The Epidemiology of Infection in Trachoma - Investigative ...
The Epidemiology of Infection in Trachoma - Investigative ...
The Epidemiology of Infection in Trachoma - Investigative ...
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1832 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY b VISUAL SCIENCE / Augusr 1989 Vol. 30<br />
8. Nichols RL, Murray ES, Scott PP, and McComb DE: <strong>Trachoma</strong><br />
isolation studies <strong>in</strong> Saudi Arabia from 1957 through<br />
1969. In <strong>Trachoma</strong> and Related Disorders, Nichols RL, editor.<br />
Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1971, pp. 517-528.<br />
9. Dawson CR, Daghfous T, Messadi M, Hoshiwara I, and<br />
Schachter J: Severe endemic trachoma <strong>in</strong> Tunisia. Br J Ophthalmol<br />
60:245, 1976.<br />
10. Wilson MC, Millan-Velasco F, Tielsch JM, and Taylor HR:<br />
Direct-smear fluorescent antibody cytology as a fielddiagnostic<br />
tool for trachoma. Arch Ophthalmol 104:688, 1986.<br />
11. Mabey DCW and Booth-Mason S: <strong>The</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia<br />
trachomatis by direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence <strong>in</strong> conjunctival<br />
smears from patients with trachoma and patients with<br />
ophthalmia neonatorum us<strong>in</strong>g a conjugated monoclonal antibody.<br />
J Hyg Camb 96:83, 1986.<br />
12. Mabey DCW, Robertson JN, and Ward ME: Detection <strong>of</strong><br />
Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay <strong>in</strong> patients<br />
with trachoma. Lancet 2:1491, 1987.<br />
13. Barsoum IS, Mostafa MSE, Shihab AA, El Alamy M, Habib<br />
MA, and Coley DG: Prevalence <strong>of</strong> trachoma <strong>in</strong> school children<br />
and ophthalmological outpatients <strong>in</strong> rural Egypt. Am J Trop<br />
Med Hyg 36:97, 1987.<br />
14. Taylor HR, Agarwala N, and Johnson S: <strong>The</strong> detection <strong>of</strong><br />
Chlamydia trachomatis eye <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> conjunctival smears<br />
and <strong>in</strong> tissue culture with a fluoresce<strong>in</strong>conjugated monoclonal<br />
antibody. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol 20:391, 1984.<br />
15. Nabli B: <strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>of</strong> trachoma: Stage IV. Rev Int Trach<br />
50:19, 1973.<br />
16. Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, and Taylor HR:<br />
A simple system for the assessment <strong>of</strong> trachoma and its complications.<br />
Bull WHO 65:477, 1987.<br />
17. West S, Lynch M, Turner V, Munoz B, Rapoza P, Mmbaga<br />
BBO, and Taylor HR: Water availability and trachoma. Bull<br />
WHO 67:71, 1989.<br />
18. Taylor HR, West SK, Katala S, and Foster A: <strong>Trachoma</strong>:<br />
Evaluation <strong>of</strong> a new grad<strong>in</strong>g scheme <strong>in</strong> the United Republic <strong>of</strong><br />
Tanzania. Bull WHO 65:485, 1987.<br />
19. Taylor HR and Velez VL: Clearance <strong>of</strong> chlamydial elementary<br />
bodies from the conjunctival sac. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci<br />
28:1199, 1987.<br />
20. Wang S-P and Grayston JT: Immunologic relationship between<br />
genital trie, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related<br />
organisms <strong>in</strong> a new microtiter <strong>in</strong>direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence<br />
test. Am J Ophthalmol 70:367, 1970.<br />
21. Wang S-P, Kuo CC, Barnes RC, Stephens RS, and Grayston<br />
JT: Immunotyp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal<br />
antibodies. J Infect Dis 152:791, 1985.<br />
22. Schachter J and Mart<strong>in</strong> DH: Failure <strong>of</strong> multiple passages to<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease chlamydial recovery. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol 25:1851, 1987.<br />
23. Sabet SF, Lambert F, and Dalton HP: Infectivity <strong>in</strong>dex <strong>of</strong><br />
Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes and relevance to sensitivities<br />
<strong>of</strong> available diagnostic methods. Abstracts <strong>of</strong> the Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for the American Society <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, 1987, p. 345.<br />
24. Now<strong>in</strong>ski RC, Tarn MR, Goldste<strong>in</strong> LC, Stong L, Kuo C-C,<br />
Corey L, Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Knapp JS, and Holmes<br />
KK: Monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fectious diseases<br />
<strong>in</strong> humans. Science 219:637, 1983.<br />
25. Stamm WE, Tarn M, Koester M, and Cles L: Detection <strong>of</strong><br />
Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong>clusions <strong>in</strong> the McCoy cell cultures<br />
with fluoresce<strong>in</strong>-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. J Cl<strong>in</strong><br />
Microbiol 17:666, 1983.<br />
26. Dawson C, Sheppard J, Moncada J, Courtright P, Hafez S,<br />
Schachter J, and Lorr<strong>in</strong>ez A: Laboratory diagnosis <strong>of</strong> chlamydial<br />
<strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> hyperendemic trachoma. ARVO Abstracts. Invest<br />
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29(Suppl):227, 1988.<br />
27. Dean D, Pant C, and O'Hanley P: Use <strong>of</strong> a Chlamydia trachomatis<br />
DNA probe <strong>in</strong> comparison with fluorescent antibody<br />
and culture as a field diagnostic technique for trachoma. Abstracts<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the American Society for<br />
Microbiology, 1988, p. C-235.<br />
28. Tarn MR, Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Stephens R, Kuo CC,<br />
Holmes KK, Ditzenberger K, Krieger M, and Now<strong>in</strong>ski RC:<br />
Culture-<strong>in</strong>dependent diagnosis <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 310:1146, 1984.<br />
29. Lipk<strong>in</strong> ES, Moncada JV, Shafer M-A, Wilson TE, and<br />
Schachter J: Comparison <strong>of</strong> monoclonal antibody sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and<br />
culture <strong>in</strong> diagnos<strong>in</strong>g cervical chlamydial <strong>in</strong>fection. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol<br />
23:114, 1986.<br />
30. Bell TA, Kuo C-C, Stamm WE, Tarn MR, Stephens RS,<br />
Holmes KK, and Grayston JT: Direct fluorescentmonoclonal<br />
antibody sta<strong>in</strong> for rapid detection <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fant Chlamydia trachomatis<br />
<strong>in</strong>fections. Pediatrics 74:224, 1984.<br />
31. Rapoza PA, Qu<strong>in</strong>n TC, Kiessl<strong>in</strong>g LA, Green WR, and Taylor<br />
HR: Assessment <strong>of</strong> neonatal conjunctivitis with a direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescent<br />
monoclonal antibody sta<strong>in</strong> for Chlamydia.<br />
JAMA 225:3369, 1986.<br />
32. Potts MJ, Paul ID, Roome APCH, and Caul EO: Rapid diagnosis<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> patients attend<strong>in</strong>g<br />
an ophthalmic casualty department. Br J Ophthalmol 70:677,<br />
1986.<br />
33. Phillips RS, Hanff PA, Kauffman RS, and Aronson MD: Use<br />
<strong>of</strong> a direct fluorescent antibody test for detect<strong>in</strong>g Chlamydia<br />
trachomatis cervical <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> women seek<strong>in</strong>g rout<strong>in</strong>e gynecologic<br />
care. J Infect Dis 156:575, 1987.<br />
34. Toomey KE, Rafferty MP, and Stamm WE: Unrecognized<br />
high prevalence <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis cervical <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong><br />
an isolated Alaskan Eskimo population. JAMA 258:53, 1987.<br />
35. Stamm WE, Harrison HR, Alexander ER, Cles LD, Spence<br />
MR, and Qu<strong>in</strong>n TC: Diagnosis <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong>fections<br />
by direct immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> genital secretions.<br />
Ann Intern Med 101:638, 1984.<br />
36. Thomas BJ, Evans RT, Hawk<strong>in</strong>s DA and Taylor-Rob<strong>in</strong>son D:<br />
Sensitivity <strong>of</strong> detect<strong>in</strong>g Chlamydia trachomatis elementary<br />
bodies <strong>in</strong> smears by use <strong>of</strong> a fluorosce<strong>in</strong> labeled monoclonal<br />
antibody: Comparison with conventional chlamydial isolation.<br />
J Cl<strong>in</strong> Pathol 37:812, 1984.<br />
37. Daghfous MT, Dawson CR, Kamoun M, Romdhane K, and<br />
Djerad A: Action de la doxycycl<strong>in</strong>e par voie orale et de la<br />
tetracycl<strong>in</strong>e pommade 1% dans le traitment du trachome severe.<br />
Rev Int Trach Pathol Ocul Trop Subtrop Sante Publique<br />
1-2:47, 1985.<br />
38. Schachter J: Immunodiagnosis <strong>of</strong> sexually transmitted disease.<br />
Yale J Biol Med 58:443, 1985.<br />
39. W<strong>in</strong>gerson L: Two new tests for chlamydia get quick results<br />
without culture. JAMA 250:2257, 1983.<br />
40. Jones RB, Katz BP, van der Pol B, Ca<strong>in</strong>e VA, Batteiger BE,<br />
and Newhall WJ: Effect <strong>of</strong> bl<strong>in</strong>d passage and multiple sampl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on recovery <strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis from urogenital<br />
specimens. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Microbiol 24:1029, 1986.<br />
41. Bidwell CE, Brumback BG, Morris MV, and Bailey JL: Comparison<br />
<strong>of</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>in</strong>oculation with bl<strong>in</strong>d passage for the isolation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chlamydia trachomatis <strong>in</strong> a microculture system. Abstracts<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g for the American Society <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, 1987, p. 345.<br />
42. Yoder BL, Stamm WE, Koester CM, and Alexander ER: Mi-