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20 RENAUD, SUDMEIER-RIEUX AND ESTRELLA Notes 1. In this book, we will refer to disasters caused by environmental hazards as a result of either geological or hydro-meteorological events that may have been aggravated by human activities (e.g. land-use change) or induced climate change. We therefore exclude technology-related disasters, although it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between a cascading chain of events such as occurred when the Tōhoku earthquake generated tsunami waves leading to a nuclear meltdown in Japan in 2011. 2. For EM-DAT (2012) a hazard event is considered a disaster when 10 or more people are reported killed; or 100 or more people are reported affected; or a declaration of a state of emergency is issued; or a call for international assistance is made. 3. According to EM-DAT (2012), “people affected” implies “people requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency; it can also include displaced or evacuated people”. 4. See for more information on the partnership. References Adikari, Y. and J. Yoshitani (2009) Global Trends in Water-related Disasters: An Insight for Policymakers. Paris: UNESCO. Available at (accessed 9 October 2012). Arnaud-Fassetta, G. and M. Fort (2008) “The Integration of Functional Space in Fluvial Geomorphology, as a Tool for Mitigating Flood Risk. Application to the Left-Bank Tributaries of the Aude River, Mediterranean France”. In B. Gumiero, M. Rinaldi and B. Fokkens (eds), Proceedings of the 4th ECRR International Conference on River Restoration, Venice, 16–21 June 2008. Venice: Centro Italiano per la Riqualificazione Fluviale, IGV, pp. 313–322. Bathurst, J.C. et al. (2011a) “Forest Impact on Floods Due to Extreme Rainfall and Snowmelt in Four Latin American Environments 1: Field Data Analysis”. Journal of Hydrology 400: 281–291. Bathurst, J.C. et al. (2011b) “Forest Impact on Floods Due to Extreme Rainfall and Snowmelt in Four Latin American Environments 2: Model Analysis”. Journal of Hydrology 400: 292–304. Batker, D.P., I. de la Torre, R. Costanza, P. Swedeen, J.W. Day, R. Boumans and K. Bagstad (2010) Gaining Ground – Wetlands, Hurricanes and the Economy: The Value of Restoring the Mississippi River Delta. Tacoma, WA: Earth Economics. Bebi, P., D. Kulakowski and R. Christian (2009) “Snow Avalanche Disturbances in Forest Ecosystems – State of Research and Implications for Management”. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1883–1892. Bender, S. (1995) “Protected Areas as Protection Against Natural Hazards”. In J.A. McNeely (ed.), Expanding Partnerships in Conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press. Birkmann, J. and K. von Teichman (2010) “Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Key Challenges – Scales, Knowledge, and Norms. Sustainability Science 5: 171–184.
THE RELEVANCE OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR DRR 21 Bradshaw, C.J.A., N.S. Sodhi, K.S.-H. Peh and B.W. Brook (2007) “Global Evidence That Deforestation Amplifies Flood Risk and Severity in the Developing World”. Global Change Biology 13: 2379–2395. Burby, R. (ed.) (1998) Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. Campbell, A., V. Kapos, J.P.W. Scharlemann, P. Bubb, A. Chenery, L. Coad, B. Dickson, N. Doswald, M.S.I. Khan, F. Kershaw and M. Rashid (2009) Review of the Literature on the Links between Biodiversity and Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Technical series 42. Cochard, R. (2011) “The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: Coastal Ecosystem Services, Damages and Resilience”. In N.-A. Mörner (ed.), The Tsunami Threat – Research and Technology. Vienna: InTech, pp. 179–216. Cochard, R. et al. (2008) “The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A Review on Coastal Ecosystems, Wave Hazards and Vulnerability”. Perspectives in Plant Ecology 10: 3–40. Costa, L. and J.P. Kropp (2012) “Linking Components of Vulnerability in Theoretic Frameworks and Case Studies”. Sustainability Science (online first). Costanza, R., O.M. Pérez-Maqueo, M.L. Martínez, P. Sutton, S.J. Anderson and K. Mulder (2008) “The Value of Coastal Wetlands for Hurricane Protection”. Ambio 37: 241–248. CRED [Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters] (2011) “Disaster Data: A Balanced Perspective”. CRED Crunch No. 23, February. Available at (accessed 9 October 2012). Daily, G.C. (ed.) (1997) Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press. Danielsen, F., M.K. Sorensen, M.F. Olwig, V. Selvam, F. Parish, N.D. Burgess, T. Hiraishi, V.M. Karunagaran, M.S. Rasmussen, L.B. Hansen, A. Quarto and N. Suryadiputra (2005) “The Asian Tsunami: A Protective Role for Coastal Vegetation”. Science 310: 643. Defra [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs] (2008) “Making Space for Water Urban Flood Risk and Integrated Drainage – Pilots: Upper Rea Catchment including Longbridge, Northfield and Rubery Districts of Birmingham. Volume Seven –Environment”. Birmingham City Council, UK. Available at (accessed 8 October 2012). Deltacommissie (2008) Working Together with Water: A Living Land Builds for Its Future. Findings of the Deltacommissie 2008 – Summary and Conclusions. Available at (accessed 9 October 2012). Dolidon, N., T. Hofer, L. Jansky and R. Sidle (2009) “Watershed and Forest Management for Landslide Risk Reduction”. In K. Sassa and P. Canuti (eds) Landslides: Disaster Risk Reduction. Berlin: Springer, pp. 633–646.
Page 1: The Role of Ecosystems in Disaster
Page 4 and 5: Contents List of figures . . . . .
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS xi 10 Utilizing integrated
Page 8 and 9: 4 RENAUD, SUDMEIER-RIEUX AND ESTREL
Page 14 and 15: 10 RENAUD, SUDMEIER-RIEUX AND ESTRE
Page 30: © United Nations University, 2013

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