Approach 12 FYP - Indian Railways Institute of Transport Management

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4 Approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan Box 1.1 Flagship Development Programmes Unit: Rs. crore Sl. No. Programme Ministry/ Department 2007-08 Actual Expenditure 2011-12 BE Total Eleventh Plan 1 MGNREGA Rural Development 12,661 40,000 156,301 2 Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Rural Development 3,886 10,000 41,486 3 4 National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Rural Development 3,104 6,158 23,536 Rural Development 6,500 20,000 65,002 5 NRHM Health & Family Welfare 10,509 18,115 69,214 6 ICDS 7 Mid Day Meal (MDM) 8 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) Women & Child Development School Education & Literacy School Education & Literacy 5,193 10,000 38,980 5,832 10,380 38,602 11,477 21,000 77,576 9 JNNURM Urban Development 5,508 13,700 48,485 10 11 12 Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) and Other water resources programme Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Viduyati Karan Yojana (RGGVY) Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission (Rural Drinking water) – NRDWP and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Water Resources 5,446 12,650 46,622 Power 3,913 6,000 25,913 Drinking Water Supply 7,320 11,000 46,722 13 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Agriculture & Cooperation 1,200 7,811 18,550 GRAND TOTAL 81,217 186,539 691,976 1.14 Most of these programmes are Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS), which are implemented by State Government agencies, but are largely funded by the Central Government with a defined State Government share. The total expenditure on these schemes by the Central Government in 2011-12 (budget estimate) is Rs.188,573 crore, and the total expenditure during the Eleventh Plan period is almost Rs. 700,000 crore. As one would expect, the effectiveness of their implementation varies from State to State. Instances of misuse of funds are frequently reported in studies and press reports, and these are a
An Overview 5 legitimate source of concern that needs attention. However, it must be kept in mind that while instances of misuse or leakage present serious problems, they do not necessarily imply that the overall impact of the programme is not positive. For example, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which was started in 2006-07 and extended to cover the whole country during the Eleventh Plan, has seen several instances of misuse of funds, but it has also notched up a remarkable success. It must be admitted, however, that there has been a proliferation of Centrally Sponsored Schemes over a period of years. This has led to poor implementation, duplication, lack of convergence and sub-optimal results. There is an urgent need to transform the system and sharply reduce the number of schemes. This will enable more focused and effective implementation. A Committee under Shri B.K. Chaturvedi, Member, Planning Commission, has been appointed to review the entire gamut of Centrally Sponsored Schemes and make recommendations for rationalization and consolidation leading to a significant reduction in their number. 1.15 With a people-centred, demand-driven architecture, completely different from the earlier rural employment programmes, MGNREGA has directly led to the creation of 987 crore person-days of work since its inception in 2006-07. In financial year 2010-11, MGNREGA provided employment to 5.45 crore households generating 253.68 crore person-days. It has also successfully raised the negotiating power of agricultural labour, resulting in higher agricultural wages, improved economic outcomes leading to reduction in distress migration. This is not to deny that with better project design, implementation leakages could be greatly reduced; and the assets so created could make a larger contribution towards increase in land productivity. 1.16 Reforms in implementation of Plan schemes are a priority and should receive focussed attention in the Twelfth Plan. There is need for more flexibility in the design of the schemes to reflect the ground realities across the States. Additional provisions should be considered for encouraging innovation; also special efforts to promote convergence at the level of implementation to prevent duplication and to create synergies that improve the quality of outcomes. A detailed assessment of the broad nature of the reforms needed is provided in Chapter 6. Demographics 1.17 The country’s total population, as recorded in Census 2011, at 1.21 billion, is slightly more than what was forecast. But the population growth rate has decelerated from 1.97 per cent per annum between 1991 and 2001, to 1.64 per cent per annum between 2001 and 2011. Notably, it declined in almost every State including those of the populous Gangetic plains. The deceleration reflects a much-needed decline in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) which is estimated to have fallen to 2.6 per cent and is expected to decline to 2.3 per cent in the first half of the present decade. The Southern States have reached, or are close to reaching, the replacement level of fertility. Fertility levels in the northern states are also falling, but are still much higher than the replacement level. 1.18 India has a younger population not only in comparison to advanced economies but also in relation to the large developing countries. As a result, the labour force in India is expected to increase by 32 per cent over the next 20 years, while it will decline by 4.0 per cent in industrialised countries and by nearly 5.0 per cent in China. This ‘demographic dividend’ can add to growth potential, provided two conditions are fulfilled. First, higher levels of health, education and skill development must be achieved. Second, an environment must be created in which the economy not only grows rapidly, but also enhances good quality employment/livelihood opportunities to meet the needs and aspirations of the youth.
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15 Governance 15.1 With rapid expan
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