Influence of Stand Age And Structure on the Epiphytic Lichen ...

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172 ^r H. sea THE LICHENOLOGIST AX 2 Vol. 24 1 Calic. Lecidea spp. P. fur -- 3.0 P. amb Ochrol. spp. • B. fur # - I. ale P. hyp C. pin VU. hir • • P. sul E. mes • H. tub Lecanora spp. 3.0 C. sep HEIGHT Cladonia spp. B. fus P. gla JD. chl CANOPY COVER AX1 BASAL AREA --2.0 • B. cap U. fil/sub FIG. 2. Ordination <strong>of</strong> the species on pine by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The eigenvalues <strong>of</strong> the first and second ordination axes are 0127 and 0033, respectively. B. cap = Bryoria capillaris, B. fur = B. furcellata, B. fus = B. fuscescens, Calic. = Calicium glaucellumlC. parvum, C. chl = Cetraria chlorophylla, C. pin = C. pinastri, C. sep = C. sepincola, E. mes = Evernia mesomorpha, H. sea = Hypocenomyce scalaris, H. phy = Hypogymnia physodes, H. tub = H. tubulosa, I. ale = Imshaugia aleurites, Ochrol. = Ochrolechia androgyna (incl. O. alb<strong>of</strong>lavescens), P. amb = Parmeliopsis ambigua, P. hyp = P. hyperopta, P. gla = Platismatia glauca, P. fur = Pseudevernia furfuracea, U. fil/sub = UsneafilipendulajU. subfloridana, U. hir= U. hirta. Hypogymnia tubulosa. In contrast, Hypocenomyce scalaris, Lecidea species and the genus Calicium (C. glaucellum and C. parvum) formed a distinct group occurring more abundantly in old forests. Usneafilipendula (and U. subftoridana) and Cladonia species on the upper trunk also favoured old forests, but seemed to differ from the previous group in their responses to the other environmental factors measured.
1992 Epiphytic lichens—Hyvdrinen et al. 173 AX 2 • 25 -- 0.75 24 10 • 6 EVT • 14 5 V 7 13 2 H.o CANOPY COVER AX1 18 BASAL AREA -. 0.75 FIG. 3. Site ordination <strong>of</strong> the pine stands by CCA. The centroids <strong>of</strong> the nominal variables are indicated by squares. The ' managed ' stands are nos. 1-12 and the ' near natural' ones nos. 13-25, the numbers running according to ascending age <strong>of</strong> the stands. The eigenvalues <strong>of</strong> the first and second ordination axes are 0-127 and 0033, respectively. ECT = Empetrum-Calluna type; EVT = Empetrum-Vactinium type; VMT = Vaccinium-Myrtillus type; EVT/VMT = intermediate type <strong>of</strong> EVT and VMT. Some difficulty is encountered in interpreting the effects <strong>of</strong> acidity <strong>of</strong> the bark (presented in terms <strong>of</strong> pH values in the figures) and forest density (basal area and canopy cover). Usneafilipendula could also be classified as a species typical <strong>of</strong> dense, old forests and showed a preference for less acid bark, and Bryoria capillaris seemed to act in the same way regarding pH. The high density <strong>of</strong> the young, non-thinned forests markedly affects the distribution pattern. Cetraria sepincola and the genus Lecanora, for example, which are common in young forests, also tend to prefer a higher basal area and a larger canopy cover. The young stands did not show any grouping into the classes' managed ' and ' near natural' in the ordination <strong>of</strong> the samples (Fig. 3), and the older dense forests (stands 17-23) formed a cluster loaded close to the origin from which stand 24, and above all stand 25, are distinct. The latter represents an extremely old, naturally open stand surrounded by fens and the pines present had a bark <strong>of</strong> very high acidity (pH = 3-43). The variation between the stands can also be related to the different forest types to some extent, although much <strong>of</strong> this effect is included in such stand characteristics as basal area.
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