5418 ISS Monograph 174.indd - Institute for Security Studies

The security sector in Souhern Africa
Mozambique closed its border with Rhodesia. It also supported Rhodesian liberation
movements and the African National Congress (ANC). This resulted in
frequent commando raids into Mozambican territory by Rhodesian and South
African forces. The government also had to contend with armed opposition
from the Resistência Nacional de Moçambique (Renamo), created at the end
of 1976.
After a peace agreement between Frelimo and Renamo was signed in 1992,
Mozambique made remarkable progress in achieving and consolidating democracy,
peace and stability. The country’s first multiparty elections were held in
1994. In these elections Frelimo, which had ruled the country since independence
in 1974, secured the majority of votes, though the political contest was extremely
close. Frelimo has continued to rule since then. The transition of the presidency
in 2004 from Chissano (known for moderation) to Guebuza (perceived as a hardliner)
brought with it a different style of politics. Guebuza has sought to tighten
the grip of Frelimo on the state, economy and public life in general. 268 This has
heightened tensions between Frelimo and Renamo once again. However, Frelimo
won by a landslide victory of 75 per cent in the 2009 elections.
Although Mozambique has experienced an impressive rate of economic
growth, this has been concentrated in a few regions, and economic disparities
remain a significant feature of the country. Donor-supported policies and
reforms, however, have produced macroeconomic stability and rapid growth,
which has positioned the country as a model for post-war reconstruction and
economic rehabilitation. 269 Frelimo’s election promises concentrated on the
youth, demobilised soldiers, corruption, and better administration/service delivery.
This indicates that Mozambique’s security challenges are largely internal,
many still reflecting the repercussions of the civil war.
CONSTITUTIONAL, POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
Mozambique’s constitution was approved and enacted in 1990. It is the foundation
document for the security sector. The constitution defines the goals of
the national defence force as protecting national independence, preserving the
country’s sovereignty and integrity, and guaranteeing the normal functioning
of institutions and the security of citizens against armed aggression. 270 The
president is commander-in-chief of the armed and security forces. He has the
power to:
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