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The Epidemiology of Infection in Trachoma - Investigative ...

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1832 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY b VISUAL SCIENCE / Augusr 1989 Vol. 30<br />

8. Nichols RL, Murray ES, Scott PP, and McComb DE: <strong>Trachoma</strong><br />

isolation studies <strong>in</strong> Saudi Arabia from 1957 through<br />

1969. In <strong>Trachoma</strong> and Related Disorders, Nichols RL, editor.<br />

Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1971, pp. 517-528.<br />

9. Dawson CR, Daghfous T, Messadi M, Hoshiwara I, and<br />

Schachter J: Severe endemic trachoma <strong>in</strong> Tunisia. Br J Ophthalmol<br />

60:245, 1976.<br />

10. Wilson MC, Millan-Velasco F, Tielsch JM, and Taylor HR:<br />

Direct-smear fluorescent antibody cytology as a fielddiagnostic<br />

tool for trachoma. Arch Ophthalmol 104:688, 1986.<br />

11. Mabey DCW and Booth-Mason S: <strong>The</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia<br />

trachomatis by direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence <strong>in</strong> conjunctival<br />

smears from patients with trachoma and patients with<br />

ophthalmia neonatorum us<strong>in</strong>g a conjugated monoclonal antibody.<br />

J Hyg Camb 96:83, 1986.<br />

12. Mabey DCW, Robertson JN, and Ward ME: Detection <strong>of</strong><br />

Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay <strong>in</strong> patients<br />

with trachoma. Lancet 2:1491, 1987.<br />

13. Barsoum IS, Mostafa MSE, Shihab AA, El Alamy M, Habib<br />

MA, and Coley DG: Prevalence <strong>of</strong> trachoma <strong>in</strong> school children<br />

and ophthalmological outpatients <strong>in</strong> rural Egypt. Am J Trop<br />

Med Hyg 36:97, 1987.<br />

14. Taylor HR, Agarwala N, and Johnson S: <strong>The</strong> detection <strong>of</strong><br />

Chlamydia trachomatis eye <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> conjunctival smears<br />

and <strong>in</strong> tissue culture with a fluoresce<strong>in</strong>conjugated monoclonal<br />

antibody. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol 20:391, 1984.<br />

15. Nabli B: <strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>of</strong> trachoma: Stage IV. Rev Int Trach<br />

50:19, 1973.<br />

16. Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, and Taylor HR:<br />

A simple system for the assessment <strong>of</strong> trachoma and its complications.<br />

Bull WHO 65:477, 1987.<br />

17. West S, Lynch M, Turner V, Munoz B, Rapoza P, Mmbaga<br />

BBO, and Taylor HR: Water availability and trachoma. Bull<br />

WHO 67:71, 1989.<br />

18. Taylor HR, West SK, Katala S, and Foster A: <strong>Trachoma</strong>:<br />

Evaluation <strong>of</strong> a new grad<strong>in</strong>g scheme <strong>in</strong> the United Republic <strong>of</strong><br />

Tanzania. Bull WHO 65:485, 1987.<br />

19. Taylor HR and Velez VL: Clearance <strong>of</strong> chlamydial elementary<br />

bodies from the conjunctival sac. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci<br />

28:1199, 1987.<br />

20. Wang S-P and Grayston JT: Immunologic relationship between<br />

genital trie, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related<br />

organisms <strong>in</strong> a new microtiter <strong>in</strong>direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence<br />

test. Am J Ophthalmol 70:367, 1970.<br />

21. Wang S-P, Kuo CC, Barnes RC, Stephens RS, and Grayston<br />

JT: Immunotyp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal<br />

antibodies. J Infect Dis 152:791, 1985.<br />

22. Schachter J and Mart<strong>in</strong> DH: Failure <strong>of</strong> multiple passages to<br />

<strong>in</strong>crease chlamydial recovery. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol 25:1851, 1987.<br />

23. Sabet SF, Lambert F, and Dalton HP: Infectivity <strong>in</strong>dex <strong>of</strong><br />

Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes and relevance to sensitivities<br />

<strong>of</strong> available diagnostic methods. Abstracts <strong>of</strong> the Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />

for the American Society <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, 1987, p. 345.<br />

24. Now<strong>in</strong>ski RC, Tarn MR, Goldste<strong>in</strong> LC, Stong L, Kuo C-C,<br />

Corey L, Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Knapp JS, and Holmes<br />

KK: Monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fectious diseases<br />

<strong>in</strong> humans. Science 219:637, 1983.<br />

25. Stamm WE, Tarn M, Koester M, and Cles L: Detection <strong>of</strong><br />

Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong>clusions <strong>in</strong> the McCoy cell cultures<br />

with fluoresce<strong>in</strong>-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. J Cl<strong>in</strong><br />

Microbiol 17:666, 1983.<br />

26. Dawson C, Sheppard J, Moncada J, Courtright P, Hafez S,<br />

Schachter J, and Lorr<strong>in</strong>ez A: Laboratory diagnosis <strong>of</strong> chlamydial<br />

<strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> hyperendemic trachoma. ARVO Abstracts. Invest<br />

Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29(Suppl):227, 1988.<br />

27. Dean D, Pant C, and O'Hanley P: Use <strong>of</strong> a Chlamydia trachomatis<br />

DNA probe <strong>in</strong> comparison with fluorescent antibody<br />

and culture as a field diagnostic technique for trachoma. Abstracts<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the American Society for<br />

Microbiology, 1988, p. C-235.<br />

28. Tarn MR, Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Stephens R, Kuo CC,<br />

Holmes KK, Ditzenberger K, Krieger M, and Now<strong>in</strong>ski RC:<br />

Culture-<strong>in</strong>dependent diagnosis <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis<br />

us<strong>in</strong>g monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 310:1146, 1984.<br />

29. Lipk<strong>in</strong> ES, Moncada JV, Shafer M-A, Wilson TE, and<br />

Schachter J: Comparison <strong>of</strong> monoclonal antibody sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and<br />

culture <strong>in</strong> diagnos<strong>in</strong>g cervical chlamydial <strong>in</strong>fection. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol<br />

23:114, 1986.<br />

30. Bell TA, Kuo C-C, Stamm WE, Tarn MR, Stephens RS,<br />

Holmes KK, and Grayston JT: Direct fluorescentmonoclonal<br />

antibody sta<strong>in</strong> for rapid detection <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fant Chlamydia trachomatis<br />

<strong>in</strong>fections. Pediatrics 74:224, 1984.<br />

31. Rapoza PA, Qu<strong>in</strong>n TC, Kiessl<strong>in</strong>g LA, Green WR, and Taylor<br />

HR: Assessment <strong>of</strong> neonatal conjunctivitis with a direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescent<br />

monoclonal antibody sta<strong>in</strong> for Chlamydia.<br />

JAMA 225:3369, 1986.<br />

32. Potts MJ, Paul ID, Roome APCH, and Caul EO: Rapid diagnosis<br />

<strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> patients attend<strong>in</strong>g<br />

an ophthalmic casualty department. Br J Ophthalmol 70:677,<br />

1986.<br />

33. Phillips RS, Hanff PA, Kauffman RS, and Aronson MD: Use<br />

<strong>of</strong> a direct fluorescent antibody test for detect<strong>in</strong>g Chlamydia<br />

trachomatis cervical <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> women seek<strong>in</strong>g rout<strong>in</strong>e gynecologic<br />

care. J Infect Dis 156:575, 1987.<br />

34. Toomey KE, Rafferty MP, and Stamm WE: Unrecognized<br />

high prevalence <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis cervical <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong><br />

an isolated Alaskan Eskimo population. JAMA 258:53, 1987.<br />

35. Stamm WE, Harrison HR, Alexander ER, Cles LD, Spence<br />

MR, and Qu<strong>in</strong>n TC: Diagnosis <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong>fections<br />

by direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> genital secretions.<br />

Ann Intern Med 101:638, 1984.<br />

36. Thomas BJ, Evans RT, Hawk<strong>in</strong>s DA and Taylor-Rob<strong>in</strong>son D:<br />

Sensitivity <strong>of</strong> detect<strong>in</strong>g Chlamydia trachomatis elementary<br />

bodies <strong>in</strong> smears by use <strong>of</strong> a fluorosce<strong>in</strong> labeled monoclonal<br />

antibody: Comparison with conventional chlamydial isolation.<br />

J Cl<strong>in</strong> Pathol 37:812, 1984.<br />

37. Daghfous MT, Dawson CR, Kamoun M, Romdhane K, and<br />

Djerad A: Action de la doxycycl<strong>in</strong>e par voie orale et de la<br />

tetracycl<strong>in</strong>e pommade 1% dans le traitment du trachome severe.<br />

Rev Int Trach Pathol Ocul Trop Subtrop Sante Publique<br />

1-2:47, 1985.<br />

38. Schachter J: Immunodiagnosis <strong>of</strong> sexually transmitted disease.<br />

Yale J Biol Med 58:443, 1985.<br />

39. W<strong>in</strong>gerson L: Two new tests for chlamydia get quick results<br />

without culture. JAMA 250:2257, 1983.<br />

40. Jones RB, Katz BP, van der Pol B, Ca<strong>in</strong>e VA, Batteiger BE,<br />

and Newhall WJ: Effect <strong>of</strong> bl<strong>in</strong>d passage and multiple sampl<strong>in</strong>g<br />

on recovery <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis from urogenital<br />

specimens. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol 24:1029, 1986.<br />

41. Bidwell CE, Brumback BG, Morris MV, and Bailey JL: Comparison<br />

<strong>of</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>in</strong>oculation with bl<strong>in</strong>d passage for the isolation<br />

<strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong> a microculture system. Abstracts<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g for the American Society <strong>of</strong><br />

Microbiology, 1987, p. 345.<br />

42. Yoder BL, Stamm WE, Koester CM, and Alexander ER: Mi-

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