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Digital Circuit And Logic Design I

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<strong>Digital</strong> <strong>Circuit</strong> <strong>And</strong> <strong>Logic</strong><br />

<strong>Design</strong> I<br />

Lecture 1<br />

Outline<br />

• Introduction<br />

1. Course characteristics<br />

2. <strong>Digital</strong> system versus Analog system<br />

3. <strong>Digital</strong> devices<br />

4. Integrated <strong>Circuit</strong> (IC)<br />

• Number Systems and Codes (1)<br />

1. Number system and conversion<br />

2. Addition and subtraction<br />

3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 2<br />

1


Introduction<br />

1. Course characteristic<br />

• Instructor<br />

• Course description<br />

• Course objectives<br />

• Recommended text books<br />

• Course schedule<br />

• Evaluation<br />

• Agreements<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 4<br />

2


Instructor<br />

Panupong Sornkhom<br />

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering<br />

Faculty of Engineering<br />

Naresuan University<br />

Office room EE213<br />

Office hours Monday 13.00 – 14.00<br />

Saturday 10.00 – 12.00<br />

Telephone 01-2830195<br />

Website<br />

http://www.panupong.url40.net<br />

Email<br />

panupongsk@hotmail.com<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 5<br />

Course description<br />

ทฤษฎีเบื้องตนของวงจรสวิทชิ่ง พีชคณิตแบบบูลลีน รหัสคอมพิวเตอร การตรวจสอบ<br />

ความผิดพลาด ตารางความจริง วิธีลดรูปสมการแบบบูลลีน และ วงจรตรรกะชนิด<br />

ตาง ๆ มัลติเพลกเซอร ดีมัลติเพลกเซอร วงจรเขารหัสและถอดรหัส วงจรบวกลบ<br />

วงจรเชิงลําดับ ฟลิปฟลอบ วงจรนับ เรจิสเตอร<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 6<br />

3


Course objectives<br />

• Understand process of digital system design<br />

• Understand Boolean algebra and<br />

minimization method<br />

• Can design and implement digital system<br />

using combinational circuit and sequential<br />

circuit<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 7<br />

Recommended text books<br />

1. John Wakerly, <strong>Digital</strong> <strong>Design</strong> Principles and<br />

Practices, Third edition, Prentice Hall.<br />

2. Sajjan Shjiva, Introduction to <strong>Logic</strong> <strong>Design</strong>,<br />

Second edition, Macel Dekker.<br />

3. Kenneth Breeding, <strong>Digital</strong> <strong>Design</strong><br />

Fundamentals, Second edition, Prentice Hall.<br />

4. Randy Katz, Contemporary logic design,<br />

Addison Wesley.<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 8<br />

4


Course schedule<br />

Week<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

5<br />

6<br />

7<br />

8<br />

Topic<br />

Introduction + Number system and Codes (1)<br />

Number system and Codes (2)<br />

Combinational logic design principles (1)<br />

Combinational logic design principles (2)<br />

Combinational logic design example<br />

Multiplexer, Demultiplexer, Encoder, and Decoder<br />

Arithmetic circuits<br />

Midterm exam<br />

HW01 announced<br />

HW01 due<br />

HW02 announced<br />

HW02 due<br />

Quiz01<br />

HW03 announced<br />

HW03 due<br />

HW04 announced<br />

HW04 due<br />

Quiz02<br />

HW05 announce<br />

HW05 due<br />

HW06 announce<br />

HW06 due<br />

Quiz03<br />

Note<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 9<br />

Course schedule (cont.)<br />

Week<br />

Topic<br />

Sequential logic design principles (1)<br />

9<br />

Sequential logic design principles (2)<br />

10<br />

Sequential circuit design example<br />

11<br />

Counters<br />

12<br />

Registers<br />

13<br />

Term projects presentation<br />

14<br />

Term projects presentation<br />

15<br />

16 Final exam<br />

HW07 announced<br />

Term project announced<br />

HW07 due<br />

HW08 announce<br />

HW08 due<br />

Quiz04<br />

HW09 announced<br />

HW09 due<br />

HW10 announced<br />

HW10 due<br />

Quiz05<br />

HW11 announced<br />

HW11 due<br />

HW12 announce<br />

HW12 due<br />

Quiz06<br />

Term project due<br />

Note<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 10<br />

5


Evaluation<br />

• Score weighting<br />

Quiz/Homework 20%<br />

Midterm exam 20%<br />

Final exam 30%<br />

Term project 15%<br />

Laboratory 15%<br />

• Grading policies<br />

< 40% F<br />

>= 40% grading by statistical distribution<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 11<br />

Agreements<br />

• การสงงานตองสงกับผูสอนโดยตรงในชั้นเรียน หรือ ที่หองทํางานของ<br />

ผูสอนเทานั้น<br />

สงงานชา 5 นาที ตัดคะแนน 10% ของคะแนนเต็มของงานนั้น<br />

สงงานชาเกินกวา 5 นาที แตไมเกิน 1 วัน ตัดคะแนน 20% ของคะแนนเต็ม<br />

ของงานนั้น<br />

สงงานชาเกินกวา 1 วัน แตไมเกิน 1 สัปดาห ตัดคะแนน 50% ของคะแนน<br />

เต็มของงานนั้น<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 12<br />

6


Agreements (cont.)<br />

• งานทุกชิ้น จะตองทําดวยตนเองเทานั้น หากเปนงานที่ตองมีการคนควาและ<br />

เรียบเรียงขอมูลตองระบุเอกสารอางอิงทุกครั้ง<br />

ถาพบวามีการลอกกันครั้งแรก จะปรับคะแนนของงานนั้นทั้งหมดเปนศูนย และ<br />

ผูสอนจะแจงใหทราบ<br />

ถาพบวามีการลอกกันครั้งที่สอง จะปรับตกในรายวิชานี้ทันที และ ผูสอนจะแจงให<br />

ทราบ<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 13<br />

Agreements (cont.)<br />

• ในการสอบ ทั้งสอบยอย สอบกลางภาค และ สอบปลายภาค จะตองไมมีการทุจริตสอบ<br />

ซึ่งพฤติกรรมตอไปนี้จะถือวาทุจริตสอบ<br />

ชําเลืองมองคําตอบผูอื่นหรือปรึกษากัน<br />

มีบันทึกเนื้อหาของรายวิชาไมวาจะในรูปแบบใด ๆ อยูกับตัวในขณะสอบ โดยไมไดรับอนุญาต<br />

ใชเครื่องมือสื่อสารขณะสอบ<br />

ลุกออกจากที่นั่งขณะทําการสอบ<br />

ละเมิดกฏ/ขอปฏิบัติในการสอบ ตามประกาศของมหาวิทยาลัย<br />

• หากพบการทุจริตในระหวางการสอบ ปรับตกในรายวิชานี้ทันที และสงเรื่องใหทางคณะ<br />

พิจารณาโทษ<br />

• หากตรวจพบการทุจริตในระหวางการตรวจขอสอบ ผูสอนจะทําการสอบสวนและหาก<br />

พบวามีการทุจริตจริง ปรับตกในรายวิชานี้ทันที และสงเรื่องใหทางคณะพิจารณาโทษ<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 14<br />

7


Agreements (cont.)<br />

• เมื่อมีการประกาศคะแนนหรือเกรด หากพบวามีขอผิดพลาดในการให<br />

คะแนนหรือเกรด สามารถมาตรวจสอบไดกับผูสอนภายใน 3 วันหลังจาก<br />

ประกาศ หลังจากนี้จะถือวาคะแนนหรือเกรดนั้นเปนที่ยอมรับและจะไมมี<br />

การแกไขใด ๆ อีก<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 15<br />

2. <strong>Digital</strong> system versus Analog system<br />

• Definition<br />

Analog system <br />

process continuous<br />

range signal<br />

<strong>Digital</strong> system <br />

process discrete<br />

value signal<br />

value<br />

time<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 16<br />

8


2. <strong>Digital</strong> system versus Analog system<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Applications<br />

Still picture recording<br />

Audio/Video recording<br />

Telephone system<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 17<br />

2. <strong>Digital</strong> system versus Analog system<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Why every products becoming digital<br />

Flexibility<br />

Reliability<br />

Speed<br />

Cost<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 18<br />

9


3. <strong>Digital</strong> devices<br />

• <strong>Logic</strong> gates<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

AND gate<br />

OR gate<br />

NOT gate<br />

NAND gate<br />

NOR gate<br />

XOR gate<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 19<br />

3. <strong>Digital</strong> devices (cont.)<br />

• Flip-flops<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

D flip-flop<br />

JK flip-flop<br />

RS flip-flop<br />

SET<br />

SET<br />

SET<br />

D Q<br />

J Q<br />

S Q<br />

CLR Q<br />

K CLR Q<br />

R CLR Q<br />

D flip-flop JK flip-flop RS flip-flop<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 20<br />

10


4. Integrated <strong>Circuit</strong><br />

• Integrated <strong>Circuit</strong> (IC) A collection of one<br />

or more gates fabricated on a single silicon<br />

chip<br />

* Picture from http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030289.html<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 21<br />

4. Integrated <strong>Circuit</strong> (cont.)<br />

• Scales of IC<br />

<br />

<br />

Small-scale integration<br />

(SSI)<br />

• 1-20 gates<br />

• Basic building block<br />

(gates, flip-flop)<br />

Medium-scale integration<br />

(MSI)<br />

• 20 – 200 gates<br />

• Functional building block<br />

(decoder, register ,<br />

counter)<br />

<br />

<br />

Large-scale integration<br />

(LSI)<br />

• 200 – 200,000 gates or<br />

more<br />

• Small memories,<br />

microprocessors,<br />

programmable logic<br />

devices (PLD), custom<br />

devices<br />

Very large-scale<br />

integration (VLSI)<br />

• More than 1,000,000<br />

transistors<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 22<br />

11


Number system and Codes<br />

(1)<br />

1. Number system and conversion<br />

• Positional number system<br />

Each digit position has weight<br />

Value = weighted sum of all digits<br />

For example, 2457 = 2x1000+4x100+5x10+7x1<br />

623.57 = 6x100+2x10+3x1+5x0.1+7x0.01<br />

In general, a number D of the form d 1<br />

d 0<br />

.d -1<br />

d -2<br />

has<br />

the value D = d 1<br />

x10 1 +d 0<br />

x10 0 +d -1<br />

x10 -1 +d -2<br />

x10 -2<br />

In this case, 10 is called base or radix of the<br />

number system<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 24<br />

12


1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Positional number system (cont.)<br />

In general positional number system, the radix is<br />

an integer r ≥ 2, and the digit in position i has<br />

weight r i<br />

The general form is d p-1<br />

d p-2<br />

…d 1<br />

d 0<br />

.d -1<br />

d -2<br />

…d -n<br />

where there are p digits to the left of the point and<br />

n digits to the right of the point, called radix point<br />

The value of the number is the sum of each digit<br />

multiplied by the corresponding power of the radix<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 25<br />

1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Positional number system (cont.)<br />

The leftmost digit in such a number is called the<br />

high-order or most significant digit; the rightmost<br />

is the low-order or least significant digit.<br />

<strong>Digital</strong> circuits have signals that are normally in<br />

one of only two conditions – low or high, off or on.<br />

The signals in these circuits are interpreted to<br />

represent binary digits (or bits) that have one of<br />

two values. Thus, the binary radix is normally<br />

used to represent numbers in a digital system<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 26<br />

13


1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Positional number system (cont.)<br />

The leftmost bit of a binary number is called the<br />

high-order or most significant bit (MSB); the<br />

rightmost is the low-order or least significant bit<br />

(LSB).<br />

Radix 10 use it in everyday business<br />

Radix 2 use it in digital system<br />

Other radices may be used in other purposes for<br />

example radices 8 and 16 used for shorthand<br />

representation of multibit numbers<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 27<br />

1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Positional number system (cont.)<br />

Decimal<br />

Binary<br />

Octal<br />

Hexadecimal<br />

Decimal<br />

Binary<br />

Octal<br />

Hexadecimal<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

8<br />

1000<br />

10<br />

8<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

9<br />

1001<br />

11<br />

9<br />

2<br />

10<br />

2<br />

2<br />

10<br />

1010<br />

12<br />

A<br />

3<br />

11<br />

3<br />

3<br />

11<br />

1011<br />

13<br />

B<br />

4<br />

100<br />

4<br />

4<br />

12<br />

1100<br />

14<br />

C<br />

5<br />

101<br />

5<br />

5<br />

13<br />

1101<br />

15<br />

D<br />

6<br />

110<br />

6<br />

6<br />

14<br />

1110<br />

16<br />

E<br />

7<br />

111<br />

7<br />

7<br />

15<br />

1111<br />

17<br />

F<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 28<br />

14


1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Conversions<br />

<br />

Convert from radix r to decimal value<br />

p−1<br />

∑<br />

D= d ⋅r<br />

i=−n<br />

i<br />

i<br />

<br />

Convert from decimal value (integer) to radix r<br />

• Divide the value D by r the remainder is least significant<br />

digit in radix r number and the quotient will be divided by r<br />

again<br />

• We collect all remainder as digit in radix r number<br />

• The last remainder is most significant digit<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 29<br />

1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Conversions (cont.)<br />

<br />

Convert from decimal fraction to radix r<br />

• Multiply D by r then collect the integer part of result as a digit of<br />

answer and repeatedly multiply fraction part of result by r<br />

• a terminating fraction in one base may not terminate in another<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 30<br />

15


1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Conversions (cont.)<br />

<br />

Example<br />

• Convert 179 10 to binary number<br />

179/2 = 89 remainder 1 (LSB)<br />

89/2 = 44 remainder 1<br />

44/2 = 22 remainder 0<br />

22/2 = 11 remainder 0<br />

11/2 = 5 remainder 1<br />

5/2 = 2 remainder 1<br />

2/2 = 1 remainder 0<br />

1/2 = 0 remainder 1 (MSB)<br />

Thus 179 10<br />

= 10110011 2<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 31<br />

1. Number system and conversion<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Conversions (cont.)<br />

<br />

0.512 x 8 = 4.096<br />

• Convert 0.132 10 to octal<br />

Example<br />

number<br />

0.132 x 8 = 1.056<br />

• Convert 467 10 to octal<br />

0.056 x 8 = 0.448<br />

number<br />

0.448 x 8 = 3.584<br />

467/8 = 58 remainder 3<br />

0.584 x 8 = 4.672<br />

(Least significant digit)<br />

0.672 x 8 = 5.376<br />

58/8 = 7 remainder 2<br />

0.376 x 8 = 3.008<br />

7/8 = 0 remainder 7<br />

0.008 x 8 = 0.064<br />

(Most significant digit)<br />

0.064 x 8 = 0.512<br />

Thus 467 10<br />

= 723 8<br />

….<br />

Thus 0.132 10<br />

=<br />

0.103453004… 8<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 32<br />

16


2. Addition and Subtraction<br />

• Concept<br />

<br />

Addition and subtraction of nondecimal numbers by hand<br />

uses the same technique that we use in decimal numbers<br />

• Addition uses carry in and carry out<br />

Carry<br />

in<br />

X<br />

Y<br />

Sum<br />

Carry<br />

out<br />

Carry<br />

in<br />

X<br />

Y<br />

Sum<br />

Carry<br />

out<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

Addition table including carries<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 33<br />

2. Addition and Subtraction<br />

• Concept (cont.)<br />

<br />

4 bit adder<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 34<br />

17


2. Addition and Subtraction (cont.)<br />

• Concept (cont.)<br />

• Subtraction uses borrow in and borrow out<br />

Borrow<br />

in<br />

X<br />

Y<br />

Diff<br />

Borrow<br />

out<br />

Borrow<br />

in<br />

X<br />

Y<br />

Diff<br />

Borrow<br />

out<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

0<br />

0<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

Subtraction table including borrows<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 35<br />

2. Addition and Subtraction<br />

• Concept (cont.)<br />

<br />

4 bit subtracter<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 36<br />

18


2. Addition and Subtraction (cont.)<br />

• Example<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 37<br />

3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

• Signed-Magnitude representation<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Using extra bit position (MSB) to represent the sign<br />

• 0 = plus (+)<br />

• 1 = minus (-)<br />

The rest bits represent magnitude of the number<br />

n-bit signed-magnitude system represent number from<br />

–(2 n-1 -1) to +(2 n-1 -1) and there are two possible<br />

representations of zero.<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 38<br />

19


3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Signed-Magnitude representation (cont.)<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

The sign and magnitude portions are handled separately in<br />

arithmetic using signed-magnitude number.<br />

Signed-magnitude addition<br />

• If the signs are the same, add the magnitude and give the<br />

result the same sign<br />

• Else compare the magnitude, subtract the smaller from the<br />

larger and give the result the sign of the larger<br />

Signed-magnitude subtraction<br />

• Change the sign of the subtrahend and pass it to adder<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 39<br />

3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Complement number systems<br />

<br />

<br />

Radix-complement representation<br />

• The radix-complement of n-digit number N in radix r<br />

-N = r n –N<br />

Decimal number Ten’s complement<br />

Binary number Two’s complement<br />

Diminished radix-complement representation<br />

• The diminished radix-complement of n-digit number N in radix r<br />

-N = r n -N–1<br />

Decimal number Nine’s complement<br />

Binary number One’s complement<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 40<br />

20


3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Complement number systems (cont.)<br />

<br />

Two’s complement<br />

• Complement of n-bit number N in two’s complement is<br />

computed by using the method below<br />

Complement each bit (change 0 to 1 and 1 to 0)<br />

Then add 1 to the LSB<br />

• The MSB of a number represents sign bit<br />

0 = plus<br />

1 = minus<br />

• n-bit two’s-complement system represent number from –(2 n-1 )<br />

to +(2 n-1 -1) and there are only one representation of zero<br />

(positive zero)<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 41<br />

3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Complement number systems (cont.)<br />

<br />

Two’s complement (cont.)<br />

• Two’s complement addition<br />

Uses ordinary binary addition, ignoring any carries beyond the<br />

MSB. The result will always be the correct sum as long as the<br />

range of the number system is not exceeded.<br />

If an addition operation produces a result that exceeds the range<br />

of the number system, overflow is said to occur<br />

Addition of two numbers with different signs can never produce<br />

overflow<br />

A simple rule for detecting overflow in addition is checking that if<br />

the signs of the addends are the same and the sign of the sum is<br />

different from the addends’ sign.<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 42<br />

21


3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Complement number systems (cont.)<br />

<br />

Two’s complement (cont.)<br />

• Two’s complement subtraction<br />

Negate the subtrahend by taking its two’s complement<br />

Then add it to the minuend using the normal rules for addition<br />

However, an attempt to negate the extra negative number results<br />

in overflow, for example, 1000 2<br />

= -8 but its two’s complement is<br />

not equal to +8 because overflow occurs when represent +8 in 4-<br />

bit two’s complement number.<br />

The extra negative number can still be used in additions and<br />

subtractions as long as the final result does not exceed the<br />

number range<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 43<br />

3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Complement number systems (cont.)<br />

<br />

One’s complement<br />

• Complement of n-bit number N in one’s complement is<br />

computed by using the method below<br />

Complement each bit (change 0 to 1 and 1 to 0)<br />

• The MSB of a number represents sign bit<br />

0 = plus<br />

1 = minus<br />

• n-bit one’s-complement system represent number from<br />

–(2 n-1 -1) to +(2 n-1 -1) and there are two representation of zero<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 44<br />

22


3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

• Complement number systems (cont.)<br />

<br />

One’s complement (cont.)<br />

• One’s complement addition<br />

Use ordinary binary addition then add the result with carry out of<br />

MSB, this rule is called end-around carry<br />

The overflow detection can perform as in two’s complement<br />

system<br />

• One’s complement subtraction<br />

Negate the subtrahend by taking its one’s complement<br />

Then add it to the minuend using the normal rules for addition<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 45<br />

3. Representation of negative numbers<br />

(cont.)<br />

Decimal<br />

Signed magnitude<br />

Two’s<br />

complement<br />

One’s<br />

complement<br />

-0/+0<br />

1000/0000<br />

- / 0000<br />

1111/0000<br />

-1/+1<br />

1001/0001<br />

1111/0001<br />

1110/0001<br />

-2/+2<br />

1010/0010<br />

1110/0010<br />

1101/0010<br />

-3/+3<br />

1011/0011<br />

1101/0011<br />

1100/0011<br />

-4/+4<br />

1100/0100<br />

1100/0100<br />

1011/0100<br />

-5/+5<br />

1101/0101<br />

1011/0101<br />

1010/0101<br />

-6/+6<br />

1110/0110<br />

1010/0110<br />

1001/0110<br />

-7/+7<br />

1111/0111<br />

1001/0111<br />

1000/0111<br />

-8/+8<br />

-/ -<br />

1000/ -<br />

-/ -<br />

Decimal and 4-bit numbers<br />

Panupong Sornkhom, 2005/2 46<br />

23

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