237 Huebner, W. F., Boice, D. C., Polymers <strong>in</strong> comet comae. In Solar System Plasma Physics: Geophysical Monograph 54, (eds.) J. H. Waite, Jr., J. L. Burch, <strong>and</strong> R. L. Moore. American Geophysical Union, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC, p.453, 1989. [2.4] Huebner, W. F., Boice, D. C., On the 3-D time-dependent model<strong>in</strong>g of comet nucleus surface-layers, Ann. Geophysicae - Atmospheres Hydrospheres <strong>and</strong> Space Sciences 10, 169, 1992. [6.3] Huebner, W. F., Markiewicz, W. J., Sublimation <strong>in</strong> das Vacuum, <strong>in</strong> 8. Kometenwerkstatt, (eds. K. Roessler <strong>and</strong> K. Thiel), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH report, 46, 1993. [3.4, 5.1, 12.5] Huebner, W. F., Benkhoff, J., From coma abundances to nucleus composition, <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the <strong>ISSI</strong> Workshop: The Orig<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Composition of <strong>Comet</strong>ary Material, (eds. K. Altwegg, P. Ehrenfreund, J. Geiss, <strong>and</strong> W. F. Huebner), Space Sci. Rev. 90, 117, 1999. [1, 4.5, 10.1, 10.2, 12.2, 12.5] Huebner, W. F., Markiewicz, W. J., The temperature <strong>and</strong> bulk flow speed of a gas effus<strong>in</strong>g or evaporat<strong>in</strong>g from a surface <strong>in</strong>to a void after reestablishment of collisional equilibrium. Icarus, 148, 594, 2000. [3.4, 5.1, 12.5] Huebner, W. F., Altwegg, K., <strong>Comet</strong>s <strong>and</strong> their <strong>in</strong>terstellar connections, <strong>ISSI</strong> Anniversary volume, <strong>in</strong> press, 2005. [12.5] Huebner, W. F., Benkhoff, J., Capria, M. T., Corad<strong>in</strong>i, A., De Sanctis, M. C., Enzian, A., Orosei, R., Prialnik, D., Results from the comet nucleus model team at the International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, Adv. Space Res. 23, 1283, 1999. [7.1] Huebner, W. F., Boice, D. C., Schwadron, N. A., Sungraz<strong>in</strong>g comets as solar probes, Adv. Space Sci. Res., submitted 2006. [8.5] Ibad<strong>in</strong>ov, K. I., Rahmonov, A. A., Bjasso, A. S., Laboratory simulation Of cometary structures, <strong>in</strong> <strong>Comet</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the Post-Halley Era, 1, (eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, <strong>and</strong> J. Rahe), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 299, 1991. [2.4] Ip, W.-H., Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, J. A., On dynamical scatter<strong>in</strong>g of Kuiper belt objects <strong>in</strong> 2:3 resonance with Neptune <strong>in</strong>to short-period comets, Astron. Astrophys. 324, 778, 1997. [8.2] Irv<strong>in</strong>e, W. M., Lesch<strong>in</strong>e, S. B., Schlörb, F. P. , Thermal history, chemical composition <strong>and</strong> relationship of comets to the orig<strong>in</strong> of life, Nature 283, 748, 1980. Irv<strong>in</strong>e, W. M., Kaifu, N., Ohishi, M., Chemical abundances <strong>in</strong> cold, dark <strong>in</strong>terstellar clouds, Icarus 91, 2, 1991. Irv<strong>in</strong>e, W. M., Dickens, J. E., Lovell, A. J., Schloerb, F. P., Senay, M., Berg<strong>in</strong>, E. A., Jewitt, D., Matthews, H. E., Chemistry <strong>in</strong> cometary comae,
238 Bibliography <strong>in</strong> Chemistry <strong>and</strong> Physics of Molecules <strong>and</strong> Gra<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Space, Faraday Discussions, 109, Faraday Div. Roy. Soc. Chem., 475, 1998. [2.1] Irv<strong>in</strong>e, W. M., Dickens, J. E., Lovell, A. J., Schloerb, F.P., Senay, M., Berg<strong>in</strong>, E. A., Jewitt, D., Matthews, H. E., The HNC/HCN ratio <strong>in</strong> comets, Earth, Moon, Planets 78, 295, 1999 [2.1] Jenniskens, P., Blake, D. F., Structural transitions <strong>in</strong> amorphous water ice <strong>and</strong> astrophysical implications, Science 265, 753, 1994. [3.2] Jenniskens, P., Blake, D. F., Kouchi, A., <strong>in</strong> Solar System Ices, (eds. B. Schmitt, C. de Bergh, <strong>and</strong> M. Festou), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1998. [3.2] Jessberger, E. K., Kissel, J., Chemical properties of cometary dust <strong>and</strong> a note on carbon isotopes, <strong>in</strong> <strong>Comet</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the Post-Halley Era., (eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, <strong>and</strong> J. Rahe), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol. 2, p. 1075, 1991. [10.1] Jewitt, D., <strong>Comet</strong>ary rotation: An overview, Earth, Moon, Planets 79, 35, 1997. [9.5] Jewitt, D., Luu, J., Discovery of the c<strong>and</strong>idate Kuiper belt object 1992 QB1, Nature 362, 730, 1993. [8.2] Jewitt, D., Senay, M., Matthews, H., Observations of carbon monoxide <strong>in</strong> <strong>Comet</strong> Hale-Bopp, Science 271, 1110, 1996. [10.3] Jockers, K., Bonev, T., Ivanova, V., Rauer, H., First images of a possible CO + -tail of <strong>Comet</strong> P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 observed aga<strong>in</strong>st the dust coma background, Astron. Astrophys. 260, 455, 1992. [10.3] Johnson, R. E., Energetic Charged Particle Interactions with Atmospheres <strong>and</strong> Surfaces, Spr<strong>in</strong>ger-Verlag, 1990. Johnson, R. E., Sputter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> desorption from icy surfaces, <strong>in</strong> Solar System Ices, (eds. B. Schmitt, C. de Bergh, <strong>and</strong> M. Festou), Kluwer, Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, 30, 1998. [2.4] Johnson, R. E., Carlson, R. W., Cooper, J. F., Paranicas, C., Moore, M. H., Wong, M., Radiation effects on the surfaces of the Galilean satellites, <strong>in</strong> Jupiter: Planet, Satellites, <strong>and</strong> Magnetosphere, (ed. F. Bagenal), Cambridge University Press, 2003. [2.4] Jorda, L., Rickman, H., <strong>Comet</strong> P/Wirtanen, summary of observational data, Planet. Space Sci. 43, 575, 1995. [8.4] Julian, W. H., Samaras<strong>in</strong>ha, N. H., Belton, M. J. S., Thermal structure of cometary active regions: <strong>Comet</strong> 1P/Halley, Icarus 144, 160, 2000. [6.3] Kajmakov, E. A., Sharkov, V. I., Laboratory simulation of icy cometary nuclei, <strong>in</strong> The Motion, Evolution of Orbits, <strong>and</strong> Orig<strong>in</strong> of <strong>Comet</strong>s, (eds. G. A. Chebotarev, E. I. Kazimirchak-Poanskaya, <strong>and</strong> B. G. Marsden), Reidel Publ. Comp., 304, 1972. [2.4] Kaponen, A., Kataja, M., Timonen, J., Permeability <strong>and</strong> effective porosity
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HEAT AND GAS DIFFUSION IN COMET NUC
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iv Contents 4.4 Boundary Conditions
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vi Contents Appendix A: Orbital Par
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viii List of Figures 5.1 Change in
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x List of Figures 9.3 Model of 46P/
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xii List of Figures 10.12Final abun
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xiv List of Tables 10.2 Initial par
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xvi Foreword The content of this bo
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xviii Preface several properties, n
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xx Symbols and Constants
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xxii Symbols and Constants Symbol M
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xxiv Symbols and Constants
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xxvi Symbols and Constants
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2 1. Introduction - Observational O
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4 1. Introduction - Observational O
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6 1. Introduction - Observational O
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8 1. Introduction - Observational O
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10 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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12 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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14 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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16 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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18 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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20 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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22 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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24 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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26 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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28 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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30 2. The Structure of Comet Nuclei
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32 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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34 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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36 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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38 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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40 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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42 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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44 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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46 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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48 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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50 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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52 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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54 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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56 3. Physical Processes in Comet N
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58 4. Basic Equations or trapped in
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60 4. Basic Equations ing through t
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62 4. Basic Equations the heat tran
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64 4. Basic Equations • Initial p
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66 4. Basic Equations orders of mag
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68 4. Basic Equations instantaneous
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70 4. Basic Equations g = (4π/3)G
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72 4. Basic Equations More advanced
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74 4. Basic Equations conductivity
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76 4. Basic Equations as a correcti
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78 4. Basic Equations correction fa
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80 5. Analytical Considerations Imp
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82 5. Analytical Considerations (19
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84 5. Analytical Considerations exa
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86 5. Analytical Considerations Sin
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88 5. Analytical Considerations Fig
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90 5. Analytical Considerations Obs
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92 5. Analytical Considerations of
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94 5. Analytical Considerations whe
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96 5. Analytical Considerations dom
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98 5. Analytical Considerations ava
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100 6. Numerical Methods Let the ti
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102 6. Numerical Methods which the
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104 6. Numerical Methods flux, whil
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106 6. Numerical Methods single com
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108 6. Numerical Methods latitudina
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110 6. Numerical Methods Input para
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112 6. Numerical Methods Different
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114 6. Numerical Methods A differen
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116 7. Comparison of Algorithms The
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118 7. Comparison of Algorithms 7.2
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120 7. Comparison of Algorithms gri
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122 7. Comparison of Algorithms dif
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124 7. Comparison of Algorithms be
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126 7. Comparison of Algorithms flu
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128 7. Comparison of Algorithms rat
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130 7. Comparison of Algorithms tim
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132 7. Comparison of Algorithms cri
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134 7. Comparison of Algorithms
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136 8. Orbital Effects Figure 8.1:
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138 8. Orbital Effects the populati
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140 8. Orbital Effects Many models
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142 8. Orbital Effects have compell
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144 8. Orbital Effects • preservi
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146 8. Orbital Effects Table 8.1: D
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148 8. Orbital Effects more sungraz
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150 8. Orbital Effects The standard
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152 9. Spin Effects Figure 9.1: Ene
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154 9. Spin Effects Perihelion rota
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156 9. Spin Effects Perihelion rota
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158 9. Spin Effects of the spin axi
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160 9. Spin Effects Figure 9.6: Mod
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162 9. Spin Effects used to search
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164 9. Spin Effects Table 9.1: Para
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166 10. Comparison of Models with O
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168 10. Comparison of Models with O
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170 10. Comparison of Models with O
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172 10. Comparison of Models with O
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174 10. Comparison of Models with O
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176 10. Comparison of Models with O
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178 10. Comparison of Models with O
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180 10. Comparison of Models with O
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182 10. Comparison of Models with O
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184 10. Comparison of Models with O
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- Page 233 and 234: 206 12. Conclusions 12.1 Numerical
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- Page 243 and 244: Comet q (AU) e R (a) (km) R (b) (km
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- Page 247 and 248: 220 Appendix A
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- Page 251 and 252: 224 Appendix B B.4 Phase Transition
- Page 253 and 254: 226 Glossary Olivine: (Mg, Fe) 2 Si
- Page 255 and 256: 228 Bibliography Belton, M. J. S.,
- Page 257 and 258: 230 Bibliography and thermal evolut
- Page 259 and 260: 232 Bibliography Schwassmann-Wachma
- Page 261 and 262: 234 Bibliography Icarus 72, 535, 19
- Page 263: 236 Bibliography Harris and E. Bowe
- Page 267 and 268: 240 Bibliography (eds. W. F. Huebne
- Page 269 and 270: 242 Bibliography Discovery of 26 Al
- Page 271 and 272: 244 Bibliography Barucci, M. A., Ar
- Page 273 and 274: 246 Bibliography [10.3, 12.2] Prial
- Page 275 and 276: 248 Bibliography Sekanina, Z., Rota
- Page 277 and 278: 250 Bibliography Not. Roy. Astron.
- Page 279 and 280: 252 Bibliography Arizona Press, 198
- Page 281 and 282: 254 SUBJECT INDEX 207, 208, 210, 21
- Page 283 and 284: 256 SUBJECT INDEX phase transition,
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