sex offender’s dangerousness. It is the sex offender’s behavior that determines the level of dangerousness. Typology categories should be used with extreme caution because many sex offenders crossover to different victims, can fall into multiple categories, and have multiple paraphilias. The following are some paraphilias: • Rape-forced sexual contact • Child molesting-having sexual contact with a person under 18 • Frottage-touching or rubbing a person for sexual gratification without the person’s consent • Necrophilia-sexual contact with a deceased person • Voyeurism-watching someone for the purpose of sexual gratification • Exposing-displaying of one’s genitals for the purpose of sexual gratification Crossover sexual offenses are defined as those in which victims are from a multiple age, gender, and relationship categories (Heil 2003). JUVENILES WITH SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS <strong>Sexual</strong> abuse of children is a widespread phenomenon but childhood sexual abuse does not predict future sexual aggression. While sexual aggression may emerge early in the developmental process, there is no compelling evidence to suggest the majority of juveniles with sexual behavior problems are likely to become adult sex offenders (Hunter, 2000). Juvenile perpetrated sexual aggression has been a problem of growing concern in American society over the past decade (Hunter, 2000). According to the 2000 Uniform Crime Statistics published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, juveniles account for a significant number of sexual crimes. Roughly 16% of the arrests for forcible rape and 20-30% of other sexual offenses involved juveniles younger than 18 (Openshaw, 2004). 23
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