Influence of Stand Age And Structure on the Epiphytic Lichen ...

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170 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.24 TABLE 3. Percentage frequencies <strong>of</strong> the species occurring on the trunks <strong>of</strong> pine and spruce Macrolichens Pine Spruce Crustose lichens Pine Spruce Alectoria sarmentosa Bryoria capillaris B. furcellata B.fuscescens Cetraria chlorophylla C. islandica C. pinastri C. sepincola Cladina arbuscula C. rangiferina C. stellaris Cladonia bacilliformis C. botrytes C. carneola C. cenotea C. chlorophaea coll. C. coniocraea C. cornuta C. crispata C. digitata C. fimbriata Cladonia spp. Evernia mesomorpha E. prunastri Hypogymnia physodes H. tubulosa Imshaugia aleurites Parmelia sulcata Parmeliopsis ambigua P. hyperopta Platismatia glauca Pseudevernia furfuracea Usnea hirta U. filipendulaj subfloridana No. <strong>of</strong> macrolichen species 0-8 920 51 2 91-2 64-8 10-8 92-8 17-6 1-6 8-8 10-8 1-6 40 — 9-6 6-4 1-6 3-2 0-8 9-6 40 73-6 5-6 — 1000 26-4 800 8-8 95-2 960 43-2 4-8 8-8 20-8 32 _ 1000 26-7 950 1000 — 93-3 — — — — 3-3 — 1-6 6-7 50 3-3 — — 133 3-3 63-3 — 150 1000 23-3 Calicium glaucellum C. parvum C. trabinellum C. viride Chaenotheca chrysocephala C. subroscida C. trichialis Cyphelium inquinans Haematomnia elatinum Hypocenomyce scalaris Lecanora circumborealis L.fuscescens L. hypoptella L. phaeostigma L. pulicaris L. symmicta Lecidea aeruginosa L. efflorescens Lepraria incana Micarea melanea Microcalicium disseminatum* Mycoblastus sanguinarius Ochrolechia alb<strong>of</strong>iavescens O. androgyna Scoliciosporum chlorococcum No. <strong>of</strong> crustose species 3-2 2-4 — — — — — — 9-6 9-6 — 0-8 2-4 10-8 16-8 0-8 0-8 — 49-6 10-8 — 7-2 0-8 680 + 16 3-3 — 1-6 31-7 650 150 13 3 16 — — 6-7 — — — 1-6 — — 1-6 51-7 — 1-6 6-7 — 21-7 + 15 41-7 21-7 980 1000 600 — 78-3 150 23 Total no. <strong>of</strong> the species 48 38 Pine, n= 125; spruce, « = 60. * = Non-lichenized species; + = common. Nomenclature follows Santesson (1984). androgyna (incl. O. alb<strong>of</strong>iavescens) (x 2 = 4-63, P < 0-1, df = 1) and Hypocenomyce scalaris (x 2 = 2-88, P
1992 Epiphytic lichens—Hyvdrinen et al. 171 TABLE 4. Student's t-test values <strong>of</strong> regression coefficients (reciprocal averaging) and variance inflation factors (VIF, canonical correspondence analysis) for environmental parameters in the pine, spruce and combined ordinations Pines (df= 14) Spruces(df= 12) Combined (df= 37) Axl Ax 2 VIF Axl Ax2 VIF Axl Ax 2 VIF <strong>Stand</strong> age Host tree Bark acidity Basal area Canopy cover Average height Forest type ECT EVT EVT/VMT VMT 2-49* — 0-59 012 0-46 0-83 1-44 0-38 0-38 — 0-93 — 0-58 0-95 100 0-74 002 006 006 — 5-36 — 1-81 3-50 3-07 3-87 1-46 2-42 2-22 — 006 — 1-51 0-63 1-40 002 — — 0-65 0-65 002 — 0-33 005 0-29 0-25 — — 0-60 0-60 7-32 — 3-80 2-24 1-92 4-72 — — 2'22 2-22 2-62* 219* 1-24 0-64 0-74 0-60 — — — — 203* 107 0-42 1-26 077 0-29 — — — — 3-29 3-73 3-47 214 2-28 2-82 — — — — Degrees <strong>of</strong> freedom (df=n —q—1), where n = number <strong>of</strong> samples and q = number <strong>of</strong> environmental variables. * = Critical values <strong>of</strong> r-distribution between 005 and 001. ECT = Empetrum—Calluna type; EVT = Empetrum— Vaccinium type; VMT = Vaccinium—Myrtillus type; EVT/VMT = intermediate type <strong>of</strong> EVT and VMT. Forest site types according to Kalela (1961). spruces and pines to the age factor. In the combined pine-spruce ordination the age <strong>of</strong> the stand contributes even more to the regression than does the host tree. In general, the largely different r-values for age in the separate pine and spruce ordinations indicate differential changes in the trees as substrata during their growth and/or in pine and spruce stands as environmental entities. It is also significant that the Variance Inflation Factors in all the ordinations were fairly low (Table 4). The occurrence <strong>of</strong> the highest VIF values, which are still well below the limit value <strong>of</strong> 20 proposed by ter Braak (1988), in the pine and spruce ordinations for the age <strong>of</strong> the stand nevertheless do not show multicollinearity with the other environmental variables included in the ordination. Consequently, all the variables contribute to the regression equation and the regression coefficients merit interpretation. The interactions <strong>of</strong> two pairs <strong>of</strong> variables in the pine ordination (Fig. 2), stand age and height and basal area and canopy cover, which seemed to form closely related factors (Table 2), were tested by constructing product variables. These variables did not appreciably affect the first eigenvalue (0127 versus 0131), and thus were not used in the final ordination. In the ordination <strong>of</strong> the species living on pine (Fig. 2), the first two CCA axes accounted for 74-3% <strong>of</strong> the variance in the weighted averages with respect to each environmental variable used here. The species <strong>of</strong> the pine stands could be classified by joint plot projection <strong>of</strong> weighted averages as those more abundant in young forest and those favouring old forests. Typical species <strong>of</strong> young forests are Cetraria sepincola, the genus Lecanora (L. pulicaris and L. fuscescens being most frequent) and also
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