Nagari Sixth - WSP

Sixth Meeting Of The Urban Think Tank
'Institutional Arrangements For Provision Of
Water And Sanitation To The Poor'
U> ND P- { {September 17, 1998
World Bank __ __|_ __ __)
'A' f:7.T I
Sanitation
N
Program- _
South Asia -
_ _ _ U-~~ ~~~~~~11_
FOREWORD
by Devendra Fadnavis
Mayor
Nagpur Municipal Corporation
Convergence of thoughts and
efforts, of ideas and goals, and of
ways and means is the key to _
promoting sustainable development. 416^- - t + w E !2t w ft
To promote access of the urban j . .*
poor to water and sanitation -
services, all the key players need to . _
work together to identify the tasks -
required and deliberate on factors
promoting or hindering access to
services. This will be the best
approach to creating accessible
infrastructure.
_
There is a need for effective
AL
planning and community partici- .
pation at all levels, while access to .
technical and financial options along -
with the building of institutional and
attitudinal capacities plays a very
important role in this effort. JO .
The Think Tank facilitates the =
identification of entirely new and
_
clear paths towards solving urban
infrastructure problems; it is a great - ,;-
experience to be associated with the
Think Tank.
'
Departm-ent for
DI nternation-al
e o )m en t
D~F ID Dev
' k.

maintain a local standpost or
community latrine, but if the city does
The Urban The output of the Think Tanks is an not finance the provision of trunk
Think Tank information note such as this for water mains or sewers, the community
dissemination to municipalities all facility may never function.
The Urban Think Tank is a forum over India. Thus there is a need to include
where people working in various The Sixth Urban Think Tank users of services in the planning,
areas of provision of water supply focused on 'Institutional Options for implementation and management of
and sanitation services come Water and Sanitation', and the any city system, but this is only part of
together for an informal discussion output of the Think Tank is this the planning process. Local needs and
demands, and local potential to
on a wide range of issues. The information note which was participate and willingness to pay for
Water and Sanitation Program- produced bosed on the discussions services must be matched up with
South Asia (WSP-SA) has been and experiences of the participants. overall city plans.
hosting regular meetings of the The intention of this information City-level planning must take into
Think Tank since December 1994. note is to highlight the main issues account wider technical constraints
The Sixth Urban Think Tank was discussed during the Think Tank and (investments in bulk water services,
organized in Nagpur on present the experiences shared. construction of trunk sewers, etc), and
September 17, 1998, on invitation We would appreciate your should find room for exploring
.. . . . i~~~~~~~~~~~nnovative
and appropriate
from the Nagpur Municipal comments and suggestions on topics I
Corporation. The Urban Think Tank that you feel are important for technological solutions that can reduce
directly focuses on issues facing urban local bodies managers. Please costs and improve the potential for
good maintenance and proper use.
municipal managers and is a use the response form attached City-level planning must also link
collaborative effort of the WSP-SA with this document to write back to individual investments to the city's
and the Department for us if you wish to participate in the wider financial situation. Crucially, the
International Development (DFID). Think Tank. planning process must consider the
Why Community Participation
Is Only A Partial Solution
future organizational and financial
burdens of operating and maintaining
services before making commitments
to new investments. These 'city-level'
issues cannot be handled by local
users of the service, but require the
inputs of city-level administrators and
The Think Tank discussed planning, implementation, use, and technical staff who have the full
experiences from Nagpur, Ahmedabad maintenance of that service. information available to them.
and Lucknow which highlighted the Fundamentally, it is the users who can Thus there is a role for both users
efforts of both communities and express demand for services, possess and city-level administrators/technical
municipalities to provide better knowledge about how services can staff in the delivery of urban services.
services to poor communities. best be planned and managed at the The key lessons for municipal
The Think Tank discussions local level, and determine what managers are:
highlighted the following key financial and organizational support * integrate users, especially poor
requirements for a successful program will be available at the local level to users, into the planning and service
of delivery of urban services, fund and manage their proper use. delivery process;
particularly to the poor: However, the inclusion of * recognize the poor as a resource,
* community participation; 'community participation' in a with good local knowledge,
* attention to financial viability; municipal program does not constructive attitudes and willingness
* development and use of cheaper or guarantee its success. This is because to participate in and pay for services;
appropriate technologies; and all urban services have, basically, two * coordinate between different
* focus on operation and elements: the 'local' or 'internal' departments to ensure coherent
maintenance in planning. element, which can be controlled by planning and implementation of
Why does community participation users; and the 'city level' or 'external' investments;
appear on this list, when it has element, which can not. Thus a user- * develop flexible strategic plans
traditionally been assumed that managed solid waste system can move which can respond to changing
engineers and administrators know garbage from a local colony to a demand rather than rigid long-term
what is best for people and can most secondary collection site, but cannot master plans; and
effectively deliver the 'best' solution? meet the need for an effective * ensure that operation and
There is a growing realization that the secondary collection and disposal maintenance considerations vis-a-vis
community, or the users of any service, system. Similarly, a community group existing assets are given priority over
have a crucial role to play in the in a low income area may be able to the drive for new investments.

Itlls the view of the executing the purpose of providing: timings, maintenance responsibilities
Municipal Corner
agencies that: *a cansisteet framework within and use of these taps-
* the city cannot optimally 'function' which slum development activities The construction work was
In a situation of rapid urbanization, inadequate attention is being paid towards improving the systems of
without the slum dwellers; can be carried out with NMC completed and water supply to
* 'informal settlements' will coordination; Shantinagar started in August 1997.
management of urban areas in India. Outdated managemnent systems, low administrative and managerial skills continue to form part of the urban * a platform for synthesiz'ing the The underground water source was
of staff and a lack of political will to make difficult management decisions hamper progress in the urban sector. structure for the next decades; and interests of different groups closed and an overhead tank
Technical and management reforms were initiated in the Nagpur Municipal Corporation (consisting of * there is potential for self help operating in the program; and installed. At present this venture of
approximately 12,000 staff and 130 Councillors) during March 1997-September 1998. Functioning was development within slum communi- * a set of reference paints for YUVA, GTZ and NMC provides water
decentralized by creating seven zones and delegating adequate authority to lower-level staff. Several innovative ties which should be promoted. evaluating slum-related to 225 families in Shontinagar.
steps were initiated to improve the financial health of the organization, including need-based budgeting, NMC and GTZ have agreed on a governmental and non-governmental It was unanimously agreed that
performance analysis, hiring of chartered accountants, management specialists, computer and engineering set of basic principles far interventions. the users would voluntarily
specialists, and rationalization of schemes. ~~~participatory slum development. The _-_ - - -_ contribute and pay Rs 10 per month
Water supply initiatives were taken for controlling unaccounted far water, making energy savings, improving principles have been derived from For further infurmofion, contact: towards charges for mninor repairs
billing and collectian, and enhancing customer service. Existing services were augmented through investments the evaluation of current slum Mr Ulf Wernicke and to pay for the salary of the
(with the financial and technical assistance of the Moharashtra Jai Predhikaran and the USAID-supported improvement activities in the city and GTZ Coordinator guard at the water tank site. The
Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion (0) Program). Low-cost localized solutions such as distribution past experiments, and after GTZ Coordination Office Mahila Mondal is actively involved
system over high-yielding open wells, harvesting of rain water, recycling of waste water far gardens, etc, were deliberations with slum communities, Nagpur Municipal Corporation in the maintenance, security,
Flor soplidmwate disoa,vricmotn,sgeaino.abg tgnrto on n iiu officers, Corpoartors, other Mahanagar Palika Marg and monitoring of the water
For solidwaste segegation diposal, f garbog vemi-compoting, at genertgovernmentnd
departmentsnmand dNGOsmeCivildLines,iv Nagpure, 440gp 00140distributiontisystem.m
handling of garbage were explored and piloted. A Build.Operate-Own-Tronsfer (BOOT) contract was awarded to operating in Nagpur. Is is expected Ph 0712 524002 As for ais the clearing of the space
a private firm far generating 4.75 megawatts of electricity from 520 tans of municipal solid waste per day. that the participaotry slum Fan 0712 524002 is concerned, garbage disposal
During this period Municipal Cauncillors, administrative and technical officers and operational staff were deeomn rnilswudsreproved to be a major problem in
empowered to take on greater challenges by enhancing their skills and understanding through training events
developmntgpriniplesMwoldcserv
and exposure to new ideas. The improved technical performance and customer orientation within the Municipal
Corporation workers did not come
Corporation has resulted in more efficient service delivery and has encouraged consumers to interact positively E eg n ae upyrglryt eoetegrae
with ~ the ~ Corporation. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~M .S Shri ndSa iatonShe eFurther, there were no disposal bins
Mr J.S. Saharia And Sanitation Scheme
~~~~~~~~~~~for
collection of garbage. The Mahila
Divisional Commissioner
Mandafs made several
Nagpur Division
(former Municipal Commissioner Shantinagor Nagpur level due to law pressure in the representations to the Municipal
Nogpur Municipal Corporation) - UA rYuhfrUiyad system; stagnant waiter collects in the Corporation for working out viable
, YUV, orYout forUnit and sump and becomes a breeding solutions to this problem. Inspired by
Voluntary Action, is a voluntary ground for mosquitoes and flies; the success story of the water supply
dlevelopment organization working * taps fixed within the drainage system, they demonstrated their
on developmental issues in the urban lines causing contamination of the commitment to a better sanitation
Integrated Slum Development, Nagpur *an agreement on the prioritisation and rural sectors since 1984 in water; and scheme by installing dustbins
of slums: where to start, which slums Mumboi. YUVA now works in three * unhygienic csnditions pose serious purchased out of the interest amount
A challenge for urban change, a change in attitude
to select, what kind of activities to take cities - Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur - health hazards, accumulated in the SHtGs. This has
up and when; tackling the impact of urbanization In May 1997, GTZ ond NMC, led the NMC to otter additional bins
* the integration of slum develop- on urban poor. YUVA initiated its under the Slum Improvement Project, to cover the remaining area. The
Initiated byt a request from Nagpur organizational conditions which are ment activities into a sustainable intervention in October 1995 in launched a pilot project in the members of the Mandals play a
Municipal Corporation (NMC), a required to carry out systematically urban development plan for Shantinagar, one of the notified community for providing equal monitoring role within the
bilateral agreement between the extensive improvement measures and the city; slums in Ward No. 29 in Nagpur, access to adequate and potable neighbourhood, ensuring that the
Government of India and the Federal to monitor development activities * the provision of facilities only to the with a heterogeneous population of water. While the funding and people dispose off their garbage
Republic of Germany tar the first efficiently." extent at 'constructive pilot measures'; 35,000 people and diverse religious infrastructure were taken care of by properly and that the NMC clears it
phase of an Integrated Slum For transition into the second phase * the establishment of a continuous and caste groups covering an area of GTZ, residents of Lalnagar provided regularly. This effort of the women
Improvement Project in Nagpur was of the project, the following set of learning process for NMC staff, 14.05 hectares. the place for the construction of the has infused in them the confidence to
signed in November 1996. The results has to be achieved during the Corporators, slum dwellers and other water tank and YUVA facilitaited the negotiate with local authorities and
executing agencies ore the NMC first phase: stakeholders. Issues Regarding Water and community process by involving the take an more sensitive and complex
and the German Technical * the establishment of an efficient Of the 314 slums in Nagpur, Sanitation in Shantinagar Mahilo Mandots to plan as well as issues of the community.
Cooperation jGTZj. organisational structure to coordinate 249 are notified (of which 27 slum implement this scheme. YUVA ___--
In principle, an eight-year and monitor all slum development notifications are in already notified The following issues affect the lives of facilitated the Self Help Groups and For further information, contact:
cooperation horizon is envisaged, activities in the NMC; areas), 65 identified areas are not people residing in Shantinagar: Mahila Mandais to handle meetings Mr Datta PatHl'
Phase One, which will specify the * the commitment of NMC and the notified, and an additional 90 slum * continuous tensions between among themselves and with officials Youth for Unity and Voluntary
components for Phase Two, is general body to a participatory pockets have been identified within women due to inadequate and of GTZ and NMC. The women Action, lmd Floor, Kamgor
scheduled to last till the end of June approach encompassing the slum the above 314 slum areas. There ore unequal distribution oftwater; surveyed their community, collectively Bhavan, Boidyanath Square,
1999. According to the agreement: dwellers, NGOs and the private sector; five typologies of slums in Nagpur: * problems of sanitation, drainage, identified locations for water taps, Rambag, Nagpur 440 009
"The aim of the first phase is to * ain aigreement on a viable financing abadis, village extensions, traditional garbage disposal, and safe and engaged in a process of Ph 0712 751811
render NMC capable of providing the system for operation and maintenance inner-city housing, illegal layouts, and drinking water; consensus building between Email yuvcn@nagpur.dot.netJin
necessary planning and of infrastructure; jhopadpattis. * saps are located below ground neighbours to decide the locations,

The Parivartan Experience, ~ ~ 7 qJ These differed greatly - between a This critical issue - of training,
Ahmedabad ilk- ~ I~~~~~~- . i n I .~i highly target-orijented corporate responsibility, accountability, and
Ahniedubud 4 3 - approach (the private prvae sectar), scto), a recognition reogntin --of lower and middleach(th midl
34 '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4. ~~~~~~~~bureaucracy (AMC), process- mnanagement staff in civic bodies
Parivarton, or Deen Doyal financial contribution, consultation *,p-oriented NGOs (SAATH- and SEWA), requires a lot of thought from policy
Upadhyoy Antodoya Yajana or Slum for engineering design, clearing of - and indifference (amongst some makers. It is a vital component in
Networking Project as it is popularly existing construction (kept at a .residents). SAATH- also tried to partnership projects. A similar attitude
known, is on attempt by Ahmedabad minimum), and assisting AMAC in IVeZunderstand the different motivations from the other partners would ease
Municipal Corporation to provide day-to-day interaction with the s . cFrof the partners and having the management challenges and
individual toilets, water and slum resident's association. This is -,understood and accepted these reduce the big brother approach.
drainage connections as well as in addition to community e,, ~ j differences, was able to facilitaite Understanding and accepting the
paved roads, street lighting and development. wwithout .
too much difficulty. different working methodologies, with
solid waste management to citizens In this partnership project SAATH found that not only in the a common larger aim and recognizing
of the city, between a civic body, slum ntSlum Networking Project, but also the efforts of all irmplemunters at all
In this program, each slum residents, NGOs, corporate houses t. when working with the Municipal management levels go a long way in
household pays Rs 2,000 as and banks there were bound to be . - Corporation in other programs, that delivering infrastructure services to
contibuiontowads
he roviionof iffiultes n maag-entandthe bulk of the work is done by the slum residents.
services. The remaining amount is implementation. As a facilitator, mide n lwrtaagmn
borne mainly by Ahmedabad Su8AATH had to interact with all . staff. However, these critical staff
Municipal Corporation. In the pilot pairtners to ensure smooth -- - rarely get recognition for their
phase and some subsequent slums, implementation. .- efforts. SAATH endeavors to Pen futherthinformation, contact:
Arvind Mills, Lion's Club and State To enable smooth k . - l4 ~ apeit h fot fteMr Rajendra Joshi
Bank of India have also contributed implementation, SAATH decided to -,municipal staff who diligently work Executive Secretary, SAATH
Rs 2,000 per household, SEWA Bank understand the objectives of the ~ . -at the grassroots. This recognition 2rd Floor, 1 8 Amber Society
provided the financial services by various partners as it was clear that S......,has considerably increased the Opp Komeshwor School
way of facilitating savings and credit. the objectives were different. ~ '.,____ ,sensitivity of the municipal staff Satellite Rood, Ahmedabad
SAATH'ts role as an NGO has Similarly, SAATH tried to P'At _ towards slum residents and SAATH. Ph 079 6740832
been to facilitate participation of understand the working VAS ba i This results in humane Email ahd.saath@laxcess.net.in
residents in the project by way of methodology of each partner. AP/o .. -. implementation and fewer hurdles.
Participants - Sixth Urban Think Tank OTHER AGENCIES
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Municipal Cnouni, Snrrd
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* Mr Sedhin thotia, Ercut- Enginrer, glanog@ogr.9p.,.r.net.in CSSDtB..oy . Mr UltWrnniko, GTZ C-edinotor
46, Anin-h Roedan Pet
Munidp.1lCu-ni, Hin 0 onghor
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t7 Tarng CHS, Po20, e Sodrer29, Vohi
Gormoooo Corpn,GTZ C-edinar-oOffiee
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NagpurdOt 44 10Wordha 42.8/4 HuliamSingh Rood
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gngfioprolnr
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*MtDn...eodr Fodoon,Mayor-M
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Ms 1or-ho Porieha, Tno-ig Coonorto
UNDP-Worid BEAWkOae,and Sociafion Program
Nogpur M-unid Corporann
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Mdumrbi Mrernplian Rogionol1ooolopmenrtAuhoriry CMLei oe Nogpun 21 Jorbhog, N-wDelhi I110 003 DeptolUrban So-dopmert,OG,ofoUP Eme,IHYPERUNK-I,..rait.niomroIJn 55, Lad E6ate
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